We may divide the Recent period into two epochs, Prehistoric and
Historic, always remembering that the line of demarcation is not much
more distinct than that between Recent and Pleistocene.
_O._—=Prehistoric.=
The abundance of worked flints on the desert just within and around the
site occupied by the Fayûm lake in late Pleistocene and prehistoric
times, shows that the shores were eventually inhabited by people
who made and used these primitive tools. That the edge of the lake
was abundantly wooded is shown by the thousands of well preserved
tamarisk stumps met with at the present day in situ (Plate XIV)
in the clays throughout the former margin of the lake.
The implements occur chiefly along the margin of the highest level
of the old lake, and have probably in many cases been buried in the
lake clays until the present time, which would account for their
beautiful state of preservation. We have not, however, yet actually
detected them enclosed within the clays, although commonly found lying
on the clean wind-worn surface. From the fine degree of workmanship
we may undoubtedly refer these flint implements to the Neolithic or
later stone-age, although the exact date is doubtful. That they were
made and used while the lake still stood at its highest level seems
certain, but as we have shown above, the lake, as a sheet of water
up to 23 metres above sea-level or thereabouts, probably existed far
anterior to the Egyptian historic period. They might, on the other
hand, as far as the evidence from the position of the lake goes,
have been used by the inhabitants of the lake-margin down to the
great reclamation which took place in Ptolemaic times. As it seems
impossible to date them by comparison with flints of known age from
any Egyptian period, we may perhaps conclude that they are at least
of older date than the earliest Egyptian records.[95]
_P._—=Historic.=
In historical times, under conditions almost identical with those of
the Nile of to-day, there would have been an annual inflow during
the flood and outflow back to the Nile when the latter subsided;
during the inflow a constant supply of Nile mud was brought into the
lake and deposited on the surface of the earlier alluvium, continually
augmenting the thickness of the latter and raising its surface, until
in the central area marshy land began to appear. In the XII Dynasty
this natural backwater of the Nile, which acted as a more or less
efficient regulator of high and low floods, was brought under human
control by Amenemhat I, and a considerable area of land reclaimed from
the shallowest part of the lake, or that part of the country now lying
near Edwa, Medinet el Fayûm, etc. The new artificially controlled
lake was called Moeris, and its wonders are mentioned by Herodotus,
Diodorus Siculus, Strabo and Pliny.
The actual position of Lake Moeris has been the subject of much
discussion, the late Linant de Bellefonds[96] having asserted that
it was a high-level lake, quite distinct from the Birket el Qurûn,
occupying the gap in the hills by which the Bahr Yusef enters the
Fayûm, its encircling bank commencing at Edwa and passing through
Biahmu, Medinet, etc. Sir Hanbury Brown has,[97] however, completely
demolished Linant’s theory, which is shown to be absolutely
untenable; and has proved conclusively that the ancient Mœris
occupied the greater part of what is now the cultivated land, as
well as the area covered by the present lake and a considerable part
of the surrounding desert, the reclaimed land being in fact part of
the very district Linant supposed the lake to have occupied. Since
the publication of Brown’s work complete corroborative evidence
has been forthcoming from two distinct sources, one archæological,
the other geological. The latter has already been mentioned.
[Illustration: FIG. 10.—Sketch Map showing approximately the site
of Lake Moeris.]
It was clear from the map of Claudius Ptolemy that the route through
the Fayûm to the Oasis Parva left Bacchias near the north end of the
lake, and passing between Arsinœ and Lake Mœris, reached Dionysias
near the other end. The archæological researches of Messrs. Grenfell
and Hunt[98] have shown that Bacchias occupied the site of the
modern Um el Atl close to one end of the Birket el Qurûn, while
Dionysias was probably in the neighbourhood of Qasr el Banat or Qasr
el Qurûn. Thus the Ptolemaic Lake Mœris was almost identical with
the modern Birket el Qurûn. Neither did the sites excavated yield a
trace of anything older than the third century B.C. Theadelphia and
Philoteris were founded in the reign of the second Ptolemy, when a
great reclamation of the land from the lake took place, and probably
Euhemeria, Dionysias, Karanis and Bacchias date from the same reign.
The archæological evidence is thus briefly summed up by Grenfell and
Hunt: “Originally the lake filled the whole basin of the Fayûm,
the first reclamation being carried out by Amenemhat I, who built the
great dam at El Lahûn, where the Bahr Yusef enters the province,
and recovered the high ground near the entrance as far as Biahmu,
and a point between Abshawai and Agamiin. This remained the Pharaonic
province until the time of Herodotus, when the water still came up
to the colossi at Biahmu. Subsequently all the land now cultivated
below the level of the Pharaonic province was reclaimed, chiefly in
the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, when Lake Mœris was reduced nearly
to the size of its modern representative, the Birket el Qurûn”.
[Sidenote: Present day Fauna of the Birket el Qurûn.]
As mentioned above, the Pleistocene fauna of the Fayûm differs in one
or two particulars from the fauna of the present day. The commonest
living molluscan forms include the following:—
_Corbicula fluminalis_.
_Neritina nilotica_.
_Cleopatra bulimoides_.
_Hydrobia stagnalis_.
_Valvata nilotica_.
_Melania tuberculata_.
_Planorbis Ehrenbergi_.
_P. marginatus_ var. _subangulata_.
Blanckenhorn[99] has pointed out that in this fauna _Hydrobia
stagnalis_, as a typical brackish water form is of special
interest. The species appears to have established itself in the Birket
el Qurûn in modern times, as it has not been found in the youngest
alluvium of the lake, nor is it known in the modern Nile fauna.
[Sidenote: Modern Deposits: Blown Sand and Erosion.]
Except for the gradual accumulation of silt over the bed of the
Birket el Qurûn—sand and clay carried in by the wind and the fine
sediment borne by the feeder canals—the only modern deposits of any
importance are those of blown sand. The extensive arenaceous deposits
of younger Tertiary age, forming the greater part of the continent
from the latitude of the Fayûm to the Mediterranean shores, yield as
a result of the action of denudation a constant and abundant supply
of the raw material. The sand carried southwards by the prevailing
winds accumulates as dunes in the lowest parts of the depressions,
on the slopes of cliffs, and in all the less exposed localities. Wind
swept areas remain free or are only gradually encroached on by slowly
growing linear dunes originating in the wind-shadow of some protecting
hill or ridge. An unique example of such a dune is to be seen at the
south end of the well-marked ridge a few kilometres east of Gar el
Gehannem (Plate XV).
The main accumulations of blown sand are in the southern part of the
Fayûm; large areas of the floors of Wadis Rayan and Moêla are covered
with dunes, while in their immediate neighbourhood the material has
accumulated to such an extent as to blot out entire cliffs and valleys;
immediately to the west of Gharaq a considerable area is covered with
small but steep dunes; and finally must be mentioned the great linear
belt of sand, known as the Ghart el Khanashat, which starting from a
point about midway between the Wadi Natrûn and Mogara comes to an
abrupt termination some 24 kilometres before gaining the northern
escarpment of the Fayûm depression (see page 23).
As might be expected in an area like the Fayûm, where sedimentary
rocks of every type are met with, and where the wind never wants for
a sufficient supply of the necessary sand, superficial erosion is
everywhere well marked. We do not propose to study here the action of
wind-borne sand and it will be sufficient to mention two localities
where the effects are best seen; one is in the neighbourhood of Garat
el Esh, where the most remarkable scoring and grooving is to be seen
on the two beds of limestone capping the upper and lower cliffs of
the Middle Eocene; the other is the Zeuglodon Valley, and here the
sculpturing of the sandstone of the Birket el Qurûn series is of
the finest and most unique description.
[Illustration: PLATE XVI.
THE BIRKET EL QURUN NEAR THE WESTERN END.]
* * * * *
[Footnote 33: BEADNELL, _The Fayûm Depression; a Preliminary Notice
of the Geology of a district in Egypt containing a new Palæogene
Vertebrate Fauna_. Geol. Mag. Dec. IV, Vol. VIII, No. 450, Dec. 1901,
pp. 540-546.]
[Footnote 34: ANDREWS, _Fossil Mammalia from Egypt_, Geol. Mag. 1899,
No. 425, pp. 481, 482; and BLANCKENHORN, _Neues zur Geologie und
Paleontologie Ægyptens_, III, “Das Miocän,” Zeitschr. d. Deutsch.
geol. Gesellschaft. Jahrg. 1901, pp. 98-101.]
[Footnote 35: SCHWEINFURTH, _Reise in das Depressionsgebiet im
Umkreise des Fayum_, Zeitschr., Ges. f. Erdkunde, Berlin, No. 122,
1886, p. 100.]
[Footnote 36: Op. cit. pp. 108-110.]
[Footnote 37: _L’Oasis de Moëleh_, Bull. de l’Institut Égypt.,
Fasc. 3, Ap. 1892.]
[Footnote 38: The following may be mentioned; _Euspatangus_
(_formosus?_ and _Blanckenhorni_), _Schizaster_, _Lobocarcinus_
(? _Paulino Wurtembergicus_), _Nautilus_ sp. etc.]
[Footnote 39: El Haram el Bahrl of Schweinfurth.]
[Footnote 40: Individuals of 60 mm. diameter are not uncommon.]
[Footnote 41: Cape Rayan of Schweinfurth.]
[Footnote 42: BLANCKENHORN, _Neues zur Geologie und Palæntologie
Ægyptens_ (II. Das Palæogen) Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. Geolog.
Gesellschaft, Jahrg. 1900, p. 446, has determined this as _T.
tenuistriata_. He refers to these beds as corresponding to the Tafla
of Jebel Mokattam, but I regard them as probably representing a
considerably lower horizon.]
[Footnote 43: The nummulites from the Birket el Qurûn series have
not yet been critically examined. There appear to be several species
present, including _N. Beaumonti_, _N. Sub-Beaumonti_, _N. Fraasi_
and _N. Schweinfurthi_. In the Zeuglodon Valley, 12 kilom. W.S.W. of
Gar el Gehannem, occasional individuals of _N. gizehensis_ occur in
the basal beds. As there appears to be some doubt whether the four
smaller nummulites mentioned above are specifically distinct we shall
not attempt to discriminate too closely in the present report.]
[Footnote 44: SCHWEINFURTH, op. cit. p. 139.]
[Footnote 45: ZITTEL, Palæontographica N.F.X. 3 (XXX) _Die
Versteinerungen der tertiäre Schichten von der westlichen Insel im
Birket el Qurun See_, von Prof. Karl Mayer-Eymar.]
