OF COMPOUND POISONING.
Having now investigated the three great classes of poisons in their
relations to physiology, practice of physic, and medical jurisprudence,
it will be necessary to offer a few observations on a subject of
considerable medico-legal importance, which has been almost overlooked
in systems of Toxicology,—Compound Poisoning.
When two poisons of different or opposite properties are administered
about the same time in poisonous doses, the effects of the one may
overpower and prevent the operation of the other, or they may merely
modify the action of one another. In this manner the usual symptoms
produced by one or by both may be entirely or in a great measure
wanting; and even in the dead body the usual appearances occasioned by
one or both may be modified or perhaps altogether absent.
Although in the course of reading I have met with a sufficient number of
cases of the kind to show that compound poisoning is an object of some
consequence to the medical jurist, the facts hitherto made public are
not so numerous as to render a systematic arrangement of them
practicable. The most advisable course, therefore, seems to be merely to
describe for the present the cases which have been brought under my
notice. These are as follows:
1. _Poisoning with Arsenic and Alcohol._—A man, after taking twelve
ounces of whisky at a debauch, swallowed, an hour afterwards, while in a
state of excitement, but not particularly drunk, a quantity of arsenic,
the dose of which could not be ascertained. Fifteen minutes after the
arsenic was taken medical aid was procured, upon which repeated attempts
were made to produce vomiting by means of ipecacuan and sulphate of
zinc, but to no purpose. The stomach-pump was therefore resorted to;
and, after at least an hour had been spent in previous attempts by
emetics, the stomach was cleared of a fluid in which arsenic was
unequivocally detected. No symptom of poisoning with arsenic followed.
As the man took the arsenic seven hours after a meal, when of course the
powder would at once be brought freely in contact with the villous coat
of the stomach, it must, I think, be inferred, that the operation of the
arsenic was impeded or prevented by the narcotism previously induced by
the ardent spirits. For this case I am indebted to a former pupil, Mr.
King.
_Poisoning with Arsenic and Alcohol._—A case of the same description
with the last, but which proved fatal in consequence of the large
quantity of arsenic taken, has been related by Dr. Wood of Dumfries. A
lad of seventeen, after a night’s debauch, swallowed half an ounce of
arsenic early in the morning. In two hours and a half, when Dr. Wood
first saw him, there was no symptom of poisoning with arsenic,—no
symptom at all indeed but languor and drowsiness. A few minutes
afterwards he had slight vomiting, which was repeatedly renewed by
artificial means. For some hours the pulse was but little elevated. In
eighteen hours he began to sink, and presented the usual constitutional
symptoms of poisoning with arsenic; and in forty-one hours he expired.
But from first to last he had scarcely any local symptom except
vomiting, even although the stomach presented after death signs of
violent irritation.[2557]
3. _Poisoning with Tartar-Emetic and Charcoal Fumes._—Under the head of
poisoning with antimony, notice has already been taken of the case of a
man who, after swallowing seventeen grains of tartar-emetic, attempted
to commit suicide by suffocating himself with the fumes of burning
charcoal. He recovered from both attempts, suffered severely from the
usual narcotic effects of carbonic acid gas, but showed scarcely any
symptom of the irritant action of tartar-emetic.[2558]
4. _Poisoning with Alcohol and with Laudanum._—Under the head of
poisoning with opium, allusion has already been made to a remarkable
case related by Mr. Shearman, where the usual effects of opium were much
retarded in an individual who, at the time of swallowing the opium, was
in a state of excitement from intoxication. For five hours there was no
material stupor. But after that the usual narcotic symptoms supervened
and eventually proved fatal.[2559] The excitement of intoxication,
however, has not always the effect of suspending the action of opium;
for in a case which came under my notice in the Infirmary of this
city,—that of a woman, who swallowed an ounce and a half of laudanum
while much intoxicated,—the usual narcotic symptoms were fully formed in
an hour: and although the stomach-pump was applied soon afterwards, she
expired in less than five hours from the time the laudanum was
swallowed,—those who had charge of her before she was brought into the
hospital having neglected to use the proper means for keeping her
roused.
5. _Poisoning with Laudanum and Corrosive Sublimate._—Of all the cases
of compound poisoning I have met with, the most remarkable is an
instance which occurred in Edinburgh Castle, a few years ago, of
poisoning with laudanum and corrosive sublimate. In this case, the
individual, a young soldier, swallowed about the same time two drachms
of the latter and half an ounce of the former. He had at first no
violent symptoms whatever, indicating the operation of corrosive
sublimate; which is an extremely rare occurrence. Afterwards he had
frequent purging and tenesmus, with bloody stools and all the usual
phenomena of violent dysentery, but no pain of belly, no tenderness even
on firm pressure, no vomiting except under the use of emetics. On the
fourth day a violent salivation set in; and under this and the
dysenteric affection he became quickly exhausted, yet not so much, but
that on the day of his death, the ninth after he took the poison, he was
able to walk a little in his room without assistance. He died on the
close-stool rather unexpectedly. I have unfortunately lost the original
notes I had of this case, and have forgotten whether any narcotic
symptoms were present at first; but my impression is that they were
present, though in a slight degree only. Most of the previous
particulars were communicated to me by the late Dr. Mackintosh. The
stomach, duodenum, ileum, colon, and rectum were found after death
enormously inflamed, ulcerated, and here and there almost gangrenous.—In
this instance some of the corrosive sublimate must have been decomposed
by the laudanum, and an insoluble meconate of mercury formed. But the
quantity thus decomposed could have been but a small proportion of the
whole,—as was indeed proved by the extensive ravages actually committed
in the whole alimentary canal. I conceive, therefore, that there is no
other way of accounting for the slight apparent effects of the corrosive
sublimate, at the commencement particularly, than by supposing that the
narcotic operation of the opium veiled or actually retarded the irritant
action of the corrosive sublimate.
6. _Poisoning with Opium and Belladonna._—A lady, who used a compound
infusion of opium and belladonna as a wash for an eruption in the vulva,
took it into her head one day to use the wash as an injection; and
actually received three successive injections, containing each the
active matter of a scruple of opium and half an ounce of belladonna
leaves. Fortunately none of the three was retained above a few minutes,
except the last, which was not discharged for ten minutes. In less than
an hour, she was found in bed in a deep sleep, but the true cause was
not suspected till three hours later. She was then completely insensible
and motionless, with the face pale, the pupils excessively dilated and
not contractile, the pulse frequent and small, and the breathing
hurried. After the use of purgative injections, blood-letting, leeches
to the head, and sinapisms to the legs, she began in five hours to show
some sign of returning consciousness, which improved after a fit of
vomiting. When thoroughly roused, her vision continued dim, the pupils
excessively dilated, and the ideas somewhat confused. For three days the
pulse continued frequent, and the pupils somewhat dilated.[2560] Here
the opium seems to have prevented the delirium usually induced by
belladonna in the early stage, while on the other hand the belladonna
prevented the usual effect of opium on the pupils, and actually produced
the opposite action.
7. In the following cases, the active poisons to which the individuals
were exposed were so numerous, that it is impossible to say which or how
many of them occasioned the symptoms. A colour-maker was superintending
a process in which cobalt, arsenic, mercury, sal-ammoniac, and nitric
acid were subjected to heat in a mattrass, when the mattrass suddenly
gave way, and a dense vapour was instantly discharged. The manufacturer,
before he could escape, fell down insensible; and though speedily
removed, he died in no long time, affected with enormous swelling of the
abdomen. A workman who was also present, escaped by a window; but was
nevertheless immediately attacked with swelling of the belly, which
speedily became very great, and was attended with pain in the jaws, and
dimness of sight. These symptoms were very slowly dissipated under the
use of cold bathing and purgatives, which brought away an enormous
quantity of fetid gas.[2561]
These are not the only examples of compound poisoning which have come
under my attention. But others I have noticed are not detailed with
sufficient exactness to make it worth while to quote them. The instances
given, however, are sufficient to show that poisons of opposite
qualities given about the same time in large doses will disguise one
another’s effects, or impede, or perhaps even prevent them, in a manner
which renders such a combination of circumstances an important subject
of inquiry for the medico-legal toxicologist.
It is probable that the modifying influence is established in one of two
ways,—either by one poison producing a state of venous plethora or
distension, which impedes, or for a time prevents, the absorption of the
other,—or by one poison producing an insensibility of the membrane with
which the other is in contact; so that not only the local injury
actually done has not the usual remote effect on the constitution, or on
distant organs, but likewise is at times substantially less extensive
than in ordinary circumstances. These reflexions arise naturally from a
review of the preceding cases; but of course further facts are necessary
to give them weight.
INDEX.
Absorption, its extreme rapidity, 15
— action of poisons through, 17
— effect of in removing poisons beyond the reach of analysis, 57
Acetatæ of lead, tests of, in its pure state, 398
— — — process for detecting it in organic mixtures, 423
— — — effects on the animal body. See _Lead_.
Acetates of copper, their tests, 350
— — morphia, its tests, 533
Acid, acetic, its tests in the pure and mixed state, 164
— — effects on man and animals, 165
Acid, arsenious, its chemical properties, 200
— — its taste, 200
— — its solubility in various menstrua, 201
— — its tests when in the solid state, 203
— — its tests when in solution, 206
— — its liquid tests give complete evidence conjunctly, not separately,
209
— — its tests when mixed with organic substances, 215
— — Marsh’s process for, 211, 217
— — Reinsch’s process for, 214, 216
— — process for by hydrosulphuric acid, 217
— — process for by Fresenius and Von Bab, 218
— — fallacies in the process for detecting, 219
— — its effects on the body. See _Arsenic_.
Acid, carbonic. See _Gas_.
— carbazotic, a poison, 610
— citric, not poisonous, 180
Acid, hydrochloric, tests for, in its pure and mixed state, 146
Acid, hydrocyanic, its action on the body, 582
— — rapidity of its action, 582, 590
— — acts in all its chemical combinations, 585
— — acts through every animal tissue, 584, 592
— — enters the blood and communicates its odour, 594
Acid, hydrocyanic, why its odour is not always perceptible in the
blood, 594
— — contained in many plants, renders them poisonous, 600
— — its tests when pure, 578
— — process for detecting it in organic mixtures, 580
— — symptoms it induces in man, 587
— — may cause instant death, 582, 590
— — morbid appearances caused by it, 593
— — treatment of poisoning with, 596
Acid, meconic, its tests, 532
Acid, nitric, its tests in the pure and mixed state, 142, 143
— — process for stains produced by, 143
Acid, oxalic, its action on the animal body, 173
— — its morbid appearances, 177
— — symptoms caused by it in man, 173
— — its symptoms are occasionally of themselves complete proof of
poisoning, 179
— — its tests when pure, 168
— — process for, in organic mixtures, 170
— — treatment of poisoning with, 178
Acid, phosphorous, a feeble poison, 152
— — sulpho-cyanic, not a poison, 587
Acid, sulphuric, its tests in the pure state, 123
— — process for it in the mixed state, 126
— — process for stains occasioned by, 125
— — action on animals, 128
— — morbid appearances, 135
— — the morbid appearances are at times of themselves complete proof of
poisoning, 139
Acid, sulphuric, symptoms in man classified, 129
— — the symptoms are at times alone complete proof of poisoning, 135
— — throwing of, to disfigure or disable, is a capital crime, 122
— — treatment of poisoning with, 140
Acid, sulphuric, effects of on the intestines after death, 139
Aconitina, the alkaloid of monkshood, 662
_Aconitum_, poisoning with, 662
Acrid poisons of the vegetable and animal kingdoms, 451
Action of poisons, 9
— — — by absorption, 17
— — — causes which modify the, 27
— — — local, 9
— — — remote, 11
— — — organs acted on by the remote, 22
— — — rapidity of the, 14, 582
— — — through sympathy, 12
— — — applied to the discovery of antidotes, 37
Administration of poison by prisoner, necessity of the proof of, on
trials, 72
— — — by prisoner, may be proved by pure medical evidence, 73
_Æthusa_, poisoning with, 662
Aggregation, state of, its effects on the action of poisons, 28
Alcohol, poisoning with, 725
— morbid appearances induced by, 731
— poisoning of with other poisons, 734
— symptoms of poisoning with, in its several degrees, 725
— treatment of poisoning with, 735
Alkalies and Alkaline salts, fixed, 180
— — — — their mode of action, 183
— — — — morbid appearances caused by them, 186
— — — — symptoms caused in man, several varieties of, 183
— — — — tests for, 181
— — — — treatment of poisoning with, 187
Alkaline sulphurets. See _Sulphurets_.
Almond. See _Bitter-Almond_.
Alum, effects of on man and animals, 509
Ammonia and its salts, tests of, 193
— — — — their effects on man and animals, 193
Ammoniacal gas, effects of, on man, 194
Amygdalus. See _Bitter Almond_.
Anemone, its effects as a poison, 463
Angustura bark, false, its effects on man and animals, 692
Animal acrids, general observations on their effects, 470
Animal matter poisoned by disease, 487
— — poisonous from ordinary putrefaction, 490
— — poisonous from modified putrefaction, 492
Animals, evidence of poisoning from experiments on, 62
Animals, effects of suspected articles of food on, 63
— effects of suspected matters of vomiting or contents of stomach on,
67
— experiments on, may illustrate physiological points disputed on
trials, 71
— various effects of poisons on different, 63
Antidotes, by what principles the search for them must be regulated, 37
Antimony, tests for its compounds, 367
— tartrate of. See _Tartar-emetic_.
Apoplexy, distinction between it and narcotic poisoning, drawn from
symptoms, 511
— distinction between it and narcotic poisoning, drawn from morbid
appearances, 514
— congestive appearances of, 517
— from extravasation, 517
— serous, 517
— simple, 515
Arseniate of potass, its tests, 224
Arsenic, tests for its compounds, 198
— action of, illustrated by experiments on animals, 227
— acts through all the animal tissues, 229
— acts in all its chemical forms, except in the metallic state, 230
— action of, is a little impaired by the effects of mixture—not by
habit, 233
— acts when applied to ulcers and eruptions, 251
— acts when applied to the sound skin, 257
— acts when introduced into the rectum, 253
— acts when thrust into the vagina, 254
— acts powerfully when inhaled, 254
— does it exist in the blood of those poisoned with it?, 228
Arsenic, dose required to cause death, 232
— morbid appearances caused by it, 262
— morbid appearances sometimes not caused by it at all, 262
— morbid appearances caused by it after death, 282
— does it prevent the bodies of those poisoned with it from
putrefying?, 273 273
— symptoms it causes in man classified according to three varieties,
234
— symptoms of, at times supply alone complete evidence of poisoning,
259
Arsenic, symptoms of, occasionally very trifling, even where fatal, 286
— symptoms of, how soon may they begin, and how long may they be
delayed?, 234
— symptoms of, how soon may they kill?, 239
— symptoms of, how long may they last?, 248
— treatment of poisoning with, 283
— treatment of, no antidotes known, 285
— changes it undergoes in the stomach after death, 268
— metallic, not a poison, 230
— oxide of. See _Acid, arsenious_.
— sulphurets of. See _Sulphurets_.
Arsenite of copper, its tests, 223
— — — seldom contained in mineral green, 223, 346
— of potass, its tests, 223
Arseniuretted-hydrogen, 227
— — its effects, 256
_Arum maculatum_, poisoning with, 465
_Asagræa officinalis_, 672
_Atropa_, poisoning with, 639
— symptoms induced by it in man, 640
— morbid appearances caused by it, 643
Atropia, alkaloid of belladonna, 639
Bacon, poisonous at times, 497
Baryta, poisoning with its compounds, 446
— muriate of, tests for, 446
— — — and carbonate, their effects on man and animals, 448
— morbid appearances caused by, 450
— treatment of poisoning with, 450
Bee, its poisonous sting, 487
Belladonna. See _Atropa_.
Bichloride of mercury. See _Corrosive Sublimate_.
Bicyanide of mercury, 303
Biliary ducts, rupture of, imitates irritant poisoning, 97
Bilious vomiting, imitates irritant poisoning, 100
Bismuth, poisoning with its compounds, 383
Bitartrate of potash, a poison in large doses, 507
Bitter-almond, its poisonous effects, 602
— may cause death, 603
— essential oil of, its effects as a poison, 604
— essential oil of, its composition, 601
— essential oil of, its formation, 602
Bitter-apple, poisoning with, 460
Bitter cassava, poisoning with, 457
Bitter-sweet, a feeble poison, 576
Blood, discovery of poisons in the, 21
Boiling water, effects of, when swallowed, 505
— — causes cynanche laryngea, 506
_Bombyx processionaria_, its poisonous effects, 477
Brain, inflammation of its membranes, distinguished from narcotic
poisoning, 523
— inflammation of its substance, distinguished from narcotic poisoning,
524
— hypertrophy of, distinguished from narcotic poisoning, 526
Bread, adulteration of, with the sulphate of copper, 354
— effects of spoiled, 720
Bromine, tests for, 161
— its effects on animals, 162
_Brucea antidysenterica_, not the False Angustura tree, 692
Brucia, alkaloid of false angustura bark, 692
Bryony-root, effects of, on man and animals, 459
Calomel, its tests, 292
— can it be considered an irritant poison?, 332
_Calthapalustris_, its effects as a poison, 463
Camphor, its effects on animals, 694
— morbid appearances caused by, 696
— symptoms excited by, in man, 694
Cantharides, physical characters of, 471
— action of, on animals, 471
— morbid appearances caused by, 476
— symptoms it excites in man, 472
— treatment of poisoning with, 476
Carbonate of ammonia, 193
— of baryta, tests of, 446
— of lead, tests of, 398
— of lead is formed on lead by the action of air and water,—and see
_Lead_, 399
Carbonates of potass and soda, tests of, 181
Carbonic acid. See _Gas_.
