The completed KXG-13 cell should be plac_The Automobile Storage Battery: Its Care And Repair

kept on charge until maximum gravity has been reached. A KXG-7 cell

should be charged at a 6-ampere rate.

Adjusting Gravity of Electrolyte

If the maximum gravity is above 1.220, draw off some of the

electrolyte and refill to water line with distilled water. The charge

should then be continued for at least one hour to thoroughly mix the

electrolyte before taking another hydrometer reading. It may be

necessary to repeat this operation.

If the maximum gravity is below 1.220, pour off the electrolyte into a

glass jar or a suitable receptacle, and then refill the cell with

1.220 electrolyte. Charge for one hour to thoroughly mix the solution

before checking readings.

NOTE: Gravity readings in adjusting the electrolyte should always be

taken in connection with thermometer readings, making necessary

temperature corrections. This is particularly important in adjusting

electrolyte in pilot cells.

HOW TO REPAIR DELCO-LIGHT CELLS

Treating Broken Cells

Whenever a shipment of batteries is received in which any of the jars

have been broken, the first thing to do is to carefully remove the

elements from the broken jars to prevent damage to the plates or

separators. These elements should be placed in distilled water to

prevent further drying. The plates will not be damaged in any way and

can be restored to a healthy condition by charging in 1.200 specific

gravity at a 12-ampere rate for the 13-plate cell or, 6-ampere rate

for the 7-plate cell, until maximum gravity is reached. (See Charging

and Adjustment of Electrolyte, explained on page 481.)

Treating Spilled Cells

If the spillage is more than one inch below the water level, it should

be replaced by electrolyte of 1.200 specific gravity and charged to

maximum gravity.

Treating Badly Sulphated Cells That Have Been in Service

When cells are removed from an installation to make repairs, they are

usually badly sulphated, which means that considerable acid is in the

plates.

In charging such cells, use distilled water in place of electrolyte,

as this will allow the acid to come out of the plates more readily.

The KXG-13 cells should be charged at about 12 amperes and the KXG-7

cells at 6 amperes. Cells badly sulphated when charged at the low rate

will require from 50 to 100 hours to reach maximum gravity. Extreme

cases will require even longer charging.

In case it is impossible to read the gravity after the cells have been

on charge a sufficient length of time, pour out the solution and use

1.220 specific gravity.

The charge should then be continued further to insure that maximum

gravity has been reached.

CAUTION: Should the temperature of the electrolyte approach 110° F.,

the charging rate should be reduced or the charge stopped until the

cell has cooled.

Treating Reversed Cells

A complete battery may be reversed if the battery is completely

discharged and its voltage is not sufficient to overcome any residual

magnetism the generator might have. Under such conditions the negative

plates will begin to discolor brown and the positive turn gray. Such a

case would be extremely rare.

The remedy is to first completely discharge the cells to get rid of

the charge in the wrong direction. Then short-circuit them. (Connect a

wire across the terminals.) Then charge them in the right direction at

a low rate. (12 amperes for a KXG-13 cell, or 6 amperes for a KXG-7

cell.) Charge until the specific gravity reaches a maximum. If the

battery is operated reversed for any length of time, the negatives

will throw off their active material and become useless.

A single cell may become reversed by gradually slipping behind the

rest of the cells in a set, due to insufficient charging, until it

becomes so low that it will reverse on each discharge. This condition

cannot be corrected by giving the regular charge, but it will be

necessary to give an equalizing charge, continuing the charge until

the cell is in normal condition. (Be sure to make temperature

corrections when taking hydrometer readings.) If the cell appears to

require an excessive amount of charge to restore it to condition, it

should be removed and taken to the repair shop for a separate charge.

If the cell has been allowed to operate in a reversed condition to

such an extent that the entire material of the negative plates has

turned brown, both positive and negative groups should be discarded.

Removing Impurities

Impurities, such as iron, salt (chlorine) or oil, may accidentally get

into a cell, due to careless handling of distilled water.

Iron is dissolved by sulphuric acid and the positive plates become

affected, change color (dirty yellow) and wear rapidly. The cell

becomes different from the rest in gravity, voltage and bubbling. The

remedy is to discard the electrolyte as soon as possible, flush the

plates and separators in several changes of water, thoroughly wash the

jar, use new electrolyte and then proceed in same manner as explained

for the treatment of badly sulphated cells, page 482.

Chlorine has an effect about as described for iron, and is evident by

the odor of chlorine gas. The remedy is the same as for iron.

Oil in the electrolyte, if allowed to get into the pores of the

plates, will fill them and lower the capacity very much. It affects

negative plates much more than positives. Probably the only remedy in

this case is new plates.

Impurities of any nature should be removed as quickly as possible.

Clearing High Resistance Short Circuits

A high resistance short is caused by the sediment falling from the

plates and lodging between the positive and negative lugs. As a rule

this condition will occur only when severe sulphation is present in

the plates.

A cell in this condition can be repaired by removing the element and

clearing the short circuit. The wood separators should then be

withdrawn and replaced by new ones. Lock pin insulating washers.

should be installed land the element reassembled in the jar and

charged to maximum gravity.

Clearing Lug Shorts

Short-circuited lugs are caused by excessive sulphation. The outside

negative bulges and the bottom lug bends over and touches the adjacent

positive lug. This can be remedied by removing both outside negative

plates and burning on new plates which have already been charged and

inserting lock pin insulating washers.

Putting Repaired Cells Back in Service

When placing a new or repaired cell in a battery which is in service,

connect in the cell at the beginning of a charge. This will insure

that the new or repaired cell is started off in good condition,

because this charge is of the nature of an initial charge to these

cells.

Charging Outside Negative Plates

Individual negative plates are always received dry, which makes it

necessary to charge them before using. The best way to charge such

plates is as follows: Set up 7 loose negative plates in a KXG-13 jar

together with a good positive group, using KXG separators to prevent

the plates touching. Then stretch a piece of wire solder across the

lugs at the top of the negative plates and solder the wire to the

plates. Fig. 316. The jar may then be filled with 1200 specific

gravity and the plates charged at a 12-ampere rate until maximum

gravity is obtained. Never use negative plates unless they have been

treated as described above. After the charge is completed, the

negative plates may be placed in distilled water and kept until ready

for use. Always be sure to give a charge to maximum gravity after

burning on new negative plates to an element.

[Fig. 316 Preparing outside negatives for charging]

Pressing Negative Plates

After badly sulphated cells are recharged, it is sometimes advisable

to remove the elements and, press the negative plates, as explained on

page 351. Care should be taken to prevent the negative plates from

drying out while making repairs, in order to avoid the long charge

necessary for dried negative plates.

The battery should be charged to maximum gravity before attempting to

press the plates.

It is not necessary and will do no good to press the positive plates.

In some cases the active material may be nearly all out of the outside

negative plates and the inside negatives may be in good condition, in

which case new charged plates should be burned on. (Fig. 322.)

Salvaging Replaced Cells

When it has been necessary to replace cells which have been in

service, the elements can very often be saved and assembled again and

used as replacement cells in batteries which are several years old. In

no case should the cells be used as new cells.

The positive plates may be allowed to dry out, but the negatives

should be kept in distilled water and not allowed to dry out in the

least. They should not be kept this way indefinitely, but should be

assembled and charged as soon as possible.

Do not attempt to repair groups or plates which have lost as much as

half of the active material in wear, or which have the active material

disintegrated and falling out. Such plates should not be used. This

does not apply to small bits of active material knocked out

mechanically and amounting to an extremely small percentage of the

whole. Abnormal color indicates possible impurity, and such plates

should be washed and used with caution. Badly cracked or broken plates

should be replaced with new plates or plates from other groups.

Before new negative plates are used they should be fully charged. (See

Charging Negative Plates, page 484.)

Always use new wood separators when assembling repaired cells.

When cells have been operated reversed in polarity to such an extent

that the active material of the negative plates has turned brown, both

positive and negative groups may have to be replaced.

Repairing Lead Parts

The portable carbon burning outfit used for battery repairs is

operated from the battery itself, making it possible to make repairs

at the user's residence without using a gas flame.

This outfit can be secured from the Delco-Light Company, Dayton, Ohio,

and consists of a carbon holder with cable, clamp, and one-fourth inch

carbon rods. Six cells are usually required to properly heat the

carbon. If it is completely discharged an outside source must be used.

For this purpose a six-volt automobile battery is suitable, or a tray

of demonstrating batteries, one terminal being connected to the

connection to be burned, the other to the cable of the burning tool. A

little experience will soon demonstrate the number of cells necessary

to give a satisfactory heat. The cable is connected by means of the

clamp to a cell in the battery, the required number of cells away from

the joint to be burned. Care should be taken that contact is made by

the clamp, the lead being scraped clean before the connection is made.

The carbon should be sharpened to a long point like a lead pencil and

should project not more than 2 inches from the holder. (Fig. 317.)

[Fig. 317 Repairing broken post, Delco-Light cell]

After being used a short time, the carbon will not heat properly, due

to a film of scale formed on the surface. This should be cleaned off

with a file.

In case of lead burning, additional lead to make a flush joint should

not be added until the metal of the pieces to be joined has melted.

The carbon should be moved around to insure a solid joint at all

points.

In case a post is broken off under the cover, proceed as follows: To

make repairs take an old group and cut off the post about one-half way

down. Saw off the post to be repaired to such a length that when the

new post is burned on the length of the post will be approximately the

same length as the original post.

Repairing Broken Posts.

Make a half circle mould out of a piece of tin or galvanized iron, as

shown in Fig. 317. Burn solid the side of the post facing up, file it

around and then turn the group over, place the form on the burned side

and proceed to complete the burning operation.

Caution:

1. Always use clean lead.

2. Do not clean the lead and let it stand for any length of time

before starting to burn. If it is allowed to stand it will oxidize and

prevent a good burning operation.

3. Burn with an are and not with a red hot carbon.

Burning on Straps

Place the strap to be burned in a vise and split the end through the

center and then bend the two halves over to form a foot, as shown in

Fig. 318. Make a mould out of a piece of tin or galvanized iron and

place this mould around the post to which this strap is to be burned.

(Fig. 319.) Then proceed to burn the post and strap together.

[Fig. 318 Splitting end of strap, Delco-Light cell]

When a union is made between the strap and the post a small amount of

new clean lead should be burned on the top of the foot to reinforce

this point. Care should be taken not to get the mould too high, as

this will cause trouble in getting the carbon down to the foot and the

post.