[Footnote 46: It must be mentioned here, however, that more recently
Mayer-Eymar speaks (_Nouvelles Recherches sur le Ligurien et le
Tongrien d’Égypte_, Bull. Inst. Égypt., April, 1894, p. 216)
of the Mokattam beds above Qasr el Sagha, some 100 metres higher in
the series, as Parisian, but does not explain these two conflicting
determinations. It seems quite certain, however, that these island
beds are of Parisian age, and not Bartonian as stated by him.]
[Footnote 47: _Lucina pharaonis_, Bell., (_L. pomum_, May. Eym. not
Dujardin) see Oppenheim, _Zur Kenntnis alttertiärer Faunen in
Ægypten_, Palaeontographica, Bd. XXX, III, p. 124.]
[Footnote 48: DAMES, _Uber eine Tertiäre Wirbelthier Fauna von
der westlichen Insel des Birket el Qurun in Fayum (Ægypten)_,
Sitzungsber. Akad. Wissensch., Berlin, 1883.]
[Footnote 49: _Uber Zeuglodonten aus Ægypten und die Beziehungen der
Archæoceten zu den übrigen Cetacean_, Palæontologische Abhandlungen
von W. Dames und Kayser, I. V. 5, Jena, 1894.]
[Footnote 50: We propose to refer to this species as _Z. Isis_. See
Geol. Mag. No. 479, Dec. V, Vol I, No. V, May 1904, p. 214.]
[Footnote 51: See also, Stromer von Reichenbach, _Zeuglodonten-Reste
aus dem oberen Mitteleocän des Fayum_, Bayer Akad. Wissensch. Bd.
XXXII, 1902, pp. 341-352.]
[Footnote 52: ERNEST VON STROMER. _Zeuglodon-reste aus dem oberen
Mitteleocän des Fayum_, Beiträge zur Paläontologie und Geologie
Osterreich-Ungarns und des Orients. Band XV. Heft II and III, p. 82.
Also _Einiges über Bau und Stellung der Zeuglodonten_, Zeitschr. d.
Deutsch. geolog. Gesellsch. Jahr. 1903.
Compare Fraas _Neue Zeuglodonten aus dem Unteren Mitteleocän vom
Mokattam bei Cairo_, Geol. u. Palæont. Abhand. Neue Folge Band VI
Heft 3. Jena 1904.]
[Footnote 53: As the fossils occurring in these beds had been collected
and described by Schweinfurth, Dames, and Mayer-Eymar, the writer
did not spend further time on the island than was necessary for
correlating the beds with his classification.]
[Footnote 54: Cossmann has recently described some Middle Eocene shells
collected from the same locality, near Dimê, in a publication entitled
_Additions à la Faune Nummulitique d’Égypte_, le Caire, 1901.]
[Footnote 55: _T. pharaonica_, Cossmann. A new species; apparently
this is the form quoted by Blanckenhorn and Mayer-Eymar as
_T. angulata_. According to Cossmann, however, _T. pharaonica_
differs from _T. angulata_ in several particulars, especially in
being more thickset.]
[Footnote 56: Blanckenhorn, thinking that the bed capping the island
of Geziret el Qorn is identical with that forming the plain around
and to the north of Dimê, has, in a section recently published
(_Neues zur Geol. u. Palænt. Ægyptens, IV. Das Pliocän_, etc.,
Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. geol. Gesellsch., Jahrg. 1901, Taf. XIV, fig. 2),
inserted a number of faults letting the beds down continually to the
south. The beds however are not identical, and no faults occur.]
[Footnote 57: This block was far too large to transport by camel,
but it may be feasible to effect its removal to Cairo by cart when
opportunity offers.]
[Footnote 58: SCHWEINFURTH, op. cit. p. 139.]
[Footnote 59: A ruin discovered by Schweinfurth in 1886 and hence
often spoken of as “Schweinfurth’s Temple.” Nothing certain is
known as to its age or former use, but we may infer from its situation
just beyond the limits of the high-level lacustrine clays, that it was
built and inhabited only while Lake Mœris stood at its highest level.]
[Footnote 60: See OPPENHEIM, op. cit. p. 105.]
[Footnote 61: Details of a section of the lower beds of this group
near the end of the lake have already been given on p. 44.]
[Footnote 62: As might be expected, vertebrate remains occur chiefly
in the sandy and clayey beds. Skeletons of marine animals such as
_Zeuglodon_ and _Eosiren_ may, however, be frequently observed embedded
in the hard intercalated limestones. Limestone cranial-casts of these
animals are thus sometimes found, and one of these has already been
figured and described (Elliot Smith, _The Brain of the Archæoceti_,
Proceedings Royal Society, Vol. 71, pp. 322-331. Some most beautifully
formed casts from one of the limestone beds were eventually determined
by Andrews to be casts of the air passages of crocodile skulls.]
[Footnote 63: Schweinfurth appears to have been the first to examine
these beds.]
[Footnote 64: One would imagine that there must have been a
considerable amount of ferruginous matter in the water at the time
of deposition of the Fluvio-marine series, the prevailing colours of
the deposits being red and yellow.]
[Footnote 65: Mayer-Eymar appears to believe the depression of
the Fayûm is the result of the volcanic activity which produced
these basalt flows. He says (op. cit. _Nouvelles recherches, etc._,
p. 218.) “Or, de cette extension extraordinaire du phénomène
volcanique dans l’ouest du grand désert, il est, en premier lieu,
permis de conclure que c’est par suite de son action excavante
qu’a eu lieu l’effondrement rempli de nos jours, en partie par
le lac de Fayum.”
Personally, we cannot see the slightest evidence in support of
this. Where the basalt occurs as a hard band it usually causes steep
cliffs as at Widan el Faras, owing to its protecting the underlying
beds from denudation. To the west, in Jebel el Qatrani, its thickness
and hardness determine the character and steepness of the escarpment
below.]
[Footnote 66: Pebble bands are occasionally met with in the coarser
sandstones of the Fluvio-marine series, and it would seem that from
them are derived the pebbles of quartz and flint which so invariably
strew the desert-surface to the north to beyond the latitude of
Cairo. Those flints on the surface are largely broken up and flaked
by changes of temperature, but show comparatively little shaping by
blown sand; the white quartz pebbles on the other hand, while seldom
or never broken or flaked, are invariably more or less facetted,
frequently into typical “dreikanter” or pyramid-pebbles; below
the surface both varieties are perfectly water-rounded.]
[Footnote 67: Many of the fossils mentioned in this profile were only
discovered after long search, and had to be inserted in the measured
section afterwards. Their position therefore is only approximate,
as individual beds could not always be correlated at the different
points where fossils were collected.]
[Footnote 68: It is not intended to convey the impression that remains
of all these vertebrates were found at the point where the actual
line of section runs. As a matter of fact at that particular point
only _Palæomastodon_ remains were observed, while most of the others
were obtained some distance further west. Remains of _Mœritherium_,
probably identical with _M. Lyonsi_, of the Qasr el Sagha series,
in the shape of a beautifully-preserved and almost complete skull,
associated with _Palæomastodon_ and _Arsinoitherium_ in these same
beds, I only discovered in January 1903, at a point nearly due north of
the western end of the Birket el Qurûn. A preliminary description of
this skull has been published by Andrews, _Further Notes on the Mammals
of the Eocene of Egypt_; Geol. Mag. Dec. V. Vol. I. No III. March 1904,
pp. 109-115.]
[Footnote 69: ANDREWS and BEADNELL, _A preliminary notice of a Land
Tortoise from the Upper Eocene of the Fayûm, Egypt_, P.W.M. report,
Cairo, 1903.]
[Footnote 70: In addition to those described from the Survey and
British Museum collections, some additional species are described
by von Reinach from von Stromer’s collection: _Schildkrötenreste
aus dem ägyptischen Tertiär_; Sonderabdruck aus den Abhandlungen
der Sendeenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Band XXIX,
Heft I. Frankfurt 1903.]
[Footnote 71: Op. cit., p. 455-456. Vide Blanckenhorn, _Zur Kentniss
der Süsswasserablag. u. Mollusken Syriens_. Palaeontographica XLIV,
1897, S. 97, t. 8, f. 2.]
[Footnote 72: More recently Blanckenhorn in a paper entitled
_Nachträge zur Kentniss des Palaeogens in Ægypten_, (Centralbl. f.
Mineralogie ch. 1901, No. 9, p. 272) has named this species _Lanistes
bartonianus_ (spelled _bartoninus_ in same paper).]
[Footnote 73: It has 4-5 flat spiral rows, the uppermost of which on
the last whorls is often more strongly developed but not keel-shaped
as in _M. muricata_. There are longitudinal ribs to the number of
8-12 over the whorls; the largest example was 9 millimetres long and
had 8 whorls.]
[Footnote 74: See Note 2, p. 43.]
[Footnote 75: The majority belong to the genus _Nicolia_, but more
rarely specimens, apparently referable to a species of conifer,
are met with.]
[Footnote 76: The largest trunk noticed had a length of 28 metres.]
[Footnote 77: ZITTEL, _Beitr. z. Geol. u. Palaeont. d. Libysch.
Wüste_, I Th. (Palaeontographica, Vol. XXX) p. XCIII.]
[Footnote 78: MAYER-EYMAR, _Quelques mots sur les nouvelles
recherches relatives au Ligurien et au Tongrien d’Egypte_. Bull. de
l’Inst. Egypt. (3) N. 4, 1894. Mayer-Eymar’s division of the lower
beds into _Ligurien inférieur_ and _Ligurien supérieur_ is hardly
convincing, especially as no fossils were found by that observer. The
correlation of strata in widely separate areas by their lithological
similarity is at least open to question, especially with beds of
this type, which can indeed be exactly matched again and again at
many levels in the same vertical succession. His diagnosis of the
beds immediately below the basalt as _Tongrien inférieur_, rests,
however, on firmer grounds, as this basalt sheet can be traced across
the desert to beyond the latitude of Cairo, and is probably everywhere
of approximately the same age.]
[Footnote 79: SCHWEINFURTH, op. cit., _Reise in das Depression Gebiet_,
etc.) p. 41.]
[Footnote 80: BEADNELL, _The Cretaceous Region of Abu Roash, near the
Pyramids of Giza_. Geol. Survey, Egypt, Report 1900, Pt. II. 1902,
p. 44.]