Carbonic oxide gas, effects of, on man, 624
Carburetted-hydrogen gas, its effects on man, 622
Cassada, bitter, its effects, 457
Castor-oil-seeds, effects of, on man and animals, 456
Cerasus Lauro-cerasus. See _Cherry-laurel_.
Cevadilla, a poison, 672
Cheese, occasionally poisonous without intentional adulteration, 494
Chemical analysis, evidence of general poisoning from, 54
— — may be rendered unavailing by vomiting and purging, 55
— — may be rendered useless by absorption, 57
— — may be fruitless, because the poison has been decomposed, 58
— — is often successful after long interment, 58
Chemical combination, its influence in modifying the operation of
poisons, 28
Chemical decomposition, its effects in removing poisons beyond the
reach of analysis, 58
Chemical evidence not always indispensable to the proof of poisoning,
59
Cherry-laurel water, a deadly poison, 605
— essential oil of, is the same as the oil of bitter-almond, 605
— effects of the distilled water and oil on animals and man, 605, 606
Chlorine, its effects on man and animals, 152, 616
Chloride of barium, 446
— of iron, poisoning with, 392
Chlorides of soda, potassa and lime, their action as poisons, 191
Cholera imitates irritant poisons, and how to be distinguished, 100
— its shortest duration, 101
— supposed to have been caused by emanations from a cess-pool, 621
— impairs the activity of some poisons, 35
— malignant, how distinguished from irritant poisoning, 102
Chrome, poisoning with the compounds of, 385
_Cicuta_, its effects on man and animals, 662
Cinnabar, its tests, 290
Citric acid, not a poison, 180
Classification of poisons, 90
Cluster-cherry, its distilled water and essential oil are active
poisons, 608
Cocculus indicus, its effects on man and animals, 696
_Colchicum autumnale_, effects of, on man, 674
Colchina, alkaloid of colchicum, 674
Cold water, death from drinking it, imitating irritant poisoning, 98
Colic, how it is distinguished from irritant poisoning, 109
Colica pictonum, causes of, 426, 431, 437
— — trades which are subject to suffer, 436
Colica pictonum, precautions for preventing it in workmen, 443
Colocynth, effects of, on man and animals, 460
Common salt, a poison in very large doses, 508
Compound poisoning, 740
Conduct of prisoner, illustrated by medical evidence, may prove his
guilt, 73
Conia, alkaloid of hemlock, 653
_Conium_, effects of, on man and animals, 654
Copper, poisoning with, 345
— action of its compounds, 358
— adulteration of bread with, 354
— corrosion of, by articles of food and drink, 350, 353
— corroded by saline solutions, 350
— corroded by wine and vegetable acids, 352
— corroded by fatty matters, 352
— metallic, not poisonous, 360
— morbid appearances caused by, 364
— process for detecting its salts when pure, 346
— process for detecting it in organic mixtures, 355
— sulphuret not poisonous, unless long exposed to the air, 361
— symptoms of poisoning with in man, 361
— treatment of poisoning with, 365
— contained in most vegetable substances, 355
— is it contained in the blood of animals poisoned with it?, 360
_Coriaria myrtifolia_, poisoning with, 698
Corrosion caused by poisons, examples of, 9
Corrosive sublimate, action on animals. See _Mercury_.
— — action on dead intestine, 341
— — chemical properties of, 291
— — is decomposed by organic principles, 297
— — process for, in the solid state, 292
— — process by reduction when it is dissolved, 292
— — process by liquid tests when it is dissolved, 293
— — process for it in organic mixtures, 296
— — additional tests for it in the pure state, 294
— — symptoms caused by it in man. See _Mercury_.
Cream of tartar, a poison in large doses, 507
Creasote, a poison, 739
Croton-oil and seed, effects of, 459
Cuckow-pint, poisoning with, 465
Cupping-glasses, in the treatment of external poisoning, 38
Cyanide of mercury, tests for, 303
— its effects on man, 332
Cyanogen gas, its effects on animals, 636
Cyanous acid, a feeble poison, 587
_Cytisus Laburnum_, its poisonous effects, 723
Daffodil, its effects as a poison, 467
_Daphne_, effects of its different species on man and animals, 465
Darnel-grass, its effects on man, 721
_Datura_, poisoning with, 644
Daturia, alkaloid of thorn-apple, 645
Dead-tongue, poisoning with, 658
Death-bed, evidence in cases of poisoning, its importance, and hints
for collecting it, 84
Delirium tremens, impair the activity of some poisons, 35
— — the effect of alcohol, 731
Delphinia, alkaloid of stavesacre, 464
_Delphinium_, poisoning with, 464
Digestion of poisons, tends to remove them beyond the reach of
analysis, 58
_Digitalis_, poisoning with, 678
Dippel’s oil, a poison, 737
Diseases, their influence on the operation of poisons, 35
Distension of stomach, death from, how distinguished from irritant
poisoning, 95
Dysentery impairs the activity of opium as a poison, 35
Eels sometimes poisonous, 484
Elaterium and elaterin, their poisonous properties, 461
Emeta, its poisonous properties, 682
Empyreumatic oils are active poisons, 737
Epilepsy, distinction between it and narcotic poisoning from the
symptoms, 519
— distinction of, from narcotic poisoning by morbid appearances, 521
Epsom salt, a poison in large doses, 506
Ergot. See _Spurred rye_.
_Ervum Ervilia_ is a poison, 722
Ether, effects of, on man and animals, 736
Euphorbium, its effects on man and animals, 454
Evidence of poisoning. See _Symptoms. Morbid Appearances. Chemical
Evidence. Animals._
— of general poisoning from symptoms, 43
— — — — from morbid appearances, 51
— — — — from chemical analysis, 54
Evidence of general poisoning from experiments on animals, 62
— — — — from moral circumstances, 71
Evidence, medical, of the administration in charges of poisoning, 72
— — may prove the prisoner’s intent, 78
— — on death-bed, 83
Fainting, mortal, distinction between it and narcotic poisoning, 527
Feigned poisoning, 86
Ferro-cyanate of potass not poisonous, 586
Fever impairs the activity of some poisons, 35
Fish-poison, 477
Fly-powder, tests for, 199
Fool’s parsley, effects on man and animals, 661
Foxglove, its effects on man and animals, 678
Fowler’s solution, tests of, 223
Fungi, list of the wholesome, 700
— list of the deleterious, 701
— circumstances which modify their qualities, 702
— rules for knowing poisonous, 703
— active principles of, 704
— symptoms of poisoning with, 704
— morbid appearances caused by, 708
— treatment of poisoning with, 709
— poisoning of wholesome kinds with other poisons, 709
Gamboge, poisoning with, 466
Gas, carbonic acid, morbid appearances caused by, 632
— — — is poisonous positively, not negatively, 614, 624
— — — symptoms caused by, when pure, 625
— — — symptoms it causes when diluted with air, 625
— — — symptoms, when from burning charcoal, 626
— — — symptoms, when from burning coal, 631
— — — symptoms, when from burning tallow, 630
— — — symptoms when formed by respiration, 632
— — — treatment of poisoning with, 634
Gas, carbonic oxide, its effects on man, 634
— carbureted-hydrogen, effects on man, 622
— coal and oil, effects on man, 622
— chlorine, its effects on man, 616
— cyanogen, its effects on animals and plants, 636
— hydrosulphuric acid, effects when injected into the veins, 613
— — — effects when breathed by man, 618
— — — effects on vegetables, 618
Gas, hydrosulphuric acid, morbid appearances caused by, 619
— — — proves fatal though applied to the skin only, 614, 617
— muriatic acid, very poisonous to plants, 617
— nitric oxide and nitrous acid, effects when injected into the veins,
614
— nitrous acid, effects on man, 615
— nitrous oxide, its effects on man and plants, 635
— oxygen, a positive poison, 636
— sulphurous acid, extremely poisonous to plants, 631
Gases, poisonous, medico-legal importance of, 611
— which of them are negatively, and which positively poisonous, 612
Gastritis. See _Stomach_.
General poisoning, evidence of, 39
and see _Evidence_.
Glass-powder, is it a poison?, 503
Gold, poisoning with its compounds, 383
Goulard’s extract, tests for, 399
Grain, sometimes poisonous, 710
— unripe, its supposed effects on man, 719
Green vitriol. See _Sulphate of Iron_.
Gullet, perforation of, how distinguished from irritant poisoning, 108,
119
Habit, its effect in modifying the action of poisons, 34
Hæmatemesis, how distinguished from irritant poisoning, 109
Heart, organic diseases of, may imitate narcotic poisoning, 528
Hellebore, effects of its different species on man and animals, 672
Hellebore, white. See _Veratrum_.
Hemlock, its effects on man and animals, 653
— dropwort, its effects as a poison, 660
Henbane. See _Hyoscyamus_.
_Hippomane Mancinella_, its poisonous effects, 458
Hot liquids cause symptoms of irritant poisoning, 505
Hydrochlorate of ammonia. See _Ammonia_.
Also, 193
Hydrochlorates. See _Muriates_.
Hydrochloric acid. See _Acids_.
Hydrocyanic acid. See _Acid_.
Hyoscyamus, its effects on man and animals, 573
Hydrophobia impairs the activity of some poisons, 35
Hypertrophy of brain. See _Brain_.
Hysteria lessens the effect of opium, 35
Idiosyncrasy, its influence in modifying the action of poisons, 32
— sometimes renders wholesome articles deleterious to individuals, 33,
68
Iliac passion imitates irritant poisoning, 109
Imaginary poisoning, 85
Imputed poisoning, 88
Inflammation of brain. See _Brain_.
— of intestine. See _Intestines_.
— of stomach. See _Stomach_.
Insects, poisonous, 486
Intent in the administration of poison may be sometimes proved by
medical evidence, 78
Interment for years may not prevent the detection of poisons, 58
Intestines, inflammation of, how distinguished from irritant poisoning,
99
— obstruction of, may imitate irritant poisoning, 109
— perforation of, how distinguished from irritant poisoning, 108, 119
Iodide of potassium, effects, 157
— — — tests of, 158
Iodine, its effects on man and animals, 154
— its tests in the pure and mixed state, 152
Ipecacuan, poisoning with, 682
Ipomæa Purga, a poison, 467
Iron, poisoning with the salts of, 391
Irritant poisons, general observations on, 92
— — distribution of into orders, 121
— — morbid appearances of, contrasted with those of various natural
diseases, 110
— — symptoms of, contrasted with those of various natural diseases, 93
Irritation, examples of, caused by poisons, 9
Jalap, its effects as a poison, 467
_Jatropha_, its effects on man and animals, 457
_Juniperus Sabina_, its poisonous effects, 468
King’s yellow, its tests and composition, 225
Laburnum seeds poisonous, 723
_Lacluca_, poisoning with, 575
_Lathyrus Cicera_ is a poison, 722
Lead, tests for its compounds, 396
— action of air and water on, 399
— adulteration of wines with, 420
— adulteration of spirits with, 422
— adulteration of a mechanical nature, 422
— corrosion of, by distilled water, 401
— corrosion of, by water prevented by salts in solution, 403
— corrosion of, prevented by excessively minute proportions of some
salts, 403
— corrosion of, by natural waters, 406
— corrosion of, by rain and snow-water, 406
Lead, corrosion of, by spring waters, how prevented, 414
— corrosion of, not caused by some spring waters, 408
— dissolved by many acidulous fluids, 415
— dissolved by these fluids much more rapidly if it is oxidated, 419
— metallic, is not poisonous, 427
— mode of action on the animal body, 424
— does it exist in the blood or organs of animals poisoned with it?,
426
— morbid appearances caused by, 439
— process for detecting its compounds, 396
— process for detecting it in organic mixtures, 422
— sulphuret of, not poisonous, 427
— symptoms caused by, in man, classified according to two varieties,
429
— symptoms caused by, as an irritant, 429
— symptoms of, constituting the disease colica pictonum, 431
— tradesmen who are subject to suffer from poisoning with, 436
Lead, treatment of poisoning with, 441
Lead glazing is rapidly acted on by acidulous fluids in some
circumstances, not in others, 419
Lettuce-opium, effect of, on animals, 575
Lime, poisoning with, 192
Liver of sulphur. See _Sulphurets_.
Litharge, tests for, 396
Lividity is no evidence of poisoning, 51
Local action of poisons, 9
_Lolium temulentum_, its effects on man, 721
Maize, spurred, 718
Manchineel, its effects on man and animals, 458
Mania impairs the activity of some poisons, 35
Marsh marigold, its effects on man and animals, 464
Meadow-saffron, its effects on man, 674
Mechanical irritants produce the same effects as irritant poisons, 501
Meconic acid, its tests, 53
— — is not poisonous, 562
_Meloe proscarabæus_, its poisonous effects, 477
Melanosis of stomach imitates the effects of irritant poisons, 112
Melæna, how distinguished from irritant poisoning, 109
Meningitis, how distinguished from narcotic poisoning, 523
_Menispermum Cocculus_, poisoning with, 696
Mercurial salivation in cases of poisoning, when does it begin?, 314
Mercurial salivation, phenomena of, 316
— — can it be confounded with any other disorder?, 319
— — may it return after a long intermission?, 322
— — its duration, 322
— — in what modes it may prove fatal, 324
Mercurial tremor, 324
Mercury, action of its soluble compounds on the animal body, 303
— acts through all animal tissues, 327
— acts in all soluble chemical compounds, 329
— acts not, when in the metallic state, 330
— acts not, in the form of sulphuret, 331
— acts not, when its soluble compounds are decomposed by organic
principles, 336
— existence in the blood of those who have taken it is extremely
probable, 306
— morbid appearances caused by, 337
Mercury, processes for its compounds when pure, 289
— process for detecting it in organic mixtures, 299
— symptoms of poisoning with, classified according to three varieties,
310
— symptoms of corrosive poisoning with, their longest duration, 312
— symptoms of, their shortest duration in fatal cases, 313
— symptoms of, sometimes furnish of themselves decisive evidence of
poisoning, 337
— treatment of poisoning with an antidote, 342
Metals, not poisonous unless oxidated, 230, 329, 360, 427
Mezereon, its effects on man and animals, 465
Milk at times poisonous without intentional adulteration, 496
Mineral-green, tests of, 347
— See _Arsenite of Copper_.
Mixture, its effect in modifying the action of poisons, 29
_Momordica Elaterium_, its poisonous properties, 461
Monkshood, its effects on man and animals, 662
Moral evidence of poisoning, 71
Morbid appearances, evidence of general poisoning from, 51
— — sometimes supply alone full proof of poisoning, 139
Morphia, its tests, 532
— its effects on man and animals, 557
Mosses, poisonous, 710
Mountain-ash is poisonous, as containing hydrocyanic acid, 609
Muriate of baryta. See _Baryta_.
Muriate of morphia, its tests, 533
Muriate of mercury. See _Calomel_—_Corrosive Sublimate_.
Muriate of soda, a poison in large quantity, 508
Muriatic acid, 146
Muriatic acid gas, 617
Muscles are occasionally poisonous, 479
— causes why they become poisonous, 481
— copper cannot account for their effects, 481
— decay, does it render them poisonous?, 481
— disease, will this explain their effects?, 482
— idiosyncrasy sometimes makes them poisonous, 482
— insects of a poisonous nature entering their shell, will this explain
their effects?, 483
Muscles, principle of a poisonous nature not yet discovered in them,
482
— symptoms and morbid appearances caused by the poisonous, 479
Mushrooms. See _Fungi_.
_Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus_, a poison, 467
Narcotico-acrid poisons, general remarks on, 637
Narcotic poisoning, its symptoms and morbid appearances, contrasted
with those of natural disease, 510
Narcotics, their active principles, 529
Narcotine, its tests, 534
— its effects on animals, 560
Nervous local impressions, examples of, caused by poisons, 10
_Nicotiana Tabacum._ See _Tobacco_.
Nicotianin, poisonous principle of tobacco, 647
Nightshade. See _Solanum_—_Atropa_.
Nitrates of mercury, their tests, 303
Nitre, its tests, 187
— its action and symptoms in man, 188
— morbid appearances caused by, 191
Nitric acid. See _Acids, Mineral_.
Nitric oxide gas, its effects on animals, 614
Nitrous acid vapour, its effects on man, 615
Nitrous oxide gas, its effects on man, 635
Nux-vomica, action of, on animals, 688
— morbid appearances caused by, 689
— symptoms it excites in man, 686
Nux-vomica, symptoms of, sometimes alone are complete evidence of
poisoning, 690
— its tests, 686
— treatment, 690
_Œnanthe_, poisoning with, 653
Oil of Dippel, 737
Oil of tar, 738
Oil of turpentine, 738
Oils, empyreumatic, are poisonous, 737
Opium, frequently used for the purpose of poisoning, 530
— action of, illustrated by experiments, 539
— acts as a poison through every animal tissue, even the skin, 556
— chemical history of, 530
— chemical analysis cannot detect it in the blood, 541
— morbid appearances caused by, 562
— process for detecting it in organic mixtures, 534
— may cause death and not be discoverable in the stomach why?, 537
Opium, symptoms of, in man, 539
— symptoms of, how soon may they begin, and how long may they be
delayed?, 543
Opium, ordinary, shortest, and longest duration of fatal poisoning
with, 547
— smallest fatal dose of, in adults, 549
— fatal dose in infants extremely small, 549
— principles contained in, 531
— tests for the principles of, when pure, 532
— treatment of poisoning with, 566
Opium-eaters, are they short lived?, 551
Orpiment, 224, 230
Osmium, 395
Oxygen, a poison, 636
Oysters, sometimes poisonous, 483
Peach flowers may cause fatal poisoning, 608
Pepper, a poison in very large doses, 506
Perforation. See _Stomach_—_Intestines_—_Gullet_.