[Fig. 319 Burning on negative strap, Delco-Light cell]

[Fig. 320 Auxiliary strap, Delco-Light cell]

[Fig. 321 Positioning auxiliary strap, Delco-Light cell]

How to Eliminate Burning on Straps by Use of an Auxiliary Strap

A very good way to repair broken straps without the burning operation

is to use the auxiliary strap shown in Fig. 320. This strap is slipped

over the post of the terminal or strap which is broken and the sealing

nut is then clamped down on the strap, as shown in Fig. 321. These

straps may be obtained from the Delco-Light Distributors or from the

Delco-Light factory at Dayton, Ohio.

Burning on New Plates

[Fig. 322 Burning on outside negative plate, Delco-Light cell]

When it is necessary to burn on new plates, carefully clean with a

file the lead on both the plate and the common strap to which all

plates of the group are attached. Block up the plate with thin boards

or wood separators until it is spaced the proper distance from the

adjacent plate. Care should be taken to see that the side and bottom

edge of the plate to be burned on is in line with the other plates of

the group. Proceed to burn on the plate by drawing a small blaze or

are and do not attempt to burn with just a glowing carbon. (Fig. 322.)

If only a glowing carbon is used the result will be a smeary mass and

in the majority of cases will not hold, due to the fact that it is not

welded but simply attached in one or two points.

The principle of lead burning is to weld or burn two parts into one

solid mass and not merely attach one to the other.

Keeping Wood Separators In Stock

No wood separators should be used except those furnished by the

Delco-Light Company. These should be kept in distilled water, to which

has been added 1.220 electrolyte in the proportion of one part to ten

parts of water. It is advisable whenever possible to use new

separators when making repairs on a cell. Separators which have been

in service are liable to be damaged by handling.

Freezing Temperature of Electrolyte

The freezing temperatures of electrolyte in the Delco-Light batteries

depends upon the specific gravity of the battery. The Delco-Light

battery fully charged, with a specific gravity of 1.220, should not

freeze above a temperature of 30 degrees below zero. Since, however,

the freezing point rises very rapidly with a decrease in specific

gravity, special care should be taken to keep batteries charged when

temperatures below zero are encountered. The following table shows

freezing temperatures of several different gravities of electrolyte.

Specific Gravity Freezing Point

---------------- --------------

1.100 19° F. above zero.

1.150 5° F. above zero.

1.175 6° F. below zero.

1.200 16° F. below zero.

1.220 31° F. below zero.

At the temperature given, the electrolyte does not freeze solid, but

forms a slushy mass of crystals, which does not always result in jar

breakage.

Care of Cells in Stock

Frequently a Dealer or Distributor will have several sets of new

batteries in stock for five or six months. In this case, the cells

should be given a freshening charge before putting into service. This

charge should consist of charging the cells to maximum gravity.

Cells received broken in transit or cells sent in for repairs should

be repaired and charged as soon as possible and put into service

immediately. This eliminates the possibility of the cells standing

idle over a long period in which they would need a freshening charge

before they could be used.

However, if such cells must be kept in stock, they can be maintained

in a healthy condition by keeping on charge at a one fifth ampere rate

for 13-plate cells and one-tenth ampere rate for 7-plate cells.

Taking Batteries Out of Commission

If a battery is not to be used at all for a period not longer than

about 9 months, it can be left idle if it is first treated as follows:

Add sufficient water to bring the electrolyte up to the water line in

all cells and then give an equalizing charge, continuing the charge

until the specific gravity of each cell is at a maximum, five

consecutive hourly readings showing no rise in gravity. As soon as

this charge is completed, take out the battery fuse and open up one or

two of the connections between cells so that no current can be taken

from the battery. Have vent plugs in place to minimize evaporation.

If the battery is to be taken out of commission for a longer time than

9 months, the battery should be fully charged as above and the

electrolyte poured off into suitable glass or porcelain receptacles.

The plates should immediately be covered with water for a few hours to

prevent the negatives heating, after which the separators should be

removed, the water poured out of the jars, and the positive and

negative groups placed back in the jar for storage. Examine the

separators. If they are cracked or split they should be thrown away.

If in good condition they should be stored for further use in a

non-metallic receptacle and covered with water, to which has been

added electrolyte of 1.220 specific gravity, in the proportion of one

part electrolyte to ten of water by volume.

Putting Batteries Into Commission After Being Out of Service

When putting batteries into commission again, if the electrolyte has

not been withdrawn, all that is necessary is to add water to the cells

if needed, replace connections, and give an equalizing charge.

If the electrolyte has been withdrawn and battery disassembled, it

should be reassembled, taking care not to use cracked, split or

dried-out separators, and then the cells should be filled with the old

electrolyte, which has been saved, provided no impurity has entered

the electrolyte. After filling, allow the battery to stand for 12

hours and then charge, using 6 amperes for KXG-7 size and 12 amperes

for the KXG-13 size. Charge at this rate until all cells start gassing

freely or temperature rises to 110° F. Then reduce the charging rate

one-half, and continue at this rate until the specific gravity is at a

maximum, five consecutive hourly readings showing no rise in gravity.

At least 40 hours will be required for this charge. To obtain these

low rates with the Delco-Light plant, lights or other

current-consuming devices must be turned on while charging.

General Complaints from Users and How to Handle Them.

1. Pilot balls do not come up.

This condition may be caused by

(a) Battery discharged.

(b) Weak electrolyte caused by spillage in shipment.

Question the user to determine whether the ball will not come up if

the pilot cell is bubbling freely. Weak electrolyte or a defective

ball will require a service trip to determine the one which is

responsible for the ball not rising. (See page 470.)

2. Lights dim-must charge daily.

This condition may be caused by

(a) Discharged battery.

(b) Loose dirty connections in battery or line.

The user should be questioned to determine whether the battery is

being charged sufficiently. In case the user is positive the battery

is charged, the next probable trouble would be that there were some

loose or dirty connections in either plant or battery. Have the user

check for loose connections. Should it be necessary to make an

inspection trip, instruct the user to give battery an equalizing

charge so the battery will be fully charged when the inspection is

made.

Low cells can be checked by asking the user if all of the cells bubble

freely when equalizing charge is given. In case user claims several

cells fail to bubble, an inspection trip would be necessary to

determine the trouble. (See page 470.)

3. Cells bubbling when on discharge.

This complaint would indicate a reversed cell. (See page 483.)

4. Cells overflowing on charge.

This would mean that the cells were filled too high above water lines.

5. Engine cranks slowly but does not fire.

This would indicate over-discharged battery. Explain to user how to

start plant under this condition.

6. Plant will not crank.

This might be caused by

(a) Blown battery fuse.

(b) Battery over-discharged.

OTHER EXIDE FARM LIGHTING BATTERIES

The Exide type is shown in Figure 296. The plates are held in position

both by the cover and by soft rubber support pieces in the bottom of

the jar. The support pieces are provided with holes in which

projections on the bottom of the plates are inserted. The cover is of

heavy moulded glass. The separators are of grooved wood in combination

with a slotted rubber sheet (Fig. 297). The strap posts are threaded

and are clamped to the cover by means of alloy nuts. The cover

overlaps the top of the jar to which it is sealed with sealing

compound. The method of sealing and unsealing is practically the same

as in the Exide Delco-Light Type.

Batteries with Open Glass Jars

Batteries with open glass jars, in addition to the conducting lug,

have two hanging lugs for each plate. The plates are hung from the jar

walls by these hanging lugs, as shown in Figs. 323 and 324. The plate

straps, instead of being horizontal are vertical and provided with a

tail so that adjacent cells may be bolted together by bolt connectors

through the end of the tail.

1. The Exide Cell is shown in Fig. 324. It has a grooved wood

separator between each positive and negative plate. The separators are

kept from floating up by a glass "hold-down" laid across the top. The

separators are provided at the top with a pin which rests on the

adjoining plates. The pins together with the plate glass hold-downs

keep the separators in Position.

To remove an element it is simply necessary to unbolt the connectors,

remove the glass cover and hold-down and lift wit the element.

2. The Chloride Accumulator cell is shown in Fig. 323. It differs from

the Exide only in type of plates and separators. The positive plates

are known as Manchester positives and have the active material in the

form of corrugated buttons which are held in a thick grid, as shown in

Fig. 325. The buttons are brown in color, the same as all positive

active material.

The separators, instead of being grooved wood, am each a sheet of wood

with six dowels pinned to it.

The element is removed the same as in the Exide type.

[Fig. 323 Exide chloride accumulator cell with open glass jar,

and Fig. 324 Exide cell with open glass jar]

Batteries with Sealed Rubber Jars

1. The Exide cell is shown in Fig. 326. It is assembled similar to

Exide starting and lighting batteries, except that the plates are

considerably thicker, wood and rubber separators are used, and the

terminal posts are shaped to provide for bolted instead of burned-on

connection. The method of sealing and unsealing the cells is the same

as in Exide starting and lighting batteries.

All instructions already given for glass for cells apply to rubber jar

cells except for a few differences in assembling and disassembling.

Care should be taken to keep the water level at least 1/2 inch above

plates at all times as the evaporation is very rapid in rubber jar

cells.

The temperature should be watched on charging to prevent overheating.

Never allow temperature to go above 110° F.

Unlike the glass jar cells the sediment space in the rubber jar is not

sufficient to take care of all the active material in the positive

plates. On repairs, therefore, always clean out the sediment and

prevent premature short circuits.

[Fig. 325 Manchester positive plates, and

Fig. 326 Exide cell with sealed rubber jar]

WESTINGHOUSE FARM LIGHTING BATTERIES

Jars. Westinghouse Farm Lighting Battery jars are made of glass, with

a 5/16 inch wall. The jars are pressed with the supporting ribs for

the elements an integral part from a mass of molten glass. A heavy

flange is pressed around the upper edge to strengthen the jar.

Top Construction. A sealed-in cover is used similar to that used in

starting and lighting batteries. The opening around the post hole is

sealed with compound.

Plates. Pasted plates are used. The positives are 1/4 inch thick, and

the negatives 3/16 inch. Posts are 13/16 inch in diameter.

Separators. A combination of wood and perforated rubber sheets is used.

Opening and Setting-Up Westinghouse Farm Lighting Batteries

[Fig. 327 Westinghouse farm lighting cell]

It is preferable that the temperature never exceed 100 deg. Fahrenheit

nor fall below 10 deg. in the place where the battery is set up. If

the temperature is liable to drop below 10 degrees the battery should

be kept in a fully charged condition.