[Footnote 81: _Zur Geologie Aegypten_, Pt. II, p. 458; _Die
Geschichte des Nil-Stroms in der Tertiär und Quartärperiode_, etc.,
Z. d. Ges. f. Erdk. Z. Berlin, 1902, Tafel 10.]
[Footnote 82: BEADNELL, _Découvertes Géologiques Récentes
dans la Vallée du Nil et le Désert Libyen_, Compte rendu. VIIIe
Congr. Géol. Internat. 1900, Paris, 1901, p. [Blank]; also BALL
and BEADNELL, _Baharia Oasis: Its Topography and Geology_; Survey
Depart. P.W.M. report. Cairo. 1903, pp. 61-62.]
[Footnote 83: _Correlations between Tertiary Mammal Horizons of Europe
and America_, Annals N.Y. Acad. Sci., Vol. XIII, No. 1, July 21,
1900, pp. 1-72.]
[Footnote 84: Compare _Afrika als Entstehungszentrum für Säugetiere_,
Stromer, Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. Geolog. Gesellsch. Jahr 1903. Also
_Betrachtungen über die Geologische geschichte Aethiopiens_,
do. do., 1901.]
[Footnote 85: The locality has been briefly examined by Dr.
Blanckenhorn and more recently by Mr. T. Barron, who was accompanied
by Dr. Andrews; the writer spent a few days collecting in the
neighbourhood in April, 1903.]
[Footnote 86: Approximately 10 metres above sea-level.]
[Footnote 87: It is worth recording here that a single worn specimen
of _Chicoreus anguliferus_, Lam., was found on the desert surface
in the neighbourhood of the bone-pits and at about the level of the
highest gravel terrace. This determination was made by Bullen Newton,
who informs me the species occurs in the marine Pleistocene beach
deposits of the Red Sea.]
[Footnote 88: BEADNELL, _Découvertes Géologiques Récentes
dans la Vallée du Nil et le Désert Libyen_, VIIIe Congrès
Géol. Intern. 1900. Paris 1901, pp. 25-27.]
[Footnote 89: Doubt has recently been thrown by American writers on
the possibility of large or thick deposits of gypsum being formed by
precipitation. See R. S. SHERWIN. _Notes on the theories of origin of
gypsum deposits_, Kansas Acad. Sci. Trans. Vol. 18. 1903, pp. 85-88.]
[Footnote 90: Egyptian Irrigation (1899), p. 32.]
[Footnote 91: The southern limits of the site (broken line) are taken
from the maps of Brown and Willcocks.]
[Footnote 92: The mammalian remains collected from these lacustrine
clays have not yet been systematically examined. Dr. Andrews has
however determined some of the genera present: see, “_Notes on an
Expedition to the Fayum, Egypt_”, Geol. Mag. No. 470 Aug. 1903,
pp. 337-343.]
[Footnote 93: MARTENS _Subfossile Süsswasser-Conchylien aus dem
Fajum_, Sitz. Ber. Gesell. naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin July, 1879,
S. 100 u. Oct. 1886, S. 126.]
[Footnote 94: _Geologie Ægyptens_, pp. 444-446.]
[Footnote 95: For figures and details of these flints see a paper by
the writer, _Neolithic Flint Implements from the Northern Desert of the
Fayûm, Egypt_, Geol. Mag., Dec. IV., Vol. X., pp. 53-59, Febr. 1903.]
[Footnote 96: _Mémoires sur les principaux travaux d’utilité
publique exécutés en Egypte depuis la plus haute antiquité
jusqu’à nos jours_. 1872-1873, Chap. II.]
[Footnote 97: Op. cit. pp. 28-40.]
[Footnote 98: “_The disposition of the Lake Mœris_,” in the
Archæological Report of the Egypt Explor. Fund 1898-1899, Pt. I. D.,
pp. 13-15.]
[Footnote 99: BLANCKENHORN, op. cit. p. 463.]
APPENDIX I.
=PREVIOUS LITERATURE RELATING TO THE FAYUM.=
* * * * *
ANDREWS C. W.—_Extinct Vertebrates from Egypt_. Parts I, II,
Geol. Mag. N.S. Dec. IV. Vol. VIII, Sept. and Oct, 1901.
_Notes on an Expedition to the Fayûm, Egypt, with description
of some new Mammals_, Geol. Mag. N.S. Dec. IV. Vol. X. Aug. 1903.
_Further Notes on the Mammals of the Eocene of Egypt_, (Pts I,
II, III), Geol. Mag. N.S. Dec. V. Vol. I. March, April, May, 1904.
_A note on the occurrence of a Ratite Bird in the Upper Eocene
beds of the Fayûm, Egypt_. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1904, Vol. I.
ANDREWS, C. W. AND BEADNELL, H. J. L.—_A preliminary note
on Some New Mammals from the Upper Eocene of Egypt_, Survey Dept.,
P.W.M., Cairo, 1902.
_A preliminary Notice of a Land Tortoise from the Upper Eocene
of the Fayûm, Egypt_. Survey Dept., P.W.M., Cairo, 1903.
BEADNELL, H. J. L.—_Découvertes Géologiques
Récentes dans la Vallée du Nil et le Désert Libyen_,
VIII. Congr. Géol. Intern. 1900. Paris, 1901.
_The Fayûm Depression; a Preliminary Notice of the Geology
of a district in Egypt containing a new Palaeogene Vertebrate
Fauna_. Geol. Mag. Dec. IV. Vol. VIII No. 450, Dec. 1901.
_A preliminary note on Arsinoitherium Zitteli, Beadn._,
Survey Dept., P.W.M., Cairo, 1902.
_Neolithic Flint Implements from the Northern Desert of the
Fayûm, Egypt_. Geol. Mag. Dec. IV. Vol. X. Febr. 1903.
BLANCKENHORN, M.—_Geologie Ægyptens_ (Pts I-IV)
Zeitsch. Deutsch. Geol. Gesell. Berlin, 1901.
_Neue geologisch-stratigraphische Beobachtungen in Ægypten_,
S.-Ber. d. math.-phys. Classe d. Kgl. bayer. Ac. d. Wiss. Bd.
XXXII, 1902, Heft III, München, 1902.
_Die Geschichte des Nil-Stroms in der Tertiär-
und Quartär periode, sowie des Palaeolithischen Menschen in
Ægypten_. Z. d. Ges. f. Erdk. Z. Berlin, 1902.
_Nachträge zur Kenntniss des Palaeogens in Ægypten_,
Centralb. f. Mineral. No. 9. 1903.
BROWN, SIR HANBURY.—_The Fayûm and Lake Mœris_, London, 1892.
COSSMANN, M.—_Additions a la Faune Nummulitique d’Egypte_,
Cairo, 1901.
DAMES, W.—_Uber eine Tertiäre Wirbelthier Fauna
von der westlichen Insel des Birket-el-Qurûn in Fayûm
(Ægypten)_. Sitzungsber. Akad. Wissensch., Berlin, 1883.
DAMES, W. AND KAYSER.—_Uber Zeuglodonten aus Ægypten
und die Beziehungen der Archæoceten zu den übrigen
Cetacean_. Palaeont. Abhand. I. V. 5, Jena, 1894.
EDITOR GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE.—_A New Egyptian Mammal
(Arsinoitherium) from the Fayûm_. Geol. Mag. N.S., Dec. IV, Vol. X,
Dec. 1903.
ELLIOT SMITH, G.—_The Brain of the Archaeoceti_,
Proc. Roy. Soc. Vol. 71.
FLINDERS PETRIE.—_Hawara, Biahmu and Arsinœ_,
Egypt. Explor. Fund Reports, 1889.
GARSTIN, SIR WILLIAM.—_Report upon the Basin of the Upper Nile_,
Cairo, 1904.
GRENFELL AND HUNT.—_The disposition of the Lake Mœris_,
Archaeol. Rep. Egypt. Exploration Fund. 1898-99. Pt. I. D.
LIERNUR, WESTERN AND SCOTT MONCRIEFF, SIR COLIN.—_Notes on the
Wadi Rayan_, Cairo, 1888.
LINANT DE BELLEFONDS.—_Mémoires sur les travaux publics en
Egypte_, Paris, 1873.
_Mémoires sur les principaux travaux d’utilité publique
exécutés en Egypte depuis la plus haute antiquité jusqu’à nos
jours_, 1872-1873.
LUCAS, A.—_A preliminary Investigation of the Soil and Water
of the Fayûm Province_, Survey Dept., P.W.M., Cairo, 1902.
MARTENS. E. V.—_Subfossile Süsswasser-Conchylien aus dem
Fajum_. Sitz. Ber. Gesell. naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1879.
MAYER-EYMAR,—_L’oasis de Moëleh_, Bull. de l’Inst. Egypt.,
April, 1892.
_Nouvelles Recherches sur le Ligurien et le Tongrien
d’Egypte_, Bull. de l’Instit. Egypt., April, 1894.
_Die Versteinerungen der tertiären Schichten von der
westlichen Insel im Birket-el-Qurûn See_, Paleontogr. N.F.X., 3,
(XXX).
OPPENHEIM, P.—_Zur Kenntnis alttertiärer Faunen in Aegypten_,
(I). Palaeontographica, Dreif. Band. III, Public Works Ministry
reports, 1889-1904. Abt. Erst. Lief. Stuttgart, 1903.
REINACH, V.—_Schildkrötenreste aus dem ägyptischen Tertiär_.
Sonderabd. aus d. Abhand. d. Senckenb. natur. Gesellsch. XXIX, I.
Frankfurt, 1903.
SCHWEINFURTH, G.—_Reise in das Depressionsgebiet im Umkreise
des Fajûm_, Zeitschr. Ges. F. Erdkunde, Berlin, 1886.
_A note on the Salt in the Wadi Rayan_, Appendix II, Egyptian
Irrigation (Willcocks), London, 1899.
SCOTT MONCRIEFF, SIR COLIN—_Note on the Wadi Raian Project_,
Cairo, 1889.
STROMER, E.—_Zeuglodonten-Reste aus dem oberen Mitteleocän
des Fayûm_, Bayer. Akad. Wissensch., Bd. XXXII, 1902.
_Einiges über Bau und Stellung der Zeuglodonten_,
Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. Geolog. Gesellsch. 1903. See also Beiträge
zur Paläont. u. Geol. Osterr.-Ungarins u. des Orients. Band XV.
Heft II and III.
