THE FUTURE OUTLOOK.
The problems discussed in the foregoing chapters have been concerned
chiefly with the new colonies, for it is to them that we must look
for the motive force to expedite union. They must long continue to
be the most important factor in British South Africa, partly from
their accidental position as the late theatre of war, and more
especially from their wealth, the intricacy of their politics, the
high level of ability among their inhabitants, the splendid chances
of their future, and the delicacy of their present status. Union, if
it comes, will come chiefly because of them; and in any union they
will play a great, if not a dominant, part. Whither they pipe, South
Africa must ultimately follow. But this is not because there can be
any differentiation in value between the states, since all are
self-subsistent and independent, but because in the new colonies the
problems which chiefly concern South Africa's future are already
naked to the eye and focussed for observation. The Transvaal will be
important because within it the fight which concerns the whole
future of the African colony will be fought to a finish. It will add
to the problem some features which concern only itself, but the
general lines it shares with its neighbours. The economic strife,
the amalgamation of races, the native question, the movement towards
federation, with all its many aspects, and, last but not least, the
intellectual and political development of its citizens,--this is the
problem of the Transvaal, and in the gravest sense it is the problem
of South Africa's future.
In the preceding pages the separate questions have been briefly
considered. But here we may note one truth which attaches to them
all--the settlement of no single one is easy. Each will defy a supine
statesmanship, and in each failure will be attended with serious
disaster. Patience and a lithe intelligence can alone ensure success,
and it is doubtful if that happy Providence which has now and then taken
charge of our drifting and muddling will interfere in this province to
save us from the consequences of folly. Every question stands on a
needle-point. Mining development--if the wealth of the country is to be
properly exploited--must continue as it has begun, utilising the highest
engineering talent, and straining every nerve to extend the area over
which profits can be made. The labour question requires tact and
patience, prescience of future interests, a recognition of the needs of
the complex organism of which it is but one aspect. The native question
shows the same narrow margin between success and failure, and demands a
degree of forethought and statesmanship which would be an exorbitant
requirement were it not so vital a part of the social and economic
future. Agriculture and settlement can only be made valuable by a close
study of facts, and an intelligence which can correctly estimate data
and bring to bear on them the latest results of experimental science.
Finally, in its financial aspects the problem has a near resemblance to
the most complicated of recent economic tasks, the re-settlement of
Egypt. Burdened with a heavy debt, the country is speculating on its
future and living on its capital. For the next few years it will in all
likelihood achieve solvency; but the margin may be small, and the result
may be secured only by the retention of certain revenue-producing
charges at an unnatural figure. A considerable part of the debt will be
applied to services which will make a good return in time, but for a
little while revenue may barely cover disbursements. In finance, above
all other provinces, there is need of a severe economy, coupled with a
clear recognition of the country's needs and a judicious courage. It is
a gamble, if you like, but with sleepless and ubiquitous watchfulness
the odds are greatly in our favour. The very forces which fight against
us, the complexity of economic and social interests, will become our
servants, if properly understood, and will solidify and preserve our
work, as the house fashioned of granite will stand when the building of
sandstone will crumble. The shaping force of intelligence remains the
one thing needful. Of high and just intentions there can be little
doubt, but in the new South Africa we are more likely to be perplexed by
the fool than the knave. Will the result, as Cromwell asked long ago, be
"answerable to the simplicity and honesty of the design"? Neither to the
one nor the other, but to that rarer endowment, political wisdom.
So much for administrative problems. A country whose future is staked
upon the intelligence of its Government and its people is an
exhilarating spectacle to the better type of man. England has
succeeded before on the same postulates and in harder circumstances.