1. Remove all excelsior and the other packing material from the top of

the cells. Take cells out carefully and set on the floor. Do not drop

or handle roughly. Be sure to remove the lead top connectors from each

compartment.

2. Cells should be placed 1/4 inch apart. Also, cells should be placed

alternately so that positive post of one cell is adjacent to negative

post of the next cell. Positive post has "V" shape shoulder and the

negative post has a square shoulder.

3. Grease all posts, straps and nuts with vaseline.

4. Connect positive posts of each cell to negative post of adjacent

cell, using top connectors furnished. Top connectors are made so as to

fit when connection is made between positive post of one cell and

negative post of next cell. Use long connector between end cells of

upper and lower shelves.

5. With all connections between cells in position, join the remaining

positive post with a connection marked "Positive" leading from the

electric generator. Do likewise with the remaining negative post.

6. If liquid level in any cell is 1 inch or more below the "Liquid

Line" on side of glass jar, some liquid has been spilled and must be

replaced. This should be done by an experienced person.

7. Immediately after installation operate electric generator and

charge battery until gas bubbles rise freely through the liquid in all

cells. A reading with the hydrometer syringe which is furnished with

the battery should be taken, When the hydrometer float reads between

1.240 and 1.250, the battery is fully charged.

8. The time required to complete the charging operation mentioned

above may vary from one to several hours, depending upon the length of

time the battery has been in transit. During the charge the

temperature of the cells should not be permitted to rise above 110

deg. Fahrenheit. If this condition occurs discontinue the charge or

decrease the charge rate until cells have cooled off.

9. When charge is complete replace vent plugs.

The Relation Between Various Sizes of Westinghouse Farm Light

Batteries and Work to be Done

The size of the battery furnished with complete farm lighting units

vary greatly. Sometimes the battery size is varied with the size of

the engine and generator, while again the same size of battery may be

used for several sizes of engines and generators. In making

replacements, while it is always necessary to retain the same number

of cells, it is not necessary to retain the same size of cells.

Usually increasing the cell size increases the convenience to the

owner and prolongs the life of the battery to an amount which warrants

the higher cost.

With a larger battery, danger of injury through overcharging is

lessened, the load on the battery is more easily carried and the

engine and generator operate less frequently.

In order to give an idea of various battery capacities, below is a

table showing the number of 32 volt, 25-watt lamps which may be

lighted for various lengths of time from sixteen cells. The number of

hours shows the length of time that the lamps will operate.

Table A

Type 3 Hours 5 Hours 8 Hours

---- ------- ------- -------

G-7 22 Lamps 14 Lamps 10 Lamps

G-9 28 Lamps 19 Lamps 13 Lamps

G-11 32 Lamps 24 Lamps 15 Lamps

G-13 41 Lamps 29 Lamps 19 Lamps

G-15 47 Lamps 33 Lamps 22 Lamps

G-17 54 Lamps 38 Lamps 25 Lamps

Note:--Based on 32-Volt 25-Watt Lamps.

For example--The table shows opposite G-7 that, with the battery

fully charged, twenty-two lamps may be lighted for three hours,

fourteen lamps for five hours and ten lamps for eight hours, by a

sixteen cell G-7 battery, without operating the engine and generator.

Motors for operating various household and farm appliances are usually

rated either in horsepower or watts. The following table will give a

comparison between horse-power and watts as well as the number of

25-watt lamps to which these different sizes of motors and appliances

correspond.

Table B

H.P. of Motor No. of Watts Corresponding No. of

25-Watt Lamps

------------- ------------ --------------------

1/8 93 4

1/4 185 7

1/2 373 15

3/4 559 22

1 H.P. 746 30

From table B it will be seen, for example, that a one horsepower motor

draws from the battery 373 watts or the same power as do fifteen

25-watt lamps. Then referring to table A, it will be found that a G-11

battery could operate 15 lamps or this motor alone for 8 hours.

Due to the fact that a motor or electric appliance may become

overloaded and therefore actually use many more watts than the name

plate indicates, it is not advisable to operate any motor of over 1/4

H. P. or even an appliance of over 186 watts on the G-13 or smaller

sizes unless the engine and generator are running.

It is safe, however, to operate motors or other appliances up to 375

watts on the G-15 or G-17 batteries without operating the engine and

generator.

WILLARD FARM LIGHTING BATTERIES

[Fig. 328 Willard Farm Lighting Cell]

The Willard Storage Battery Co. manufactures farm lighting batteries

which use sealed glass jars, or sealed rubber jars. Those using the

sealed glass jars include types PH and PA. The sealed rubber jar

batteries include types EM, EEW, IPR, SMW, and SEW. Both types of

batteries are shipped fully charged and filled with electrolyte, and

also dry, without electrolyte. The following instructions cover the

installation and preparation for service of these batteries.

Glass Jar Batteries. Fully Charged and Filled With Electrolyte

Each sixteen cell set of batteries is packed in two shipping crates.

One crate, which is stenciled "No. 1" contains:

* 8 Cells.

* 18 Bolt Connectors.

* 1 Hydrometer Syringe.

* 1 Instruction Book.

The other crate which is stenciled "No. 2" contains: 8 Cells

(NOTE:--If the batteries are re-shipped by the manufacturer or

distributor, care must be exercised to see that they are sent out in

sets.)

Unpacking

Remove the boards from the tops of the shipping crates and the

excelsior which is above the cells.

To straighten the long top connector, grasp the strap firmly with the

left hand close to the pillar post and raise the outer end of the

strap until it is in an upright position. Do not make a short bend

near the pillar post. Lift the cells from the case by grasping the

glass jars. Do not attempt to lift them by means of the top connectors.

Clean the outside of the cells by wiping with a damp cloth.

Inspection of Cells.

Inspect each cell to see if the level of the electrolyte is at the

proper height. This is indicated on the jar by a line marked LIQUID

LINE.

If the electrolyte is simply a little low and there is no evidence of

any having been spilled (examine packing material for discoloration)

add distilled or clean rain water to bring the level to the proper

height.

If the liquid does not cover the plates and the packing material is

discolored, it indicates that some or all of the electrolyte has been

lost from the cell either on account of a cracked jar or overturning

of the battery.

If only a small quantity of electrolyte is lost through spilling, the

cell should be filled to the proper height with electrolyte of the

same specific gravity as in the other cells. This cell should then be

charged until the gravity has ceased rising. If all the electrolyte is

lost write to the Willard Storage Battery Co., Cleveland, Ohio, for

instructions.

Connecting the Cells

Each cell of the type PH battery is a complete unit, sealed in a glass

jar. The cells are to be placed side by side on the battery rack so

that the positive terminal of one cell (long connecting strap) can be

connected to the negative terminal (short strap) of the adjacent cell.

Join the positive terminal of one cell to the negative terminal of the

adjacent cell and continue this procedure until all the cells are

connected together. This will leave one positive and one negative

terminal of the battery to be connected respectively to the positive

and negative wires from the switchboard. The bend in the top connector

should be made about one inch above the pillar post to eliminate the

danger of breakage at the post.

In tightening the bolts do not use excessive force, as there is

liability of stripping the threads.

Give the battery a freshening charge before it is put in service. Type

PH cells have a gravity of 1.250 when fully charged, and 1.185 when

discharged.

Willard Glass Jar Batteries Shipped "Knock-Down."

Each sixteen cell set of Batteries consists of:

16 Glass Jars.

16 Positive Groups.

16 Negative Groups.

16 Covers.

16 Vent Plugs.

32 Lead Collars.

32 Lead Keys.

32 Soft Rubber Washers.

32 Hard Rubber Rods.

64 Hard Rubber Nuts.

18 Bolt Connectors.

Wood Insulators (the quantity depends upon the size of the cells).

Sealing Compound.

Hydrometer.

Instruction Books.

Electrolyte is not supplied with batteries shipped in a knockdown

condition.

Examine all packing material carefully and check the parts with the

above list.

Cleaning the Glass Jars

Wash the glass jars and wipe them dry.

Preparing the Covers

Wash the covers and scrub around the under edge to remove all dust.

After they are thoroughly dry place them upside down on a bench.

Melt the sealing compound and pour it around the outer edge to make a

fillet in the groove.

Assembling the Element and Separators

Place the plates of a positive group between the plates of a negative

group and lay the element thus formed on its edge, as shown in Fig.

329.

[Fig. 329 Inserting Separators, Willard farm lighting cell]

[Fig. 330 and Fig. 331 Fastening cover to posts, Willard farm

lighting cell]

Next insert a wood separator between each of the positive and negative

plates.

Next insert the hard rubber rods through the holes in the lugs of the

end negative plates, and screw on the nuts. Do not screw the nuts so

tight as to make the plates bulge out at the center. The rod should

project the same amount on each side of the element.

Place the element in a vertical position.

The cover can now be placed over the posts. Slip a rubber washer and a

lead collar over each post. The two key holes in the lead collar are

unequal in size. The collar must be placed over the post so that the

end which measures 3/16 inch from the bottom of the holes to the end

of the collar will be next to the rubber washer. Dip the lead key in

water and then put it through the holes, having the straight edge of

the key on the bottom side. This operation can easily be done by using

a pair of tongs (see Figs. 330 and 331) to compress the washer. After

the keys are driven tight they can be cut off with a pair of end

cutters and then smoothed with a file.

Sealing Element Assembly in Jar

[Fig. 332 Sealing Element Assembly, Willard farm lighting cell]

Turn the element upside down and place over a block of wood so that

the weight is supported by the cover. (See Fig. 332.)

Heat the sealing compound by means of a flame (a blow torch will

answer the purpose), and place the jar over the element, as shown in

Fig. 331. The jar should be firmly pressed down into the compound.

With a hot putty knife, clean off any compound which has oozed out of

the joint. The assembled cell can now be turned to an upright position.

In case it is necessary to remove a cover, heat a wide putty knife and

run it around the edge between the cover and the glass jar. This will

soften the compound so that the cover can be pried off.

If it is necessary to remove the cover from the posts, the keys must

be driven out by pounding on the small end, as the keys are

tapered-and the holes in the lead collars are unequal in size.

Filling with Electrolyte

Fill the cells with 1.260 specific gravity electrolyte at 70° F. to

the LIQUID LINE marked on the glass jars. (About I inch above the top

edge of separators.) Allow the cells to stand 12 hours, and if the

level of the electrolyte has lowered, add sufficient electrolyte to

bring it to the proper height.