_Afrika als Entstehungszentrum für Säugetiere_,
Zeitschr. d. Deutsch. Geolog. Gesellsch. 1903.
WHITEHOUSE, COPE.—_Bull. of the American Geographical Society_,
1882.
WILLCOCKS, SIR WILLIAM.—_Perennial Irrigation and Flood
Protection in Egypt_, P.W.M. Report, Cairo, 1894.
_Egyptian Irrigation_, 2nd Edit. London, 1899.
_The Assuan Reservoir and Lake Mœris_, London, 1904.
ZITTEL, K. V.—_Geologie u. Palaeontologie der Libyschen Wüste_,
Cassel, 1883.
* * * * *
APPENDIX II.
* * * * *
_Paul Oppenheim has recently published[100] a description of a large
collection of Egyptian lamellibranchs; the following is a list of the
species of which examples have been collected in the Fayûm (including
Rayan and Moêla). Figured species are marked by an asterisk._
*Gryphaea pharaonum, Oppenh Lower Mokattam.
*Ostrea (Gryphaea) Whitehousei, May.-Eym. „
*O. „ Edmondstonei, May-Eym. „
*O. „ histris, May.-Eym. „
*Gryphaea (?) arabica, May.-Eym. „
*O. elegans, Desh. Upper (and intermediate)
Mokattam.
*O. Fraasi, May.-Eym. Lower and Upper Mokattam.
*O. Stanleyi, May.-Eym. „ „
*O. Cailliaudi, May.-Eym. Upper Mokattam.
*O. ramosa, May.-Eym. Lower Mokattam.
*O. plicata, Sol. Mokattam Series.
O. paucicostata, Oppenh. Lower Mokattam.
O. Reili, Fraas. Lower and Upper Mokattam.
O. Schweinfurthi, May.-Eym. Upper Mokattam.
O. Sickenbergeri, May.-Eym. „
*O. Hessi, May.-Eym. Lower and Upper Mokattam.
*O. qeruniana, May.-Eym. Mokattam Series.
O. gigantica, Sol. Upper (and intermediate)
Mokattam.
*O. (Alectryonia) Clot-Beyi, Bell. Lower and Upper Mokattam.
*O. ( „ ) Bellardi, May.-Eym. Lower Mokattam.
O. ( „ ) semipectinata, Schafh. „
*O. ( „ ) Mehemeti, May.-Eym. „
Carolia placunoides, Cantraine Lower and Upper Mokattam.
*Pecten moëlehensis, May.-Eym. Lower Mokattam.
*P. Cailliaudi, Oppenh. Lower and Upper Mokattam.
Plicatula pyramidarum, Fraas Upper Mokattam.
P. Bellardi, May.-Eym. Mokattam Series.
P. indigena, May.-Eym. „
*P. Schweinfurthi, Oppenh. Lower Mokattam.
*Spondylus ægyptiacus, Newton Mokattam Series.
*S. Rouaulti, d’Arch. Lower and Upper Mokattam.
*S. perhorridus, Oppenh. Lower Mokattam.
*Vulsella crispata, Fischer Lower and Upper Mokattam.
*V. lignaria, Oppenh. Lower Mokattam.
*V. moëlehensis, Oppenh. „
*V. chamiformis, May.-Eym. „
*Nucula Mœridis, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.
*Cucullaea dimehensis, Oppenh. „
*Arca subplanicostata, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.
*A. Tethyis, Oppenh. Mokattam Series.
*A. uniformis, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.
*A. tenuifilosa, Cossm. Mokattam Series.
*Pectunculus juxtadentatus, Cossm. Upper Mokattam.
*P. aegyptiacus, Oppenh. „
*Cardita Viquesneli, d’Arch. Lower and Upper Mokattam.
C. acuticostata, Lk. „ „
*C. mokattamensis, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.
*C. fayumensis, Oppenh. „
*C. fidelis, May.-Eym. „
*C. Mosis, Oppenh. Mokattam Series.
*Crassatella fajumensis, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.
C. Junkeri, May.-Eym. „
C. puellula, May.-Eym. „
*C. trigonata, Lk. Mokattam Series.
*Lucina pharaonis, Bell. Lower and Upper Mokattam.
*L. Rai, Oppenh. Mokattam Series.
*L. polythele, Oppenh. „
*L. calliste, Oppenh. „
*L. gibbosula, Lk. Upper Mokattam.
*L. fajumensis, Oppenh. „
*L. sinuosa, Bell. „
*Diplodonta cycloidea, Bell. Mokattam Series.
*D. inflata, Bell. „
*Lucina (Diplodonta) corpusculum, Oppenh. „
*Cardium desertorum, Oppenh. Upper Mokattam.
*C. Schweinfurthi, May.-Eym. „
*Cyrena (Corbicula) Blanckenhorni, Oppenh. „
*Cyprina aegyptiaca, Oppenh. „
* * * * *
[Footnote 100: _Zur Kenntnis alttertiärer Faunen in Ägypten_. Pt. I.
_Der Bivalven, erster Teil_. Palaeontographica Bd. XXX, III.]
INDEX
* * * * *
A
Abshawai—30-31, 84.
Abu Roash as an island—65.
Acacias—25.
Adaptive radiation of Hyracoidea, &c.—69.
Aegean plateau, Giraffes, &c. of—69.
_Aetheria_—81.
Africa with Europe or Asia, Connection of—68.
Africa as centre of mammalian radiation—68, 88.
Agamiin—84.
_Agassizia gibberulus_—52.
Ain Warshat el Melh—20.
Air passages of crocodile skulls, as casts—52.
_Akera_ aff. _striatella_—51-52.
_Alectryonia Clot-Beyi_—35, 50-52.
Allen—69.
Alluvial deposits—23, 25-26, 29, 39, 79-81.
Alluvial soil, Composition of—11-12.
Alluvium covering eastern area—25, 30.
Amenemhat I—13, 26, 82, 84.
_Ampullina hybrida_—51.
_Ampullaria_—51, 81.
Analyses of water—13, 22.
Analysis of fossil bones—54.
Analysis of ox bone—55.
_Ancodus Gorringei_—34, 59, 70.
Andrews, Dr. C. W.—10, 34, 52, 59, 68, 71, 80, 87.
_Anisaster gibberulus_—52.
Anomaluridae—68-69.
Anoplotheres—69.
Antelopes—69.
Aquatic animals—55.
Aquatic hyracoid—69.
_Arca_—53, 60.
_Arca Edwardsi_—43.
_Arca subplanicostata_—90.
_Arca tenuifilosa_—90.
_Arca tethyis_—52, 90.
_Arca uniformis_—90.
Archæoceti—44, 52, 87.
Ard varks—69.
Area of Birket el Qurûn—13.
Area of cultivated land—11.
Area of desert in depression—15.
Area of Fayûm depression—9-11.
Area of Fayûm freshwater lake—80.
Arenaceous deposits—84.
Arenaceous sediments of Nile—81.
Argillaceous sandstone—36, 39, 46.
Argillaceous sands—57.
Armadillos—69.
Arsinœ—13, 83, 87.
_Arsinoitherium_—10, 54, 59, 62, 68-87.
_Arsinoitherium Andrewsii_—34, 70.
_Arsinoitherium Zitteli_—10, 34, 59, 70, 87.
Assuan Reservoir—88.
_Astarte_—46.
_Astrohelia similis_—35, 43, 51.
B
Baboons—69.
Bacchias—83-84.
Baharia Oasis—9, 25, 27, 29, 66, 67.
Bahr Belama—18.
Bahr Yusef—11-12, 17-18, 25-26, 83-84.
_Balanus_—39, 47.
Ball, Dr. J.—66.
_Barbatia_—60.
Barriers between Nile lakes—79.
Barron, T.—71.
Barton Clay—58.
Bartonian beds—43, 53-70.
_Barytherium_—10, 51, 68.
_Barytherium grave_—35, 51, 70.
Basalt sheet—15, 28, 34, 53, 56-64, 75-76 (derived).
Basins receiving drainage—25, 79.
Bats, Ravine of El—29-30, 37, 39-40.
Beadnell, H. J. L.—10, 33, 59-60, 65-66, 78, 87.
Beauchamp sands—58.
Beekite—61.
Biahmu—13, 83-84, 87.
Birds, Fossil—70-87.
Birket el Qurûn—11, 12-14, 16, 23-25, 27-28, 30-32, 36, 40-41,
43-47, 49-50, 56, 61, 72-73, 80-81, 83-84, 87-88.
Birket el Qurun Schichten—63.
Birket el Qurûn Series—23, 27, 35, 41-50, 52, 64, 72-74.
_Bithynia_ aff. _Boissieri_—81.
Blanford—69-70.
Blanckenhorn, Dr. M.—30-31, 34, 39, 45, 58, 60, 64, 66, 71, 81, 87.
Blue Nile fauna—81.
Bone horizons & pits—52, 54, 62, 76.
Borings, Artesian—18.
Borings at Medinet el Fayûm—29-30, 41.
Borings by molluscs—23, 34, 43, 71-73, 78.
Borings by shells at two levels—72-73.
_Borsonia_—37.
Boulders in gravel terraces—76.
Brackish-water shells—84.
Brain of archæoceti—52, 87.
Branches wanting on fossil trees—64-65.
British Museum collections—59.
Brown coal—53.
Brown, Sir Hanbury—11, 13, 80, 83, 87.
Bryozoa—36, 52.
_Bubalis_—80.
Bugti beds (Sind)—70.
Bullen Newton, R.—76.
C
Cairo—9, 16, 28, 49, 56, 64, 65.
Calcareous beds in lake—12.
Calcareous grits—33, 53, 56-63.
Calcareous sandstone—25, 42-43, 45, 50-51, 59, 72.
Calcite—51, 58-59, 61-62.
_Callianassa_—36, 58.
_Calyptræa trochiformis_—43.
Canals—11-12, 18-19, 29, 73.
Canals, Mud brought to lake by—14.
_Canis_—80.
Cape Rayan—21, 36.
Carbonaceous clays—46.
Carbonaceous matter—42, 51.
_Cardita_—38-39, 47.
_Cardita acuticostata_—90.
_Cardita_ aff. _carinata_—52.
_Cardita_ aff. _depressa_—52.
_Cardita ægyptiaca_—46.
_Cardita fidelis_—90.
_Cardita fajumensis_—35, 46, 50-52, 90.
_Cardita_ cf. _gracilis_ and _depressa_—52.