But there are certain subtler aspects of development, where the same
high qualities are necessary, but where the end to be striven for is
less clear. There is the fusion of the two races, an ideal if not a
practical necessity. As has been said, a political union already
exists after a fashion. There seems little reason to fear any future
disruption, for on the material side Dutch interests are ours, and all
are vitally concerned in the common prosperity. Administrative
efficiency will make the Boer acquiesce in any form of government. But
that which Lord Durham thought far more formidable, "a struggle not of
principles but of races," may continue for long in other departments
than politics, unless we use extraordinary caution in our methods. The
very advance of civilisation may militate against us by vivifying
historical memories and rekindling a clearer flame of racial
resentment. The Dutch have their own ideals, different from ours, but
not incompatible with complete political union. Any attempt to do
violence to their ideals, or any hasty and unconsidered imposition of
unsuitable English forms, will throw back that work of spiritual
incorporation which is the highest destiny of the country. They have a
strong Church and a strong creed, certain educational ideas and social
institutions which must long remain powers in the land. And let us
remember that any South African civilisation must grow up on the soil,
and must borrow much from the Dutch race, else it is no true growth
but a frail exotic. It will borrow English principles but not English
institutions, since, while principles are grafts from human needs,
institutions are the incrusted mosses of time which do not bear
transplanting. It is idle to talk of universities such as Oxford, or
public schools like Winchester, and any attempt to tend such alien
plants will be a waste of money and time. South Africa will create her
own nurseries, and on very different lines. If we are burdened in our
work with false parallels we shall fail, for nothing in the new
country can survive which is not based on a clear-sighted survey of
things as they are, and a renunciation of old formulas. Let us
recognise that we cannot fuse the races by destroying the sacred
places of one of them, but only by giving to the future generations
some common heritage. "If you unscotch us," wrote Sir Walter Scott to
Croker, "you will find us damned mischievous Englishmen," and it will
be a very mischievous Dutchman who is coerced into unsuitable English
ways and taught sentiments of which he has no understanding. When a
people arise who have a common culture bequeathed from their fathers,
and who look back upon Ladysmith and Colenso, the Great Trek and the
Peninsular War, as incidents in a common pedigree, then we shall have
fusion indeed, a union in spirit and in truth. Nothing which has in it
the stuff of life can ever die, and there is something of this
vitality in the Dutch tradition. Our own is stronger, wider, resting
on greater historical foundations, and therefore it will more readily
attract and absorb the lesser. But the lesser will live, transformed,
indeed, but none the less a real part of the spiritual heritage of a
nation where there will be no racial cleavage. The consummation is not
yet, and, maybe, will be long delayed. It will not be in our time;
perhaps our sons may see it; certainly, I think, our grandchildren
will be very near it. Such a development cannot be artificially
hastened, and all that we can do is to see that no barriers of our own
making are allowed to intervene. Meantime we have a _de facto_
political union to make the most of.
What manner of men are the citizens of this new nation to be? They
will have the vigour which belongs to colonial parentage, the
freshness of outlook and freedom from old shibboleths. But they
should have more. They start as no colony has ever started, with the
echoes of a great war still in their ears, with a highly developed
industry and the chances of great wealth, and with a population
showing as high a level of intelligence as any in the world. The
nature of their problem will compel them to remain intellectually
active, and as the eyes of the world are on them they will have few
temptations to lethargy. They may take foolish steps and be beguiled
into rash experiments, but I do not think they will stagnate. And for
this people so much alive there is the chance of an indigenous
culture, born of the old, when they have leisure to make it theirs,
and the freshening influences of their new land and their strenuous
life. South Africa cannot help herself. She must play a large part in
imperial politics; her views on economic questions will be listened to
by all the world; a political future, good or bad, she must accept and
make the most of. But behind it all there is the prospect of that
intimate self-development, that progress in thought, in the arts, in
the amenities of life, which, like righteousness, exalteth a nation.
The finest of all experiments is to unite an older civilisation with
the natural freshness of a virgin soil, and she, alone among the
colonies which have ever been founded, has the power to make it. Not
only is it a new land, but it is Africa, a corner of that mysterious
continent to which the eyes of dreamers and adventurers have always
turned. The boundaries of the unknown are shrinking daily, and where
our forefathers marked only lions and behemoths on the map, we set
down a hundred names and a dozen trading stations. The winds which
blow from the hills of the north tell no longer of mystic interior
kingdoms and uncounted treasures. We know most things nowadays, and
have given our knowledge the prosaic form of joint-stock companies.
But the proverb still justifies itself.[43] Africa is still a home of
the incalculable, not wholly explored or explorable, still a
hinterland to which the youth of the south can push forward in search
of fortune, and from which that breath of romance, which is the life
of the English race, can inspire thinkers and song-makers. Girdled on
three sides by the ocean, and on the fourth looking north to the
inland seas and the eternal snows of Ruwenzori--I can imagine no
nobler cradle for a race. I have said that a structure built with
difficulty is the most lasting. Her complex problems will knit
together the sinews of intelligence and national character, and the
great commonplaces of policy, so eternally true, so inexorable in
their application, will become part of her creed, not from lip-service
but from the sweat and toil of practical work. If to these she can add
other commonplaces, still older and more abiding, of civic duty, of
the intellectual life, of moral purpose, she will present to history
that most rare and formidable of combinations, intellect and vitality,
will and reason, culture guiding and inspiring an unhesitating gift
for action.
