THE IMPERIAL FAMILY TO-DAY
The Imperial Family of Russia at the present day is in a position far
different from what it was before the Revolution, and even before the
accession of the present Sovereign.
Up to the death of Alexander III., Grand Dukes and Grand Duchesses were
very important personages indeed. Their presence at an entertainment
constituted a social event, and it was only at very high and lofty
houses that they condescended to attend. Now things are changed; the
Grand Dukes have lost their prestige, though they are still the subjects
of sharp criticisms on the part of the gossiping public.
The present Imperial Family is no longer so numerous as it was. All the
brothers of the late Tsar have died, with the exception of the Grand
Duke Paul, who lives for the most part abroad, at his house in Paris,
with his morganatic wife, the Countess of Hohenfelsen. At first this
marriage created an enormous stir, and the Emperor deprived his uncle of
his rank in the Army as well as of that part of his income which came
from the Imperial domain, ordering it to be paid for the benefit of his
children by his first wife, the Princess Alexandra of Greece.
Very soon after settling in Paris the Grand Duke had made for himself a
brilliant position. The Countess also was not dissatisfied at the
enforced exile. She queened it from the very first in Paris, where her
house became a rendezvous of the Russian colony, and where she could
freely see those members of the Imperial Family who came for a holiday
in the gay capital, or who had settled in it permanently, like the Grand
Duke Alexis, who, after the Japanese War, had preferred to retire to the
banks of the Seine rather than remain on those of the Neva.
The Grand Duke Alexis had another attraction there: it was his friend
Mademoiselle Balleta, a French actress. She had a very pretty house
somewhere in the vicinity of the Champs Elysées, not far from the
apartment which the Grand Duke occupied in the Avenue Gabriel. It was at
her house that Alexis Alexandrovitch spent most of his time, and it was
there he was taken ill with the attack of pneumonia that carried him off
to the grave at a relatively early age.
After the death of the Grand Duke Alexis, the Emperor relented in regard
to his brother, and the Grand Duke Paul was allowed to return to Russia
and was restored to his former rank in the Army. He did not abuse the
liberty given, and has only been seen at the Court of St. Petersburg on
rare occasions, such as the marriage of his daughter the Grand Duchess
Marie Pavlovna with Prince William of Sweden, and the celebration of the
Borodino centenary.
Strange to say, his children are on good terms with the Countess of
Hohenfelsen, whom not only do they visit but at whose house they stay
during their frequent visits to Paris. The Grand Duke Dmitry Paulovitch,
her stepson, is even credited with a great affection for her. He is a
very nice young man, and it is openly said in St. Petersburg that both
the Emperor and Empress want him to marry their eldest daughter, the
Grand Duchess Olga Nicolaievna. There have even been rumours that the
Tsar had the intention to change the order of succession to the Crown by
issuing an ukase passing it, in the event of the death of his only son,
the present Tsarevitch, to his eldest daughter and her consort, if the
Grand Duke Dmitry Paulovitch.
I do not personally believe in that last rumour. Nicholas II. would
hardly be able to enforce such a _coup d’état_, and from the other side
the Grand Duke Dmitry himself, if we are to pay any attention to all
that is said, is not at all inclined to wed the Grand Duchess Olga. If,
however, such an event happened, and the order of succession was
changed, serious internal troubles would be sure to take place, in which
the Imperial Family would suffer.
At present, failing the little Tsarevitch, the brother of the Emperor,
the Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovitch, would be the legitimate Heir to
the Crown. When the boy was born a special manifesto was issued by the
Emperor appointing his brother regent in the case of a minority. Until
then he had occupied the position of Heir Apparent, though he had not
been granted the title of Tsarevitch which his brother George had borne
until his death, perhaps because the Empress had objected to it, having
hopes some day of bearing a son of her own.
The Grand Duke was a meek young man, whose education had been very much
neglected, who had neither the wish to lend himself to any intrigue, nor
even the desire to do so. He was one of those indifferent beings who are
rather sorry than otherwise to be put into responsible positions, and
who, beyond all things, would like to be able to lead the quiet life of
a very rich private person. When quite young he had fallen violently in
love with Mademoiselle Kossikovsky, the lady-in-waiting of his sister
the Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna, who married Prince Peter of
Oldenburg. Mademoiselle Kossikovsky was not pretty but clever and
pleasant, and she gave him all her heart. The romance lasted for some
time, and the possibility. A marriage between the two came to be
seriously discussed in Society. But the Empress Marie, who would not
hear of it, interfered, and as Mademoiselle Kossikovsky did not acquire
enough influence over Michael to induce him to go against his mother’s
wishes, or those of the Emperor, the young lady had to give up her lover
and relinquish her appointment in disgrace.