_Cardita mokattamensis_—90.
_Cardita Mosis_—90.
_Cardita_ aff. _triparticostata_—52.
_Cardita Viquesneli_—35, 45-46, 90.
_Cardium_—59.
_Cardium desertorum_—90.
_Cardium Schweinfurthi_—35, 43-44, 50-51, 90.
_Carolia_—36-39, 48, 50, 52.
Carolia Beds—33, 48-53, 74 (rolled blocks).
_Carolia placunoides_—35-36, 38-39, 45-49, 51-52, 73, 89.
_Cassidaria_—51.
_Cassidaria nilotica_—51.
_Cassidaria_ aff. _nodosa_—51.
Casts of crocodilian skull air passages—52.
Casts of shells—39, 44, 51, 59, 63.
Cavernous limestone—37.
Celestine—48.
Cellular weathering of sandstone—46.
Central African character of Fayûm shells—60.
Central Area of Fayûm—24-25.
Centres of independent evolution—69.
_Cerithium_—39, 46-47, 53, 57-58.
_Cerithium crispum_—58.
_Cerithium fodicatum_—37.
_Cerithium perditum_—58.
_Cerithium tiarella_—58.
Cetacea—9, 43-44, 47, 49, 87.
Chalcedony—61.
Chalky limestones—40.
Charcoal, Natural—51, 53.
Chelonians—34, 44, 54, 62.
Chert, Tabular—61-62.
Cherty limestones—57, 59, 61.
_Chicoreus anguliferus_—76.
Claudius Ptolemy—83.
_Clavellithes longævus_—35, 45-46.
Clays—12, 15, 18, 20, 22-25, 28-30, 33-53, 55-59, 61-62, 74-76,
80, 82.
Clays, Variegated—62.
Clayey marls—37, 53, 62.
Clayey sands—29, 36-37, 42, 58.
Clayey sandstones—36, 50, 57, 62.
Clayey shales—77.
_Cleopatra pirothi_—81.
_Cleopatra pirothi_ var. _unicarinata_—81.
_Cleopatra bulimoides_—81, 84.
Cliffs—12, 14-15, 20-24, 27, 32, 36, 40-41, 45-46, 48-50, 53,
56, 73-74, 84-85.
Climate, Variations in Egyptian—81.
Coal, Thin seam of—53.
Coast-line of old continent—54.
Colossi at Biahmu—84.
Concretions—35-36, 38-40, 42-46, 50, 72.
Concretionary sands—58.
Concretionary sandstones—35, 46, 49, 51, 55-56, 62.
Concretionary weathering—42, 46.
Conglomerate—25, 74-76, 78.
Conical hill near Wadi Muêla—36.
Coniferous fossil trees—63.
Constancy of beds over wide areas—33.
Continental land in Oligocene times—64.
Continuance of Oligocene continental conditions—54.
Cope Whitehouse—16-17.
Coprolites—50-51, 62.
Corals—36-37, 44, 46, 51, 53.
_Corbicula Blanckenhorni_—90.
_Corbicula fluminalis_, var. _consobrina_—81, 84.
_Corbula_—40.
_Corbula_ aff. _pixidicula_—35, 39, 43.
Cossmann, M.—45, 58, 87.
_Cossmannella ægyptiaca_—50.
Cranial casts in limestone—52.
_Crassatella fajumensis_—90.
_Crassatella Junkeri_—90.
_Crassatella puellula_—90.
_Crassatella trigonata_—90.
_Crassatellithes_—50.
Creodonts—70.
Crocodiles—9, 34, 51-55, 59, 62, 80.
_Crocodilus_—59, 70.
Crystals of quartz, calcite &c.—61.
_Cucullæa_ aff. _crassatina_—52.
_Cucullæa dimehensis_—89.
Cultivated lands—9, 11-14, 39-42, 73, 83-84.
Currents in Birket el Qurûn—14.
Currents in ancient river—52, 54, 65-66, 71-78, 80.
Current-bedded clays, sands, &c.—51, 56.
Cuvier—69.
_Cyprina ægyptiaca_—90.
_Cyrena Blanckenhorni_—90.
_Cytherea_—46.
_Cytherea Newboldi_—43.
D
Dakhla Oasis—29.
Dam at El Lahûn—84.
Dames—9, 43-44, 49, 87.
Damp climate formerly in Egypt—81.
Dashûr, Pyramids of—28.
Dasypodidae—69.
Defile of Wadi Muêla—9, 21.
Delta, Ancient—54, 66-67.
_Dentalium_—46.
Denudation, Effects of—39, 73, 75, 77, 84.
Deposition of sediments in Eocene times—54.
Depression, Origin of Fayûm—15, 29, 33, 79.
Depression cut out in sedimentary rocks—33.
Depression, Fayûm—9, 11-16, 20, 24, 26-30, 33-36, 39, 53, 61,
64, 67, 71, 75, 77-81, 84-85, 87-88.
Depression, Mogara—71.
Depression, Wadi Rayan &c.—17-19, 21-24.
Depressions of Libyan Desert—16, 29, 67.
Depth of Birket et Qurûn—13.
Der el Beda—64.
Der el Galamûn—21, 36.
Desert conditions—73, 79.
Desert region—11, 14, 16, 26-28.
Deshasleh—17.
_Dictyopleurus Haimi_—52.
Diluvial deposits—81.
Dimê—13, 31, 45, 50, 72.
Dinotheres—69.
Diodorus Siculus—13, 82.
Dionysias—83-84.
Dip, Importance and nature of—15, 33, 48-49, 55, 57, 64.
_Diplodonta corpusculum_—90.
_Diplodonta cycloidea_—90.
_Diplodonta inflata_—90.
Dip-slopes of central area &c., of Fayûm—24, 25, 27, 50.
Disconnection of Nile Valley and Fayûm—80.
Dormice—69.
Downthrow of faults—32, 50.
Drainage basins—11, 13, 23, 25.
Drains—12.
Dreikanter—56.
Druses of calcite—62.
Dugongs—53.
Dunes—17, 21-23, 26-27, 84-85.
Dunes, Slope of—26.
Dunes, Straight-lined character of—26, 85.
E
Earth-pillars—46.
Earthy limestone—46.
Echinids—36-37, 39.
_Echinolampas Crameri_—35, 50.
Edentata—69.
Edwa—82-83.
Egyptian irrigation—88.
Elephants, Early—68.
_Elephas_—80.
El-Gayat, village—20.
Elliot Smith, Dr.—52, 87.
Elwat Hialla—28, 55-56, 75-76.
Emigration of African animals—68.
Eocene sea, Extension of—66.
_Eosiren_—10, 52.
_Eosiren libyca_—35, 51, 70.
_Eremopezus libycus_—34, 70.
Erosion by Nile—79, 80.
Erosion, Superficial—85.
Escarpments—15, 21, 26-28, 31-32, 45, 49, 52, 56-58, 60-61, 75-77.
Escarpments determined by fractures—32.
_Eschara Duvali_—37.
Estuarine conditions of upper beds—53, 55.
Ethiopian faunal region—68-69.
Ethiopian region centre of independent evolution—69-70.
Euhemeria—84.
_Euspatangus Blanckenhorni_—36.
_Euspatangus cairensis_—52.
_Euspatangus formosus_—36.
Evaporation of late Pliocene lake—78-79.
Even-toed ruminants—68.
_Exogyra Fraasi_—35, 50-52.
F
Facetted quartz pebbles—56.
False-bedding—50-51, 55-57, 62, 73.
Farafra Oasis—29.
Faulting and folding—16, 29-32, 49-50.
Fault near Qasr el Sagha—32.
Fault, Nile Valley—15.
Fayûm beds shallower water than those of Mokattam—41.
Fayûm, Causes of origin of—15, 29, 33.
Ferruginous bands—51-52, 58.
Ferruginous clays—51.
Ferruginous grits—27, 58, 62, 66-67.
Ferruginous sand—54.
Ferruginous sandstone—46, 50, 52, 57.
Feshn—11.
Fibrous gypsum—52.
_Ficula tricarinata_—43.
Filhol, M.—69.
Fiord, Nile Valley—78-79.
Fish remains—9, 35, 39-40, 42-44, 46-47, 50-52, 59, 70, 77, 70.
Fish-scales—39-40, 42, 44, 77.
Fish-spines—39, 50.
Fish-teeth—39, 43, 50.
Fish-vertebrae—50.
Flat-topped hills—20.
Flinders, Petrie—13, 87.
Flint implements—61, 82.
Flint pebbles—20, 50, 56, 62-63, 73, 75-76.
Flint, Tabular—61-62.
Floods—26, 54, 67, 82.
Flood protection—88.
Flood-readings—80.
Floor of depression—39.
Fluviatile conditions of deposition—58.
Fluviatile sands, etc.—60, 66-67.
Fluviomarine conditions of deposition—33.
Fluviomarine Series—9, 27, 34, 53-65, 74-76.
Flying rodents—68-69.
Fold near Qasr el Sagha—32, 49.
Foraminiferal beds—33, 35-39, 41-42, 45-48, 74.
Formation of Fayûm lake—26, 78-80, 82-84.
Fractures determining escarpments—32.
Freshness of Birket el Qurûn—14, 24.
Freshwater conditions of deposition—58.
Freshwater lake before Mœris—79-80.
Freshwater lakes of Nile Valley—79.
Freshwater shells—18, 44, 47, 60, 80-81, 88.
Freshwater shells absent in Wadi Rayan—23.
_Fusus_—37, 48.
G
Gar el Gehannem—9, 23, 25, 27, 32, 36-39, 41, 46-47, 50, 52, 61,
67, 73, 80, 85.
Gar el Hamra—27, 67.
Garat el Esh—32, 61, 76, 85.
Garat el Faras—28, 50, 75.
Garat el Gindi—28, 75.
Garstin, Sir W.—18, 87.
Gasteropods—36, 58.
_Geniohyus_—10.
_Geniohyus fayumensis_—34, 70.
_Geniohyus major_—34, 70.
_Geniohyus mirus_—34, 70.
Geodes—61.
Geological Succession in Wadi Rayan—22.
Geological Magazine—10, 87.
Geology of Fayûm—33, 90.
Geziret el Qorn—31, 40, 43-45, 63.
Gharaq, Bahr el—11, 17.
Gharaq Basin—11, 13, 19-20, 23-26, 31, 36, 85.
Gharaq, Wadi—17.