There is already a school of political thought in South Africa, a
small school, and thus far so ill-defined that it has no common
programme to put before a world which barely recognises its existence.
It owes its inspiration to Mr Rhodes, but its founder left it no
legacy of doctrine beyond a certain instinct for great things, a fire
of imagination, and a brooding energy. Its members are very practical
men, landowners, mine-owners, rich, capable, with nothing of the
ideologue in their air, the last people one would naturally go to for
ambitions which could not be easily reduced to pounds sterling. But
they are of the school: at heart they are pioneers, the cyclopean
architects of new lands. It is one of South Africa's paradoxes that
there should exist among successful and matter-of-fact men of business
a hungry fidelity to ideals for which we look in vain among the
doctrinaires who do them facile homage. And they are also very
practical in their aims. Mr Rhodes never desired a paper empire or
that vague thing called territorial prestige. What filled his
imagination was the thought of new nations of our blood living a free
and wholesome life and turning the wilderness into a habitable place.
He strove not for profit but for citizens, for a breathing-space, a
playground, for the future. The faults of his methods and the
imperfections of his aims, which are so curiously our own English
faults and imperfections, may have hindered the realisation of his
dreams, but they did not impair that legacy of daimonic force which he
left to his countrymen. You may find it in South Africa to-day, and if
you rightly understand it and feel its hidden movements you will be
aghast at your own parochialism. It is slow and patient, knowing that
"the counsels to which Time hath not been called Time will not
ratify." But with Time on its side it is confident, and it will not
easily be thwarted.
Excursions in colonial psychology are rarely illuminating, lacking as
a rule both sympathy and knowledge; but on one trait there is a
singular unanimity. The two chief obstacles to imperial unity, so runs
a saying, are the bumptious colonial and the supercilious Englishman.
I readily grant the latter, but is the first fairly described? A
colonist is naturally prone to self-assertion in certain walks of
life. If he creates an industry alone and from the start in the teeth
of hardships, having had to begin from the very beginning, he is apt
to lose perspective and unduly magnify his work. If he owns a bakery,
it is the finest in the world, at any rate in the British Empire. He
compares his doings with his neighbours' within his limited horizon,
and he is scarcely to be blamed if he brags a little. His bravado is
only ridiculous when taken out of its surroundings, and at the worst
is more a mannerism than an affection of mind. But on the intellectual
side he is, in my judgment, conspicuously humble, a groper after the
viewless things whose omnipotence he feels dimly. To the home-bred man
history is a commonplace to be taken for granted; to the colonist who
has shaped a workaday life from the wilds, it is a vast mother of
mystery. Traditions, customs, standards staled to us by the vain
emphasis of generations, rise before him as revelations and shrines of
immortal wisdom. What to us is rhetoric is to him the finest poetry;
and for this reason in politics he is prone to follow imaginative
schemes, without testing them by his native caution. Our somewhat
weary intellectual world is a temple which he is ready to approach
with uncovered head. It is not mere innocence, but rather, I think,
that freshness of outlook and optimism which he gathers from his new
land and his contact with the beginnings of things. Truth and beauty
remain the same: it is only the symbols and the mirrors which grow
dim with time; and to the man who is sufficiently near to understand
the symbols, and sufficiently aloof to see no flaw or tawdriness,
there is a double share of happiness. The superficial assurance, the
"bumptiousness" of the saying, is surely a small matter if behind it
there is this true modesty of spirit.