Initial Charge

Connect the positive terminal (long strap) of one cell to the negative

terminal (short strap) of the adjacent cell and continue this

procedure until all the cells are connected together. This will leave

one positive and one negative terminal to be connected respectively to

the positive and negative wires from the charging source.

The bends in the top terminal connectors should be made about one inch

above the pillar posts to eliminate the danger of breakage at the post.

In tightening the bolts, do not use excessive force, as there is

liability of stripping the threads.

After the cells have stood for 12 hours with electrolyte in the jars,

they should be put on charge at the following rates:

Type Amperes

---- -------

PH-7 4

PH-9 5

PH-11 6-1/4

PH-13 7-1/2

PH-15 9

PH-17 10

They should be left on charge continuously until the specific gravity

of the electrolyte reaches a maximum and remains constant for six

hours. At this point, each cell should be gassing freely and the

voltage should read about 2.45 volts per cell, with the above current

flowing.

Under normal conditions it will require approximately 80 hours to

complete the initial charge. The final gravity will be approximately

1.250. If the gravity is above this value, remove a little electrolyte

and add the same amount of distilled water.

If the gravity is too low, remove a little of the electrolyte and add

the same amount of 1.400 specific gravity acid and leave on charge as

before.

After either water or acid has been added, charge the cells three

hours longer in order to thoroughly mix the solution, and if at the

end of that time the gravity is between 1.245 and 1.255, the cells are

ready for service.

It is very important that the initial charge be continued until the

specific gravity reaches a maximum value, regardless of the length of

time required. The battery must not be discharged until the initial

charge has been completed.

If it is impossible to charge the battery continuously, the charge can

be stopped over night, but must be resumed the next day.

It is preferable to charge the battery at the ampere rate given above,

but if this cannot be done, the temperature must be carefully watched

so that it does not exceed 110° F.

Wilard Rubber Jar Batteries Shipped Completely Charged and Filled with

Electrolyte

Immediately upon receipt of battery, remove the soft rubber nipples

and unscrew the vent plugs.

The soft rubber nipples are to be discarded, as they are used only for

protection during shipment. Inspect each cell to see whether the

electrolyte is at the proper height.

If the electrolyte is simply a little low and there is no evidence of

any having been spilled (examine packing material for discoloration),

add distilled water to bring the level to the proper height.

If electrolyte does not cover the plates and the packing material is

discolored, it indicates that some or all of the electrolyte has been

lost from the cell, either on account of cracked jar or overturning of

the battery.

If only a small quantity of electrolyte is lost through spilling, the

cell should be filled to the proper height with electrolyte of the

same specific gravity as in the other cells. This cell should then be

charged until the gravity has ceased rising, If all the electrolyte is

lost, write to the Willard Storage Battery Co., Cleveland, Ohio, for

instructions.

Place batteries on rack and connect the positive terminal of one crate

to the negative terminal of the next crate, using the jumpers

furnished.

The main battery wires from the switch board should be soldered to the

pigtail terminals, which can then be bolted to the battery terminals.

Be sure to have the positive and negative battery terminals connected

respectively to the positive and negative generator terminals of

switchboard.

Before using the battery, it should be given a freshening charge at

the rate given on page 510.

The specific gravity of the rubber jar batteries is 1.285-1.300 when

fully charged, and 1.160 when discharged.

Willard Rubber Jar Batteries Shipped Dry (Export Batteries)

Batteries which have been prepared for export must be given the

following treatment:

Upon receipt of battery by customer, the special soft rubber nipples,

used on the batteries for shipping purposes only, should be removed

and discarded.

Types SMW and SEW batteries should at once be filled to bottom of vent

hole with 1.285 specific gravity electrolyte at 70° F.

In mixing electrolyte, the acid should be poured into the water and

allowed to cool below 90° F. before being put into the cells. If

electrolyte is shipped with the battery, it is of the proper gravity

to put into the cells.

Immediately after the batteries are filled with electrolyte, they must

be placed on charge at one half the normal charging rate given on page

510, and should be left on charge continuously until the specific

gravity of the electrolyte stops rising. At this point, each cell

should be gassing freely and the voltage should read at least 2.40

volts per cell with one-half the normal charging current flowing.

If during the charge the temperature of the electrolyte in any one

cell exceeds 105° F., the current must be reduced until the

temperature is below 90° F. This will necessitate a longer time to

complete the charge, but must be strictly adhered to.

Under normal conditions it will require approximately 80 hours to

complete the initial charge. The final gravity of the types SMW and

SEW will be approximately 1.285. If the gravity is above this value,

remove a little electrolyte and add same amount of distilled water

while the battery is left charging (in order to thoroughly mix the

solution), and after three hours, if the electrolyte is within the

limits, the cell is ready for service. If the specific gravity is

below these values, remove a little electrolyte and add same amount of

1.400 specific gravity electrolyte. Leave on charge as before. The

acid should be poured into the water and allowed to cool below 90° P.

before being used. The batteries are then ready for service.

Installing Counter Electromotive Force Cells

Counter EMF cells, if used with a battery, are installed in the same

manner as regular cells. They are connected positive to negative, the

same as regular cells, but the negative terminal of the CEMF group is

to be connected to the negative terminal of the regular cell group.

The positive terminal of the counter CEMF group is then to be

connected to the switchboard.

[Image: Table of charge and discharge rates for different types

of batteries, Willard farm lighting batteries]

========================================================================

Definitions and Descriptions of

Terms and Parts

-------------------------------

Acid. As used in this book refers to sulphuric acid (H2SO4), the

active component of the electrolyte, or a mixture of sulphuric acid

and water.

Active Material. The active portion of the battery plates; peroxide of

lead on the positives and spongy metallic lead on the negatives.

Alloy. As used in battery practice, a homogeneous combination of lead

and antimony.

Alternating Current. Electric current which does not flow in one

direction only, like direct current, but rapidly reverses its

direction or "alternates" in polarity so that it will not charge a

battery.

Ampere. The unit of measure of the rate of flow of electric current.

Ampere Hour. The product resulting from multiplication of amperes

flowing by time of flow in hours, e.g., a battery supplying 10 amperes

for 8 hours gives 80 ampere hours. See note under "Volt?" for more

complete explanation of current flow.

Battery. Two or more electrical cells, electrically connected so that

combination furnishes current as a unit.

Battery Terminals. Devices attached to the positive post of one end

cell and the negative of the other, by means of which the battery is

connected to the car circuit.

Bridge (or Rib). Wedge-shaped vertical projection from bottom of

rubber jar on which plates rest and by which they are supported.

Buckling. Warping or bending of the battery plates.

Burning. A term used to describe the operation of joining two pieces

of lead by melting them at practically the same instant so they may

run together as one continuous piece. Usually done with mixture of

oxygen and hydrogen or acetylene gases, hydrogen and compressed air,

or oxygen and illuminating gas.

Burning Strip. A convenient form of lead, in strips, for filling up

the joint in making burned connections.

Cadmium. A metal used in about the shape of a pencil for obtaining

voltage of positive or negative plates. It is dipped in the

electrolyte but not allowed to come in contact with plates.

Capacity. The number of ampere hours a battery can supply at a given

rate of current flow after being fully charged, e.g., a battery may be

capable of supplying 10 amperes of current for 8 hours before it is

exhausted. Its capacity is 80 ampere hours at the 8 hours rate of

current flow. It is necessary to state the rate of flow, since same

battery if discharged at 20 amperes would not last for 4 hours but for

a shorter period, say 3 hours. Hence, its capacity at the 3 hour rate

would be 3x2O=60 ampere hours.

Case. The containing box which holds the battery cells.

Cell. The battery unit, consisting of an element complete with

electrolyte, in its jar with cover.

Charge. Passing direct current through a battery in the direction

opposite to that of discharge, in order to put back the energy used on

discharge.

Charge Rate. The proper rate of current to use in charging a battery

from an outside source. It is expressed in amperes and varies for

different sized cells.

Corrosion. The attack of metal parts by acid from the electrolyte; it

is the result of lack of cleanliness.

Cover. The rubber cover which closes each individual cell; it is

flanged for sealing compound to insure an effective seal.

Cycle. One charge and discharge.

Density. Specific gravity.

Developing. The first cycle or cycles of a new or rebuilt battery to

bring about proper electrochemical conditions to give rated capacity.

Diffusion. Pertaining to movement of acid within the pores of plates.

(See Equalization.)

Discharge. The flow of current from a battery through a circuit,

opposite of "charge."

Dry. Term frequently applied to cell containing insufficient

electrolyte. Also applied to certain conditions of shipment of

batteries.

Electrolyte. The conducting fluid of electro-chemical devices; for

lead-acid storage batteries it consists of about two parts of water to

one of chemically pure sulphuric acid, by weight.

Element. Positive group, negative group and separators.

Equalization. The result of circulation and diffusion within the cell

which accompanies charge and discharge. Difference in capacity at

various rates is caused by the time required for this feature.

Equalizing. Term used to describe the making uniform of varying

specific gravities in different cells of the same battery, by adding

or removing water or electrolyte.

Evaporation. Loss of water from electrolyte from heat or charging.

Filling Plug. The plug which fits in and closes the orifice of the

filling tube in the cell cover.

Finishing Rate. The current in amperes at which a battery may be

charged for twenty-four hours or more. Also the charging rate used

near the end of a charge when cells begin to gas.

Flooding. Overflowing through the filling tube.

Forming. Electro-chemical process of making pasted grid or other

plate, types into storage battery plates. (Often confused with

Developing.)

Foreign Material. Objectionable substances.

Freshening Charge. A charge given to a battery which has been standing

idle, to keep it fully charged.

Gassing. The giving off of oxygen gas at positive plates and hydrogen

at negatives, which begins when charge is something more than half

completed-depending on the rate.

Generator System. An equipment including a generator for automatically

recharging the battery, in contradistinction to a straight storage

system where the battery has to be removed to be recharged.

Gravity. A contraction of the term "specific gravity," which means the

density compared to water as a standard.

Grid. The metal framework of a plate, supporting the active material

and provided with a lug for conducting the current and for attachment

to the strap.

Group. A set of plates, either positive or negative, joined to a

strap. Groups do not include separators.

Hold-Down. Device for keeping separators from floating or working up.

Hold-Down Clips. Brackets for the attachment of bolts for holding the

battery securely in position on the car.