Ghardag bushes—22.
Ghart el Khanashat—26-27, 85.
_Gigantophis_—10.
_Gigantophis Garstini_—35, 51, 70.
Giraffes—69.
_Gisortia_—37.
_Gisortia gigantea_—51.
Giza, Pyramids of—28, 63.
Glacial period—69, 81.
Glauconitic clays—36, 39, 50.
Glauconitic marl—39.
Glauconitic sands—37.
Globular concretions—35, 42-46, 72.
_Glycimeris pulvinatus_—52.
Goat remains—80.
_Goniastræa cocchii_—43.
_Goniaræa elegans_—51.
_Goniopora_—51.
Grass in desert—27.
Gravels—15, 25-27, 32, 34, 40-42, 73-78.
Gravel-capped hills—75.
Gravel terraces—25, 34, 42, 71, 73-80.
Gravelly gypsum—77.
Grenfell, Mr.—83-84, 87.
Grits—27, 33-34, 57-63, 66.
Grooving due to blown sand—85.
_Gryphæa arabica_—89.
_Gryphæa Edmonstonei_—89.
_Gryphæa histris_—89.
_Gryphæa pharaonum_—89.
_Gryphæa Whitehousei_—89.
Gauges, Nile—80.
Gypseous clays—33, 35, 37-40, 44-46, 51-52.
Gypseous deposits—71, 75, 77, 79.
Gypseous limestone—50, 52.
Gypseous marls—37-39.
Gypseous plain—20-21.
Gypseous sands—39.
Gypseous shale—42, 48.
Gypsum—18, 20, 36-37, 39, 42, 50-52, 61-62, 77-79.
Gypsum of Paris, Animals in—69.
H
Hade of fault—32.
Haram el Bahrl, El—36.
Harpoons, Flint—61.
Hawara—11, 13, 26, 87.
Headon Hill beds—58.
Height of Pliocene terraces—76.
_Heliastræa acervularia_—43.
_Heliastræa Ellisi_—13.
_Heliastræa flattersi_—43.
Heluan—16.
Herodotus—13, 82, 84.
High-level lake—83.
_Hippopotamus_—69, 80.
Historic epoch—81-85.
Horns of Birket el Qurûn due to siliceous bands—41.
Hunt, Mr.—83-84, 87.
Huxley, Prof.—68.
_Hydractinia_—38.
_Hydractinia cornuta_—35.
_Hydrobia stagnalis_—84.
Hyracoidea—69.
I
Ice periods—69, 81.
Immigration of animals into Africa—68.
Implements, Flint—61.
India, Fauna of—69.
Indo-Malayan faunal region—69.
Invasion of Africa by European animals—69.
Invasion of Europe by African animals—69.
Ironstone—50, 58-59.
Irrigation works, Result of—12, 88.
_Isocardia cyprinoides_—43.
J
Jerboas—69.
Joint-planes—36.
K
Kafr el Ayat—11.
Karanis—84.
Kayser—87.
Kenîsa, El—72.
Kharga Oasis—29.
Knobs along line of fault—32.
Kom Ombo—81.
Korif, Wadi—21.
L
Lacustrine deposits—12-13, 34, 40, 44, 47, 49, 66-67, 79-80, 82.
Lahûn—11, 26, 39, 84.
Lahûn Pyramid—28, 42.
Lake deposits—67, 79.
Lake in Fayûm—11-14, 78-80.
Lake Mœris—12-13, 18-19, 23-24, 43, 49, 79-80, 82-84, 87-88.
Lake, Nile Valley—78-79.
Lake of the Horns—12.
Lamellibranchs—12, 58-59, 89.
Lamination of arenaceous deposits—66.
Land-animal remains—52-54.
Land-areas, Ancient—65-67, 71.
_Lanistes_—53, 58, 81.
_Lanistes antiquus_—51.
_Lanistes bartonianus_—34, 60.
_Lanistes carinatus_—60.
Lava Flows—15, 33-34, 53, 56-58, 61-62, 75.
Leakage through ridge of Wadi Rayan—23.
_Leda_—35, 39.
Lenticular sand-beds—55.
_Leptodon_—69.
Levels made from Rayan to Nile Valley—17.
Libyan Desert, Area, etc., of—15, 88.
Liernur Bey—17-18, 87.
Liernur, Wadi—17, 19.
Lignite—51, 53.
Ligurian beds—43, 64, 88.
Limb-bones of vertebrates—52.
Limestones—12, 15-16, 20-25, 29, 33-42, 45-53, 56-57, 59-62,
65-66, 73-77.
_Limnæa mœris_—81.
_Limnæa natalensis_—81.
_Limnæa palustris_—81.
Linant de Bellefonds—16, 83, 88.
_Linthia_—52.
Little Rayan—22.
Littoral deposits—66.
Loam—39.
_Lobocarcinus Paulino-Wurtembergicus_—36.
Lower Headon Hill beds—58.
Lower Oligocene—53-70.
Lucas, A.—9, 14, 22, 54, 88.
_Lucina_—36, 39, 45-46, 48, 53, 58.
_Lucina calliste_—90.
_Lucina consobrina_—37.
_Lucina Defrancei_—37.
_Lucina fajumensis_—90.
_Lucina fortisiana_—51.
_Lucina gibbosula_—90.
_Lucina globulosa_—37.
_Lucina pharaonis_—35, 43, 45, 51, 90.
_Lucina polythele_—90.
_Lucina pomum_—43.
_Lucina Rai_—90.
_Lucina sinuosa_—90.
_Lucina_ cf. _tabulata_—43.
Lulu, Wadi—17.
Lydekker, R.—70.
M
_Macrosolen Hollowaysi_—35, 46, 51.
_Mactra compressa_—43.
Madagascar and Africa, Connection of—68.
Mammalia, Fossil—34-35, 55, 62, 38-70, 80, 87.
Mammillary weathering—57.
Mandibles of vertebrates—52.
Marls—18, 29-30, 33-35, 37, 39-42, 49-50, 53, 55, 61-62, 73-74, 76.
Marls in lake—12.
Marls, Saliferous—19.
Marly clays—29-30, 57, 62.
Marly gypsum—77.
Marly limestones—33, 35, 37-39, 47-48, 62, 77.
Marsh land—26, 40, 82.
Martens, Prof. von.—60, 81, 88.
Masaigega, Wadi—19.
Masaret-Abusia—40.
Mastodons—68-69.
Mayer-Eymar, K.—37, 43, 49, 53, 64, 88.
Mazana—17, 19.
Medinet el Fayûm—29-30, 41, 82-83.
Mediterranean fauna—81.
Medum—40, 77 (pyramid).
_Megalohyrax_—10.
_Megalohyrax eocænus_—34, 59, 70.
_Megalohyrax minor_—34, 70.
_Melania_—53, 57-60.
_Melania muricata_—60.
_Melania_ cf. _Nysti_—60, 64.
_Melania tuberculata_—81, 84.
_Melanopsis_—81.
_Melanopsis_ fauna—81.
_Melongena nilotica_, var. _bicarinata_—51.
Menesi Ali, Ezba—17.
_Meretrix nitidula_—51.
_Meretrix parisiensis_—51.
_Mesalia_—51.
_Mesalia fasciata_—35, 51.
_Mesalia oxycrepis_—51.
Middle Eocene—9-10, 15, 32-33, 35-53, 54-55, 57-58, 60, 62, 64,
66-67, 70, 80.
Migrations of mammalia—69-70.
Miocene beds suggested—64.
Miocene, Lower—34, 54, 70.
Miocene, Lower, of Orient European in type—70.
Miocene strata, Absence of—34, 71.
_Mitra_—36.
_Mœriophis Schweinfurthi_—50, 70.
Mœris (see Lake Mœris).
_Mœritherium_—10, 52, 59, 68, 70.
_Mœritherium gracilis_—35, 51, 70.
_Mœritherium Lyonsi_—34, 35, 51, 59, 70.
_Mœritherium trigodon_—34-70.
Mogara—34, 54, 71, 85.
Mokattam beds, Lower—35, 89-90.
Mokattam beds, Upper—33, 41, 49, 89-90.
Mokattam beds deeper water than Fayûm beds—41.
Mokattam, Jebel—39, 41, 49.
Monastery in Wadi Muêla—21.
Moncrieff, Sir C. S.—16-17, 87.
Monkeys—69.
Monoclinal fold—16.
Monograph of Fayûm vertebrates—10.
Monotony of desert—26.
Muêla, Wadi—9, 14, 16-17, 20-21, 35-37, 88-89.
_Mutela_—53, 60.
_Mytilus affinis_—51.
N
_Natica_—46.
_Natica crassatina_—64.
Natrûn, Wadi—26, 27, 54, 85.
_Nautilus_—36, 46, 48.
Nawamis—40.
_Necrodasypus_—69.
Neolithic implements—82, 87.
_Neritina nilotica_—81, 84.
Nezleh Canal—19.
_Nicolia_—63.
Nile deposit absent in Wadi Rayan—23.
Nile mud—80-82.
Nile Valley, Connection with—11, 13, 17-18, 79-82.
Nile Valley, History of—79, 87.
Nile waters enter depression—26, 79-80, 82.
Nilometer—80.
Nodular bands—44, 47.
Nodular limestones—48.
Nodules, Calcareous—39, 61.
_Nonionina_—46.
Northern Desert Region—9, 26-28, 87.
_Nucula Mœridis_—89.
_Nucularia_—35, 39.
Nummulites—33, 36, 39, 41, 46-48.
_Nummulites Beaumonti_—35, 41.
_Nummulites curvispira_—35-37.
_Nummulites Fraasi_—35, 41-42.
_Nummulites gizehensis_—33, 35-37, 39, 41, 48.
_Nummulites gizehensis_ limestones—33, 35-37, 39, 41, 48.
_Nummulites Schweinfurthi_—41.
_Nummulites sub-Beaumonti_—41.
Nummulitic limestones—36-39, 65.
O
Oases depressions—67.
Oases, Origin of—29.
Oasis, Parva—83.
Oldest beds in Fayûm—33.
Oligocene beds—34, 53, 70.
Oligocene of Orient European in type—70.
_Oliva_—46.
_Operculina_—33, 46, 74.
_Operculina discoidea_—35, 41-42, 47, 74.
_Operculina-Nummulite_ Beds—35, 41-48, 74.
Oppenheim, Dr. P.—43, 50, 88-89.
Oriental faunal region—69.