A national life presumes union, but South African federation is simply
a step to a larger goal. It may be objected that in the foregoing
chapters the cardinal problem is treated as less the fusion of the two
races than the development of South Africa on certain lines within our
colonial system. Such has been the intention of the book. The Dutch
have accepted the new _regime_; they will fight, if they fight, on
constitutional lines under our aegis and within our Empire, and in a
sense it may be said that racial union on the political side already
exists. But the further political development of the country, as
self-consciousness is slowly gained--that, indeed, is a matter on
which hang great issues, good or bad, for the English people. Because
the furnace has been so hot, the metal will emerge pure or it will not
emerge at all. A new colony, or rather a new nation, will have been
created, or another will have been added to the catalogue of our
infrequent failures, and the loose territorial mass known as South
Africa will become the prey of any wandering demagogue or aspiring
foreign Power. Our late opponents will take their revenge, if they
seek it, not by reviving the impossible creed of Dutch supremacy, but
by retarding South Africa from what is her highest destiny and her
worthiest line of development. Her future, if she will accept it, is
to be a pioneer in imperial federation: a pioneer, because she has
felt more than any other colony the evils of disintegration, the vices
of the old colonial system, the insecurity of government from above,
and at the same time is in a position to realise the weakness of that
independence which is also isolation. This is not the place to enter
upon so vast a question. To many it is the greatest of modern
political dreams. Without it imperialism becomes empty rhetoric and
braggadocio, a tissue of dessicated phrases, worthy of the worst
accusations with which its enemies have assailed it. Without it our
Empire is neither secure from aggression nor politically sound nor
commercially solvent. Within it alone can any true scheme of common
defence be realised. Moreover, it is the glamour needed to give to
colonial politics that wider imaginative outlook which England enjoys
in virtue of a long descent. Colonial politics tend to become at times
narrow and provincial; in a federation they would gain that larger
view and ampler pride which a man feels who, believing himself to be
humbly born, learns for the first time that he is the scion of a
famous house. Their kinship, instead of the long-remembered sentiment
of a descendant, would become the intimate loyalty of a colleague. And
home politics also would lose the provincialism, equally vicious, if
historically more interesting, which lies somewhere near the root of
our gravest errors, and in relinquishing a facile imperialism find an
empire which needs no rhetoric to enhance its splendour.
But before South Africa can become an ally in federation she must
make her peace with herself. If it is difficult to exaggerate the
need for untiring intelligence in the making of this peace, it is
even harder to over-estimate the profound significance which her
success or failure in the task of self-realisation has for the
prestige of our race. Our colonial methods are on trial in a sphere
where all the world can watch. And while our aim is a colony, the
means must be different from those which we have hitherto used in our
expansion. A nascent colony was neglected till it asserted itself and
appeared already mature on the political horizon. But in the growth
of this colony England must play a direct part, since for good or for
ill her destinies are linked with it, and supineness and a foolish
interference will equally bring disaster. There is one parallel, not
indeed in political conditions, but in the qualities required for the
shaping of the country. If we can show in South Africa that spirit of
sleepless intelligence which has created British India, then there is
nothing to fear. For, as I understand history, India was made by
Englishmen who brought to the task three qualities above others. The
first was a wide toleration for local customs and religions--a desire
to leave the national life intact, and to mould it slowly by those
forces of enlightenment in which sincerely, if undogmatically, they
believed. The second was the extension of rigorous justice and full
civil rights to every subject, a policy which in the long-run is the
only means of bringing a subject race into the life of the State.
Last, and most vital of all, they showed in their work a complete
efficiency, proving themselves better statesmen, financiers, jurists,
soldiers, than any class they had superseded. This efficiency is the
key-note of the South African problem, so far as concerns British
interests. If the imperial Power shows itself inspired with energy,
acumen, a clear-eyed perception of truth as well as with its
traditional honesty of purpose, South Africa will gladly follow where
it may lead. But she will be quick to criticise formalism and
intolerant of a fumbling incapacity.
_Sed nondum est finis._ We stand at the beginning of a new path, and
it is impossible to tell whither it may lead, what dark fords and
stony places it may pass through, and in what sandy desert or green
champaign it may end. Political prophecy is an idle occupation.
American observers on the eve of the French Revolution saw England on
the verge of anarchy and France a contented country under a beloved
king. Even so acute a writer as de Tocqueville assumed that America
would continue an agricultural country without manufactures, and that
the fortunes of her citizens would be small. If philosophers may err,
it is well for a humble writer to be modest in his conclusions. In
the past pages an effort has been made neither to minimise the
difficulties nor to over-estimate the chances of South African
prosperity. "Whosoever," said Ralegh, "in writing a modern history
shall follow truth too near the heels, it may haply strike out his
teeth." I can ask for no better fate than to see all my forecasts
falsified, the dangers proved to have no existence, the chances shown
a thousandfold more roseate. But whatever may be the destiny of this
or that observation, there can be no dispute, I think, upon the
gravity of the problem and the profound importance of its wise
settlement. And when all is said that can be said it is permissible
to import into our view a little of that ancestral optimism which has
hitherto kept our hearts high in our checkered history, for optimism,
when buttressed by intelligence, is but another name for courage.