Hydrogen Flame. A very hot and clean flame of hydrogen gas and oxygen,

acetylene, or compressed air used for making burned connections.

Hydrogen Generator. An apparatus for generating hydrogen gas for lead

burning.

Hydrometer. An instrument for measuring the specific gravity of the

electrolyte.

Hydrometer Syringe. A glass barrel enclosing a hydrometer and provided

with a rubber bulb for drawing up electrolyte.

Jar. The hard rubber container holding the element and electrolyte.

Lead Burning. Making a joint by melting together the metal of the

parts to be joined.

Lug. The extension from the top frame of each plate, connecting the

plate to the strap.

Maximum Gravity. The highest specific gravity which the electrolyte

will reach by continued charging, indicating that no acid remains in

the plates.

Mud. (See Sediment.)

Negative. The terminal of a source of electrical energy as a cell,

battery or generator through which current returns to complete

circuit. Generally marked "Neg." or "-".

Ohm. The unit of electrical resistance. The smaller the wire conductor

the greater is the resistance. Six hundred and sixty-five feet of No.

14 wire (size used in house lighting circuit) offers I ohm resistance

to current flow.

Oil of Vitriol. Commercial name for concentrated sulphuric acid (1.835

specific gravity). This is never used in a battery and would quickly

ruin it.

Over-Discharge. The carrying of discharge beyond proper cell voltage;

shortens life if carried far enough and done frequently.

Paste. The mixture of lead oxide or spongy lead and other substances

which is put into grids.

Plate. The combination of grid and paste properly "formed." Positive$

are reddish brown and negatives slate gray.

Polarity. An electrical condition. The positive terminal (or pole) of

a cell or battery or electrical circuit is said to have positive

polarity; the negative, negative polarity.

Positive. The terminal of a source of electrical energy as a cell,

battery or generator from which the current flows. Generally marked

"Pos." or "+".

Post. The portion of the strap extending through the cell cover, by

means of which connection is made to the adjoining cell or to the car

circuit.

Potential Difference. Abbreviated P. D. Found on test curves.

Synonymous with voltage.

Rate. Number of amperes for charge or discharge. Also used to express

time for either.

Rectifier. Apparatus for converting alternating current into direct

current.

Resistance. Material (usually lamps or wire) of low conductivity

inserted in a circuit to retard the flow of current. By varying the

resistance, the amount of current can be regulated. Also the property

of an electrical circuit whereby the flow of current is impeded.

Resistance is measured in ohms. Analogous to the impediment offered by

wall of a pipe to flow of water therein.

Rheostat. An electrical appliance used to raise or lower the

resistance of a circuit and correspondingly to decrease or increase

the current flowing.

Rib. (See Bridge.)

Ribbed. (See Separator.)

Reversal. Reversal of polarity of cell or battery, due to excessive

discharge, or charging in the wrong direction.

Rubber Sheets. Thin, perforated hard rubber sheets used in combination

with the wood separators in some types of batteries. They are placed

between the grooved side of the wood separators and the positive plate.

Sealing. Making tight joints between jar and cover; usually with a

black, thick, acid-proof compound.

Sediment. Loosened or worn out particles of active material fallen to

the bottom of cells; frequently called "mud."

Sediment Space. That part of jar between bottom and top of bridge.

Separator. An insulator between plates of opposite polarity; usually

of wood, rubber or combination of both. Separators are generally

corrugated or ribbed to insure proper distance between plates and to

avoid too great displacement of electrolyte.

Short Circuit. A metallic connection between the positive and negative

plates within a cell. The plates may be in actual contact or material

may lodge and bridge across. If the separators are in good condition,

a short circuit is unlikely to occur.

Spacers. Wood strips used in some types to separate the cells in the

case, and divided to provide a space for the tie bolts.

Specific Gravity. The density of the electrolyte compared to water as

a standard. It indicates the strength and is measured by the

hydrometer.

Spray. Fine particles of electrolyte carried up from the surface by

gas bubbles. (See Gassing.)

Starting Rate. A specified current in amperes at which a discharged

battery may be charged at the beginning of a charge. The starting rate

is reduced to the finishing rate when the cells begin to gas. It is

also reduced at any time during the charge if the temperature of the

electrolyte rises to or above 110 deg. Fahrenheit.

Starvation. The result of giving insufficient charge in relation to

the amount of discharge, resulting in poor service and injury to the

battery.

Strap. The leaden casting to which the plates of a group are joined.

Sulphate. Common term for lead sulphate. (PbSO4.)

Sulphated. Term used to describe cells in an under-charged condition,

from either over-discharging without corresponding long charges or

from standing idle some time and being self discharged.

Sulphate Reading. A peculiarity of cell voltage when plates are

considerably sulphated, where charging voltage shows abnormally high

figures before dropping gradually to normal charging voltage.

Terminal. Part to which outside wires are connected.

Vent, Vent Plug or Vent-Cap. Hard or soft rubber part inserted in

cover to retain atmospheric pressure within the cell, while preventing

loss of electrolyte from spray. It allows gases formed in the cell to

escape, prevents electrolyte from spilling, and keeps dirt out of the

cell.

Volt. The commercial unit of pressure in an electric circuit. Voltage

is measured by a voltmeter. Analogous to pressure or head of water

flow through pipes. NOTE.--Just as increase of pressure causes more

volume of water to flow through a given pipe so increase of voltage

(by putting more cells in circuit) will cause more amperes of current

to flow in same circuit. Decreasing size of pipes is increasing

resistance and decreases flow of water, so also introduction of

resistance in an electrical circuit decreases current flow with a

given voltage or pressure.

Wall. Jar sides and ends.

Washing. Removal of sediment from cells after taking out elements;

usually accompanied by rinsing of groups, replacement of wood

separators and renewal of electrolyte.

Watt. The commercial unit of electrical power, and is the product of

voltage of circuit by amperes flowing. One ampere flowing under

pressure of one volt represents one watt of power.

Watt Hour. The unit of electrical work. It is the product of power

expended by time of expenditure, e.g., 10 amperes flowing under 32

volts pressure for 8 hours gives 2560 watt hours.

========================================================================

Index

Acetic acid from improperly treated separators 77

Acetylene and Compressed Air Lead-burning Outfit147

Acid Carboys 184

Acid. Handling and mixing 222

Acid. How lost while battery is on car 57

Acid. How to draw, from carboys 184

Acid should never be added to battery on car 57

Acid used instead of water 57

Active materials. Composition of 13

Active materials. Effect of quantity, porosity, and arrangement of, on

capacity 42

Active materials. Resistance of 49

Age codes 242

Age of battery. Determining 242

Age of battery. Effect of, on capacity 47

Alcohol torch lead-burning outfit 148

Applying pastes to grids 11

Arc lead-burning outfit 148

Audion bulb for radio receiving sets 253

Battery box should be kept clean and dry 51

Battery carrier 173

Battery case (see Case).

Battery steamer 158

Battery truck 173

Battery turntable 170

Bench charge 198 to 210

Bench charge. Arrangement of batteries for 200

Bench charge. Charging rates for 201

Bench charge. Conditions preventing batteries from charging 206

Bench charge. Conditions preventing gravity from rising 207

Bench charge. If battery becomes too hot 205

Bench charge. If battery will not hold a charge 208

Bench charge. If battery will not take half a charge 205

Bench charge. If current cannot be passed through battery 206

Bench charge. If electrolyte has a milky appearance 206

Bench charge. If gravity rises above 1.300 205

Bench charge. If gravity rises long before voltage does 205

Bench charge. If new battery will not charge 205

Bench charge. If one cell will not charge 205

Bench charge. If vinegar-like odor is detected 205

Bench charge. Leave vent-plugs in when charging 209

Bench charge. Level of electrolyte at end of 203

Bench charge. Painting case after 203

Bench charge. Specific gravity at end of 203

Bench charge. Specific gravity will not rise to 1.280 204

Bench charge. Suggestions for 209

Bench charge. Temperatures of batteries during 202

Bench charge. Time required for 203

Bench charge. Troubles arising during 204

Bench charge. Voltage at end of 203

Bench charge. When necessary 198

Bins for stock parts 158

Book-keeping records 302 (Omitted)

"Bone-dry" batteries. Putting into service 229

Boxes for battery parts 183

Buckling 72

Buckling. Caused by charging at high rates 73

Buckling. Caused by continued operation in discharged condition 73

Buckling. Caused by defective grid alloy 73

Buckling. Caused by non-uniform current distribution 73

Buckling. Caused by overdischarge 73

Buckling does not necessarily cause trouble 73

Burning. (See Lead-Burning.)

Burning-lead mould 164

Burning rack 162

Business methods 299 to 312 (Omitted)

Cadmium. What it is 176

Cadmium leads. Connection of, to voltmeter 179

Cadmium readings affected by improperly treated separators 181

Cadmium readings. Conditions necessary to obtain good negative-cadmium

readings 210

Cadmium readings do not indicate capacity of a cell 175

Cadmium readings on short-circuited cells 180

Cadmium readings. Troubles shown by, on charge 206

Cadmium readings. When they should be taken 176

Cadmium test 174

Cadmium test. How made 175

Cadmium test on charging battery 181

Cadmium test on discharging battery 180

Cadmium test set. What it consists of 177

Cadmium test voltmeter 178

Calling for repair batteries 314

Capacity. Effect of age of battery on 47 and 89

Capacity. Effect of plate surface area on 42

Capacity. Effect of clogged separators on 88

Capacity. Effect of incorrect proportions of acid and acid in

electrolyte on 88

Capacity. Effect of low level of electrolyte on 88

Capacity. Effect of operating conditions on 44

Capacity. Effect of quantity and strength of electrolyte on 42

Capacity. Effect of quantity, arrangement, and porosity of active

materials on 42

Capacity. Effect of rate of discharge on 44

Capacity. Effect of reversal of plates on 89

Capacity. Effect of shedding on 88

Capacity. Effect of specific gravity on 43

Capacity. Effect of temperature on 46

Carbon-arc lead-burning outfit 148

Carboys 184

Care of battery on the car 51 to 68

Care of battery when not in service 67

Carrier for batteries 173

Case. Cleaning and painting, after repairs 372

Case manufacture 22

Case. Painting, after bench charge 203

Case. Repairing 360

Case. Troubles indicated by rotted 319

Case troubles 83

Cases. Equipment for work on 98 and 170

Casting plate grids 9

Cell connector mould 168

Cell connectors. Burning-on 213

Cell connectors. Equipment for work on 98

Cell connectors. How to remove 329

Changing pastes into active materials 12

Charge. (See Bench Charge.)