Peritonæum, inflammation of, how distinguished from irritant poisoning,
105
Phosphorus, its effects on man and animals, 149
Phosphorous acid, a feeble poison, 152
Picrotoxin, active principle of Cocculus Indicus, 696
Pretended poisoning, 85
Protochloride of Mercury, See _Calomel_.
_Prunus Lauro-cerasus._ See _Cherry-Laurel_.
_Prunus Padus._ See _Cluster-Cherry_.
Prussiate. See _Ferro-cyanate_.
Prussic acid. See _Hydrocyanic_.
Putrefaction of the body, not a proof of poisoning when premature, 51
— does not always prevent the detection of poisons, 59
— does arsenic preserve the body from?, 273
Putrefied animal matter, its effects as a poison on man and animals,
492
Quantity or dose, its influence in modifying the action of poisons, 27
_Ramollissement._ See _Brain_.
Ranunculaceæ, their effects on man and animals, 462, 662
Ranunculus, its poisonous effects, 462
Realgar, its tests, 224
Remote action of poisons, through what channel is it carried on?, 12
Red-lead, tests for, 397
Red precipitate, tests for, 290
Redness of Stomach. See _Stomach_.
Ricinus. See _Castor oil_.
Rue, poisoning with, 681
Rupture of stomach, death from, how distinguished from irritant
poisoning, 97
Rupture of duodenum, death from, how distinguished from irritant
poitant poisoning, 97
Rupture of biliary ducts, 97
— of uterus, 98
Rust of wheat is not poisonous, 719
Rye. See _Spurred rye_.
Sal-ammoniac, its tests, 193
— its action on animals, 196
Salivation may be caused by various poisons, 319
— may be caused by ulcerated sore throat, 319
— sometimes an idiopathic disease, 319
— sometimes arises from the influence of the imagination, 321
Salivation, mercurial. See _Mercurial_.
Salmon, pickled or kippered, sometimes injurious, 499
Salt, common, a poison in very large quantity, 508
Savin, its effects on man and animals, 468
Sausages, occasionally poisonous, 492
_Scilla maritima_, effects on man and animals, 671
_Secale cornutum._ See _Spur_.
Secret poisoning, 39, 249
Serpents, venomous, 484
Silver, poisoning with its compounds, 380
Simultaneous illness of several persons, important proof of general
poisoning, 80
Skin, poisons act slowly or not at all through the sound, 30
Skin, poisons act through it sometimes when long applied or rubbed in,
or in the gaseous state, 257, 328, 435, 556, 614, 618, 625
Snakes, venomous, 484
_Solanum_, effects of its species on man and animals, 576
_Sorbus aucuparia._ See _Mountain-ash_.
Spinal cord, diseases of, distinguished from narcotic poisoning, 527
Spirituous liquors. See _Alcohol_.
Sprats smoked, sometimes poisonous, 499
Spur, what kinds of grain are attacked by, 711
Spurred maize, 718
Spurred rye, its causes, 711
— chemical analysis of, 713
— effects on man and animals, 714
— miscarriage supposed to be induced by, 717
Squill, poisoning with, 670
Stavesacre, its effects on man and animals, 464
St. Ignatius’ bean, effects of, on man and animals, 691
Stomach, distension of, death from, contrasted with irritant poisoning,
95
— fibrinous and mucous effusion in, imitates the effects of irritant
poisoning, 113
— gelatinization of, a cause of perforation, 107
— inflammation of, how distinguished from irritant poisoning, 102
— inflammation of, is it in its acute state ever a natural disease?,
102
— partial laceration of, contrasted with irritant poisoning, 97
— redness of, from natural causes, imitates the effects of irritant
poisons, 110
— rupture of, contrasted with the effects of irritant poisons, 96
— spontaneous perforation of, distinguished from irritant poisoning,
105
— spontaneous perforation of, its symptoms and varieties, 105
— spontaneous perforation of, its morbid appearances, nature and
causes, 113
— ulceration of, how distinguished from the effects of irritant
poisons, 113
Stomach-pump, discovery of, 567
Stramonium, its effects on man and animals, 645
Strontia, its salts not poisonous, 451
Strychnia, alkaloid of the _Strychni_, effects of, on animals, 683
_Strychnos_, which of its species are poisonous, 683
Sugar of Lead. See _Acetate_.
Sulphate of copper, tests for, 348
— — — adulteration of bread with, 354
— — iron occasionally poisonous, 392
— — magnesia, poisonous in very large doses, 506
— — mercury, its tests, 290
— — potash, poisonous in large doses, 507
— — zinc, tests of when pure, 386
— — — effects on animals, 387
— — — effects on man, 388
— — — morbid appearances by, 391
— — — process for detecting it in organic mixtures, 386
Sulpho-cyanic acid a feeble poison, 586
Sulphur, its effects on man and animals, 152
Sulphurets of the alkalis, effects on man, morbid appearances, and
treatment of poisoning with, 196
Sulphurets of antimony, tests of, 367
— — arsenic, tests of, 224
— — arsenic, its effects as a poison, 230
Sulphuret of copper, not poisonous unless long exposed to the air, 360
— — lead not poisonous, 428
— — mercury its tests, 290
— — mercury, not poisonous, 331
Sulphuretted hydrogen. See _Gas_.
Sulphuric acid. See _Acids, Mineral_.
Sympathetic effects of poisons, 12
Symptoms of poisoning, evidence from, 42
— — — general character of, contrasted with those of the symptoms of
natural disease, 42, 46
— — — suddenness of the invasion of, 43, 46
— — — commence after a meal, 45, 47
— — — commence during health, 49
— — — regularity of their increase, 44, 47
— — — uniformity of their nature, 45, 47
— — — may sometimes of themselves be complete evidence of poisoning,
179, 259, 337, 691
Syncopal asphyxia, how distinguished from narcotic poisoning, 527
Tartar-emetic, action of, on animals, 371
— action on the skin, 375
— morbid appearances caused by, 376
— process for detecting it in a pure solution, 368
— process for detecting it in organic mixtures, 369
— symptoms excited in man by, 372
— sometimes not poisonous in large doses, 373
Tartar-emetic, treatment of poisoning with, 377
Tartaric acid, not a poison, 180
Tetanus lessens the activity of some poisons, 35
Thorn-apple effects on man and animals, 645
Ticunas, an American poison, 693
Tin, poisoning with its compounds, 378
Tissues, influence of different, in modifying the action of poisons, 30
Tobacco, effects on man and animals, 649
— effects of, by the way of injection, 650
— not injurious to workmen who manufacture it, 652
Toffana, alleged effects of the _Aqua Toffana_, 249
_Trachinus_ has poisonous spines, 478
_Tremblement metallique_, its nature and causes, 325
Treatment of poisoning, general inferences as to, drawn from the
physiological action of poisons, 36
Turbith-mineral, its tests, 290
Unripe grain, its supposed deleterious effects, 719
Upas antiar, 698
— tieuté, 691
Uterus, rupture of, imitates irritant poisoning, 97
Vegetable acrids, general remarks on their effects, 451
Venomous insects, 486
Venomous serpents, 484
Veratria, alkaloid of _veratrum_, 673
_Veratrum_, poisoning with the different species of, 672
Verdigris, artificial, tests of, 349
Verdigris, natural, tests of, 348
Verditer, tests of, 347
Vermilion, tests of, 290
Vitriol, blue. See _Sulphate of Copper_.
Vomiting, effects of, in removing poisons beyond the reach of analysis,
55
Wasp, its poisonous effects, 480
Water-hemlock, effects of, on man and animals, 658
Weever, poisonous spines of, 478
Wheat, rust of, is hardly poisonous,
White-lead, tests for, 397
White vitriol. See _Sulphate of Zinc_.
White precipitate, 332
Worms perforating the intestines may imitate irritant poisoning, 108
— producing epilepsy may imitate narcotic poisoning, 521
Woorara, an American poison, 693
Yew, poisoning with, 699
Zinc, poisoning with its compounds, 386
— sulphate of. See _Sulphate_.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PLATE.
1. Small funnel-shaped tube for testing minute portions of liquids.
2. Apparatus for the distillation of fluids suspected to contain
acids, one-seventh the natural size.
3. Tube for reducing very small portions of arsenic or mercury. The
figure is of half the natural size. The ball may be blown larger, if
the material to be reduced is bulky.
4. A small glass funnel for introducing the material into the tube
Fig. 1, without soiling its inside.
5. The ordinary apparatus for disengaging sulphuretted-hydrogen. The
funnel must be a little longer than the emerging tube. The fluid
should not be at any time much higher than in the figure, in order
to secure the operator against its effervescing up into the emerging
tube. The figure is a fourth of the natural size.
6. Instrument for washing down scanty precipitates on filters. It is a
thin bottle capable of standing heat—half-filled with water, which
may be boiled on occasion,—and having its cork pierced with a small
tube drawn at its outer end to a very fine bore. The breath is
impelled into the bottle, and, the bottle being then reversed, a
very fine stream issues with great force.
[Illustration: Fig. 1.]
[Illustration: Fig. 2.]
[Illustration: Fig. 3.]
[Illustration: Fig. 4.]
[Illustration: Fig. 5.]
[Illustration: Fig. 6.]
7. Tubes of natural size for collecting small portions of mercury by
the process, p. 300.
8. Pipette, one-fourth the natural size, for removing by suction
fluids lying over precipitates. Some have a rectangular bend in the
upper part, by means of which the operator sees better the point of
the instrument when in action; but such pipettes are difficult to
clean. That represented in the figure is easily cleaned with a
feather.
9. Apparatus for reducing the sulphurets of some metals by a stream of
hydrogen. A, the vessel with zinc and diluted sulphuric acid, the
latter of which may be renewed by the funnel B. C, a ball on the
emerging tube to prevent the liquid thrown up by the effervescence
from passing forward. D, E, corks by which C and G are fitted into
F, the tube which contains the sulphuret at F. G, the exit-tube for
the sulphuretted-hydrogen, plying into a vessel containing acetate
of lead. When the hydrogen has passed long enough to expel all the
air, the spirit-lamp flame is applied at F; and when
sulphuretted-hydrogen is formed, the lead solution is blackened. The
figure is one-third the size of the apparatus.
For Description of Figures 10 and 11, see p. 212.
[Illustration: Fig. 7.]
[Illustration: Fig. 8.]
[Illustration: Fig. 9.]
[Illustration: Fig. 10.]
[Illustration: Fig. 11.]
-----
Footnote 1:
Orfila and Ollivier, Archives Générales de Médecine, x. 360.
Footnote 2:
Philosophical Transactions, 1811, 186.
Footnote 3:
Experiments on Opium, 1795, reprinted in his Treatise on Fevers, iv.
697.
Footnote 4:
Essay on the Operation of poisonous agents on the living body, 1829,
p. 63.
Footnote 5:
Edin. Phys. and Lit. Essays, iii. 311.
Footnote 6:
Researches sur l’Acide Hydrocyanique, 1819, p. 179.
Footnote 7:
Experimental Inquiry on poisoning with oxalic acid. By Dr. Coindet and
myself.—Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xix. _passim_.
Footnote 8:
Philosophical Transactions, 1811, p. 184.
Footnote 9:
Annales de Chimie et de Physique, vi. 349.
Footnote 10:
Report of the Trial of Freeman for the murder of Judith Buswell,
London Medical Gazette, viii. 796–8.
Footnote 11:
See subsequently the chapter on Hydrocyanic acid.
Footnote 12:
Taylor’s Medical Jurisprudence, p. 18.
Footnote 13:
Annales de Chim. et de Phys. xxvi. 54.
Footnote 14:
Philosophical Transactions, 1811, p. 182.
Footnote 15:
Trans. Royal Soc. of Edinburgh, xiii. 393.
Footnote 16:
Zeitschrift für die Physiologie, iii. i. 81.
Footnote 17:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, liii. 35, and lvi. 412.
Footnote 18:
Archiv. für Anatomie und Physiologie, iv. 192.
Footnote 19:
Ed. Med. and Surg. Journ. liii. 46.
Footnote 20:
Ed. Med. and Surg. Journ. xix. 335.
Footnote 21:
Bull. de l’Acad. Roy. de Méd. iii. 426, _et passim_.
Footnote 22:
Edin. Phys. and Lit. Essays, iii. 334.
Footnote 23:
Philosophical Transactions, 1811, 198; and Archiv. für Anatomie und
Physiologie, iv. 192.
Footnote 24:
Sur le Mechanisme de l’Absorption, 1809; republished, in Journ. de
Physiol. i. 26.
Footnote 25:
Recherches sur l’Acide Hydrocyanique, 180.
Footnote 26:
Revue Médicale, 1827, i. 515.
Footnote 27:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xix. 173.
Footnote 28:
Diss. Inaug. de Venenatis acidi Borussici effectibus. Tubingæ, 1805.
Footnote 29:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, liii. 45.
Footnote 30:
Journal des Progrès des Sciences Méd. 1827, iii. 121.
Footnote 31:
Essay on the Operation of Poisonous Agents on the Living Body.
Footnote 32:
Essay, &c. pp. 75, 76.
Footnote 33:
Essay, &c. pp. 69, 71.
Footnote 34:
Ibidem, pp. 81, 87.
Footnote 35:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, liii. 35.
Footnote 36:
Ed. Med. and Surg. Journal, lvi. 412.
Footnote 37:
Philosophical Transactions, 1841, p. 186. When death begins with any
other organ but the heart, the heart remains irritable for some time
after, and contains black blood in all its cavities.
Footnote 38:
Ib. p. 196.
Footnote 39:
Diss. Inaug. de Venenis Mineralibus. Edinburgi, 1813.
Footnote 40:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xix. _passim_.
Footnote 41:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, li. 330; liv. 339; lvi. 104. The
Hæmadynamometer is an instrument invented by M. Poiseulle, which, when
communicating with the interior of a blood-vessel, indicates the force
of the circulation by the pressure of the blood on a column of
mercury.
Footnote 42:
Mémoire sur l’Emétique—Bulletins de la Société Philomatique, 1812–13,
p. 361.
Footnote 43:
Orfila, Toxicologie Générale, i. 258.
Footnote 44:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, lvi. 104, and other papers there quoted
above.
Footnote 45:
Ibid. liv. 121.
Footnote 46:
Ibid. li. 344.
Footnote 47:
Emmert, Archiv. für Anatomie und Physiologie, i. l. 180. See also the
Article False Angustura.
Footnote 48:
Transactions of the Roy. Soc. of Edinburgh, xiii.
Footnote 49:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, li. 330, liv. 339, lvi. 104.
Footnote 50:
Archives Gén. de Med. Nov. 1839, and Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal,
lvi. 106.
Footnote 51:
Ibidem, lvi. 123 and 422.
Footnote 52:
Ibid. xix. 326, 327.
Footnote 53:
Die Wirkung der Arzneimittel und Gifte, i. 278.
Footnote 54:
London Med. Gazette, xiv. 63.
Footnote 55:
Recherches sur l’Acide Hydrocyanique, 140.
Footnote 56:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xix. 330.
Footnote 57:
Journal de Physiologie, iv. 285.
Footnote 58:
Giornale di Fisica, ix. 458.
Footnote 59:
These views regarding the decomposition of poisons, were suggested to
me in 1823 by my friend Dr. Coindet, Junior, of Geneva.
Footnote 60:
It is not any part of the object of this work to enter into the
history of toxicology, more especially in early times. But it may be
well here to state, that the claim which has been made by some for Dr.
Barry, of having discovered this mode of treatment, is groundless. It
is distinctly laid down by Nicander, Celsus, Dioscarides, Galen, and
others who lived in their times; and among the moderns who have
mentioned it, Gräter, in 1767, notices it in his thesis, “de venenis
in genere,” printed at Frankfort. On the ancient history of toxicology
the reader will find an excellent summary by Mr. Adams in the
Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, xxxiii. 315, and a full
exposition in Professor Marx’s elaborate work, “die Lehre von den
Giften.”
Footnote 61:
Archives Générales de Médecine, Nov. 1826.
Footnote 62:
Journal des Progrès des Sciences Médicales, 1827, iii. 121.
Footnote 63:
See the Chapter on Arsenic for some remarks on this subject.—Also
Beckman’s History of Inventions.
Footnote 64:
See subsequently the cases of the Crown Prince of Sweden, in the first
section of the present chapter, and that of General Hoche, Part II.
Chap. ii. Sect. 2.
Footnote 65:
I allude to the case of Castaing. See Opium.
Footnote 66:
Feuerbach. Actenmässige Darstellung Merkwürdiger Verbrechen, i. 1. For
some observations on the three fatal cases, see the Chapter on
Arsenic, under the head of the effects of that poison as an
antiseptic.
Footnote 67:
See an opinion of the Berlin College in Pyl’s Repertorium für die
gerichtliche Arzneikunde, i. 244.
Footnote 68:
Orfila. Médecine-Légale, ii. 360.
Henke. Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Medizin, 448.
Tortosa. Istituzioni di Medicina Forense, ii. 86.
Beck’s Medical Jurisprudence, 419.
Footnote 69:
Hume on Crimes, i. 178.
Footnote 70:
Howell’s State Trials, xviii. 1135.
Footnote 71:
Hünefeld in Horn’s Archiv, 1827, i. 203.
Footnote 72:
Weiss in Revue Médicale, Janv. 1826.
Footnote 73:
See subsequently the Chapter on Arsenic, Section ii.
Footnote 74:
Archives Générales de Médecine, i. 17; also Abercrombie on Diseases of
the Stomach, &c. 273.
Footnote 75:
See Oxalic Acid and Nux Vomica.
Footnote 76:
Rossi. Ueber die Art und Ursache des Todes des hochseligen Kronprinzen
von Schweden. Berlin, 1812.