There is an optimism more merciless than any pessimism, which, seeing
clearly all the perils and discouragements, the hollowness of smooth
conventional counsels and the dreary list of past errors, can yet
pluck up heart to believe that there is no work too hard for the
English race when its purpose is firm and its intelligence awakened.
With this belief we may well look forward to a day when the old
unhappy things will have become far off and forgotten, and South
Africa, at peace with herself, will be the leader in a new and
pregnant imperial policy; and the words of the poet of another empire
will be true in a nobler and ampler sense of ours, "They who drink
of the Rhone and the Orontes are all one nation."
[43] "Out of Africa comes ever some new thing" is generally
quoted in the Latin of Pliny, but it is probably as old
as the first Ionian adventurers who sailed to Egypt or
heard wild Phoenician tales. It is found in Aristotle:
~Legetai tis paroimia hoti aei pherei Libye ti kainon~
(Hist. Anim., viii. 28).
INDEX.
Agricultural Bureau of the United States, the, 283.
Agricultural prospects in South Africa, 267-270.
Altenroxel, Mr H. S., 121-124.
Amsterdam, 134, 139-141, 177.
Angling in South Africa, 55, 182-184.
Angoni, the, 15.
Arabs, the, 4, 8, 23, 29.
Army in South Africa, the, 368-385;
value of training ground, 373;
necessity of reorganisation on new model, 375, 376, 381-385.
Assegai River, the, 143.
Athole, 57, 140, 141.
Australia, land legislation in, 276-279;
labour party in, 321;
federation of, 363-365;
local forces in, 368, 369.
Austro-Hungary, parallel with, 360, 361.
Baines, Mr, 8.
Bantu races, the. See Kaffir.
Barberton, 214, 228, 274, 341, 342.
Barnard, Lady Anne, 35.
Barolongs, the, 15, 45, 286, 306.
Baronga, the, 30 n.
Barreto, 25, 27 n.
Basutoland, 11, 12, 16, 17, 216, 286, 326.
Bataungs, the, 43, 45.
Bechuanaland, 11, 12, 15, 286, 326.
Belfast, 341.
Bell's Kop, 134.
Bent's 'Ruined Cities of Mashonaland' quoted, 8, 10.
Bethel, 218.
Bezuidenhout, Frederick, 36.
Bilad Ghana, discovery of, 21.
Birds of South Africa, 54, 178-181.
Blaauwberg, 152, 153.
Bleloch, Mr W., quoted, 192.
Bloemfontein, 216.
Bloemfontein Conference of March 1903, the, 362.
Bloemhof, 265, 341, 342.
Boers, the, origin of, 35;
as hunters, 49-54;
horsemanship of, 55;
character of, 58-76;
farming methods of, 256-260;
political attitude of, 343-345, 389, 390.
Boschdaal, 108.
Botha, General, 105, 138.
Brak River, the (Zoutpansberg), 153, 154.
Bruderstroom, the, 116.
Bruintje Hoogte, 36.
Bryce, Mr James, quoted, 271 n., 326 n., 350, 355 n.
Buffalo River, the, 5.
Bushmen, the, 5, 6.
Byles, Mr, 53.
Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, 23.
Calicut, 23, 25.
Callaway, Bishop, his works, 14 n.
Cam, Diego, his discovery of the Congo, 22.
Canada, nature of federation of, 363, 365;
local forces in, 368.
See Durham, Lord.
Cape Colony, native taxation in, 298;
constitution of, 325;
franchise in, 339;
local forces in, 369, 378, 379.
Cape of Good Hope, discovery of, 22.
Carolina, 131.
Casalis, M., 14 n.
Castrol's Nek, 144.
Celliers, Sarel, 44, 62.
Cetewayo, 15.
Climate, 195.
Coal, 193.
Commando Nek, 82, 110.
Compensation, to slave-owners in Cape Colony, 39, 40;
to loyalists in Cape Colony and Natal, 244.
Compies River, 141.
Congo Free State, 367.
Conquered territory, the, 216.
Constabulary, the South African, 105, 115, 246, 249, 376.
_Constitutie_ of Orange Free State, the, 327-329.
Conto, Portuguese writer, quoted, 9.
Copper-mining, 159, 193.
Coster River, the, 107.
Cost of gold-mining, 203 n.
Cost of living in new colonies, 220, 221.
Crocodile Poort, 82, 110-112, 161.
Crocodile River, 15. See Limpopo.
Crown Colony administration, nature of, 331-334.