Charge. Changes at negative plates during 30 and 39

Charge. Changes at positive plates during 30 and 40

Charge. Changes in acid density during 39

Charge. Changes in voltage during 38

Charge. Loss of, in an idle battery 89

Charge. Preliminary, in rebuilding batteries 349

Charge. Trickle 239

Charging bench133 to 139

Charging bench. Arrangement of batteries on 200

Charging bench. Temperature of batteries on 202

Charging bench. Working drawings of 134 to 139

Charging circuits. Drawings of 105

Charging connections. Making temporary 220

Charging. Constant potential 111

Charging equipment for farm lighting batteries 439

Charging equipment for starting batteries 100

Charging farm lighting batteries 455

Charging. Lamp-banks for 101

Charging. Motor-generators for 106

Charging rate. Adjusting 287

Charging rate. Checking 283

Charging rate. Governed by gassing 112 and 202

Charging rate. How and when to adjust 289

Charging rates for bench charge 112 and 201

Charging rates for new Exide batteries 226

Charging rates for new Philadelphia batteries 228

Charging rates for new Prest-O-Lite batteries 234

Charging rates on the car 283

Charging rebuilt batteries 373

Charging. Rheostats for 101

Chemical actions and electricity. Relations between 31

Chemical changes at the negatives during charge 30

Chemical changes at the positives during charge 30

Chemical changes at the negatives during discharge 29

Chemical changes at the positives during discharge 29

Chemical changes in the battery 27 to 31

Composition of jars 16

Composition of plate grids 9

Compound. Scraping, from covers and jars 334

Compressed air and hydrogen lead-burning outfit 147

Compressed air and illuminating gas lead-burning outfit 149

Condenser for making distilled water 160

Connections. Making temporary, for charging 220

Connectors. (See Cell Connectors.)

Connector troubles 84

Constant-potential charging 111

Construction of plate grids 10

Convenient method of adding water 56

Corroded grids 77

Corroded grids. Caused by age 78

Corroded grids. Caused by high temperatures 78

Corroded grids. Caused by impurities 78

Corrosion 321

Covers. Eveready 17

Covers. Exide 19 and 21

Covers. Functions of 16

Covers. Gould 17

Covers. How to remove 331

Covers. Philadelphia diamond grid 16

Covers. Prest-O-Lite 18 and 19

Covers. Putting on the 365

Covers. Sealing 366

Covers. Single and double 16

Covers. Steaming 332

Covers. U.S.L. 18 and 20

Covers. Vesta 18

Covers. Westinghouse 417

Covers. Willard 19

Credit. Use and abuse of 301 (Omitted)

Cutout. Checking action of 282?

Cycling discharge tests 269

Dead cells. Causes of 87

Delco-Light batteries 466

Delco-Light batteries. Ampere-hour meter for 467 and 471

Delco-Light batteries. Burning-on new plates of 492

Delco-Light batteries. Burning-on new straps for 488

Delco-Light batteries. Care of cells of, in stock 493

Delco-Light batteries. Charging, after reassembling 481

Delco-Light batteries. Charging outside negatives of 484

Delco-Light batteries. Clearing high resistance shorts in 484

Delco-Light batteries. Clearing lug shorts in 484

Delco-Light batteries. Dis-assembling 474

Delco-Light batteries. Gauges and instruments for testing 466

Delco-Light batteries. General complaints from users of 495

Delco-Light batteries. Hydrometers for 468

Delco-Light batteries. Inspection trips 470

Delco-Light batteries. Pressing negatives of 485

Delco-Light batteries. Putting repaired cells into service 484

Delco-Light batteries. Re-assembling 477

Delco-Light batteries. Removing impurities from 483

Delco-Light batteries. Repairing broken posts of 487

Delco-Light batteries. Repairing lead parts of 486

Delco-Light batteries. Salvaging replaced cells of 486

Delco-Light batteries. Taking, out of commission 494

Delco-Light batteries. Treating broken cells of 482

Delco-Light batteries. Treating spilled cells of 482

Delco-Light batteries. Treating reversed cells of 483

Delco-Light batteries. Use of auxiliary straps with 492

Delco-Light batteries. When and how to charge 468

Discharge apparatus 270

Discharge. Changes at negative plates during 37

Discharge. Changes at positive plates during 37

Discharge. Changes in acid density during 35

Discharge. Chemical actions at negative plates during 29

Discharge. Chemical actions at positive plates during 29

Discharge. Effects of rates of, on capacity 44

Discharge. Voltage changes during 32

Discharge tests. Cycling 269

Discharge tests. Fifteen seconds 266

Discharge tests. Lighting ability 267

Discharge tests. Starting ability 267

Distilled water. Condenser for making 160

Dope electrolytes 59 and 199

Double covers. Sealing 366

Dry shipment of batteries 24

Dry storage 240

Dry storage batteries 265

Earthenware jars 184

Electrical system. Normal course of operation of 277

Electrical system. Testing the 276

Electrical system. Tests on, to be made by the repairman 279

Electrical system. Troubles in the 284

Electricity and chemical actions. Relation between 31

Electrolyte. Adjusting the 373

Electrolyte below tops of plates. Causes and results of 319 and 323

Electrolyte. Causes of milky appearance of 206

Electrolyte. Composition of 199 and 222

Electrolyte. Correct height of, above plates 55

Electrolyte. Effect of circulation of, on capacity 44

Electrolyte. Effect of low 67

Electrolyte. Effect of quantity and strength of, on capacity 42

Electrolyte. Freezing points of 67

Electrolyte. Leaking of, at top of cells 324

Electrolyte. Level of, at end of bench charge 203

Electrolyte. Resistance of 43 and 48

Electrolyte troubles. High gravity 85

Electrolyte troubles. High level 85

Electrolyte troubles. Low gravity 85

Electrolyte troubles. Low level 85

Electrolyte troubles. Milky appearance 85

Element. Tightening loose 363

Elements. Re-assembling 361

Equipment for discharge tests 270

Equipment for general work 98

Equipment for general work on connectors and terminals 98

Equipment for handling sealing compound 149

Equipment for lead-burning 97

Equipment for work on cases 98 and 170

Equipment needed in opening batteries 97

Equipment which is absolutely necessary 96

Eveready batteries. Claimed to be non-sulphating 401

Eveready batteries. Description of parts 404

Eveready batteries. Rebuilding 405

Examining and testing incoming batteries 317

Exide farm lighting batteries 466 to 498

Exide radio batteries 257

Exide starting batteries. Age code for 243 (Age code chart omitted)

Exide starting batteries. Burning-on cell connectors of 382

Exide starting batteries. Capacities of 381 (Chart omitted)

Exide starting batteries. Charging, after repairing 382

Exide starting batteries. Methods of holding jars of, in case 377

Exide starting batteries. Opening of 377

Exide starting batteries. Putting cells of, in case 382

Exide starting batteries. Putting jars of, in case 382

Exide starting batteries. Putting new, into service 225

Exide starting batteries. Re-assembling plates of 379

Exide starting batteries. Sealing single covers of 380

Exide starting batteries. Type numbers of 377

Exide starting batteries. Types of 375

Exide starting batteries. Work on plates, separators, jars, and cases

of 379

Farm lighting batteries 435 to 510

Farm lighting batteries. Care of, in operation 453

Farm lighting batteries. Care of plant of, in operation 450

Farm lighting batteries. Charging 453? or (455)

Farm lighting batteries. Charging equipment for 439

Farm lighting batteries. Determining condition of cells of 453

Farm lighting batteries. Difference between, and starting batteries 435

Farm lighting batteries. Discharge rules for 457

Farm lighting batteries. Exide 466

Farm lighting batteries. Initial charge of 448

Farm lighting batteries. Installation of plant 445

Farm lighting batteries. Instructing users of 449

Farm lighting batteries. Jars used in 436

Farm lighting batteries. Loads carried by 443 (Charts omitted)

Farm lighting batteries. Location of plant 444

Farm lighting batteries. Overcharge of 455

Farm lighting batteries. Power consumed by appliances connected to 442

Farm lighting batteries. Prest-O-Lite 460

Farm lighting batteries. Selection of plant 440

Farm lighting batteries. Separators for 438

Farm lighting batteries. Size of plant required 442

Farm lighting batteries. Specific gravity of electrolyte of 438

Farm lighting batteries. Troubles with 458

Farm lighting batteries. When to charge 455

Farm lighting batteries. Wiring of plant for 444

Filling and testing service 291

Flames for lead-burning 211

Floor. Care of 188

Floor grating for shop 188

Floor of shop 186

Forming plates 11

Freezing points of electrolyte 67

Gassing causes shedding 74

Gassing. Charging rate governed by 112 and 202

Gassing. Definition of 31

Gassing. Excessive, causes milky appearance of electrolyte 86

Gassing of sulphated plates 40 and 75

Gassing on charge 37? and 202

Granulated negatives 78

Granulated negatives. Caused by age 78

Granulated negatives. Caused by heat 78

Gravity. (See Specific Gravity).

Grids. Casting 9

Grids. Composition of 9

Grids. Corroded 77

Grids. Effect of age on 78 and 80 and 342? (344)

Grids. Effect of defective grid alloy on 73

Grids. Effect of impurities on 77 and 78 and 80 and 342

Grids. Effect of overheating on 78 and 80 and 342?