Footnote 77:
Edinburgh Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, ii. 309.
Footnote 78:
Alberti, Systema Jurispr. Medic, i. c. 13. § 4.
Footnote 79:
See Arsenic—Morbid appearances.
Footnote 80:
Magazin für die gesammte Heilkunde, xiv. 104.
Footnote 81:
Journal de Médecine, xxix. 107.
Footnote 82:
Aufsätze und Beobachtungen aus der gerichtlichen Arzneiwissenschaft,
v. 103.
Footnote 83:
Wildberg. Praktisches Handbuch für Physiker, iii. 227.
Footnote 84:
Aufsätze und Beobachtungen, &c. ii. 122.
Footnote 85:
Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, xviii. 171.
Footnote 86:
London Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, ii. 158.
Footnote 87:
Archiv für Medizinische Erfahrung, 1834, p. 754.
Footnote 88:
Edinburgh Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, ii. 303.
Footnote 89:
New York Medical and Philosophical Journal, iii. No. 1.
Footnote 90:
De Veneficio caute dijudicando in Schlegel’s Collectio opusculorum,
&c. iv. 22.
Footnote 91:
Edinburgh Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, ii. 291, Edinburgh Medical
and Surgical Journal, xxvii. 457, and xxix. 26.
Footnote 92:
Archives Générales de Médecine, ii. 58.
Footnote 93:
Materialien für die Staatsarzneikunde, 130.
Footnote 94:
Ueber die gerichtlich-medizinische Beurtheilung der Vergiftungen.
Kopp’s Jahrbuch, vii. 159.
Footnote 95:
Rust’s Magazin für die gesammte Heilkunde, iii. 24.
Footnote 96:
Aufsätze und Beobachtungen, viii. 92.
Footnote 97:
Morning Chronicle, Jan. 8, 1823.
Footnote 98:
Journal Universel des Sciences Médicales, xix. 340.
Footnote 99:
Horn’s Archiv für Medizinische Erfahrung, 1823, i. 451.
Footnote 100:
Bachmann. Einige auserlesene gerichtlich-medizinische Abhandlungen,
von Schmitt, Bachmann, &c. p. 21.
Footnote 101:
Revue Médicale, 1828, ii. 469.
Footnote 102:
Orfila, in Journ. de Chim. Med. 1842, p. 77.
Footnote 103:
Probably black extravasation.
Footnote 104:
Marx, die Lehre von den Giften, i. ii. 429, from Hitzig’s Zeitschrift
für die Criminal-Rechts-Pflege, I. i. 1.
Footnote 105:
Charret, in Revue Médicale, 1827, i. 514.
Footnote 106:
As a specimen of the vague, desultory, and erroneous nature of the
investigations which have been made by authors on this subject, I may
quote some remarks published by Virey in the Journal Universel (vi.
26), and drawn, he says, from a comparison of statements in various
works. He states that arsenic, which is so fatal to animals in
general, merely purges dogs and wolves more or less; that nux vomica
is less fatal to man than to dogs; that pepper is fatal to hogs,
parsley to parrots, the agrostis arundinacea to goats, elder-berries
to poultry, chenopodium vulvaria to swine; that on the contrary the
goat eats with impunity hemlock, daphne gnidium, and some species of
euphorbia; that the camel eats all species of euphorbia, the hedgehog
cantharides, the horse monkshood, ranunculus flammula, and buckthorn;
asses and mules white hellebore, swine yew-berries; all which are
poisonous to animals in general. He does not state special authorities
for these facts; but they are taken from authors not of the most
modern times, and must be received, in my opinion, with great reserve,
notwithstanding the respect which he claims for the older writers.
Some of the statements are plainly false.
In a more recent paper Virey lays it down as a general principle, that
poisons from the inorganic kingdom act more or less on the whole
animated creation, but that vegetable and animal poisons are such only
in respect to particular animals; that carnivorous animals are more
sensible to the action of vegetable poisons, but less so to that of
animal poisons, than herbivorous or graminivorous animals; and that
the activity of poisons on different animals bears a ratio in the
first place to their relative sensibility, and secondly, to the
digestive power of their stomach. I question whether these views will
be generally admitted by toxicologists, without much more extensive
and more careful inquiries than any hitherto made. [Journ. de Chim.
Méd. vii. 214.]
Another singular illustration of the facility with which facts are
admitted in proof of the varying effects of poisons on different
animals, is a statement by a German naturalist, Dr. Lenz, to the
effect that the hedgehog altogether resists the most powerful poisons.
He states that he has seen one receive ten or twelve wounds from a
viper on the ears, muzzle, and tongue, without sustaining any harm;
and that ultimately it kills and devours the snake. He quotes Palias
for the fact that it has taken 100 cantharides flies without injury,
and says a medical friend who wished to dissect a hedgehog, gave it
successively hydrocyanic acid, arsenic, opium, and corrosive
sublimate, without being able to kill it [L’Institut. ii. 84]. His
countryman Reich, however, contradicts these statements, observing
that he has poisoned the hedgehog with hydrocyanic acid, arsenic, and
corrosive sublimate, but that doses considerably larger are required
for a dog or cat. Ninety grains of medicinal hydrocyanic acid, thirty
of arsenic, and twenty of corrosive sublimate, occasioned death.
[Annalen der Pharmacie, i. 358.] One of my colleagues having lately
quoted Lenz’s assertion in his lectures, some of his pupils brought me
two hedgehogs to be subjected to experiment. A drop of the pure acid
put upon the tongue killed each within a minute.
The following experiments by Professor Gohier of the veterinary school
of Lyons are worth mentioning; but in order to be satisfactory would
require to be performed in a more consecutive train. Muriate of soda
in the dose of two or three pounds causes in the horse great disorder
and even death. Calomel has no effect. The juice of rhus toxicodendron
has no effect on the _solipedes_ either internally or applied to the
skin. Ten drachms of opium cause in the horse tympanitis and stupor,
not somnolency. Thirty-six grains of opium had no effect on a dog.
Cantharides does not injure the horse in the dose of a drachm, or the
dog in that of nine grains. When the sheep swallows yew-leaves it is
soon seized with locked-jaw and convulsive movements of the lips and
flanks: in the horse they cause dilated pupil, convulsive movements of
the eyes, and restlessness: the goat and dog eat them with impunity
[Corvisart’s Journal de Médecine, xix. 156]: man is severely affected
by them. Hyoscyamus, stramonium, hemlock, and other narcotic
vegetables, though powerfully narcotic to man, will not affect the
domestic animals unless given in doses 100 times as great as those
given to man. [Ibid. 154.]
The most important researches I have yet seen in this line of inquiry
are those of Professor Viborg of Copenhagen, read in the Royal Danish
Society of Sciences in 1792. He instituted a connected series of
experiments, expressly to determine how far the effects of poisons on
man correspond with those on the lower animals. The results were, that
mineral poisons appeared to act nearly in the same manner on all
orders of animals, antimonial and barytic salts alone excepted, the
former of which acted powerfully on man, the carnivorous animals, and
swine, but scarcely at all on ruminating and herbivorous animals,
while the latter in doses of a drachm had no effect on horses: That
animal poisons resemble mineral poisons in their leading effects on
most animals: That the vegetable acrids also act pretty uniformly on
most animals: and that of the vegetable narcotics there are few which
possess poisonous properties in regard to certain animals only.
Yew-leaves kill all ruminating animals, and, notwithstanding Virey’s
statement, swine, mules, and horses, also chickens; and they produce
violent symptoms in geese, ducks, cats and dogs, although Gohier says
dogs eat them with impunity. An ape ate a large quantity of the Æthusa
cynapium without injury. Dogs took from an ounce and a half to three
ounces of belladonna without dangerous symptoms. [Marx, die Lehre von
den Giften,—from Viborg’s Sammlung von Abhandlungen für Thierärzte, i.
277.]
Professor Mayer of Bonn, in an inquiry into the effects of the
Coriaria myrtifolia, found that rabbits are not affected at all by a
drachm of the extract of the juice given internally, or applied to a
wound; while half a drachm swallowed by a cat kills it in a few hours,
and three grains will have the same effect when introduced into a
wound. He likewise found that it is a deadly poison to the dog, the
hawk, and the frog. [Journal der Praktischen Heilkunde, lxviii. 4,
43.]
Professor Giacomini of Padua says, that “in many experiments performed
by him on dogs and rabbits, he has constantly observed, that the
former, as being carnivorous by nature, sustain stimulating substances
tolerably well; while rabbits, being herbivorous, stand stimulants
ill, but sedatives well.” “Hence many herbivorous animals eat with
impunity large quantities of vegetable poisons of the sedative kind
which prove fatal to carnivorous animals.” [Annali Univ. di Med. 1841,
i. 372.] This may be true as a general rule. But it is not universally
applicable; for alcoholic fluids kill dogs with great swiftness in no
great dose.
An extraordinary statement was lately brought before the French
Institute, to the effect that 120 sheep, affected with an epidemic
pleurisy, got each about 500 grains of arsenic without sustaining the
slightest harm; and that it was also ascertained to have no poisonous
action upon sheep even in a state of health. A commission of the
Institute, however, which was appointed to test this assertion, found
that healthy sheep were killed by a dose of 155 grains, if they had
fasted for some time before [Annales d’Hyg. Publ. &c. 1843, xxix.
468.] It is reasonable to suppose, that ruminating animals, whose
alimentary canal is scarcely ever empty should suffer less than
carnivorous animals from such poisons as arsenic.
Lassaigne, in some experiments with arsenic, incidentally remarked,
that 246 grains of solid arsenic given daily for four days had no
effect whatever on a horse; but that this result seemed to depend on
the difficulty which the stomach must experience in appropriating it
among the bulky materials of its food; for 154 grains in solution
killed the same animal in six hours [Journ. de Chim. Méd. 1841,
82].—Gianelli of Lucca found that a horse was killed in eight hours by
185 grains of powder of arsenic given in the form of bolus [Annales
d’Hyg. Publ. &c. 1842, xxviii. 88].
I might easily extend these extracts. But the result would be merely a
mass of contradiction, from which no sound conclusion could be drawn,
otherwise the subject would have been discussed in the text.
Footnote 107:
Pyl’s Aufsätze und Beobachtungen, i. 29.
Footnote 108:
Celebrated Trials, vi. 55.
Footnote 109:
Toxicologie Générale, ii. 676.
Footnote 110:
Journal des Progrès des Sciences Médicales, 1827, iv. 124. See
subsequently the articles Oxalic Acid and Narcotine.
Footnote 111:
Journal de Chimie Méd. vii. 131.
Footnote 112:
Journal de Physiologie, ii. 1, and iii. 81.
Footnote 113:
Ibidem, iii. 84.
Footnote 114:
De Sedibus et Causis Morborum, T. ii. Ep. lix. 18.
Footnote 115:
Knape und Hecker’s Kritische Jahrbücher der Staatsarzneikunde, ii.
100.
Footnote 116:
L’Examinateur Médical, 1 Juin, 1842, from Bulletino delle Scien. Med.
Jan. 1842.
Footnote 117:
Annales d’Hyg. Publ. et de Méd. Lég. 1842, xxviii. 84.
Footnote 118:
Ibid. 1843, xxix. 471.
Footnote 119:
Trial.—This is a good illustration. Nevertheless, it will be seen
under the head of morbid appearances caused by the irritant class of
poisons, that Dr. Bostock’s experiments, though conclusive as to the
statement in the text, did not affect the real questions in the case.
Footnote 120:
See trial of Freeman—_article_ Hydrocyanic Acid.
Footnote 121:
I have unfortunately mislaid the reference to this interesting fact,
which was taken, I think, from a French periodical. In this country
arsenic is never employed for the purpose mentioned in the text.
Footnote 122:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, xxxiii. 67.
Footnote 123:
Archives Générales de Médecine, xxi. 364.
Footnote 124:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, vi. 149.
Footnote 125:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxix. 23.
Footnote 126:
Ibid., xxvii. 441. On considering, however, this and other instances
of the kind which have since come under my notice, I suspect the case
is rendered intelligible by the effect of sleep in suspending or
delaying for a time the action of arsenic and other simply irritating
poisons. See above—_evidence from symptoms beginning soon after a
meal_, p. 46.—also _article_ Arsenic.
Footnote 127:
Howell’s State Trials, xviii.
Footnote 128:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, xxxv. 298.
Footnote 129:
Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, xxii. 438.
Footnote 130:
For a very striking example of the latter description see Hufeland’s
Journal der Praktischen Heilkunde, xii. i. 110. Fourteen people were
seized about the same time in a charity workhouse.
Footnote 131:
Having mislaid the copy I possessed of this trial, I am unable to give
here the reference.
Footnote 132:
De Sedibus et Causis Morborum, T. ii. Ep. lix. 7.
Footnote 133:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxxiii. 67.
Footnote 134:
Howell’s State Trials, xviii.
Footnote 135:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxvii. 441. The reader will remember
that what was considered defective in the proof in this trial, the
connection between the administration of a suspicious article and the
first invasion of the symptoms, would now appear less so, for the
reason assigned in note [126] p. 77.
Footnote 136:
Sur l’Empoisonnement par l’acide nitrique, p. 243.
Footnote 137:
Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, xxix. 19.
Footnote 138:
MM. Chevallier et Boys de Loury, in Annales d’Hyg. Publ. et Méd. Lég.
xivv. 400.
Footnote 139:
MM. Lecanu and Chevallier in Annales d’Hyg. Publ. 1840, xxiv. 282.
Footnote 140:
London Medical Gazette, 1839–40, i. 575.
Footnote 141:
Dictionnaire des Sciences Médicales, Art. Indigestion, xxiv. p. 374.
Footnote 142:
Praktisches Handbuch für Physiker, iii. 292.
Footnote 143:
See also Dictionnaire des Sciences Médicales, _Art._ Rupture, xlix.
225.
Footnote 144:
Médicina Légale, ii. 22.
Footnote 145:
Archives Générales de Médecine, xx. 433.
Footnote 146:
Mr. Weekes, in London Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, xiv. 447.
Footnote 147:
London Medical and Physical Journal, June, 1831, vol. lxvi.
Footnote 148:
London Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, v. 93.
Footnote 149:
London Medical Repository, xvii. 108.
Footnote 150:
Bulletins des Sciences Médicales, x. 64.
Footnote 151:
Journal des Progrès des Sciences Médicales, xiv.
Footnote 152:
For an instance, see Bulletins des Sciences Médicales, ix. 249.
Footnote 153:
Aufsätze und Beobachtungen aus der gerichtlichen Arzneiwissenschaft,
v. 89.
Footnote 154:
Med. Rep. on the Effects of Cold Water, 1798, p. 96.
Footnote 155:
New York Medical Register.
Footnote 156:
Ann. d’Hyg. Publ. et de Méd. Lég. xxvii. 57.
Footnote 157:
Abercrombie on Diseases of the Stomach, &c. 14.
Footnote 158:
Ann. d’Hyg. Publ. xxvii. 60.
Footnote 159:
Bulletins des Sciences Médicales, vi. 34.
Footnote 160:
De cauta et circumspecta veneni dati accusatione, § 12.
Footnote 161:
Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, xxviii. 88.
Footnote 162:
Ibid. xxix. 70.
Footnote 163:
London Medical Gazette, viii. 496.
Footnote 164:
Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, xxviii. 99.
Footnote 165:
Trial of Donnal.—See Paris and Fonblanque’s Medical Jurisprudence,
iii. Appendix, 277, _et seq._
Footnote 166:
Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, xxviii. 87.
Footnote 167:
On Diseases of the Stomach and other Abdominal Viscera, p. 15.
Footnote 168:
Recherches sur la Gastro-entérite, ii. 51.
Footnote 169:
Laisné sur les Perforations Spontanées, p. 206, from Recueil des
observations des Hopitaux Militaires, i. 375.—This case is also given
by MM. Petit and Serres in their treatise entitled “de la Fièvre
Entéro-Mésenterique,” p. 197, and is considered by them an instance of
that particular disease.
Footnote 170:
Trans. of Provinc. Med. and Surg. Association, vol. i.
Footnote 171:
Louis in Archives Générales de Médecine, i. 17, or Edin. Med. and
Surg. Journal, xxi. 239, also Abercrombie on Diseases of the Stomach,
&c. 273, and Louis Recherches sur la Gastro-entérite, _passim_.
Footnote 172:
Abercrombie on Diseases of the Stomach, &c. pp. 156 and 243.
Footnote 173:
Abercrombie on Diseases of the Stomach, &c., p. 52.
Footnote 174:
For cases of this disease, see Abercrombie on Diseases of the Stomach,
&c., p. 156 and 181.
Footnote 175:
Considérations Medico-légales sur les perforations spontanées de
l’estomac, 1819. This thesis, published with three others on
medico-legal subjects, is understood to have been in a great measure
the work of the late Professor Chaussier.
Footnote 176:
Trans. of the Dublin College of Physicians, i. 2, and London
Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, viii. 228.
Footnote 177:
Guy’s Hospital Reports, 1839, iv. 20.
Footnote 178:
Abercrombie on Diseases of the Stomach, 41.
Footnote 179:
London Medico-Chirurg. Transactions, viii. 233.
Footnote 180:
Archives Générales de Médecine, xxvi. 123.
Footnote 181:
On Diseases of the Stomach, pp. 35, 37.
Footnote 182:
Guy’s Hospital Reports, 1839, iv. 16.
Footnote 183:
Guy’s Hosp. Rep. 1839, 52.
Footnote 184:
Edinb. Med-Chirurgical Transactions, i. 311.
Footnote 185:
Rust’s Magazin für die gesammte Heilkunde, xxi. 199. This paper is
analysed in Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, xxvi. 451.
Footnote 186:
Philosophical Transactions, lxii. 447.