Customs Union, the South African, 235-241, 355.
da Gama, Vasco, 23, 24.
d'Albuquerque, Affonso, 24.
Damaraland, German acquisition of, 366.
de Barros, 19.
de Buys, Conrad, story of, 36, 37.
Decentralisation, colonial, 29;
administration in Transvaal, 242, 243.
Delarey, General, 88, 102, 138.
de Silveira, Gonsalvo, 26.
Diamonds, 193, 194.
Dias, Diniz, 20.
Diaz, Bartolomeo, 22.
Dingaan, 3, 15.
Dingiswayo, 14.
do Espirito Santa, Luiz, 27.
Dominicans in East Africa, the, 26, 27.
dos Santos, 19.
Drakensberg Mountains, the, 43, 113, 144, 173, 177.
Durham, Lord, his Report on Canada, 331, 389.
Dutch East India Company founded, the, 26.
Dutch, the. See Boers.
Education, 309, 389.
Egypt, 7, 84;
comparison of South Africa with, 224, 253, 388.
Elands River (Lydenburg), 129.
Elands River (Rustenburg), 106.
Ericsen, Mr, 52, 53.
Ermelo, 57, 137.
Expenditure of Transvaal, the normal, 241.
Federation, Imperial, 395, 396.
Federation of South Africa, the, 347, 348-367;
advantages of, 350-353;
tendencies towards, 353-355;
tendencies against, 355-358;
the first steps towards, 359-363;
nature of, 364-367.
Forestry in the Transvaal, 194.
Fourteen Streams, 215.
Franchise in the new colonies, axioms which govern, 338;
types of, 339, 340;
division of constituencies, 341, 342.
Francis, Mr, 53.
Frere, Sir Bartle, 348.
Fura, Mount, 9, 25.
Game laws in Transvaal, 169-171.
Game reserves, 170, 171, 185.
Glenelg, Lord, his Kaffir policy, 38, 40.
Glen Grey Act, the, 298, 299, 307.
Goa, 24, 25.
Gold, how found in Transvaal, 191-194;
quartz and alluvial, mining for, 193;
nature of industry, 196-200.
Gold Law Commission, Report of, 227-231.
Gordon-Cumming, Mr, 53, 168.
Graaff-Reinet, 3, 7, 40.
Greylingstad, 192.
Grey, Sir George, 348.
_Grondwet_, the Transvaal, 328, 340.
Guaranteed Loan, the, 216, 222, 244-250, 360.
Haenertsburg, 115, 116, 120.
Hall and Neal, Messrs, their 'Ancient Ruins of
Rhodesia,' 10 n.
Harrier packs, 181.
Harrismith, 214.
Hartley, Mr, 50, 53.
Havilah, 9.
Heidelberg, 192.
Henry the Navigator, Prince, 20-22.
High Commissionership, functions of, 353.
Hillier, Dr A., quoted, 6 n.
Himyarites. See Sabaeans.
History of South Africa, difficulties in way of, 4.
Hottentots, the, 6, 7.
Huguenot strain in the Boers, the, 35, 60.
India, 208 n., 370.
Ingwenya Mountains, the, 131.
Inhambane, 28.
Inter-Colonial Council, the, 246-248, 359-362.
Irene, Mr van der Byl's park at, 57.
Iron ore, 193.
Irrigation, 263, 268.
Jacottet, M., his works on folk-lore, 14 n.
Jesuits in East Africa, the, 26, 27.
Jew, the, 100, 154, 313.
Johannesburg, 311-324;
description of, 311, 312;
false ideas of, 314, 315;
force of social persistence in, 315-317;
critical position of, 317;
present stage of development, 319;
labour party in, 320;
solidarity of spirit in, 322.
Johnston, Sir Harry, 204.
Joubert's Hoogte, 144.
Junod, M., his works on folk-lore, 14 n., 30 n.
Kaffir races, the, 5, 11;
religion and law of, 12;
folk-lore of, 13, 30 n.;
superstitions of, 150, 164;
as hunters, 164;
as farmers, 265, 292;
their political future, 284-310;
taxation of, 298-301;
education of, 309.
Kalahari, the, 102, 169, 173.
Keane, Professor, 8, 9, 10 n.
Kirk, the Dutch, 42, 328, 389.
Klerksdorp, 93, 192, 215.
Komati Poort, 214, 216.
Komati River, the, 130, 141.
Korannafontein, 99.
Koranna tribe, the, 6, 99.
Krabbefontein, 122, 123.