Origin of Fayûm, Causes of—15.
Original floor of depression—39.
Osborn, Prof. H. F.—68, 70.
_Ostrea_—36-39, 42, 44-46, 48-50, 52.
_Ostrea Bellardi_—89.
_Ostrea Caillaudi_—89.
_Ostrea Clot-Beyi_—38, 46, 89.
_Ostrea cucullata_—41, 71, 77.
_Ostrea digitalina_—43.
_Ostrea Edmonstonei_—89.
_Ostrea elegans_—35, 51, 89.
_Ostrea flabellula_—51.
_Ostrea Fraasi_—38-39, 47, 89.
_Ostrea gigantea_—43.
_Ostrea gigantica_—89.
_Ostrea Gumbeli_—37.
_Ostrea Hessi_—89.
_Ostrea_ aff. _heteroclyta_—51.
_Ostrea histris_—89.
_Ostrea longirostris_—43.
_Ostrea Mehemeti_—89.
_Ostrea paucicostata_—89.
_Ostrea plicata_—43, 89.
_Ostrea producta_—43.
_Ostrea qeruniana_—89.
_Ostrea ramosa_—89.
_Ostrea Reili_—35, 39, 45-47, 51-52, 89.
_Ostrea Schweinfurthi_—89.
_Ostrea semipectinata_—89.
_Ostrea Sickenbergeri_—89.
_Ostrea Stanleyi_—89.
_Ostrea Whitehousei_—89.
_Oudardia ovalis_—39.
Outlets, Subterranean, to lake—14, 24.
Outliers—21, 28.
Output of water from springs—22.
Oysters—36, 39, 42, 48.
Oyster-beds—36, 50.
Oyster-limestone—52.
P
Palæogene freshwater shells—60.
Palæogene vertebrate fauna—87.
Palæontographica—43, 63, 88.
_Palæomastodon_—10, 59, 68.
_Palæomastodon Beadnelli_—34, 59, 70.
_Palæomastodon minor_—34, 70.
Palms—21-22.
_Paludina_—81.
Pangolins—69.
Paper-shales—36, 51.
Paris basin—58.
Parisian beds—18, 35-53.
Pass from Muêla to Rayan—21.
Pebble deposits—18, 30, 39-40, 56, 58, 76, 78.
_Pecten_—39, 42, 46-47.
_Pecten benedictus_—71.
_Pecten Caillaudi_—89.
_Pecten corneus_—37.
_Pecten moëlehensis_—37, 52, 59.
_Pecten solariolum_—52.
_Pectunculus_—46.
_Pectunculus juxtadentatus_—90.
_Pectunculus ægyptiacus_—51, 90.
_Pectunculus pseudopulvinatus_—35.
_Pectunculus pulvinatus_—52.
_Pelomedusa progaleata_—70.
Pelvis of _Arsinoitherium_—54.
Perforate weathering of sandstone—46.
Permeability of Wadi Rayan—24.
Perennial irrigation in Egypt—88.
Pharaonic province—84.
Philotera—84.
_Phiomia_—10.
_Phiomia serridens_—34, 59, 70.
_Pinna_—39, 47.
Plains—50, 52, 54, 77.
Plain of subaerial denudation—39.
_Planorbis Ehrenbergi_—84.
_Planorbis marginatus_ var. _subangulata_—84.
_Planorbis subangulata_—81.
Plant-remains—42, 50-51, 53, 57.
Plateau bounding Fayûm to north—26.
_Plateaux_—15, 21, 25, 27-28, 32, 62.
Pleistocene Beds—30, 34, 47, 50, 54, 71, 79-81, 84.
_Pleurotoma_—37, 43, 46, 53, 58.
_Pleurotoma ingens_—34, 58.
_Plicatula Bellardi_—50-51, 89.
_Plicatula indigena_—89.
_Plicatula polymorpha_—35, 45-46, 51.
_Plicatula pyramidarum_—89.
_Plicatula Schweinfurthi_—89.
Pliny—82.
Pliocene Beds—30, 34, 41-42, 54, 69, 71-78.
Pliocene sea, Invasion of—43, 71, 78.
_Pliohyrax_—69.
_Podocnemis antiqua_—37, 70.
_Podocnemis Blanckenhorni_—70.
_Podocnemis Blanckenhorni_ var. _ovata_—70.
_Podocnemis fajumensis_—70.
_Podocnemis Stromeri_—35, 70.
_Podocnemis Stromeri_ var. _major_—70.
Pools formed by rainfall—25.
Pools produced by springs—20, 22.
_Potamides_—53.
_Potamides scalaroides_—34, 58, 64.
_Potamides tiarella_—64.
_Potamides tristriatus_—34.
Prehistoric epoch—81-82.
Prehistoric lake—23, 79-82.
Preservation of fossil remains—55.
Proboscidea—68-69.
Promontories of Birket el Qurûn, Origin of—41.
_Propristis Schweinfurthi_—35, 51, 70.
_Psephophorus eocænus_—35, 70.
_Pseudodon_—58, 60.
_Pterodon_—10.
_Pterodon africanus_—34, 59, 70.
_Pterodon macrognathus_—34, 70.
_Pterosphenus_—10.
_Pterosphenus Schweinfurthi_—35, 50-51, 70.
Ptolemaic lake—84.
Ptolemaic period—82.
Ptolemy Philadelphus—84.
Ptolemy the second—84.
Puddingstone of ancient rivers—26, 67.
Pyramid-like building—74.
Pyramid pebbles—56.
Q
Qalamsha, Ezba—23, 25-26, 41-42, 77.
Qasr el Banat—84.
Qasr el Qurûn—84.
Qasr el Sagha—9, 31-32, 43, 49, 52, 56-58, 60-61.
Qasr el Sagha Series—27, 32-33, 35, 38, 41, 44-57, 64-66, 75, 77.
Qatrani, Jebel El—28, 55, 61, 75.
Qatrani beds—34, 53-70.
_Qerunia_—38.
_Qerunia cornuta_—35, 45-46, 48, 51-52.
Quartz pebbles—20, 50, 56, 62-63, 73, 75.
Quartz sand—55.
Quartzite—62, 73-75.
R
Radiation of Mammalia from Africa—69.
Railway to Fayûm—40.
Raised beaches—34, 41.
Ratite bird—87.
Ravine Beds—23, 25, 29-30, 35, 37-42, 46, 77.
Ravines—12, 19, 29, 37, 39-40.
Rayan, Jebel—36-37.
Rayan, Geology of Wadi—22-23.
Rayan, Little—22.
Rayan Series—24, 25, 30, 33, 35-39, 41.
Rayan, Wadi—9, 11, 14-24, 27-28, 31, 85, 87-89.
Rays—70.
Recent Beds—34, 81-85.
Reclamation of Fayûm lake—82-84.
Reconnection of Nile Valley and Fayûm—80.
Reeds—20.
Regulator of floods, Fayûm as—82.
Reinach, Von—59, 88.
Reptiles, Fossil—70.
Reservoir at Assuan—88.
Reservoir proposed in Wadi Rayan—16-19.
Retreat of Eocene sea—54, 55, 66.
_Rhinoceros bicornis_—69.
Ridge separating Nile Valley and Fayûm—25-26, 71, 73-74, 79-80.
Ridge separating Rayan and Gharaq—23.
_Rimella rimosa_—35, 51.
Ripple-marked sandstone—51.
Rise of Nile bed—80.
River, Ancient—27, 52-55, 66-67, 79.
River-currents—65, 71, 78.
River-sand—55.
Roads in desert—27.
Rocks forming Libyan Desert—15.
Roda—13, 75, 80.
Rodents, Flying—68-69.
Rohlfs’ Expedition—9, 63.
Rolled fossils—73.
_Rostellaria_—37.
Round-topped hill-ranges—75.
Rubiat—39-42.
Ruins—20-22, 48-50, 52.
Ruminants, Even-toed—68-69.
Rushes—20.
S
_Saghatherium_—10.
_Saghatherium antiquum_—34, 59, 70.
_Saghatherium magnum_—34, 70.
_Saghatherium minus_—34, 59, 70.
Salines—20.
Salinity of lake—14.
Salinity of water in Wadi Rayan—24.
Salt—18, 36, 77, 79.
Salt in Wadis Rayan & Muêla—19, 20, 88.
Samos, Island of—69.
Sands—15, 18, 21, 29, 33-34, 40, 42, 47, 50, 53, 55-59, 61-62,
71, 74-76, 80.
Sand accumulations, Wind-blown—12, 20-21, 32, 34, 73, 84-85.
Sand, &c., deposited in Birket el Qurûn—13, 80, 84.
Sandberger Hills—62.
Sandblast action—73.
Sand-rock—44, 50-51, 56-60, 62, 74.
Sands, Variegated—34, 53, 57, 59.
Sandstones—15, 28, 32-36, 38-39, 42-63, 72, 74-77.
Sandstone, Concretionary—35, 38.
Sandstone-grit—56, 58, 62-63.
Sandstones, Mottled—62.
Sandstones, Variegated—76.
Sandy clays—12, 18, 36-37, 42, 44, 46, 50-52, 56-59, 62.
Sandy conglomerate—18.
Sandy limestones—25, 35-36, 38-39, 42, 49-52.
Sandy marl—37, 42, 62.
Sandy shale—42.
Saqâra, Pyramid of—28.
Saws, Flint—61.
Scalenohedra of calcite—51.
_Schizaster_—36.
_Schizaster_ aff. _africanus_—52.
Schweinfurth, Dr.—9, 14, 19, 24, 34-37, 43-44, 49, 64, 71-72,
77-80, 88.
Schweinfurth’s Temple—49.
Scoring due to blown sand—85.
Scott Moncrieff, Sir C.—88.
Sculpturing of sandstone—85.
_Scutella_ beds—64.
Second Cataract—81.
Sections, Geological—36-42, 44-47, 50-52, 56, 58-62.
Sediment deposited in Fayûm—26, 54.
Sêla—9, 26, 39-40, 73.
Septaria—46.
_Serpula_—46.
Sersena—25, 42, 75.
Shales—36, 42, 48.
Shaly Clays—44, 47, 62, 77.
Shaly marl—39-41, 44.
Sharks—39.
Sharks’ teeth—46, 51.
Sheep remains—80.
Shell-borings—72.
Shell-impressions—39-40, 42, 44, 50.
Shelly limestone—38-39, 46, 51-52.
Shelly sands—36.