Footnote 187:
Gastellier in Leroux’s Journal de Médecine, xxxiii. 24.
Footnote 188:
Archives Générales de Médecine, xi. 463.
Footnote 189:
Mr. Kell in London Medical Gazette, ii. 649.
Footnote 190:
Magazin für die gesammte Heilkunde, xviii. 107.
Footnote 191:
Revue Médicale, 1826, i. 100.
Footnote 192:
Jahrbuch des Oesterreiches Staates, xxii. 54, or Arch. Gén. de Méd.
xlvi. 480.
Footnote 193:
Journal de Médecine, xxxiv. 25.
Footnote 194:
Affaire Hullin. Archives Générales de Médecine, xix. 332.
Footnote 195:
London Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, iv. 371.
Footnote 196:
Archives Générales de Médecine, Oct. and Nov. 1826; also Edin. Medical
and Surgical Journal, xxviii. 149.
Footnote 197:
De la Membranes Muqueuse Gastro-intestinale, 1825.
Footnote 198:
Ibid. p. 220.
Footnote 199:
For a case of this rare and singular disease, see Edin. Medical and
Surgical Journal, xxvi. 214.
Footnote 200:
Kopp’s Jahrbuch der Staatsarzneikunde, ii. 169.
Footnote 201:
Journal de Médecine, vii. 333. Also Foderé, Traité de Médecine-Légale,
iv. 282.
Footnote 202:
Nouvelle Bibliothèque Médicale, 1828, iii. 141.
Footnote 203:
Philos. Trans. lxii. 450.
Footnote 204:
See Analysis of his Essay by Dr. Gumprecht, Lond. Med. Repos. x. 416.
Footnote 205:
Laisné, Sur les Perforations Spontanées, 149.
Footnote 206:
The last cases were observed by Hunter. See Philos. Transactions,
lxii. 452.
Footnote 207:
Fisica Animale e Vegetabile. Dissertazione quinta, § ccxxiii.-ccxxxi.
T. ii. 86–89, Edit. Venezia, 1782.
Footnote 208:
De Alimentorum Concoctione. Diss. Inaug. Edinburgh 1777.
Footnote 209:
Experiments on Digestion. Appendix to Spallanzani’s Dissertations
relative to the Natural History of Animals and Vegetables. London
Edition, 1784, i. 317.
Footnote 210:
Expériences sur la Digestion dans l’homme. Paris, 1814, pp. 20, _et
seq._
Footnote 211:
Die Verdauung nach Versuchen, &c. Heidelberg, 1825, or the French
Edition, Recherches Expérimentales Physiologiques et Chimiques sur la
Digestion, 1826, _passim_.
Footnote 212:
Inquiry into the Chemical Solution of the stomach after death.
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, xxxiv. 282.
Footnote 213:
Medizinisch-Chirurgische Zeitung, 1828, ii. 57, 77, 93, and 107.
Footnote 214:
Edinb. Med. and Surg. Journal, vi. 135.
Footnote 215:
Journal Complémentaire du Dict. des Scien. Med. xxxvii. 194.
Footnote 216:
Horn’s Archiv für Medizinische Erfahrung, 1823, i. 45.
Footnote 217:
Trial of Angus for the murder of Margaret Burns, 1808.
Footnote 218:
Laisné sur les Perforations de l’Estomac, p. 190, and Bìllìard,
Considérations sur l’Empoisonnement par les Irritans, _passim_.
Footnote 219:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, vi. 137.
Footnote 220:
London Medical Gazette, ii. 619.
Footnote 221:
Laisné. &c. p. 564.
Footnote 222:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxxii. 38.
Footnote 223:
London Med. Gazette, xiv. 30.
Footnote 224:
Traité de l’Empoisonnement par l’acide Nitrique, 1802, p. 87.
Footnote 225:
Novellæ Medico-legales, Cas. xxix. p. 211.
Footnote 226:
Bulletins ties Sciences Médicales, Janvier, 1830.
Footnote 227:
Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, xxxv. 298.
Footnote 228:
Burnett on Criminal Law, 544. _Note._
Footnote 229:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, xxxvi. 102.
Footnote 230:
Ibidem, xxii. 222.
Footnote 231:
Report of the Committee of the House of Commons on the Combination
Laws, June, 1825, pp. 323–328. Evidence of Mr. Campbell and Mr.
Robinson.
Footnote 232:
Cases and Observations in Medical Jurisprudence, Case iii. Edin. Med.
and Surg. Journal, xxxi. 229.
Footnote 233:
London Med. Gazette, 1839–40, i. 944.
Footnote 234:
A Manual of Medical Jurisprudence, 1844, p. 94.
Footnote 235:
Toxicologie Générale, 1843, i.
Footnote 236:
Archiv für Medizinische Erfahrung, 1823, i. 456.
Footnote 237:
Revue Médicale, 1824, ii. 469.
Footnote 238:
Toxicologie Gén. 4ème edition, 1843, i. 112.
Footnote 239:
Poggendort’s Annalen der Physik und Chemie, xli. 643. Buchner’s
Repertorium, 1838, lxiv. 20.
Footnote 240:
Buchner’s Repertorium, lxiv. 32.
Footnote 241:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1841, 474.
Footnote 242:
Toxicologie Gén. i. 77.
Footnote 243:
Ibidem, 78.
Footnote 244:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1842, 266.
Footnote 245:
London Medical Gazette, 1841–42, ii. 254.
Footnote 246:
Traité de l’Empoisonnement par l’acide nitrique, 1802.
Footnote 247:
Lebidois, Arch. Gén. de Med. xiii. 367.
Footnote 248:
Martini in Rust’s Magazin für die gesammte Heilkunde, xviii. 159.
Footnote 249:
Correa de Serra in Journal de Chimie Médicale, ii. 209, on the third
day.
Footnote 250:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, xxxvi. 103.
Footnote 251:
Archives Générales de Médecine, xiii. 367.
Footnote 252:
Tartra, iii. 87.
Footnote 253:
Desgranges, Recueil Périodique de la Société de Médecine, vi. 22.
Tulpius, Observationes Medicinales, iii. 43.
Footnote 254:
Annales d’Hygiène Publique, xvii. 362.
Footnote 255:
Journal der Praktischen Heilkunde, vii. ii. 18.
Footnote 256:
Archives Générales, xiii. 367.
Footnote 257:
Tartra, p. 160.
Footnote 258:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, xxxvi. 102.
Footnote 259:
Journal der Praktischen Heilkunde, xlix. iii. 60.
Footnote 260:
Journal der Praktischen Heilkunde, vii. ii. 18.
Footnote 261:
Mr. J. B. Thomson in London Med. Gazette, 1841–42, i. 146.
Footnote 262:
Martini’s case.
Footnote 263:
London Med. Gazette, 1834, xiv. 489.
Footnote 264:
Tendering in Horn’s Archiv für Medizinische Erfahrung, 1825, i. 458.
Footnote 265:
Journal de Médecine par Corvisart, xix. 263.
Footnote 266:
Rust’s Magazin für die gesammte Heilkunde, xxiii. 156.
Footnote 267:
Lancet, 1836–37, ii. 835.
Footnote 268:
Lancet, 1836–37, i. 195.
Footnote 269:
London Medical Gazette, xii. 219.
Footnote 270:
Augustin’s Repertorium, i. ii. 15.
Footnote 271:
Archives Gén. de Méd., xxi. 372, _note_.
Footnote 272:
Journal Hebdomadaire.
Footnote 273:
Tartra, p. 124.
Footnote 274:
Dr. Bartley, iv. 289, and Mr. Diamond, v. 110.
Footnote 275:
Mr. Bevan, i. 756.
Footnote 276:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1835, 426.
Footnote 277:
Dublin Journal of Med. and Chem. Science, No. 25.
Footnote 278:
Horn’s Archiv für Medizinische Erfahrung, 1823, i. 465.
Footnote 279:
Ibid. 452.
Footnote 280:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxxvi. 101. Lond. Med. Gazette, xii.
221.
Footnote 281:
Horn’s Archiv, &c. 453.
Footnote 282:
London Medical Gazette, xiv. 489, and 1837–8, ii. 76.
Footnote 283:
Louis, ibidem, xiv. 30.
Footnote 284:
Philadelphia Journal of Med. and Phys. Sciences, iv. 410.
Footnote 285:
London Medical Gazette, viii. 76.
Footnote 286:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, liii. 406.
Footnote 287:
Aufsätze und Beobachtungen, ii. 122.
Footnote 288:
Archives Générales de Médecine, xiii. 368.
Footnote 289:
Horn’s Archiv, &c. 1823, i. 456.
Footnote 290:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, liii. 401.
Footnote 291:
Edin. Med and Surg. Journ. xxii. 222, and xxxvi. 103.
Footnote 292:
Kerkringii opera omnia, p. 146.
Footnote 293:
Annales d’Hygiène Publique, &c. xvii. 362.
Footnote 294:
Robert in Nouvelle Bibliothèque Médicale, 1827, iv. 415.
Footnote 295:
Henke’s Zeitschrift für die Staatsarzneikunde, xxxii. 161.
Footnote 296:
Toxicologie Générale, ii. 689.
Footnote 297:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, xxii. 222.
Footnote 298:
Ibidem, xxxv. 302.
Footnote 299:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1840, 30.
Footnote 300:
Medizinisch-Chirurgische Zeitung, 1824, iv. 276.
Footnote 301:
Rust’s Magazin für die gesammte Heilkunde, 1837, l. 501.
Footnote 302:
Dr. Sinclair. Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxxvi. 99; and case of
Humphrey. Ibidem, xxxv. 301.
Footnote 303:
London Medical Gazette, xii. 219. Mr. Arnott’s Case.
Footnote 304:
Lancet, 1829–30, ii. 330 and 432.
Footnote 305:
Orfila. Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1842, p. 5.
Footnote 306:
Peligot. Journal de Pharmacie, 1833, p. 644.
Footnote 307:
Barthemot. Journal de Pharmacie, 1841, 560.
Footnote 308:
Archives Générales de Médecine, xxi. 365.
Footnote 309:
Lancet, 1829–30, ii. 840.
Footnote 310:
Annales d’Hygiène Publique, &c. xxviii. 200. Also Toxicologie
Générale. 1843, i. 142.
Footnote 311:
Journal de Chim. Médicale, 1842, 266.
Footnote 312:
Annales d’Hygiène Publique, 1842, xxviii. 317.
Footnote 313:
Prout, Philosophical Transactions, 1824, p. 45.—Tiedemann and Gmelin,
Die Verdauung nach Versuchen, _passim_.—_Children_, Annals of
Philosophy, 1824, viii. 68.
Footnote 314:
Philosophical Transactions, 1824, p. 49.
Footnote 315:
London Medical Gazette, 1839–40, i. 285.
Footnote 316:
Lancet, 1839–40, i. 899.
Footnote 317:
Toxicologie Générale, i. 155.
Footnote 318:
Lins in Buchner’s Repertorium, lxviii. 389.
Footnote 319:
Toxicologie Générale, i. 56.
Footnote 320:
Worbe in Mémoires de la Société Médicale d’Emulation, ix. 507.
Footnote 321:
Annales de Chimie, xxvii. 87.
Footnote 322:
Worbe, &c. and Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxviii. 228.
Footnote 323:
Revue Médicale, 1829, iii. 429.
Footnote 324:
Buchner’s Repertorium für die Pharmacie, lxxi. 341.
Footnote 325:
Diction. de Méd. et de Chir. Pratiques, xii. 707.
Footnote 326:
Medizinisch-Chirurgische Zeitung, 1826, iv. 183.
Footnote 327:
Horn’s Archiv für Medizinische Erfahrung, 1830, ii. 861.
Footnote 328:
Corvisart’s Journal de Médecine, xxi. 70.
Footnote 329:
Toxicologie Générale, i. 141.
Footnote 330:
Dr. O’Shaughnessey, in Lancet, 1829–30, ii. 632.
Footnote 331:
Experimental Essay on Iodine, &c. 1837, p. 21.
Footnote 332:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, ii. 291.
Footnote 333:
Ibid. iv. 388.
Footnote 334:
Lancet, 1830–31, vol. i. 613.
Footnote 335:
Ibidem, 612.
Footnote 336:
Annales d’Hygiène Publique, xxviii. 431.
Footnote 337:
Annali Universali di Med. 1833.
Footnote 338:
Essay on the Effects of Iodine, 1824, p. 20.
Footnote 339:
Horn’s Archiv für Medizinische Erfahrung, 1829, i. 340.
Footnote 340:
Dessaigne in Journal de Chim. Médicale, iv. 65.
Footnote 341:
Moncourrier, Ibidem, iv. 216.
Footnote 342:
Formulaire pour les Nouveaux Médicaments, 1825, p. 161.
Footnote 343:
Quoted in Dr. Cogswell’s Experimental Essay, p. 23.
Footnote 344:
Quoted in Dr. Cogswell’s Experimental Essay, p. 27.
Footnote 345:
Gairdner on the Effects of Iodine, p. 9.
Footnote 346:
Journal Complémentaire, xviii. 126.
Footnote 347:
Magazin für die gesammte Heilkunde, xvi. 111.
Footnote 348:
Gairdner, &c. p. 12.
Footnote 349:
Magazin für die gesammte Heilkunde, xxii. 291.
Footnote 350:
American Journal of Medical Science, viii. 546.
Footnote 351:
Archiv für Medizinische Erfahrung, 1829, i. 342.
Footnote 352:
Johnson’s Preface to his Translation of Coindet on Iodine, p. ix.
Footnote 353:
Gairdner, p. 20.
Footnote 354:
Coindet on Iodine, p. 17.
Footnote 355:
London Medical Gazette, 1839–40, ii. 588.
Footnote 356:
Cogswell’s Essay, p. 42.
Footnote 357:
Lancet, 1829–30, ii. 635.
Footnote 358:
Toxicologie Générale, 1843, i. 74.
Footnote 359:
Lancet, 1829–30, ii. 638.
Footnote 360:
Archives Générales de Médecine, x. 255.
Footnote 361:
Lancet, 1831–32.
Footnote 362:
Manual of Medical Jurisprudence, 128.
Footnote 363:
London Medical Gazette, 1841.
Footnote 364:
Ibidem, 1839–40, i. 588.
Footnote 365:
This adulteration and its effects have been indicated by various
chemists. For the best account, see Chevallier, sur les falsifications
qu’on fait subir au sel marin, Annales d’Hyg. Publ. et de Méd. Lég.
viii. 250. At one time he found about a third of the salt in Paris
thus sophisticated.
Footnote 366:
Cours de Médecine-Légale, 1840, iii. 183.
Footnote 367:
Manual of Medical Jurisprudence, p. 38.
Footnote 368:
Zeitschrift für Physiologie, ii.
Footnote 369:
Ibidem.
Footnote 370:
Lancet, 1830–31, i. 613.
Footnote 371:
Experimental Essay on Iodine, &c. 1837, p. 91.
Footnote 372:
De l’Action du Brôme et de ses combinaisons sur l’économie animale.
Thèse Inaug. à Paris, 1828.
Footnote 373:
Hufeland’s Bibliothek der Praktischen Heilkunde, Sept. 1829; or
Archives Gén. de Méd. xxiv. 289.
Footnote 374:
Meckel’s Archiv für Anatomie und Physiologie, xiv. 222.
Footnote 375:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, lviii. 120.
Footnote 376:
Bulletins de Thérapeutique, Février, 1830.
Footnote 377:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1837, 227.
Footnote 378:
Annales d’Hygiène Publ. et de Méd. Lég. vi. 169.
Footnote 379:
Beiträge zur Kentniss der Wirkungen der Arzneimittel und Gifte. Horn’s
Archiv. 1824, i. 59.
Footnote 380:
Medizinische Zeitung, 1828, ii. 256.
Footnote 381:
Ann. d’Hyg. Publ. et de Méd. Lég. vi. 160.
Footnote 382:
Beiträge, &c. Horn’s Archiv, 1824, i. 56.
Footnote 383:
Corvisart’s Journal de Médecine, xxiv. 215.
Footnote 384:
Annales d’Hyg. Publ. et de Méd. Lég. vi. 159.
Footnote 385:
See Trousseau and Blanc, Arch. Gén. de Méd. Sept. 1830.
Footnote 386:
London Courier, September 22, 1827.
Footnote 387:
Manual of Medical Jurisprudence, 116.
Footnote 388:
London Medical Repository, i. 382.
Footnote 389:
Lond. Med. Rep. iii. 382.
Footnote 390:
Dissertatio Inauguralis de Acidi Oxalici vi venenata, Edin. 1821.
Footnote 391:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, xix. 163.
Footnote 392:
Medizinisch-Chirurgische Zeitung, 1828, ii. 203, _et seq._
Footnote 393:
Lancet, 1830–31, i. 96.
Footnote 394:
Mr. A. Taylor. Manual of Medical Jurisprudence, p. 120.
Footnote 395:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xix. 168.
Footnote 396:
Mr. Davies in Lancet, 1838–39, i. 30.
Footnote 397:
Lancet, 1830–31, i. 187.
Footnote 398:
Toxicologie Gén. 1843, i. 190.
Footnote 399:
Bulletins de Pharmacie, vi. 87.
Footnote 400:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xix. 166.
Footnote 401:
Ibid. 169.
Footnote 402:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xix. _passim_.
Footnote 403:
Medizinisch-Chirurgische Zeitung, 1828, ii. 203, 219, 235, 254.
Footnote 404:
Toxicologie Gén., 1843, i. 187.
Footnote 405:
London Courier, Feb. 1, 1823.
Footnote 406:
St. James’s Chronicle, August 17, 1826.
Footnote 407:
London Medical Repository, xxii. 476.
Footnote 408:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xiv. 606.
Footnote 409:
London Medical Gazette, 1842–43, i. 490.