Left to himself, and not knowing to whom he could confide his woes, the
miserable young man began to frequent the house of one of the officers
of the regiment in which he was serving, the Gatschina Cuirassiers. That
officer had a wife, who, though not extraordinarily pretty, was clever,
pleasant, very cultivated, and with a past, inasmuch as she had divorced
a first husband before marrying her present one. The friendship with
Michael Alexandrovitch ripened, and he confided to her all his sorrows,
and how badly he considered he had been treated in the matter of his
affection for Mademoiselle Kossikovsky. Later on their relations became
still more intimate, for the lady, having secured a second divorce,
became the wife of the Grand Duke.
The scandal was immense, especially as the event occurred just at the
time when the illness of the little Tsarevitch seemed again to open the
question of the succession to the Throne. Every means was tried to bring
about a divorce. But Michael Alexandrovitch was the soul of honour, and
declared that nothing would or could make him forsake the mother of his
children.
Then occurred an incident that struck the whole of Russia with amazement
and dismay. Nicholas II. issued a manifesto to the nation in which he
deprived his only brother of the functions of regent in the event of the
future Sovereign being a minor at the time of his succession. In
addition he sent an ukase to the Senate by which he made himself
guardian of his brother, thus reducing Michael to the condition of a
minor, and taking away from him the use and administration of his
private fortune, which was placed under the administration of the
private estates of the Sovereign.
This last measure would not have aroused criticism in public opinion,
but the act of degrading the Grand Duke to the position of a madman or
of a baby six years old was very freely commented upon. It was
absolutely against the law of the land, which does not admit such an
infringement of personal rights, and a reversion to an era of Russian
history which all its rulers in modern times had tried to induce the
country to forget.
Save a few flatterers, no one was heard to applaud this unheard-of
decision.
The Grand Duke retired with his wife to Cannes in the south of France,
and settled there as a private gentleman, calling himself M. Brassov,
which is the name of his property in the Government of Orel. It seems
that before the storm broke out he had transferred a large part of his
fortune abroad, so that he is financially able to maintain his old
position in Society. It is probable that very soon circumstances will
induce his brother to change his mind and restore him to his former
position, for it is one of the misfortunes of Nicholas II. not to
persist in any action that he takes, especially in cases where his
family is concerned.
The Grand Duke Cyril, cousin of Nicholas, stands next to Michael
Alexandrovitch in the order of succession. Cyril, who was nearly drowned
in the wreck of the _Petropavlovsk_, which cost the life of Admiral
Makaroff and of so many brave officers, had been for years in love with
his cousin Victoria, the daughter of the Duke of Coburg and the Grand
Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia. She was married to the brother of
the Empress Alexandra Feodorovna, the Grand Duke of Hesse, and it was
during the celebration of their nuptials that her own engagement with
the Tsarevitch was officially announced to the world. This marriage of
Princess Victoria did not turn out a happy one; the tempers of the Royal
couple were not compatible; after some years of a stormy union they
parted. After the death of Queen Victoria, who had violently opposed the
idea, they were divorced. The ex-Grand Duchess of Hesse returned to her
mother’s house, and her husband married again, so that nothing
apparently existed to prevent her from doing the same; and when the
Grand Duke Cyril, after the Japanese War, asked her to become his wife,
no one wondered that she accepted him, and everyone who knew her wished
her joy.
But the Empress Alexandra was not of that number. It was freely spoken
of in Court circles that she implored the Emperor not only not to allow
the union, under the pretext that the Orthodox Church did not permit of
marriages between first cousins, but, when it became an accomplished
fact, to banish the Grand Duke Cyril from St. Petersburg and to deprive
him of his rank and fortune. The story goes on to say that the order for
banishment and confiscation was actually issued by Nicholas, but that
the Grand Duke Vladimir, who was still alive, was not a character to
stand any slight done either to him or to his children. Accordingly he
went at once to see his nephew Nicholas, and told him that he had no
right to act in the way he did, as the marriage that his cousin had
contracted was perfectly honourable, and a suitable one too, adding that
he would have liked to know what his father the Emperor Alexander II.
would have said had he heard that his own granddaughter was refused an
entry into the Russian Imperial Family, to which she belonged by the
right of birth, before even she had been married to one of its members.
In face of this outburst the Emperor at once retracted, restoring Cyril
Vladimirovitch to all his rights, only insisting on his spending some
years abroad in order to allow the scandal to blow over.