Shelly sandstone—46, 51.
Sherwin, R. S.—78.
Shore-line, Ancient—77.
Shore-line, Movements of—65.
Shrinkage of Birket el Qurûn—13.
Sidmant el Jebel—17, 34, 71, 77.
Siliceous bands, Horns of Birket el Qurûn due to—41.
Siliceous beds capping hills—61.
Siliceous limestone—37, 41.
Silicified grits—27, 62, 67.
Silicified sandstones—32, 57.
Silicified trees—27, 34, 51, 53, 55-59, 61, 63, 65, 73-75.
Silicified trees, Size of—53, 63.
Silsila—81.
Siluroid fish—35, 51, 70, 80.
Sirenia—51.
Sites, Excavated—84.
Skeleton-carrying currents—53.
Soil, Character of—11-12, 88.
Soil survey—9.
_Solarium_—51.
_Solarium_ aff. _bistriatum_—51.
South Africa as centre of evolution—69.
South America, Migrations to—69.
_Spatha_—53, 58, 60, 81.
_Spatha dahomeyensis_—60.
_Spatha Droueti_—60.
_Spondylus ægyptiacus_—52, 89.
_Spondylus perhorridus_—89.
_Spondylus Ruaulti_—89.
Springs in Wadi Muêla—20.
Springs of Wadi Rayan—22.
Stem-weathering in sandstone—56.
Step-faults—31.
_Stereogenys Cromeri_—35, 51, 70.
_Stereogenys libyca_—70.
_Stereogenys podocnemioides_—35, 70.
Stock-work—50.
Stone Age, Neolithic—82.
Strabo—13, 82.
Strata, Classification of—34.
Strike faults—32.
Stromer von Reichenbach, E.—44, 59, 69, 88.
Strontium sulphate pseudomorphs—48.
Subaerial denudation—39.
Sub-fossil fauna of Fayûm—81.
Successive faunal invasions, Theory of—68.
Sulphate of lime—78.
Sulphate of strontium pseudomorphs—48.
Survey collections—59.
Surveying operations—9.
Surveying by Colonel Western—17.
T
Table-land of cultivated area—11.
Tafla beds—39.
Tamarisk growth—22, 25, 72, 82.
Tamia—12-13, 15, 25, 27-28, 31, 40, 42, 49-50, 55-56, 72, 75.
Tamia lake—40.
Tectonics—16, 29-32.
_Tellina_—40, 42, 51.
_Tellina pellucida_—43.
_Tellina scalaroides_—35.
_Tellina tenuistriata_—35, 39.
Temperature changes in desert—73.
Temperature effects on pebbles—56.
Temperature of springs in Wadi Rayan—22.
Temple of Qasr el Sagha—49, 56.
_Terebellum sopitum_—36.
_Teredo_—39, 47.
_Testudo Ammon_—10, 34, 59, 70.
_Thallassochelys libyca_—35, 70.
Theadelphia—84.
Thickness of beds in section—37-29, 42, 45-46, 49-52, 56-60,
65, 76-77.
Thickness of sediments in Fayûm—15.
Thinning of Fluvio-marine series—55.
_Tomistoma_—70.
_Tomistoma africanum_—35, 51, 59, 70.
Tongrian beds—13, 64, 88.
Toothed whales—39.
Topography and structural geology—11-28.
Tortoises, Large—10, 53-54, 59, 66, 87.
_Trachelochetus bituberculatus_—51.
Tropical shells in Fayûm—60.
Tuba, El—40.
_Tudicla_ aff. _umbilicaris_—51.
Tufaceous gypsum—77.
_Turbo Parkinsoni_—43.
_Turritella_—38-39, 44-53.
_Turritella angulata_—43, 45, 60, 64.
_Turritella carinifera_—35, 38, 43, 51-52.
_Turritella imbricataria_—51-52.
_Turritella Lessepsi_—51.
_Turritella parisiana_—51.
_Turritella pharaonica_—34-35, 45, 51-52, 58.
_Turritella transitoria_—43.
_Turritella turris_—43.
Turtles—53-55, 59, 60.
Twelfth Dynasty—26, 82.
Twigs preserved in clays—53.
U
Um el Atl—84.
Unconformable junctions—39-40, 73, 76.
Underground outlets of Birket el Qurûn—14.
Ungulate, Horned—10.
_Unio_—34, 53, 58-60.
_Unio abyssinicus_—81.
_Unio Bonneaudi_—60.
_Unio Caillaudi_—60.
_Unio Homsensis_—60.
_Unio lithophagus_—60.
_Unio Nyassænsis_—60.
_Unio Schweinfurthi_—81.
_Unio teretiusculus_—60.
Upper Eocene—10, 32-34, 53-70, 76.
Upper Mokattam beds—33.
Upper Nile basin—87.
Ur-Nil—66.
V
_Valvata nilotica_—80, 84.
Vegetation in water-courses—25.
_Velates Schmiedeli_—37.
_Venus_—46.
_Venus plicatella_—35.
_Vermetus_—46.
Vertebrae of _Mœritherium_—52.
Vertebrae of _Zeuglodon_—45, 47, 50.
Vertebrate fauna, Discovery of—9.
Vertebrates, Extinct—10, 34-35, 43, 49, 51-52, 55, 61, 63, 65,
67, 70, 87.
_Voluta_—46.
_Voluta arabica_—35.
_Vulsella chamiformis_—37, 89.
_Vulsella crispata_—89.
_Vulsella lignaria_—89.
_Vulsella moëlehensis_—89.
W
Wadi, Ravine of El—29-30, 37, 39.
Wadi Rayan, Muêla, etc. (see under Rayan, Muêla).
Wadi Rayan series—35-37.
Warshat el Melh—20.
Water analyses—22.
Water-courses—25.
Water-rounded pebbles—56, 72.
Water-supply of Fayûm—11, 88.
Weathering—57.
Wells—21.
Western, Colonel—16-18, 22, 87.
Whales, Frequency of river and shore-frequenting—53.
Whales, Toothed—39.
Whitehouse, Cope—88.
White Nile fauna, Absence of—81.
Widan el Faras—28, 55, 58, 60, 62, 75-76.
Willcocks, Sir William—13-14, 17-19, 80-88.
Wind-shadow—84.
X
Xiphodonts—29.
Z
_Zeuglodon_—9, 39, 44, 49, 52, 87-88.
_Zeuglodon brachyspondylus_—44.
_Zeuglodon Isis_—35, 44-45, 47, 70.
_Zeuglodon macrospondylus_—44.
_Zeuglodon Osiris_—35, 44, 47, 49-51, 70.
_Zeuglodon Zitteli_—44, 70.
Zeuglodon Valley—41, 46-49, 61, 63, 85.
Zittel, Prof. K.—43, 49, 62, 89.
* * * * *
[Illustration: PL. XVII.
GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE FAYUM DEPRESSION
_Survey Dept. Cairo._]
[Illustration: PL. XVIII.
MAP SHOWING PRINCIPAL BONE-BEARING LOCALITIES
_Survey Dept. Cairo._]
[Illustration: Plate XIX.
SECTION FROM THE BIRKET EL QURÛN THROUGH DIMÊ AND QASR EL
SAGHA TO THE SUMMIT OF JEBEL EL QATRANI.]
[Illustration: Plate XX.
SECTION FROM WADI RAYAN TO THE SUMMIT OF THE ESCARPMENT NORTH OF GAR
EL GEHANNEM.]
[Illustration: Plate XXI.
SECTION OF THE DESERT RIDGE SEPARATING THE NILE VALLEY AND THE FAYÛM.]
[Illustration: Plate XXII.
SECTION FROM SIDMANT EL JEBEL IN THE NILE VALLEY THROUGH MEDINET
EL FAYÛM TO THE SUMMIT OF JEBEL EL QATRANI, NEAR WIDAN EL FARAS.]
[Illustration: Plate XXIII.
MIDDLE EOCENE ESCARPMENT NEAR QASR EL SAGHA.]
[Illustration: Plate XXIV.
FROM GARAT EL ESH TO THE SUMMIT OF JEBEL EL QATRANI.]
Transcriber's note:
pg 4 Changed: "Homotoxial with quarried" to: "Homotaxial"
pg 6 Changed: "M.—_Gyseous Deposits_" to: "_Gypseous_"
pg 30 Absent references to footnotes 30 and 31 added after
"an accompanying map" and "plateau north of the lake." respectively.
pg 31, footnote 32 Changed: "Bd. XXX I 1902" to: "Bd. XXXII 1902"
pg 34, footnote 34 Changed: "III, Das Miocân,”" to:
"III, “Das Miocän,”"
pg 58 Changed: "_Potamides tristiatus_" to: "_tristriatus_"
pg 66, footnote 82 Some missing text has been indicated as [Blank].
pg 69, footnote 84 Changed: "für Saügetiere" to: "Säugetiere"
pg 79 Changed: "matter or considerable doubt" to: "of"
pg 80 Changed: "with little resistence" to: "resistance"
pg 87 Changed: "_Eocene beds of the Fayûm, Egypi_" to: "_Egypt_"
pg 88 Changed: "_Versteinerungen der tertiāren_" to: "tertiären"
pg 88 Changed: "_für Saugetiere_" to: "_Säugetiere_"
pg 88 Changed: "_der Libyschen Wūste_" to: "_Wüste_"
pg 89 Changed: "Nacula Mœridis" to: "Nucula"
pg 91 Changed: "_Arca tethyis_—52-90." to: "52, 90."
pg 97 Changed: "Muêla, Wadi— [. . .] 21-21," to: "20-21,"
pg 97 Changed: "_Mytilus affinus_" to: "_affinis_"
pg 98 Changed: "Perrenial irrigation" to: "Perennial"
pg 98 Changed: "_Plonorbis subangulata_" to: "_Planorbis_"
pg 98 Changed: "_Pectunculus pseudopulvinatus_—" to:
"_Pectunculus pseudopulvinatus_—35."
pg 99 Changed: "Rohlfs’ Expedition—9-63." to: "9, 63."
pg 100 Changed: "Thickness of beds in section—37-29" to: "37-39"
Minor changes in punctuation have been done silently.
Typographical errors changing æ for œ and vice versa have been
fixed silently.
Placenames commonly spelled with diacritics (Fayûm, Qurûn, Lahûn,
etc.) were also accented elsewhere except illustration captions,
headers and titles of cited works.
Other spelling inconsistencies have been left unchanged.