Footnote 410:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xix. 187.
Footnote 411:
London. Med. Gaz. i. 737.
Footnote 412:
Dr. Scott, in Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxiv. 67.
Footnote 413:
London Medical Gazette, 1842–43, i. 490. The quantity could scarcely
have been two ounces, 1, because a penny-worth, which was what the
person bought, amounts only to two drachms, and 2, because it could
not have been dissolved, as the patient said was done, in four ounces
of water. The word _ounces_ is probably a misprint for drachms.
Footnote 414:
Guy’s Hospital Reports, 1838, iii, 353.
Footnote 415:
London Med. Repository, xi. 20.
Footnote 416:
Ibid. vi. 474.
Footnote 417:
Guy’s Hospital Reports, 1838, iii. 353.
Footnote 418:
London Med. Repository, iii. 380.
Footnote 419:
Lancet, 1838–39, ii. 748.
Footnote 420:
London Medical Repository, xii. 18. London Medical Gazette, i. 737.
Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, xxiv. 67.
Footnote 421:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xiv. 607.
Footnote 422:
London Medical Gazette, i. 737.
Footnote 423:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, xix. 190.
Footnote 424:
Journal de Chim. Med. 1842, 211, and Orfila, Toxicologie Gén. 1843, i.
195.
Footnote 425:
Annales d’Hyg. Publique, 1842, xxvii. 422.
Footnote 426:
Lond. Med. Gazette, 1840–41, i. 480.
Footnote 427:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xix. 185.
Footnote 428:
Medizinisch-Chirurgische Zeitung, 1828, ii. 255.
Footnote 429:
Orfila, in Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1842, 145.
Footnote 430:
Annales d’Hygiène, Publique, 1842, xxviii. 206.
Footnote 431:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1842, 197.
Footnote 432:
Toxicol. Gén. i. 164, 3me Edition.
Footnote 433:
Ibid. 166, and also Archives Gén. de Méd. xiii. 373.
Footnote 434:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, li. 335, lvi. 345, lvi. 123.
Footnote 435:
Annales d’Hyg. Publique, xxviii. 212.
Footnote 436:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, liv. 341.
Footnote 437:
London Medical Gazette, 1842–43, i. 188.
Footnote 438:
Edin Med. and Surg. Journal, xxx. 310.
Footnote 439:
Toxicologia, p. 225.
Footnote 440:
London Med. Repository, vii. 118.
Footnote 441:
Orfila, Toxic. Gén. i. 167.
Footnote 442:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journ. xxx. 310.
Footnote 443:
Surgical Observations, Part i. 82.
Footnote 444:
Toxic. Gén. i. 169.
Footnote 445:
Bulletin de l’Acad. Roy. de Méd. 1836, i. 151.
Footnote 446:
Journal de Pharmacie, ix. 355, or Med. Repos. xx. 441.
Footnote 447:
Annales d’Hygiène Publique, xxix. 417.
Footnote 448:
Toxic. Gén. i. 193.
Footnote 449:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, li. 334, liv. 346.
Footnote 450:
Annales d’Hygiène Publique, xxix. 415.
Footnote 451:
Experimental Essays, p. 113.
Footnote 452:
Journal de Médecine, lxxiii. 22.
Footnote 453:
Tartra sur l’empoisonnement par l’acide nitrique, 136.
Footnote 454:
London Med. Repository, xxiii. 523.
Footnote 455:
Experimental Essays, pp. 114, 115.
Footnote 456:
Souville in Journal de Médecine, lxxiii. 19.
Footnote 457:
Laflize in Journ. de Méd. lxxi. 401.
Footnote 458:
Manual of Medical Jurisprudence, 1844, 130.
Footnote 459:
Alexander, Experimental Essays, p. 109.
Footnote 460:
Memoirs of London Med. Society, iii. 527.
Footnote 461:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journ. xiv. 34.
Footnote 462:
Annali Univers. di Medicina, 1836, iii. 333.
Footnote 463:
Journal der Praktischen Heilkunde, lvii. i. 124.
Footnote 464:
Journal de Physiologie, iii. 243.
Footnote 465:
Toxicol. Gén. i. 174.
Footnote 466:
Gmelin’s Geschichte der Mineralischen Gifte, s. 252.7
Footnote 467:
Timæi Casus Medicinales, lvii. c. 12.
Footnote 468:
Orfila, Toxic. Gén. i. 220.
Footnote 469:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, li. 336, lvi. 422, liii. 38.
Footnote 470:
Toxicol. _ut supra_.
Footnote 471:
Plenck, Toxicologia, 226.
Footnote 472:
Essay on Fevers, p. 308.
Footnote 473:
Bulletins de la Soc. de Méd. 1815, No. viii. T. iv. 352.
Footnote 474:
Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, xiv. 642.
Footnote 475:
Revue Médicale, xvii. 265.
Footnote 476:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1840, 499.
Footnote 477:
London Medical Gazette, 1837, xxi. 529.
Footnote 478:
Orfila, Toxicol Gén. i. 229.
Footnote 479:
De salis ammoniaci, vi, &c. Heidelberg, 1826. Analysed in Revue Med.
1827, i. 284.
Footnote 480:
Orfila, i. 228.
Footnote 481:
Orfila, Annales d’Hygiène Publique, xxviii. 431.
Footnote 482:
Toxic. Gén. i. 177.
Footnote 483:
Annales, _ut supra_.
Footnote 484:
Toxicologie Gén. 1843, i. 269. Two from an Essay by M. Chantourelle,
read before the Acad. de Médecine,; and one from M. Lafranque in Ann.
de la Méd. Physiolog. Février, 1825.
Footnote 485:
Journ. Universel, xviii. 265.
Footnote 486:
See _Poisonous Gases_.
Footnote 487:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1842, p. 656.
Footnote 488:
It appears that arsenic does not always undergo this change. Berzelius
once kept some fragments in an open phial for three years without
observing any change in appearance or weight. [Annales de Chimie et de
Physique, xi. 240.] Buchner once made a similar observation, and is
inclined to think that oxidation does not occur, if the metal is quite
pure. [Repertorium für die Pharmacie, xxi. 29.]
Footnote 489:
American Journ. of Med. Science, x. 122.
Footnote 490:
Hahnemann, Uber die Arsenic-vergiftung, 13.
Footnote 491:
Edin. Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, ii. 292.
Footnote 492:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, ii. 61.
Footnote 493:
As far back at least as the time of Zacchias. See his Quæstiones
Medico-legales, iii. 37, 11.
Footnote 494:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, 1827, xxviii. 96.
Footnote 495:
Consult among others, Taylor’s Manual of Medical Jurisprudence, p.
135.
Footnote 496:
Toxicologie Gén. 1843, i. 376.
Footnote 497:
Magazin für die gesammte Heilkunde, v. 66.
Footnote 498:
Mr. Blandy, for example, who said he “perceived an extraordinary
grittiness in his mouth, attended with a very painful pricking and
burning pain in his tongue, throat, stomach, and bowels.” [Howell’s
State Trials, xviii. 1135.]
Footnote 499:
American Journal of Medical Science, x. 122.
Footnote 500:
Schweigger’s Journal der Chemie. vi. 232.
Footnote 501:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, ii. 61.
Footnote 502:
London Philosophical Journal, 1837, ii. 482.
Footnote 503:
Ueber die Arsenic-vergiftung, 10.
Footnote 504:
Contrepoisons de l’Arsenic du sublimé corrosif, &c. i. 20.
Footnote 505:
Neues Nordisches Archiv. i.
Footnote 506:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, ii. 61.
Footnote 507:
Ueber die Arsenic-vergiftung, 223.
Footnote 508:
Lectures on Chemistry, ii. 430.
Footnote 509:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxii. 82, and Edin. Medico-Chirurgical
Transactions, ii. 293.
Footnote 510:
Paris and Fonblanque’s Medical Jurisprudence, ii. 251.
Footnote 511:
Donovan in Dublin Phil. Journal, ii. 402.
Footnote 512:
Ibid.
Footnote 513:
American Journal of Medical Science, x. 126.
Footnote 514:
Annales d’Hyg. Pub. et de Med. Lég. xi. 224.
Footnote 515:
The only probable source of such impregnation is pyritic sulphur,
which is frequently used abroad, and has of late been occasionally
employed in this country, for making sulphuric acid. As pyrites
commonly contains arsenic, the acid becomes adulterated with oxide of
arsenic, and may communicate the same impregnation to various other
reagents which are prepared by means of sulphuric acid. The oxide may
easily be detected in that acid by a stream of hydrosulphuric acid
gas, after moderate dilution with water; for pure acid is rendered
milky; but an arsenical acid yields a yellow precipitate of sulphuret
of arsenic.
Footnote 516:
Journal de Chim. Méd. viii. 449.
Footnote 517:
Reinsch, in Repertorium für die Pharmacie, lvi. 183.
Footnote 518:
This has been occasionally observed by Chevallier [Journal de Chim.
Méd. 1840, 434], and once by M. Roturier [Ibidem, 627]. The former met
with a medico-legal case where from this circumstance an erroneous
opinion was at first formed in favour of poisoning.
Footnote 519:
London Med. Chirurgical Transactions, iii. 342.
Footnote 520:
See a paper by myself in Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxii. 60, where
the fallacies to which the liquid tests are liable are investigated at
great length.
Footnote 521:
Horn’s Archiv für Medizinische Erfahrung, 1827, i. 230.
Footnote 522:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxii. 74.
Footnote 523:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, July, 1824.
Footnote 524:
Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 1836, xxi. 229.
Footnote 525:
Mr. L. Thomson in Lond. Phil. Journal, 1837, i. 353.—Orfila, Journal
de Chimie Médicale, 1841, p. 212.—Bischoff, Repertorium für die
Pharmacie, lxxv. 411.—Mr. H. H. Watson, Manchester Memoirs, vi.
603.—Pettenkoffer, Repertorium für die Pharmacie, lxxvi.
289.—Berzelius, and a Committee of the French Institute, Journal de
Chimie Médicale, 1841, 393.—Flandin and Danger, Ibidem, 1841,
435.—Malapert, Ibidem, 1841, 295.—Lassaigne, Ibidem, 1840, 638,—Mr.
Ellis, Lancet, 1843.—A paper of my own, Edinburgh Monthly Journal of
Med. Science, iii. 257.
Footnote 526:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1841, 393. Rapport de l’Institut.
Footnote 527:
Edinburgh Monthly Journal of Medical Science, 1843, iii. 257.
Footnote 528:
Journal für Praktischen Chemie, 1842, xxiv. 242.
Footnote 529:
See Edinburgh Monthly Journ. of Med. Science, 1843, iii. 774.
Footnote 530:
Annalen der Chimie und Pharmacie, 1844, xlix. 291.
Footnote 531:
Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, 1824, xxii. 78.
Footnote 532:
Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, xlix. 308.
Footnote 533:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1841, p. 413.
Footnote 534:
Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie, 1844, Mär 3, xlix. 308.
Footnote 535:
London Medical Gazette, 1840–41, i. 723.
Footnote 536:
Annales de Hygiène Publique, 1839, xxii. 404.
Footnote 537:
Ibidem, p. 418.
Footnote 538:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1839, 452.
Footnote 539:
Ibidem, 1841, 534.
Footnote 540:
Ibidem, 1842, 650.
Footnote 541:
London Philosophical Journal, 1842, ii. 403.
Footnote 542:
Wohler, Journal de Chim. Médicale, 1840, 96.
Footnote 543:
Bulletins de l’Acad. Roy. de Médecine, 1839, iii. 1073.
Footnote 544:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1840, 645, and 1841, 242.
Footnote 545:
Journ. de Chim. Méd. 1839, 346.
Footnote 546:
Annales d’Hygiène Publique, 1839, xxii.
Footnote 547:
Ibidem, 404.
Footnote 548:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1841, 223.
Footnote 549:
Repertorium für die Pharmacie, lxxv. 107.
Footnote 550:
Guy’s Hospital Reports, 1841, vi. 163.
Footnote 551:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1841, 17, 421, 431.
Footnote 552:
Annales d’Hygiène Publique, xxii. 450.
Footnote 553:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1841, 223.
Footnote 554:
Ibidem, 1840, 690.
Footnote 555:
Annales, &c. _ut supra_.
Footnote 556:
Revue Médicale. 1827, i. 365.
Footnote 557:
Beiträge zur gerichtlichen Arzneikunde, iv. 221.
Footnote 558:
January, 1819.
Footnote 559:
Annales d’Hygiène Publ. et de Med. Légale, xii. 393.
Footnote 560:
Ueber die Arsenic-vergiftung, pp. 14, 45.
Footnote 561:
Journal de Pharmacie, xiii. 207.
Footnote 562:
Journal de Chim. Med. ii. 113.
Footnote 563:
Trans. of Provincial Med. and Surg. Association, iii. 465.
Footnote 564:
See subsequently _Morbid Appearances_.
Footnote 565:
Dublin Journal of the Med. Sciences, xx. 422.
Footnote 566:
Repertorium für die Pharmacie, lxix. 271.
Footnote 567:
Buchner’s Toxicologie, 476.
Footnote 568:
Treatise on Poisons, third edition, pp. 270, 271.
Footnote 569:
Bulletins de l’Acad. Roy. de Médecine, 1839, iii. 426.
Footnote 570:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1840, p. 690.
Footnote 571:
Gazette Médicale, 1839, No. 20.
Footnote 572:
In a rabbit killed by arsenic applied to a wound Sir B. Brodie found
the heart contracting feebly after death; and in a dog there were
tremulous contractions incapable of supporting circulation. Sproegel
found the peristaltic motion of the intestines and gullet vigorous in
a dog an hour after death. [Diss. Inaug. in Halleri Disput. Med. Prac.
vi. Exp. 31] Orfila in some experiments found the heart apparently
inflamed and its irritability destroyed. [Arch. Gén. de Med. i. 147.]
Footnote 573:
Haller’s Disput. Med. Pract. vi. Exp. 35.
Footnote 574:
Diss. Inaug. Tubing. 1808. De effectibus Arsenici in var. organismos.
Footnote 575:
Phil. Trans. cii. 211.
Footnote 576:
Jaeger, p. 28.
Footnote 577:
Halleri Disput., &c., Exp. 36.
Footnote 578:
Renault sur les Contrepoisons de l’Arsénic, p. 42.
Footnote 579:
Ibidem, 45.
Footnote 580:
Journal de Chim. Méd. ii. 153.
Footnote 581:
Acta Germanica, v. Observ. 102.
Footnote 582:
Sur les Contrepoisons de l’Arsénic, p. 57.
Footnote 583:
Sur les Contrepoisons de l’Arsénic, p. 48.
Footnote 584:
Nov. Bibliothèque Méd. 1827, ii 59.
Footnote 585:
Acta Germanica, v. Observ. 102
Footnote 586:
For the references to these cases, see p. 227.
Footnote 587:
Ueber Arsenic-Vergiftung, p. 53–4.
Footnote 588:
Journal Complémentaire, i. 107.
Footnote 589:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxxiii. 67.
Footnote 590:
Guy’s Hospital Reports, 1841, vi. 29.
Footnote 591:
Annales d’Hygiène Publique, 1837, xvi. 336, 345.
Footnote 592:
Rust’s Magazin für die gesammte Heilkunde, xx. 492.
Footnote 593:
Wibmer. Die Wirkung der Arzneimittel und Gifte, i. 257. From Alberti,
Jurisp. Med. v. 619, cas. 24.
Footnote 594:
Bulletins de l’Académie Roy. de Médecine, 1841, v. 145.
Footnote 595:
Valentini Pandectæ Med.-legales, 1. iii. c. 24.
Footnote 596:
Sur les Contrepoisons de l’Arsénic, p. 62.
Footnote 597:
Foderé, in Journal Complémentaire, i. 107, from Bertrand, Manuel
Medico-legal des Poisons, p. 185.
Footnote 598:
Toxicologie Gén. i. 429.
Footnote 599:
American Journal of Med. Science, xi. 61.
Footnote 600:
Mr. Hume, London Medical and Physical Journal, xlvi. 467.
Footnote 601:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, xxxvi. 94.
Footnote 602:
Beiträge zur gerichtlichen Arzneikunde, iv. 221.
Footnote 603:
Praktisches Handbuch für Physiker, iii. 298.
Footnote 604:
London Med. and Phys. Journal, xlix 117.
Footnote 605:
Annales d’Hygiène Publique, xvii. 338.
Footnote 606:
Pandectæ Medico-legales, P. i. s. iii. cas. xxvi. pp. 134, 135.
Footnote 607:
Diction. de Méd. et de Chir. Pratique, Art. Arsenic, iii. 340.
Footnote 608:
Archives Gén. de Médecine, vii 14.—Another case somewhat analogous has
been related by Tonnelier in Corvisart’s Journal de Médecine (iv. 15).
The person, a girl nineteen years of age, took the poison at eleven,
dined pretty heartily at two, and concealed her sufferings till seven.
Even before dinner, however, she had been observed occasionally to
change countenance, as if uneasy.
Footnote 609:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxvii. 450.
Footnote 610:
London Med. Chir. Trans. ii. 134.
Footnote 611:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxix. 23. See also above, p. 77.
Footnote 612:
Mr. Page, Lancet, 1836–37, ii. 626.
Footnote 613:
Wendland in Augustin’s Archiv der Staatsarzneikunde, ii. 34.
Footnote 614:
Pyl’s Aufsätze und Beob. i. 55.
Footnote 615:
Bachmann. See subsequently, p. 260. State Trials, xviii. Case of Miss
Blandy.
Footnote 616:
Wepfer, Historia Cicutæ, 276.
Footnote 617:
In a case by Schlegel. See Henke’s Zeitschrift für die
Staatsarzneikunde, i. 81.