Grids. Resistance of 48

Grids. Trimming 10

Handling and mixing acid 222

Heating of negatives exposed to the air 78

High rate discharge testers 181

High rate discharge tests 266 and 267 and 374

Home-made batteries 25

Hydrogen and compressed air lead-burning outfit 147

Hydrogen and oxygen lead-burning outfit 146

Hydrometer. What it consists of 60

Hydrometer readings. Effect of temperature on 65

Hydrometer readings. How to take 61

Idle battery. Care of 67

Idle battery. How it becomes discharged 89

Idle battery. How it sulphates 70

Illuminating gas and compressed air lead-burning outfit 149

Impurities 76

Impurities which attack the plates 77

Impurities which cause self-discharge 76

Incoming batteries. Examining and testing 317

Incoming batteries. General inspection of 320

Incoming batteries. Operation tests on 320

Incoming batteries. When it is necessary to open 326

Incoming batteries. When it is necessary to remove from car 325

Incoming batteries. When it is unnecessary to open 325

Incoming batteries. When it is unnecessary to remove from car 324

Installing battery on the car 236

Internal resistance 48 to 50

Isolators 408

Inspection to determine height of electrolyte 55

Jars. Construction of 16

Jars. Filling with electrolyte 364

Jars for farm lighting batteries 436

Jars. Manufacture of 16

Jars. Materials used for 16

Jars. Removing defective 359

Jars. Testing, for leaks 356

Jars. Work on 356

Jar troubles caused by explosion in cell 83

Jar troubles caused by freezing 83

Jar troubles caused by improperly trimmed groups 83

Jar troubles caused by loose battery 82

Jar troubles caused by rough handling 82

Jar troubles caused by weights placed on top of battery 83

(No Entries)

Lead burning cell connectors 213

Lead burning. Classes of 211

Lead burning. Equipment for 97 and 143

Lead burning. General instructions for 210 to 220

Lead burning plates to straps 217

Lead burning terminals 213

Lead burning. Safety precautions for 213

Lead melting pots 220

Lead mould 164

Lead moulding instructions 220

Light for shop 187 and 190

Loose active material 75

Loose active material caused by buckling 76

Loose active material caused by overdischarge 75

Loss of capacity 88

Loss of charge in an idle battery 89

Lugs. Extending plate 219

Manufacture of batteries 9 to 26

Manufacture of batteries. Assembling and sealing 23

Manufacture of batteries. Auxiliary rubber separators 15

Manufacture of batteries. Cases 22

Manufacture of batteries. Casting the grid 9

Manufacture of batteries. Composition of the grid 9

Manufacture of batteries. Covers 16

Manufacture of batteries. Drying the pasted plates 12

Manufacture of batteries. Forming the plates 12

Manufacture of batteries. Home-made batteries 25

Manufacture of batteries. Jars 16

Manufacture of batteries. Materials used for separators 14

Manufacture of batteries. Mixing pastes 11

Manufacture of batteries. Paste formulas 11

Manufacture of batteries. Pasting plates 11

Manufacture of batteries. Philco slotted retainer 15

Manufacture of batteries. Post seal 16

Manufacture of batteries. Preparing batteries for dry shipment 24

Manufacture of batteries. Separators 14

Manufacture of batteries. Terminal connections 25

Manufacture of batteries. Treating separators 14

Manufacture of batteries. Trimming the grid 10

Manufacture of batteries. Vent plugs 22

Manufacture of batteries. Vesta impregnated mats 15

Mechanical rectifier 131

Melting pot for lead 220

Mercury-Arc rectifier 129

Milky electrolyte 206

Motor-generators 106 to 112

Motor-generators. Care of 110

Motor-generators. Operating charging circuits of 109

Motor-generators. Sizes for small and large shops 106

Motor-generators. Suggestions on 108

Moulding instructions 220

Moulding materials 220

Moulds. 164 to 170

Moulds for building up posts 165

Moulds for burning lead sticks 164

Moulds for cell connectors 168

Moulds for plate straps 167 and 169

Moulds for terminal screws 168

Negative plates. Changes at, during charge 39

Negative plates. Changes at, during discharge 37

Negatives. Bulged 79

Negatives. Granulated 78

Negatives. Heating of, when exposed to the air 78

Negatives with roughened surface 79

Negatives with softened active material 79

Negatives with hard active material 79

Negatives. Washing and pressing 351

New batteries. Putting, into service 224

Non-sulphating Eveready batteries 402

Open-circuits 86

Open-circuits. Caused by acid on soldered joints 86

Open-circuits. Caused by broken terminals 86

Open-circuits. Caused by poor lead burning 86

Opening batteries. Equipment needed in 97

Opening batteries. Heating sealing compound 332

Opening batteries. Instructions for 328

Opening batteries. Pulling elements out of jars 333

Opening batteries. Removing connectors and terminals 329

Opening batteries. Removing post-seal 331

Opening batteries. Scraping compound from covers 334

Opening batteries. When necessary 326

Opening batteries. When unnecessary 325

Operating conditions. Effect of, on capacity 44

Overdischarge causes sulphation 69

Oxides used for plate pastes 11

Oxygen and acetylene lead burning outfit 143

Oxygen and hydrogen lead burning outfit 146

Oxygen and illuminating gas lead burning outfit 146

Packing batteries for shipping 271

Painting case after bench charge 203

Paraffine dip pot 182

Paste formulas 11

Pastes. Applying to grids 11

Patent electrolytes 59

Philadelphia radio batteries 260

Philadelphia starting batteries. Age codes for 243

Philadelphia starting batteries. Old type post seal for 398

Philadelphia starting batteries. Putting new, into service 228

Philadelphia starting batteries. Rubber cases for 401

Philadelphia starting batteries. Rubber-Lockt seal 399

Philadelphia starting batteries. Separators for 402

Plante plates 27

Plante's work on the storage battery 27

Plate burning-rack 162

Plate lugs. Extending 219

Plate press 171

Plate strap mould 167 and 169

Plate surface area. Effect of, on capacity 42

Plate troubles 69

Plates. Burning, to straps 217 and 355

Plates charged in wrong direction 81 and 343

Plates. Examining, after opening battery 337

Plates. Sulphated 342

Plates. When old, may be used again 344

Plates. When to put in new 339

Positives. Buckled 80 and 341

Positives. Changes at, during charge 40

Positives. Changes at, during discharge 37

Positives. Frozen 80 and 339

Positives. Rotted, and disintegrated 80 and 341

Positives. Washing 354

Positives which have lost considerable active material 80

Positives with hard active material 81

Positives with soft active material. 80

Post builders 165

Post building instructions 218

Post seal 17

Post seal. Exide 19

Post seal. Philadelphia 399

Post seal. Prest-O-Lite 386

Post seal. Titan 434

Post seal. Universal 430

Post seal. U.S.L. 18

Post seal. Vesta 413

Post seal. Westinghouse 417

Post seal. Willard 424 to 428

Posts. Burning, to plates 217

Pots for melting lead 220

Pressing plates 171

Piest-O-Lite farm lighting batteries 460

Prest-O-Lite farm lighting batteries. Descriptions 460

Prest-O-Lite farm lighting batteries. Opening cells 464

Prest-O-Lite farm lighting batteries. Putting repaired cell into

service 465

Prest-O-Lite farm lighting batteries. Rebuilding 464

Prest-O-Lite farm lighting batteries. Specific gravity of electrolyte

461

Prest-O-Lite radio batteries 262

Prest-O-Lite starting batteries. Age code for 244 (Omitted)

Prest-O-Lite starting batteries. Peening instructions for 395

Prest-O-Lite starting batteries. Old style covers for 386

Prest-O-Lite starting batteries. Peened post seal for 386

Prest-O-Lite starting batteries. Peening posts of 391 and 394

Prest-O-Lite starting batteries. Peening press for 390

Prest-O-Lite starting batteries. Post locking outfit for 388

Prest-O-Lite starting batteries. Putting new into service 233

Prest-O-Lite starting batteries. Rebuilding posts of 393

Prest-O-Lite starting batteries. Removing covers from 392

Prest-O-Lite starting batteries. Tables of 396 (Omitted)

Primary cell 5

Purchasing methods 299 (Omitted)

Putting new batteries into service 224

(No entries)

Radio audion bulb 253

Radio batteries 252

Radio batteries. Exide 257

Radio batteries. General features of 255

Radio batteries. Philadelphia 260

Radio batteries. Prest-O-Lite 262

Radio batteries. Universal 263

Radio batteries. U. S. L. 261

Radio batteries. Vesta 256

Radio batteries. Westinghouse 259

Radio batteries. Willard 257

Radio receiving sets. Types of 252

Rebuilding batteries 328 (to rest of chapter 15)

Rebuilding batteries. Adjusting electrolyte 373

Rebuilding batteries. Burning-on cell connectors 371

Rebuilding batteries. Burning-on plates 355

Rebuilding batteries. Charging rebuilt batteries 373

Rebuilding batteries. Cleaning 329

Rebuilding batteries. Cleaning and painting the case 372

Rebuilding batteries. Determining repairs necessary 335

Rebuilding batteries. Eliminating short-circuits 348

Rebuilding batteries. Examining the plates 337

Rebuilding batteries. Filling jars with electrolyte 364

Rebuilding batteries. Heating sealing compound 332

Rebuilding batteries. High rate discharge test 374

Rebuilding batteries. Marking the repaired battery 372

Rebuilding batteries. Preliminary charge 349

Rebuilding batteries. Pressing negatives 351

Rebuilding batteries. Pulling plates out of jars 333

Rebuilding batteries. Putting elements in jars 362

Rebuilding batteries. Putting on the covers 365

Rebuilding batteries. Reassembling the elements 361

Rebuilding batteries. Removing connectors and terminals 329

Rebuilding batteries. Removing defective jars 359

Rebuilding batteries. Removing post seal 331

Rebuilding batteries. Repairing the case 360

Rebuilding batteries. Scraping compound from covers and jars 334

Rebuilding batteries. Sealing double covers 366

Rebuilding batteries. Sealing single covers 371

Rebuilding batteries. Testing jars 356

Rebuilding batteries. Tightening loose elements 363

Rebuilding batteries. Using 1.400 acid 364

Rebuilding batteries. Washing negatives 351

Rebuilding batteries. Washing positives 354

Rebuilding batteries. When old plates may be used again 344

Rebuilding batteries, When to put in new plates 339

Rebuilding batteries. Work on jars 356

Rectifier. Mechanical 131

Rectifier. Mercury are 129

Rectifier. Stahl 132

Rectifier. Tungar 113

Reinsulation 274

Relations between chemical actions and electricity 31

Rental batteries. General policy for 251

Rental batteries. Marking 249 and 296

Rental batteries. Record of 251

Rental batteries. Stock card for 297 (Omitted very simple chart)

Rental batteries. Terminals for 248

Reversed plates 81 and 89

Reversed-series generator. Adjusting 290

S. A. E. ratings for batteries 45

Safety first rules 275

Safety precautions during lead-burning 213

Screw mould .... 168

Sealing around the posts 17

Sealing compound. Composition of 150

Sealing compound. Equipment for handling 149

Sealing compound. Heating with electricity 333

Sealing compound. Heating with gasoline torch 333

Sealing compound. Heating with hot water 332

Sealing compound. Heating with lead burning flame 333

Sealing compound. Heating with steam 332

Sealing compound. Instructions for heating properly 150

Sealing compound. Removing with hot putty knife 332

Secondary cell 5

Sediment. Effect of excessive 87

Separator cutter 171

Separator troubles 81 and 346

Separators for farm lighting batteries 438

Separators. Improperly treated, cause unsatisfactory negative-cadmium

readings 181

Separators. Putting in new 274

Separators. Storing 273

Separators. Threaded rubber 430

Service records 293

Shedding 74

Shedding caused by charging only a portion of the plate 75

Shedding caused by charging sulphated plate at too high a rate 74

Shedding caused by excessive charging rate 74

Shedding caused by freezing 75

Shedding caused by overcharging 74

Shedding. Normal 74

Shedding. Result of 74

Shelving and racks 152

Shipping batteries 271

Shop equipment 95

Shop equipment for charging 100

Shop equipment for general work 98

Shop equipment for lead-burning 97

Shop equipment for opening batteries 97

Shop equipment for work on cases 98

Shop equipment for work on connectors and terminals 98

Shop equipment which is absolutely necessary 96

Shop floor 186 187?