After the death of the Grand Duke Vladimir, which quickly followed his
eldest son’s marriage, the latter has returned to Russia and spends part
of each winter in St. Petersburg, together with his wife and their two
daughters. The couple are frequently seen in public places, and the
Grand Duchess, being fond of dancing and society, frequents the houses
of prominent hostesses of the capital, and has succeeded in making
herself very popular everywhere. She has also achieved the difficult
feat of remaining on very good terms with her mother-in-law, the Grand
Duchess Vladimir.
The latter, about whom I have already spoken at length, has not
considerably changed since the days of her youth. Her salon has retained
its character, and her intimate friends are still chosen among the ranks
of _le monde où on s’amuse_ rather than among the old Russian
aristocracy, which has never taken kindly to her. After having lived
with her husband upon terms of an amicable friendship and companionship,
she has developed into an inconsolable widow, and has eagerly continued
the work that Vladimir had undertaken in his lifetime. By her own wish
she has been appointed by the Emperor to the Presidency of the Academy
of Fine Arts, and she interests herself in the artistic movements and
progress of the country. She still spends part of the year in Paris,
made much of among the Faubourg St. Germain, and not disdaining to
frequent Society in financial and foreign circles, especially the
American set that has made its home on the banks of the Seine. A little
over a decade ago, when she entered the Greek Church, she had always
assumed the rôle of champion of the Protestant faith in Russia. This is
but one instance of her erratic nature, and in directions other than her
sympathies and tastes it is displayed. She is the only Grand Duchess of
the old school left, and she certainly knows how to maintain, when it is
necessary, the dignity of her position, and is really _grande dame_ in
her manner and her way of receiving those admitted into her presence.
Because of this she has won for herself a certain position in St.
Petersburg, and if she is not universally liked she is still considered,
and her judgments taken into account.
Besides the Grand Duke Cyril, she has one daughter, the Grand Duchess
Hélène, married to Prince Nicholas of Greece, who only visits Russia
occasionally, and two other sons. The youngest, the Grand Duke Andrew,
is unfortunately very delicate and suspected of the possession of weak
lungs, which oblige him to winter in Switzerland. The second son, the
Grand Duke Boris, has given cause for a good deal to be said about him.
At one time it is said that his conduct was the cause of such scandal
that one wondered the Emperor did nothing to put an end to it.
Of the two sisters of the Emperor the elder one, the Grand Duchess
Xenia, married her cousin, the Grand Duke Alexander Michaelovitch. They
had a very numerous family, and after the accession of the present
Emperor enjoyed great influence. The Grand Duke, clever, like all his
mother’s children, but of an intriguing disposition, managed to acquire
a considerable amount of the confidence of his brother-in-law, Nicholas
II.
Unfortunately, he did not know how to use it, and succumbed to intrigues
directed against his person. These found food in the disorder in which
everything belonging to the Navy, in which he served, was discovered to
be during the Japanese War. The Grand Duke took offence at certain
remarks directed against him, and, under the pretext that the bad state
of his health obliged him to winter abroad, he left Russia with his
family and settled in Biarritz, where he has almost continually resided
since. There he became acquainted with a certain set, in which the
American element predominated, and report says that both the Grand Duke
and his wife live in circumstances unfettered by the exigencies of
etiquette, which, although giving rise to no open scandal, nevertheless
afford much food for gossip. Neither one nor the other, it is said,
takes any trouble to hide his or her likes or dislikes, and they live
more the life of a fashionable couple than that of members of an
Imperial House.
The younger sister of the Emperor, the Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna,
is the most popular member of his family. She is not pretty by any
means, but pleasant, clever, amiable, good-natured, and very much in
love with gaiety in any shape or form. She was married when quite young
to Prince Peter of Oldenburg, a distant cousin. This was partly by the
wish of the Dowager Empress, who wanted to keep her daughter in Russia,
and partly was influenced by her long-standing friendship for the
Princess Eugénie, the mother of Prince Peter.