Footnote 618:
Buchmann, p. 40.
Footnote 619:
Journal de Médecine, iv. 383.
Footnote 620:
Journal de Chimie Med. 1842, p. 580.
Footnote 621:
Pyl’s Aufsätze und Beob. i. 55.
Footnote 622:
Metzger’s Materialien für die Staatsarzneikunde, ii. 96.—Lond. Med.
Phys. Journ. xxviii. 345—and Wildberg’s Praktisches Handbuch, iii.
235–390.
Footnote 623:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, lix. 350.
Footnote 624:
Henke’s Zeitschrift für die Staatsarzneikunde, i. 29.
Footnote 625:
Tonnelier’s case. Corvisart’s Journal de Médecine, iv.—Roget’s case.
Med. Chir. Transactions, ii.
Footnote 626:
Med. and Phys. Journal, xxviii. 347.
Footnote 627:
Henke’s Zeitschrift, i. 31.
Footnote 628:
De Veneficio caute dijudicando. Schlegel’s Opusc. iv. 22.
Footnote 629:
Praktisches Handbuch für Physiker, iii. 298.
Footnote 630:
Zeitschrift für die Staatsarzneikunde, ii. 307.
Footnote 631:
Aufsätze und Beobachtungen, v. 106.
Footnote 632:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, 1843, lix. 350.
Footnote 633:
Elements of Juridical Medicine, 68.
Footnote 634:
Historia Cicutæ, p. 282.
Footnote 635:
Essay on Mineral Poisons, 1795, p. 30.
Footnote 636:
These facts are important, because they will enable the medical jurist
in some circumstances to decide a question which may be started as to
the possibility of arsenic having been the cause of death when it is
very rapid. I have dwelt on them more particularly than may appear
necessary, because some loose statements on the subject were made in a
controversy on the occasion of a trial of some note, that of Hannah
Russell and Daniel Leny, at Lewes Summer Assizes 1826, for the murder
of the husband of the former. Arsenic was decidedly detected in the
stomach, and it was proved that the deceased did not live above three
hours after the only meal at which the prisoners could have
administered the poison. Now during the controversy which arose after
the execution of one of the prisoners, it was alleged by one of the
parties, among other reasons for believing arsenic not to have been
the cause of death, that this poison never proves fatal so soon as in
three hours,—that Sir Astley Cooper and Mr. Stanley of London had
never known a case prove fatal in less than seven hours—and that Dr.
Male’s case mentioned above is the shortest on record. The instances
quoted above overthrow this whole line of statement. It was mentioned
by Mr. Evans, the chief crown witness, but I know not on what
authority, that, on the trial of Samuel Smith for poisoning, held at
Warwick Summer Assizes 1826, the deceased was proved to have expired
in two hours after taking a quarter of an ounce of arsenic. I have
examined with some care the documents in the Lewes case, which were
obligingly communicated to me by Mr. Evans; and I have been quite
unable to discover any reason for questioning the reality of
poisoning, or for the ferment which it seems the subsequent
controversy excited. The case seems to have been satisfactorily made
out by Mr. Evans in the first instance; and no sound medical jurist
would for a moment suffer a shadow of doubt to be thrown over his mind
by the criticisms of Mr. Evans’s antagonist.
Footnote 637:
Die Wirkung der Arzneimittel und Gifte, i. 271.
Footnote 638:
London Medical Repository, ii. 270.
Footnote 639:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, xxxii. 305.
Footnote 640:
Ibidem, v. 389.
Footnote 641:
Philos. Transactions, 1812, p. 212.
Footnote 642:
Henke’s Zeitschrift für die Staatsarzneikunde, v. 410.
Footnote 643:
Magazin für die gesammte Heilkunde, xxii. 483.
Footnote 644:
This statement might be excellently illustrated by the particulars of
an English trial in 1842, where the prisoner escaped, though arsenic
was found in the stomach of the deceased, because the judge, resting
on the medical evidence, urged that arsenic caused so much pain in the
stomach as generally to make the person shriek with agony, while in
this case there was no uneasiness except pain in the head. As the
case, however, was by no means creditable to the parties concerned in
it, I shall rest satisfied with the present allusion.
Footnote 645:
Vol. iii. quoted in Kopp’s Jahrbuch, vii. 401.
Footnote 646:
Materialien für die Staatsarzneikunde, ii. 95.
Footnote 647:
Edin. Med. Chir. Transactions, ii. 298.
Footnote 648:
Lond. Med. Phys. Journal, xxxiv.
Footnote 649:
Revue Médicale, 1822, vii. 105.
Footnote 650:
Archives Gén. de Médecine, vii. 14.
Footnote 651:
London Medical Gazette, xv. 828.
Footnote 652:
Orfila, Toxicologie Gén. i. 397.
Footnote 653:
Lancet, xvi. 612.
Footnote 654:
Epist. Anat. lix. 3.
Footnote 655:
Journal de Médecine, lxx. 89.
Footnote 656:
Annali Universali di Medicina, 1836, ii. 43.
Footnote 657:
Zeitschrift für die Staatsarzneikunde, xlii. 402.
Footnote 658:
Journal Hebdomadaire, 1832, viii. 476.
Footnote 659:
London Med. Chir. Transactions, ii. 134.
Footnote 660:
See also a full abstract in Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xiii. 507.
Footnote 661:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xv. 553.
Footnote 662:
Traitement des Asphyxiés, 135.
Footnote 663:
Ratio Medendi, iii. 113.
Footnote 664:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xviii. 167.
Footnote 665:
Annales d’Hygiène Publique, xvii. 336.
Footnote 666:
Beiträge zur gerichtlichen Arzneikunde, iv. 221.
Footnote 667:
Mem. of London Medical Society, ii. 224.
Footnote 668:
Nova Acta Naturæ Curiosorum, iii. 532.
Footnote 669:
Hahnemann über die Arsenic-Vergiftung, 59.
Footnote 670:
Curationes Medicinales. Cent. ii. Obs. 33.
Footnote 671:
Cicutæ Aquaticæ Historia et Noxæ, 280.
Footnote 672:
Ueber die Arsenic-Vergiftung, 61.
Footnote 673:
Die Wirkung der Arzneimittel und Gifte, i. 266.
Footnote 674:
Diet. des Sciences Méd. ii. 307.
Footnote 675:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xv. 415.
Footnote 676:
Cadet de Gassicourt. Article Arsenic in Dict. des Sc. Méd.
Footnote 677:
London Medical Gazette, 1839–40, p. 266.
Footnote 678:
Hoffman, Medicina Rationalis Systematica, i. 198.
Footnote 679:
Magazin für die gerichtlichen Arzneikunde, ii. 473.
Footnote 680:
Ueber die Arsenic-Vergiftung, 63.
Footnote 681:
Gmelin’s Geschichte der Mineralischen Gifte. Gmelin attempts to show
from symptoms, that the Popes Pius Third and Clement Fourteenth died
of arsenic secretly and gradually given, p. 107.
Footnote 682:
Curat. Medic. C. ii. Obs. 33.
Footnote 683:
De Cicuta, p. 289.
Footnote 684:
Quoted by Hahnemann, über die Arsenic-Vergiftung, p. 41.
Footnote 685:
Cours de Médecine Légale, p. 121.
Footnote 686:
London Medical Gazette, 1842–43, i. 351; from Gazette Médicale, 1842,
Nov. 5.
Footnote 687:
Elémens de Médecine Opératoire.
Footnote 688:
Annales d’Hyg. Publ. et de Méd. Lég. xi. 461.
Footnote 689:
Journ. de Chimie Médicale, 1836, 482.
Footnote 690:
On Phagedæna Gangrænosa, or Med. Phys. Journal, xl. 238.
Footnote 691:
De Arsenici usu in Medicina, p. 158.
Footnote 692:
Aufsätze und Beobachtungen, i. 43.
Footnote 693:
Paris and Fonblanque, ii. 222.
Footnote 694:
Médecine, Légale, iv. 226.
Footnote 695:
Ansiaulx, Clinique Chirurgicale, and Henke’s Zeitschrift für die
Staatsarzneikunde, ii. 188.
Footnote 696:
Acta Hafniensia, iii. 178.
Footnote 697:
Hippocrates Chymicus, c. 24. p. 213.
Footnote 698:
Casus Medicinales, lib. vii. cas. 11.
Footnote 699:
Die Wirkung der Arzneimittel und Gifte, i. 299.
Footnote 700:
Journal der Praktischen Heilkunde, lxxii. v. 134.
Footnote 701:
London Medical Gazette, 1837–38, i. 585.
Footnote 702:
Buchner’s Repertorium für die Pharmacie, lxix. 271.
Footnote 703:
Dublin Journal of the Medical Sciences, xx. 422.
Footnote 704:
Eph. Curios. Naturæ, Dec. iii. An. 9 and 10, Obs. 220.
Footnote 705:
Sur les Contrepoisons de l’Arsénic, p. 112.
Footnote 706:
Mem. of London Medical Society, ii. 397.
Footnote 707:
Recueil Périod. de la Soc. de Med. vi. 22.
Footnote 708:
Acta Germanica, ii. 33.
Footnote 709:
Knape und Hecker’s Kritische Annalen der Staatsarzneikunde, i.
143–159.
Footnote 710:
Die Wirkung der Arzneimittel und Gifte, i. 241.
Footnote 711:
Einige auserlesene Medizinisch-gerichtliche abhandlungen von Schmitt,
Bachmann, &c. p. 40.
Footnote 712:
State Trials, xviii.
Footnote 713:
Ephem. Academ. Cæsareo-Leopoldinæ, 1715. Obs. cxxvi.
Footnote 714:
Horn’s Archiv für Medizinische Erfahrung, 1834, 755.
Footnote 715:
Guy’s Hospital Reports, 1841, vi. 278.
Footnote 716:
Aufsätze und Beobachtungen, i. 53, and v. 107.
Footnote 717:
Diss. Inaug. Tubingæ, 1808, de Effectibus Arsenici in varios
organismos, p. 39.
Footnote 718:
Diss. Inaug. Edin. 1813, de Venen. Mineralibus, pp. 5, 6, 12.
Footnote 719:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xviii. 171.
Footnote 720:
London Medical Gazette, xiv. 62.
Footnote 721:
Praktisches Handbuch, iii. 232 and 304.
Footnote 722:
Dissert. Exp. 36.
Footnote 723:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxvii. 453.
Footnote 724:
Nordisches Archiv, i. 334.
Footnote 725:
Jaeger, p. 40.
Footnote 726:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxvii. 453.
Footnote 727:
Schlegel, Collect. Opusc. &c. 423.
Footnote 728:
Aufsätze und Beobachtungen, i. 58.
Footnote 729:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, xxxiii. 66.
Footnote 730:
Metzger’s System der gerichtlichen Arzneikunde, von Remer, 1820, p.
257.
Footnote 731:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxix. 25.
Footnote 732:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxvii. 453.
Footnote 733:
Guy’s Hospital Reports, 1837, ii. 29, and 1841, vi. 266.
Footnote 734:
Gmelin’s Geschichte der Mineralischen Gifte, 124, Foderé,
Médecine-Légale, iv. 127. Sallin, Journal Gén. de Médecine, iv.
Footnote 735:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxix. 25.
Footnote 736:
Journal Complémentaire, i. 106.
Footnote 737:
Trial of Medad Mackay at Allegany, 1821. The prisoner was found not
guilty. But the presence of arsenic in the stomach was proved by
several tests.
Footnote 738:
Philosophical Transactions, cii. 216.
Footnote 739:
Archives Gén. de Médecine, 1. 107.
Footnote 740:
Harles de Arsenico, 153, and Renault sur les Contrepoisons de
l’Arsénic.
Footnote 741:
Morbid Anatomy, p. 128.
Footnote 742:
Metzger in Schlegel’s Opuscula, iv. 23. Pyl’s Aufs. und Beob. i. 60.
Platner, Quæstiones Medicinæ Forenses, 206.
Footnote 743:
Medicina Forensis, Cent. v. Cas. 45, quoted by Wibmer.
Footnote 744:
Beiträge zur gerichtlichen Arzneikunde, iv. 221.
Footnote 745:
Bernt, Beiträge zur gerichtlichen Arzneikunde, iv. 221.
Footnote 746:
Metzger’s Materialien für die Staatsarzneikunde, ii. 95.
Footnote 747:
ii. 284.
Footnote 748:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxvii. 457.
Footnote 749:
Ibid, xxxiii. 66.
Footnote 750:
Sproegel’s Dissert. Exp. xxxi.
Footnote 751:
Pfaff and Scheele’s Nordisches Archiv. i. 345.
Footnote 752:
Archives Gén. de Med. vii. 1.
Footnote 753:
Ibidem, vii. 285.
Footnote 754:
Repertorium für die Pharmacie, xxiv. 144.
Footnote 755:
Archives Gén. de Méd. ii. 58.
Footnote 756:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xviii. 171.
Footnote 757:
Elements of Juridical Medicine, 76.
Footnote 758:
Morbid Anatomy, p. 128.
Footnote 759:
Case of Mr. Blandy, State Trials, xviii.
Footnote 760:
Bachmann’s Essay (see p. 259).
Footnote 761:
Houlton in London Med. Gazette, xiv. 712.
Footnote 762:
Diss. Inaug. Edin. 1813, pp. 11 and 12.
Footnote 763:
Diss. in Haller’s Disp. de Morbis, vi. Exp. xxxvi.
Footnote 764:
London Med. Gazette, x. 115.
Footnote 765:
Gazette Médicale de Paris, 1839, No. 20.
Footnote 766:
Neues Magazin, I. iii. 508.
Footnote 767:
Zeitschrift für die Staatsarzneikunde, i. 32.
Footnote 768:
Annales d’Hyg. Publique, xi. 461.
Footnote 769:
London Med. Gazette, xiv. 62.
Footnote 770:
Archives Gén. i. 147.
Footnote 771:
Nouvelle Bibliothèque Médicale, 1829, i. 395.
Footnote 772:
Jaeger, de Effectibus Arsenici, p. 40.
Footnote 773:
Bachmann’s Essay, p. 41, or above, p. 259.
Footnote 774:
Aufsätze und Beobachtungen, i. 50.
Footnote 775:
Wibmer. Die Wirkung der Arzneimittel und Gifte, i. 281, 283.
Footnote 776:
Phil. Trans. cii. 214.
Footnote 777:
De Arsenici usu in Medicina, 1811, p. 154.
Footnote 778:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1839, p. 127.
Footnote 779:
Practisches Handbuch, iii. 229.
Footnote 780:
De Venenis Mineralibus. Diss. Inaug. Edinburgi, 1813.
Footnote 781:
Historia Circutæ, 288.
Footnote 782:
Augustin’s Repertorium. Neue Entdeckungen betreffend die Kennzeichen
der Arsenic-vergiftung, I. i. 30.
Footnote 783:
Geschichte der Mineralischen Gifte.
Footnote 784:
Essay on Mineral Poisons, 36.
Footnote 785:
Quæst. Medicinæ Forenses, 206.
Footnote 786:
Jaeger, de Effectibus Arsenici, p. 47.
Footnote 787:
Magazin für die gesammte Heilkunde, xx. 485.
Footnote 788:
Bulletins de l’Acad. Roy. de Méd. v. 137.
Footnote 789:
Geiger’s Magazin für Pharmacie, xxxii. 301, from Seeman’s Dissert.
Inaug. Berolini, 1824.
Footnote 790:
For an excellent analysis of the case of Ursinus and the experiments
of Klanck, see Augustin—Neue Entdeckungen betreffend die Kennzeichen
der Arsenic-vergiftung und Berichtigung älterer Angaben über diesen
Gegenstand,—in Augustin’s Repertorium, I. i. 36.
Footnote 791:
Bachmann, Einige auserlesene gerichtlich-medizinische abhandlungen,
von Schmidt, Bachmann, und Küttlinger. Nürnberg, 1813.
Footnote 792:
Hufeland’s Journal, xix. iv. 11, and xxii. i. 166.
Footnote 793:
Archives Gén. de Med. xxi. 615, or Revue Médicale, 1830, i. 165.
Footnote 794:
Annales d’Hygiène Publique, 1837, xviii. 466; and Journal de
Pharmacie, 1837, 386.
Footnote 795:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxvii. 457.
Footnote 796:
De veneficio caute dijudicando, in Schlegel’s Opuscula, iv. 23.
Footnote 797:
Edin. Med. Chir. Trans. ii. 284.
Footnote 798:
Dr. Symonds’s Account of the Examination, &c., Trans. of Provincial
Med. and Surg. Association, iii. 432.
Footnote 799:
Lancet, 1843–44, ii. 801.
Footnote 800:
Dissertatio de vera Chemiæ Organicæ notione, additis experimentis de
vi Arsenici in corpore organico mortuo. 1822. Quoted fully by Wibmer,
die Wirkung der Arzneimittel und Gifte, i. 312.
Footnote 801:
Elémens de Chymie, ii. 343.
Footnote 802:
See this work, First Ed. 1829, p. 258.
Footnote 803:
Kopp’s Jahrbuch, ii. 226.
Footnote 804:
Bernt’s Beiträge zur gerichtlichen Arzneikunde, iv. 219.
Footnote 805:
Ueber eine Vergiftung durch weissen Arsenic—Rust’s Magazin für die
gesammte Heilkunde, v. 61.
Footnote 806:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xviii. 172.
Footnote 807:
De usu Arsenici, 164.
Footnote 808:
Journal de Pharmacie, 1837, p. 386.
Footnote 809:
Revue Médicale, 1828, ii. 470.
Footnote 810:
Knape und Hecker’s Kritische Jahrbücher, ii. 76.
Footnote 811:
Henke’s Zeitschrift für die Staatsarzneikunde, xxxix. 176.