Kruger, Paul, 43, 69, 110, 317, 330.
Labour party in the Transvaal, the, 319-321.
Labour question in the Transvaal, the, 200-214;
nature of labour on mines, 201;
Kaffir labour, 202;
Central African labour, 204, 205;
white labour, 205-208;
Asiatic labour, 208-212;
labour for the railways, 218, 219;
compulsory labour, 292-295.
Lake Banagher, 132.
Lake Chrissie, 136, 137, 220.
Land settlement in South Africa, 244;
sums alloted for, 252, 255-283;
extent of Crown land, 256, 273, 274;
political importance of settlement, 270-273;
Government scheme of, 274-280;
comparison with Australasian precedents, 276-279.
Lebombo flats, the, 134.
Lebombo hills, the, 118, 172.
Legislative Councils of Transvaal and Orange
River Colony, the, 336, 337.
Letaba River, the, 113, 117-124.
Letsitela River, the, 113.
Leydsdorp, 113, 114, 216.
Lichtenburg, 97, 100, 101, 218, 264.
Lichtenstein, his 'Travels in South Africa,' 36 n.
Limpopo River, the, 7, 36, 45, 63, 106, 147, 150,
156, 160, 161, 172, 287.
Linschoten, publication of his works, 26.
Livingstone, 8.
Lobengula, 15, 16.
Louis Trichard, 154.
Lydenburg, 37, 43, 121, 129, 186, 216, 274, 341, 342.
Macdonald, John, 53.
Machadodorp, 129.
Machadodorp-Carolina railway, the, 130, 215, 217.
Machubi, 124.
Mackenzie, John, quoted, 294.
Magalakween River, the, 149.
Magaliesberg, the, 15, 44, 82, 107-112, 160, 312.
Magata, 9, 286.
Magata's Nek, 107.
Magatoland, 172, 184.
Main Reef formation, extent of, 192.
Majajie's location, 117, 304.
Makalanga, the, 10, 11, 12, 24-27.
Makasi Spruit, the, 96.
Malapoch, 152.
Malietsie's location, 150.
Malmani Oog, 102-104.
Manicaland, 11.
Manuza, 27.
Marah, 37.
Marico, river and district, 15, 45, 106, 177, 274, 342.
Maritz, Gerrit, 44.
Market, nature of, 219, 261, 266, 267.
Mashonaland, 10, 11, 169, 286.
Mazimba, the, 11.
Middelburg, 193, 341.
Missionaries, 101, 309.
Monomotapa, 10, 11, 24-27.
Mont aux Sources, 134, 153.
Mooi River, the, 43, 87, 184.
Mosega, 3, 44.
Moshesh, 3, 16, 17.
Mosilikatse, 15, 16, 43-45, 112.
Mountaineering in South Africa, 153.
Mozambique, 23, 25.
Municipal government in Transvaal, 335.
Murchison Hills, the, 117.
_Mynpacht_, 229, 230.
Natal, discovery of, 23;
native taxation in, 298;
constitution of, 325;
franchise in, 339;
local forces in, 369, 379.
Native Labour Association, the, 202, 213, 351.
Natives. See Kaffirs.
Nauraghes, the Sardinian, 8, 9.
Neolithic age, traces of, 6.
Netherlands railway, the, 217.
New Scotland, 140, 141.
Nomenclature, Dutch, 47, 48, 82.
Nyl, the river, 34.
Nylstroom, 341.
Occupation farms in Transvaal, 255.
Ogilby's 'Itinerarium Angliae' quoted, 282.
Olifant's Poort, 82.
Olifant's River, 121, 172, 173.
Ophir, 9, 21.
Orange River Colony, the, 176;
railway system of, 217 n., 246;
financial position of, 223, 224, 248;
taxation of natives in, 298;
census of, 342.
Oswell, Mr, 53, 168.
Ovampas, the, 11.
Palaeolithic age, traces of, 5.
Panda, 16.
Parties in the Transvaal, probable division of, 344, 345.
Phoenicians, the, 4, 8, 160.
Pietersburg, 113, 114, 148, 214, 216, 341.
Piet Potgieter's Rust, 42, 341.
Piet Retief, 142, 143.
Pongola River, the, 129, 141, 144.
Portuguese in East Africa, the, 4, 7, 11;
their age of discovery, 19-24;
their African empire, 24-32.
Potchefstroom, 87, 192, 274.
Potgieter, Andries, 43, 44.
Prazos, the Portuguese, 28, 119.