The marriage was not viewed with favour by the public. It was known that
the Prince was suffering from a chronic disease which left little hope
of ever being cured. It was also felt that the Grand Duchess, without
taking into account her own tastes or desires, was being sacrificed to
considerations of fortune and position which were bound to bring her
future unhappiness. Accordingly she was very generally pitied. But Olga
Alexandrovna is one of those natures that look out for the best in every
situation, no matter how trying it may be, and very soon she succeeded
in arranging for herself a pleasant existence in which her husband had
the rôle of a good friend and nothing else. She is the only member of
the Imperial Family who lives entirely the life of a simple mortal,
going out walking alone, paying visits to her friends, and never
troubling about the exigencies of Court etiquette. Being extremely
pleasant, she has won for herself a popularity which extends to all
classes, and her merry laugh brings joy wherever it is heard. Artistic
in her tastes, she paints most remarkably, and interests herself in all
subjects in which art is concerned. Lately, however, an ugly scandal in
connection with her has arisen; it has been whispered that, having
fallen in love with an officer she used to meet at her sister’s house,
she wanted to divorce Prince Peter. It was also said that the Emperor,
incensed at the very thought, had absolutely refused his consent to such
a step, and that consequently Olga Alexandrovna fell into disgrace both
with her mother and her brother. True or not, the facts were current
gossip in St. Petersburg lately. They did not, however, detract from the
popularity enjoyed by the young Grand Duchess.
The Grand Duke Constantine, cousin of the Tsar, lives a very quiet life,
together with his wife and their numerous children. He is generally
esteemed for his high moral character, and during his whole life has
carefully abstained from taking any part in or even expressing an
opinion on, politics or any subject concerning them. His eldest son is
married to the Princess Helena of Servia, and his daughter has wedded a
simple gentleman, Prince Bagration Moukhransky, the scion of a noble
Caucasian family, without fortune and of no position whatever. The
marriage, which was a pure love affair, is the first example of a member
of the Imperial Family allying herself to one outside the Imperial
circle, and when it took place it excited a good deal of comment.
The sons of the late Grand Duke Michael Nicolaievitch, also, do not
impose themselves on the notice of the public. The eldest, the Grand
Duke Nicholas, is an exceedingly clever man, who has written several
valuable historical books. Though having in his young days afforded food
for ill-natured gossip, with increasing age he has settled down into a
serious personage, who occupies himself in studying the rich collection
of documents which abound among the many possessions of our Imperial
Family. His second brother, the Grand Duke Michael, lives chiefly abroad
since his marriage with the Countess Torby, and another one, George, is
the husband of Princess Marie of Greece, a pleasant little person, whose
numerous frailties of conduct are rather the subject of amusement than
of criticism.
I have left for the last the most important of our Grand Dukes, Nicholas
Nicholaievitch. He is the only member of our reigning House who can
boast of being in possession of the absolute confidence of the
Sovereign. He believes that his destiny is to uphold the principle of
autocracy.
When still quite young, he had been in love with a charming woman,
Madame Bourenine; but later he married Princess Stanza, one of the
daughters of the then Prince of Montenegro. Princess Stanza was formerly
the wife of the Duke of Leuchtenberg, but the union turned out to be a
most unhappy one. Accordingly, by the influence of the Empress, it is
said, a divorce was arranged between the Leuchtenberg couple, and
Nicholas Nicholaievitch, who was very ambitious, saw the possibility,
through marriage with Princess Stanza, the favourite of the Empress, of
becoming the chief adviser of the Tsar. He became the husband of the
Empress’s favourite, and very soon afterwards a prominent personage
among the counsellers and the intimate friends of Nicholas II. He is
much given to the study of spiritualism and occultism, and is credited
with first interesting the Emperor and Empress in these directions. He
is commander-in-chief of the garrison of St. Petersburg, and in case of
another Revolution he it is who would have the task of quieting it, or
rather of crushing it. Popular belief inclines to the conclusion that,
failing to learn from the lessons of history, he cannot take into
consideration the change that the course of time brings into the life of
nations as well as of individuals. He does not realise, therefore, that
even autocracy must undergo some kind of transformation and suit itself
to modern ideas and modern times. The general feeling is that, put face
to face with a serious political complication, he would not be able to
meet it otherwise than with the help of an executioner ready to strike
all those who would not submit, or who even desired to discuss with him
the best means to solve the problem. He has worn uniform all his life,
and believes in the sword that can strike. Unfortunately, blows are no
argument.
It is to the Grand Duke Nicholas Nicholaievitch that probably the
destinies of the Empire will be entrusted by Nicholas II. in case his
son should survive him whilst still a minor.
The manifesto which deprived the Grand Duke Michael of the regency did
not provide for his eventual successor. The prevalent opinion is that
there is expectation that this important office will devolve upon
Nicholas Nicholaievitch; but manifestoes are often written for nothing.
The health of the little Tsarevitch is such that it seems more than
doubtful that he will ever reach manhood. He has no brother. The
succession to the Throne is one of those shadows that darken the horizon
of Russia. It is sure to be disputed should Nicholas II. die without a
male heir.