Shop layouts 187? 189 to 196

Shop light 190? 191

Short-circuits. Eliminating 348

Single covers. Scaling 371

Sink. Working drawings of 144 and 145

Specific gravity at end of bench charge 203

Specific gravity. Changes in, during charge 39

Specific gravity. Changes in, during discharge 35

Specific gravity. Definition of 60

Specific gravity. Effect of, on capacity 43

Specific gravity in farm lighting cells 438

Specific gravity. Limits of, during charge and discharge 43

Specific gravity rises above 1.300 205

Specific gravity rises long before voltage on charge 205

Specific gravity should be measured every two weeks 60

Specific gravity. What determines, of fully charged cell 438

Specific gravity. What different values of, indicate 60

Specific gravity. Why 1.280-1.300 indicates fully charged cell 43

Specific gravity will not rise to 1.280 204

Specific gravity readings. Effect of temperature on 65

Specific gravity readings. How to take 61

Specific gravity readings. If above 1.300 318 and 323

Specific gravity readings. If all above 1.200 318

Specific gravity readings. If below 1.150 in all cells 318 and 321?

Specific gravity readings. If between 1.150 and 1.200 in all cells 318

and 321?

Specific gravity readings. If unequal 318 and 322

Specific gravity readings. Troubles indicated by 63

Stahl rectifier 132

Starting ability discharge test 267

Steamer 158

Steps in the use of electricity on the automobile 1

Storage battery does not "store" electricity 6

Storage cell 5

Storing batteries dry 240

Storing batteries wet 239

Strap. Burning plates to 217

Strap mould 167 and 169

Sulphate. Effect of, on voltage during discharge 32

Sulphation. Caused by adding acid 72

Sulphation. Caused by battery standing idle 70

Sulphation. Caused by impurities 72

Sulphation. Caused by low electrolyte 71

Sulphation. Caused by overdischarge 69

Sulphation. Caused by overheating 72

Sulphation. Caused by starvation 71

Temperature. Cause of high, on car 324

Temperature corrections in specific gravity readings 65

Temperature. Effect of, on battery operation 66

Temperature. Effect of, on capacity 46

Temperature of batteries on charging bench 202

Terminal connections 25

Terminals. Burning-on 213

Terminals for rental batteries 248

Testing and examining incoming batteries 317

Testing and filling service 291

Testing the electrical system 276

Third brush generator. Adjusting 289

Threaded rubber separators 430

Time required for bench charge 203

Titan batteries 432

Titan batteries. Age code for 245 (Omitted)

Treating separators 14

Trickle charge 239

Trimming plate grids 10

Trouble charts 321

Troubles arising during bench charge 204

Troubles. Battery 69

Trucks for batteries 173

Tungar rectifier. Battery connections of 127

Tungar rectifier. Four battery 119

Tungar rectifier. General instructions for 126

Tungar rectifier. Half-wave and full-wave 114 and 115

Tungar rectifier. Installation of 126

Tungar rectifier. Line connections of 127

Tungar rectifier. One battery 117

Tungar rectifier. Operation of 128

Tungar rectifier. Principle of 113

Tungar rectifier. Ten battery 120

Tungar rectifier. Troubles with 128

Tungar rectifier. Twenty battery 122

Tungar rectifier. Two ampere 116

Tungar rectifier. Two battery 118

Turntable for batteries 170

Universal radio batteries 263

Universal starting batteries 430

Universal starting batteries. Construction features of 430

Universal starting batteries. Putting new, into service 431

Universal starting batteries. Types 430

U. S. L. radio batteries. 261

U. S. L. starting batteries. Age code for 246

U. S. L. starting batteries. Special instructions for 382

U. S. L. starting batteries. Tables of 384 (Omitted)

U. S. L. vent tube construction 20

Vent plugs should be left in place during charge 209

Vent tube construction 20

Vesta radio batteries 256

Vesta starting batteries 408

Vesta starting batteries. Age code for 246246

Vesta starting batteries. Isolators for 408

Vesta starting batteries. Post seal 413

Vesta starting batteries. Putting new, into service 227

Vesta starting batteries. Separators 413 and 415

Vesta starting batteries. Type D 409

Vesta starting batteries. Type DJ 412

Vibrating regulators. Adjusting 290

Vinegar-like odor. Cause of 205

Voltage. Causes of low 321

Voltage changes during charge 38

Voltage changes during discharge 32

Voltage, limiting value of, on discharge 34

Voltage of cell. Factors determining 34

Voltage of a fully charged cell 203

Voltage readings at end of bench charge 203

Voltage readings on open circuit worthless 177

Voltaic cell 4

Wash tank. Working drawings of 144

Water. Condenser for distilled 160

Westinghouse farm lighting batteries 498

Westinghouse radio batteries 259

Westinghouse starting batteries 417

Westinghouse starting batteries. Age code for 247247

Westinghouse starting batteries. Plates for 418

Westinghouse starting batteries. Post seal for 417

Westinghouse starting batteries. Putting new, into service 231

Westinghouse starting batteries. Type A 418

Westinghouse starting batteries. Type B 419

Westinghouse starting batteries. Type C 420

Westinghouse starting batteries. Type E 420

Westinghouse starting batteries. Type F 423

Westinghouse starting batteries. Type H 421

Westinghouse starting batteries. Type J 422

Westinghouse starting batteries. Type 0 422

Wet batteries. Putting new, into service 225

Wet storage 239

What's wrong with the battery 313 to 327

When it is unnecessary to open battery 325

When may battery be left on car 324

When must battery be opened 326

When should battery be removed from car 325

Willard farm-lighting batteries 502

Willard radio batteries 257

Willard starting batteries. Age code for 247

Willard starting batteries. Bone-dry 24

Willard starting batteries. Putting new, into service 229

Willard starting batteries with compound sealed post 424

Willard starting batteries with gasket post seal 428

Willard starting batteries with lead cover-inserts 424

Willard threaded-rubber separators 430

Working drawings of bins for stock 158

Working drawings of charging bench 134 to 139

Working drawings of flash-back tank 147

Working drawings of shelving and racks 153 to 157

Working drawings of shop layouts 189 to 196

Working drawings of steamer bench 161

Working drawings of wash tank 144 and 145

Working drawings of work bench 140 and 141

X Y Z

(No entries under X, Y or Z)

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W XYZ

Index

(Table of) Contents

========================================================================

A VISIT TO THE FACTORY

----------------------

THE following pages show how Batteries are made at the Factory. The

illustrations will be especially interesting to Battery Service

Station Owners who have conceived the idea that they would like to

manufacture their own batteries.

A completed battery is a simple looking piece of apparatus, yet the

equipment needed to make it is elaborate and expensive, as the

following illustrations will show. Quantity production is necessary in

order to build a good battery at a moderate cost to the car owner, and

quantity production means a large factory, elaborate and expensive

equipment, and a large working force. Furthermore, before any

batteries are put on the market, extensive research and

experimentation is necessary to develop a battery which will prove a

success in the field. This in itself requires considerable time and

money. No manufacturer who has developed formulas and designs at a

considerable expense will disclose them to others who desire to enter

the manufacturing field as competitors, nor can anyone expect them to

do so.

If the man who contemplates entering the battery manufacturing

business can afford to develop his own formulas and designs, build a

factory, and organize a working force, it is, of course, perfectly.

proper for him to become a manufacturer; but unless he can do so, he

should not attempt to make a battery.

The following illustrations, will of course, be of interest to the man

who repairs batteries. A knowledge of the manufacturing processes will

give him a better understanding of the batteries which he repairs. The

less mystery there is about the battery, the more efficiently can the

repairman do his work.

[Photo: Casting Exide Grids]

[Photo: Pasting Exide Plates]

[Photo: Casting Small Exide Battery Parts]

[Photo: Forming Exide Positive Plates]

[Photo: Burning Exide Plates Into Groups]

[Photo: Cutting and grooving Exide wood separators]

[Photo: Charging Exide batteries]

[Photo: Mixing paste for Prest-O-Lite batteries]

[Photo: Moulding Prest-O-Lite Grids]

[Photo: Inspecting Prest-O-Lite grids for defects]

[Photo: Prest-O-Lite pasting room]

[Photo: Pasting Prest-O-Lite plates]

[Photo: A corner of Prest-O-Lite forming room]

[Photo: General view of Prest-O-Lite assembly room]

[Photo: Power operated Prest-O-Lite peening press]

[Photo: Inspecting Prest-O-Lite separators]

[Photo: Inserting separators in Prest-O-Lite plate elements]

[Photo: Final inspection of Prest-O-Lite batteries]

[Photo: Prest-O-Lite experimental laboratory]

[Photo: Laboratory tests of oxides for Vesta batteries]

[Photo: Moulding Vesta grids]

[Photo: Preparing Vesta plates for the forming room]

[Photo: Burning Vesta plates into groups. Assembling groups with

isolators.]

[Photo: Vesta acid mixing room]

[Photo: Checking and adjusting cell readings of Vesta batteries on

development charge]

[Photo: Final assembly inspection of Vesta batteries]

[Photo: Trimming Westinghouse grids]

[Photo: Pasting Westinghouse plates]

[Photo: Burning Westinghouse plates into groups]

[Photo: Packing Westinghouse batteries for shipment]

[Illustration: AMBU Official Service Station]

End of Project Gutenberg's The Automobile Storage Battery, by O. A. Witte

The completed KXG-13 cell should be placed on a 12-ampere charge and