Prester John, 21, 24.
Pretoria, 42, 312, 341.
Pretoria-Pietersburg railway, the, 217.
Pungwe River, the, 169.
Railway Extension Conference, the, 216.
Railway system in South Africa, the, 214-219, 246;
revenue of, 249.
Reitz, Mr F. W., his songs, 69.
Repatriation, 94, 95, 109, 136, 138, 139, 149, 244.
Retief, Pieter, 37, 38, 142.
Revenue of Transvaal, the, 224-241;
mining revenue, 225.
Rhodes, Mr C. J., his native policy, 307;
his policy of federation, 348;
his influence on South African politics, 392, 393.
Rhodesia, 7, 8-10, 161, 173, 210, 215, 326, 379.
Rooijantjesfontein, 100.
Rooi Rand, the, 118.
Rustenburg, 82, 107-110, 171, 216, 274.
Ruwenzori, 147, 392.
Sabaeans, the, 8, 9.
Sabi game preserve, 171.
Sabi River, the, 9.
Sand River, the (Zoutpansberg), 114, 216.
Sardinha, Manoel, 27.
Schlichter, Dr, 8, 10 n.
Schoon Spruit, the, 93.
Scriptural parallels, the Boer sense of, 34.
Selati railway, the, 120.
Selons River, the, 107.
Selous, Mr, quoted, 10, 50, 52, 53, 168.
Sharpe, Sir A., 53.
Slaangaapies mountains, the, 132, 141-143.
Slachter's Nek, story of, 36, 41.
Slave question in Cape Colony, the, 38-40.
Smith, Sir Harry, 41.
Sofala, 24-28.
Somerset, Lord Charles, 38.
Spelonken, the, 113, 149.
Springbok Flats, 171, 264, 265 n.
Springs-Ermelo railway, the, 215.
Squatters' law, the, 304, 305.
Standerton, 265, 341.
Stock diseases, 262;
prevention of, 262 n.
Swaziland, 129, 132-135, 177, 215, 286, 326.
Taqui, 155, 156.
Tarshish, 9.
Taxation in Transvaal, 225, 226;
of unoccupied lands, 232, 233;
of share quotations, 234.
Tchaka, 3, 14-16.
Tete, 28.
Thaba Bosigo, 16.
Thaba 'Nchu, 43.
Theal, Dr, his work, 14 n.
Tobacco-growing, 110, 269.
Transvaal, estimated population of, 342.
Trek, the Great, 15, 33-48.
Trichard, Louis, 42, 43.
Trout Acclimatisation Society of the Transvaal, 184.
Trusts, possibility of, in South Africa, 197-199.
Umpilusi River, the, 132, 134.
Usutu River, the, 183.
Uys, the family of, 44, 48.
Van Rensburg, Jan, 42, 43.
Van Riebeck, Jan, 210 n.
Van Rooyen, Mr, 54.
Vechtkop, 3, 43.
Veld, nature of, 80;
bush veld, 87;
veld fires, 99;
quality of soil of, 257, 265.
_Vergunnings_, 230.
Volksraad, the, of the Orange Free State, 328;
of the Transvaal, 328;
second, 329.
Volunteer forces in South Africa, the, 379, 380 n.
Voortrekkers, the. See Trek, the Great.
Wakkerstroom, 108, 145.
War debt, the, 222, 244-250, 318.
Warm Baths, 220, 341.
Waterberg, 171, 218, 264, 342.
_Werfs_, 229, 230.
Willcocks, Sir W., his Report on Irrigation, 263.
Wilmot, Mr A., his 'Monomotapa,' 10 n., 28 n.
Winburg, 44.
Wolkberg, the, 113, 116.
Wolmaranstad, 96, 97, 218.
Wood Bush, the, 113-128, 149, 186, 228.
Zambesi River, the, 7, 10, 147, 168, 172, 177, 296, 350, 367.
Zeerust, 102-105, 177.
Zimbabwes, the, 7-11.
Zoutpansberg, 37, 43, 150-154, 156, 171, 274, 342.
Zulus, the, 11, 14, 15.
THE END.
PRINTED BY WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS.
* * * * *
Transcriber's Note
The following changes were made to the original text:
Page 23, "Muslin" changed to "Muslim" (with Muslim pilgrims)
Page 280, "other" changed to "another" (for another two)
Page 376, L restored to Footnote 39 (L270,000)
All other inconsistencies in spellings and hyphenations were retained
as printed in the original text.