Footnote 812:
Toxicologie Générale, ii.
Footnote 813:
Sur les Contrepoisons de l’Arsenic, pp. 33, 35.
Footnote 814:
London Med. and Phys. Journal, xlvi. 466, 545. Mr. Edwards, Ibidem,
xlix. 117. Mr. Buchanan, London Med. Repository, xix. 288.
Footnote 815:
Journal Gén. de Médecine, 1813 and 1815, p. 363.
Footnote 816:
Toxicologie Gén. i. 429.
Footnote 817:
Das Eisenoxydhydrat, ein Gegengift der Arsenigen saüre, Göttingen,
1834.
Footnote 818:
Annales d’Hygiène Publique, xiv. 134.
Footnote 819:
Probationary Essay, Edin. Roy. Coll. of Surgeons, 1839.
Footnote 820:
London Medical Gazette, xv. 220.
Footnote 821:
Lancet, 1834–35 p. 232.
Footnote 822:
Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, liv. 106.
Footnote 823:
Buchner’s Repertorium für die Pharmacie, lxvi. 126.
Footnote 824:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1841, p. 240.
Footnote 825:
Mr. Kerr in Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxxvi. 97.
Footnote 826:
London Med. Repository, ix. 456.
Footnote 827:
Med. and Phys. Journal, xxix.
Footnote 828:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1839, p. 189.
Footnote 829:
Bulletins de l’Acad. Roy. de Méd. iii. 1124.
Footnote 830:
Ibidem, 1840, vi. 135.
Footnote 831:
Bulletins de l’Académie Roy. de Médecine, 1840, vi. 136.
Footnote 832:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1840, p. 711.
Footnote 833:
Ibidem, 1843, p. 265.
Footnote 834:
Ibidem, 1841, p. 258.
Footnote 835:
Kopp’s Jahrbuch der Staatsarzneikunde, iv. 354.
Footnote 836:
Devergie. Annales d’Hyg. Publ. xi. 418.
Footnote 837:
Toxicologie Gén. i. 241.
Footnote 838:
Medical Jurisprudence, ii. 208.
Footnote 839:
Annales d’Hyg. Publ. et de Méd. Lég. xi. 411.
Footnote 840:
Philosophical Transaction, 1831, cxxi. 155, 160.
Footnote 841:
Annales de Chimie, xliv. 176, and Orfila, Toxicol. Gén. i. 243.
Footnote 842:
Taddei, Recherches sur un nouvel Antidote contre le sublimé corrosif.
Footnote 843:
Berthollet, sur la Causticité des sels Métalliques. Mém. de l’Acad.
1780.
Footnote 844:
Toxic. Gén. i. 245.
Footnote 845:
Recherches, &c. p. 60.
Footnote 846:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1837, p. 161.
Footnote 847:
Poggendorff’s Annalen der Physik und Chemie, xxviii, 135.
Footnote 848:
Annalen der Pharmacie, xxiv. 36.
Footnote 849:
Annales de Chimie, xliv. 176.
Footnote 850:
Toxicologie Générale, i. 301.
Footnote 851:
Annales d’Hygiène Publique, xxviii. 424.
Footnote 852:
Dr. Bigsby in London Medical Gazette, vii. 329.
Footnote 853:
Philosophical Transactions, cii. 222.
Footnote 854:
Tentamen Inaugurale de Venenis Mineralibus, Edinb. 1813, p. 36.
Footnote 855:
Orfila, Toxicologie Gén. i. 257.
Footnote 856:
Journal de Physiologie, i. 165 and 242.
Footnote 857:
Toxicologie, i. 261.
Footnote 858:
Journal de Physiologie, i. 165.
Footnote 859:
Autenrieth und Zeller über das Daseyn von Quecksilber in der Blutmasse
der Thiere. Reil’s Archiv für die Physiologie, viii. 216.
Footnote 860:
Horn’s Archiv für Medizinische Erfahrung, 1823, ii. 417.
Footnote 861:
Diss. Inaug. Tubingæ, 1808, sistens experimenta quædam circa effectus
hydrargyr in animalia viva, pp. 25, 31, also Reil’s Archiv, _ut
supra_.
Footnote 862:
Tract. de Morb. Gall. in Opera Omnia, pp. 728, 729.
Footnote 863:
Archiv für Medizinische Erfahrung, 1810, ii. 252.
Footnote 864:
Corvisart’s Journ. de Méd. xxvii. 244.
Footnote 865:
Dec. I. Ann. i. Obs. 8.
Footnote 866:
Journ. der Prakt. Heilkunde, li. 5, p. 117.
Footnote 867:
Mem. of Lond. Med. Soc. v. 112.
Footnote 868:
Seltene Beobachtungen zur Anat. Physiol. und Pathol. Berlin, 1824, ii.
36. Quoted by Marx, die Lehre von den Giften, I. ii. 163.
Footnote 869:
Die Wirkung der Arzneimittel und Gifte, iii. 86.
Footnote 870:
Zeller, in Reil’s Archiv. viii. 233.
Footnote 871:
Nouvelle Bibliothèque Médicale, 1828, iv. 17 and 18.
Footnote 872:
See the last Edition of this work, p. 366.
Footnote 873:
See my Dispensatory, 1842, p. 507.
Footnote 874:
Reil’s Archiv., viii. 228.
Footnote 875:
Journal der Praktischen Heilkunde, lx. 115.
Footnote 876:
Toxicologie 3te Auflage, 539.
Footnote 877:
Ibidem, 433.
Footnote 878:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1842, p. 428.
Footnote 879:
Buchner’s Repertorium für die Pharmacie, lxxvi. 249.
Footnote 880:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1843, p. 137.
Footnote 881:
Hodgson’s Trial, Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxii. 439, also a case
by Mr. Blacklock, Ibid. xxxvi. 92.
Footnote 882:
Case by Ollivier in Archives Gén. de Méd. ix. 100; also one by Mr.
Valentine, Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xiv. 471.
Footnote 883:
Case by Fontenelle, Arch. Gén. de Méd. v. 345; also Hodgson’s Trial.
Footnote 884:
Hodgson’s Trial; also Orfila, Tox. Gén. i. 263: and Mr. Valentine’s
5th case, the only survivor.
Footnote 885:
Hodgson’s Trial; also Mr. Buchanan’s case in Lond. Med. Repos. xix.
374.
Footnote 886:
Mr. Valentine’s Cases, Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xiv. 470.
Footnote 887:
Mr. Anderson’s case in Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xiv. 474.
Footnote 888:
Essay on Mineral Poisons, p. 52.
Footnote 889:
Dumonceau in Journ. de Med. lxix. 36; Orfila, Tox. Gén. i. 264; and
Blacklock’s case.
Footnote 890:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xiv. 468.
Footnote 891:
Ibid. xliv. 26.
Footnote 892:
xli. 204.
Footnote 893:
London Medical Gazette, viii. 616.
Footnote 894:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxxvi. 92.
Footnote 895:
Archives Gén. de Méd. ix. 99.
Footnote 896:
Orfila, Tox. Gén. i. 265.
Footnote 897:
Mr. Valentine’s cases.
Footnote 898:
Ollivier’s case, and Fontenelle’s.
Footnote 899:
Case by Devergie in Arch. Gén. de Méd. ix. 463.
Footnote 900:
Houlston, in London Med. Journal, vi. 271.
Footnote 901:
Arch. Gén. de Méd. ix. 463.
Footnote 902:
Toxicol. Gén. i. 263.
Footnote 903:
Journal de Chimie Médicale, 1842, p. 294.
Footnote 904:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xiv. 468.
Footnote 905:
Mr. Valentine’s 4th case.
Footnote 906:
London Medical Gazette, viii. 616.
Footnote 907:
London Medical Gazette, vii. 329.
Footnote 908:
Ibidem, 1842–43, i. 556.
Footnote 909:
Mr. Valentine’s case 1st.
Footnote 910:
Case in Med. and Phys. Journal, xli.
Footnote 911:
Case by Dr. Anderson in Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, vii. 437.
Footnote 912:
Beddoes’ Contributions to Physical and Medical Knowledge, 1799, p.
231.
Footnote 913:
London Medical Gazette, 1842–43, i. 941.
Footnote 914:
Edinburgh Med. and Surg. Journal, li. 114.
Footnote 915:
Ibidem, xiv. 474.
Footnote 916:
Manual of Medical Jurisprudence, 162.
Footnote 917:
Lond. Med. and Phys. Journal, xli.
Footnote 918:
Toxic. Générale, i. 282, from Degneri Historia Med. de Dysent. Bilios.
Contag. 250.
Footnote 919:
Lond. Med. and Phys. Journal, xli. 204.
Footnote 920:
Reports of Medical Cases, ii. 337.
Footnote 921:
Lancet, 1838–39, i. 215.
Footnote 922:
M. Colson in Arch. Gén. de Méd. xii. 84.
Footnote 923:
Dr. Ramsbotham in Lond. Med. Gazette, i. 775.
Footnote 924:
Dr. Crampton, Trans. Dublin College of Physicians, iv. 91.
Footnote 925:
See page 335.
Footnote 926:
Rust’s Magazin, xxv. 578.
Footnote 927:
Journal der Praktischen Heilkunde, ix, ii. 201.
Footnote 928:
Lond. Med. and Phys. Journal, xxvi. 452.
Footnote 929:
Ibid. xxvii. 275.
Footnote 930:
Trans. Lond. Coll. Phys. i. 34.
Footnote 931:
Revue Medicale, 1828, iv. 76.
Footnote 932:
Ibidem, 1829, i. 467, from Osservatore Medico di Napoli, Febb. 1829.
Footnote 933:
Dr. Tott, in Rust’s Magazin für die gesammte Heilkunde, xxxv. 50.
Footnote 934:
Journ. de Chem. Med. ix. 197.
Footnote 935:
London Medical Gazette, 1837–38, ii. 578.
Footnote 936:
De Ptyalismo Febrili. Diss. Inaug. Lipsiæ, in Halleri Disput. de Morb.
Histor. i. 469.
Footnote 937:
See Evidence of Mr. Bromfield on the Trial of Miss Butterfield for the
murder of Mr. Scawen, p. 40.
Footnote 938:
London Medical Gazette, 1839–40, ii. 875.
Footnote 939:
Lancet, 1843–44, i. 60.
Footnote 940:
London Medical Gazette, 1841–42, i. 338.
Footnote 941:
Swédiaur on Venereal Diseases, ii. 251.
Footnote 942:
Colson in Arch. Gén. de Méd. xii. 99.
Footnote 943:
Flora Suecica.
Footnote 944:
On the Venereal Disease, ii. 143.
Footnote 945:
Colson in Arch. Gén. de Méd. xii. 99.
Footnote 946:
The exact time is not mentioned.
Footnote 947:
Trial by Gurney and Blanchard, pp. 39, 47.
Footnote 948:
Principles of Forensic Medicine, 2d Ed. 118.
Footnote 949:
Trans. of the Prov. Med. and Surg. Association, ii. 262.
Footnote 950:
Mead’s Medical Works, p. 202.
Footnote 951:
Male’s Juridical Medicine, 89.
Footnote 952:
Archives Gén. de Méd. xl. 254.
Footnote 953:
Ibid. xii. 100.
Footnote 954:
Trans. Dublin Coll. Physicians, iii. 236.
Footnote 955:
Appendix to his Traité de la Colique Metallique, p. 275.
Footnote 956:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, viii. 376, and ix. 180.
Footnote 957:
Reports of Medical Cases, ii. 495.
Footnote 958:
Fernelius, de Lues Ven. Curat. c. vii.
Footnote 959:
London Med. and Phys. Journal, lxvii. 394.
Footnote 960:
Arch. Gén. de Méd. xiv. 109.
Footnote 961:
Mém. de l’Acad. des Sciences, 1719, p. 474.
Footnote 962:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, viii. 195.
Footnote 963:
London Medical Repository, xvi. 458.
Footnote 964:
Mémoires de l’Acad. de Chirurgie, iv. 154.
Footnote 965:
Wibmer. Die Wirkung der Arzneimittel und Gifte, iii. 46.
Footnote 966:
Diss. Inaug. de Effectibus Liquidorum in vias aëriferas applicatorum,
p. 35.
Footnote 967:
Hufeland’s Journal, xlii.
Footnote 968:
Mr. Hill in Edin. Med. Ess. iv. 38.
Footnote 969:
Corvisart’s Journal, xxv. 209.
Footnote 970:
London Journal of Science, x 354.
Footnote 971:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, vi. 513, and London Medical and Physical
Journal, xxvi. 29.
Footnote 972:
Horn’s Archiv für Medizinische Erfahrung, 1831, 519.
Footnote 973:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, vii. 437.
Footnote 974:
Ibidem, xliv. 26.
Footnote 975:
Medizinisch-Chirurgische Zeitung, 1833, v. 330.
Footnote 976:
Repertorium für die öffentl. und gerichtl. Arzneiwissenschaft, i. 223.
Footnote 977:
Annalen der Gesetz-gebung, iii. 55.
Footnote 978:
Journ. de Physiologie, i.
Footnote 979:
Annals of Philos. xiv. 241, 321.
Footnote 980:
See my Dispensatory, 1842, p. 500.
Footnote 981:
Acta Naturæ Curiosorum, Dec. ii. Ann. vi. Obs. 231.
Footnote 982:
Journal de Médecine, l. 3.
Footnote 983:
Dr. Sigmond in Lancet, 1837–38, i. 228, from Turner’s Treatise on
Diseases of the Skin.
Footnote 984:
Ibidem, p. 227.
Footnote 985:
I. 240.
Footnote 986:
Opera Omnia, p. 729.
Footnote 987:
Arch. Gén. de Médecine, xix. 330.
Footnote 988:
Sur l’usage et les Abus des Caustiques. Paris, 1817. Quoted by Wibmer
Smith found two drachms kill a dog when swallowed, and half a drachm
proved fatal in two dogs when applied to a wound.
Footnote 989:
Lancet, 1836–37, i. 401.
Footnote 990:
London Medical Gazette, xiii. 117.
Footnote 991:
Cours de Médecine-Légale.
Footnote 992:
Handbuch der Toxicologie, 1838, p. 250.
Footnote 993:
Wibmer. Die Wirkung der Arzneimittel und Gifte, iii. 66.
Footnote 994:
Ibidem, iii. 647.
Footnote 995:
Arch. Gén. ix. 102.
Footnote 996:
Thibert, Anatomie Pathologique, extracted in the American Journal. of
Med. Science, April, 1842, p. 490.
Footnote 997:
De Medicamentis insecuris et infidis, in Oper. Omn. vi. 314.
Footnote 998:
Miscellanea Curiosa, 1692. Dec. ii. Ann. x. p. 34.
Footnote 999:
Die Wirkung der Arzneimittel und Gifte, iii. 72.
Footnote 1000:
Johnson on Tropical Climates, pp. 45, 151, 267.—Annesley on the
Diseases of India.—Musgrave on Mercury, in Edin. Med. and Surg. Journ.
xxviii. 42.
Footnote 1001:
Dr. Fletcher. American Journal of Med. and Phys. Sciences, vii. 561.
Footnote 1002:
Miscellanea Curiosa, l. c.
Footnote 1003:
Die Wirkung der Arzneimittel und Gifte, iii. 72.
Footnote 1004:
London Medical Gazette, 1837–38, ii. 610.
Footnote 1005:
M. Mialhe in Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Juin, 1842.
Footnote 1006:
Manual of Medical Jurisprudence, p. 178.
Footnote 1007:
For the documents in this trial I am indebted to my late colleague Dr.
Duncan, Junior, who was concerned in it.
Footnote 1008:
Toxicol. Gén. i. 310.
Footnote 1009:
Recherches sur un Nouvel Antidote contre le sublimé corrosif, p. 34.
Footnote 1010:
Toxicol. Gén. p. 311.
Footnote 1011:
Taddei, Recherches, &c. p. 92.
Footnote 1012:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, xxii. 438.
Footnote 1013:
As in Devergie’s Case (Arch. Gén. ix 468), in which they were as big
as peas.
Footnote 1014:
Ibidem.
Footnote 1015:
Devergie in Arch. Gén. ix 468.
Footnote 1016:
Sir B. Brodie in Philos. Trans. 1812.
Footnote 1017:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journ., xiv. 472, 473.
Footnote 1018:
London Medical Gazette, viii. 618.
Footnote 1019:
Recherches sur un Nouvel Antidote, &c. p. 61.
Footnote 1020:
Archives Gén. de Méd. ix. 470.
Footnote 1021:
Journal de Chim. Médicale, viii. 268.
Footnote 1022:
Orfila, Traité de Médecine Légale, iii. 134.
Footnote 1023:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, li. 115.
Footnote 1024:
The reader may apply this statement to the trial of Mr. Angus, p. 118.
Footnote 1025:
Edin. Med. and Surg. Journal, vii. 151.
Footnote 1026:
Augustin’s Repertorium, B. i. H. ii. 11.
Footnote 1027:
xli. 207.
Footnote 1028:
Journal de Médecine, l. iii. 15, or Recueil Périodique de la Soc. de
Méd. vii. 343.
Footnote 1029:
Revue Medicale, 1830, ii.
Footnote 1030:
Toxicologie Gén. i. 313.
Footnote 1031:
Corvisart’s Journal de Médecine, xxxviii. 77.
Footnote 1032:
Dissert. Inaug. p. 36.
Footnote 1033:
See my Dispensatory, p. 518. Dr. Wright’s Thesis on certain points
connected with the action of mercury and its salts has not yet been
published.
Footnote 1034:
London Med. Repository, xix. 408.
Footnote 1035:
Trans. of Dublin Coll. of Phys. iii. 310.
Footnote 1036:
Journal de Chim. Méd. Mars, 1825.
Footnote 1037: