FINDING HERSELF
I
One of the questions which an outsider always asks of Canada and of
which the Canadian never thinks is--Why is Newfoundland not a part of
Canada? Why has the lonely little Island never entered confederation?
On the map Newfoundland looks no larger than the area of Manitoba
before the provincial boundaries were extended to Hudson Bay. In
reality, area has little to do with Newfoundland's importance to
England's possessions in North America. It is that part of America
nearest to Europe. If you measure it north to south and east to west
it seems about two hundred and fifty by three hundred and fifty miles;
but distance north and south, east and west, has little to do with
Newfoundland's importance to the empire. Newfoundland's importance to
the empire consists in three fundamental facts: Newfoundland is the
radiating center for the fisheries on the Grand Banks, that submarine
plateau of six hundred by one hundred and fifty miles, where are the
richest deep-sea fisheries in the world; Newfoundland lies gardant at
the very entrance to Canada's great waterways; and Newfoundland's coast
line is the most broken coast line in the whole world affording
countless land-locked, rock-ribbed deep-sea harbors to shelter all the
fighting ships of the world.
What have the deep-sea fisheries of the Grand Banks to do with a
Greater Britain Overseas? You would not ask that question if you could
see the sealing fleets set out in spring; or the whaling crews drive
after a great fin-back up north of Tilt Cove; or the schooners go out
with their dories in tow for the Grand Banks fisheries. Asked what
impressed him most in the royal tour of the present King of England
across Canada and Newfoundland several years ago, a prominent official
with the Prince answered: "Newfoundland and the prairie provinces."
"Why?" he was asked. "Men for the navy and food for the Empire." That
answer tells in a line why Newfoundland is absolutely essential to a
Greater Britain Overseas. You can't take landlubbers, put them on a
boat and have seamen. Sailors are bred to the sea, cradled in it,
salted with it for generations before they become such mariners as hold
England's ascendency on the seas of the world. They love the sea and
its roll and its dangers more than all the rewards of the land. Of
such men, and of such only, are navies made that win battles. Come out
to Kitty Vitty, a rock-ribbed cove behind St. John's, and listen to
some old mother in Israel, with the bloom of the sea still in her
wilted cheeks, tell of losing her sons in the seal fisheries of the
spring, when men go out in crews of two and three hundred hunting the
hairy seal over the ice floes, and the floes break loose, and the
blizzard comes down! It isn't the twenty or thirty or fifty dollar
bonus a head in the seal hunt that lures them to death, in darkness and
storm. It is the call, the dare, the risk, the romance of the sea born
in their own blood. Or else watch the fishing fleets up off the North
Shore, down on the Grand Banks! The schooner rocks to the silver swell
of the sea with bare mast poles. A furtive woman comes up the hatchway
and gazes with shaded eyes at passing steamers; but the men are out in
the clumsy black dories that rock like a cradle to the swell of the
sea, drawing in--drawing in--the line; or singing their sailor
chanties--"Come all ye Newfoundlanders"--as meal of pork and cod
simmers in a pot above a chip fire cooking on stones in the bottom of
the boat. It isn't the one or two hundred dollars these fishermen
clear in a year--and it may be said that one hundred dollars cleared in
a year is opulence--that holds them to the wild, free, perilous life.
It is the call of the sea in their blood. Of such men are victorious
navies made, and if Canada is to be anything more than the hanger-on to
the tail of the kite of the British Empire, she, too, must have her
navy, her men of the sea, born and cradled and crooned and nursed by
the sea. That is Newfoundland's first importance to a Greater Britain
Overseas.
Perhaps, if the present war had not broken out, Canada would never have
realized Newfoundland's second importance to a Greater Britain Overseas
as the outpost sentinel guarding entrance to her waterways. It would
require shorter time to transport troops to Newfoundland than to Suez.
Should Canada ever be attacked, Newfoundland would be a more important
basis than Suez. Two centuries ago, in fact, for two whole centuries,
St. John's Harbor rang to the conflict of warring nations. If ever war
demanded the bottling up and blockading of Canada, the basis for that
embargo would be Newfoundland.
It may as well be acknowledged that Canada's east coast affords few
good land-locked harbors. Newfoundland's deep-sea land-locked harbors
are so numerous you can not count them. Your ship will be coasting
what seems to be a rampart wall of sheer black iron towering up three,
four, six hundred feet flat as if planed, planed by the ice-grind and
storms of a million years beating down from the Pole riding thunderous
and angry seas. You wonder what would happen if a storm caught your
ship between those iron walls and a landward hurricane; and the captain
tells you, when the wind sheers nor'-east, he always beats for open
sea. It isn't the sea he fears. It is these rock ramparts and
saw-tooth reefs sticking up through the lace fret. Suddenly you twist
round a sharp angle of rock like the half closed leaf of a book. You
slip in behind the leaf of rock, and wriggle behind another
angle--"follow the tickles o' water" is, I believe, the term--and there
opens before you a harbor cove, land-locked, rock-walled from sea to
sky, with the fishermen's dories awash on a silver sea, with women in
brightly colored kirtles and top-boots and sunbonnets busy over the
fishing stages drying cod. Dogs and hogs are the only domestic animals
visible. The shore is so rocky that fences are usually little sticks
anchored in stones. There are not even many children; for the children
are off to sea soon as they can don top-boots and handle a line. There
is the store of "the planter" or outfitter--a local merchant, who
supplies schooners on shares for the season and too often holds whole
hamlets in his debt. There is the church. The priest or parson comes
poling out to meet your ship and get his monthly or half-yearly mail,
and there are the little whitewashed cots of the fisher folk. It is a
simpler life than the existence of the habitant of Quebec. It is more
remote from modern stress than the days of the Tudors. On the north
and west shore and in that sea strip of Labrador under Newfoundland's
jurisdiction and known in contradiction to Labrador as The
Labrodor--are whole hamlets of people that have never seen a railroad,
a cow, a horse. They are Devon people, who speak the dialect of Devon
men in Queen Elizabeth's day. You hear such expressions as "enow,"
"forninst," "forby"; and the mental attitude to life is two or three
centuries old.
"Why should we pay for railroads?" the people asked late as 1898. "Our
fathers used boats and their own legs." And one hamlet came out and
stoned a passing train. "Checks--none of your checks for me," roared
an out-port fisherman taking the train for the first time and lugging
behind him a huge canvas bag of clothes. "Checks--not for me! I know
checks! When the banks busted, I had your checks; and much good they
were." This was late as '98, and back from the pulp mills of the
interior and the railroad you will find conditions as antiquated to-day.
If Newfoundland is absolutely essential to a Greater Britain Overseas,
why is she not part of Canada? Because Canada refused to take her in.
Because Canada had not big enough vision to see her need of this
smallest of the American colonies. For the same reason that
reciprocity failed between Canada and the United States--because when
Newfoundland would have come in, Canada was lethargic. Nobody was big
enough politically to seize and swing the opportunity. Because when
Canada was ready, Newfoundland was no longer in the mood to come in;
and nobody in Newfoundland was big enough to seize and swing an
opportunity for the empire.
It was in the nineties. Fish had fallen to a ruinous price and for
some temporary reason the fishing was poor. There had been bank kiting
in Newfoundland's financial system. She had no railroads and few
steamships. Her mines had not been exploited, and she did not know her
own wealth in the pulp-wood areas of the interior. In fact, there are
sections of Northern Newfoundland not yet explored inland. Every bank
in the colony had collapsed. Newfoundland emissaries came to Ottawa to
feel the pulse for federation. The population at that time was
something under two hundred thousand.
Now Canada has one very bad British characteristic. She has the John
Bull trick of drawing herself up to every new proposal with an air of
"What is that to us?" At this time Canada herself was in bad way. She
had just completed her first big transcontinental. Times were dull.
The Crown Colony of Newfoundland did not come begging admission to
confederation. No political party could do that and live; for politics
in Newfoundland are a fanatical religion. I have heard the warden of
the penitentiary say that if it were not for politics he would never
have any inmates. It is a fact that out-port prisons have been closed
for lack of inmates, but long as elections recur, come broken heads.
So the Crown Colony did not seek admission. It came feeling the Ottawa
pulse, and the Ottawa pulse was slow and cold. "What's Newfoundland to
us?" said Canada. One of the commissioners told me the real hitch was
the terms on which the Dominion should assume the Crown Colony's small
public debt; so the chance passed unseized. Newfoundland set herself
to do what Canada had done, when the United States refused reciprocity.
She built national railways. She launched a system of national ships.
She nearly bankrupted her public treasury with public works and
ultimately handed her transportation system over to semi-private
management. Outside interests began buying the pulp-wood areas. Pulp
became one of the great industries. The mines of the east shore picked
up. There was a boom in whaling. World conditions in trade improved.
By the time that the Dominion had awakened to the value of Newfoundland
no party in Newfoundland would have dared to mention confederation, and
that is the status to-day. One can hardly imagine this status
continuing long. The present war, or the lessons of the present war,
may awaken both sides to the advantages of union. Sooner or later, for
her own sake solely, Canada must have Newfoundland; and it is up to
Canada to offer terms to win the most ancient of British colonies in
America. British settlement in Newfoundland dates a century prior to
settlement in Acadia and Virginia. Devon men came to fish before the
British government had set up any proprietary claim.
II
And now eliminate the details of Canada's status among the nations and
consider only the salient undisputed facts:
Her population has come to her along four main lines of motive; seeking
to realize religious ideals; seeking to realize political ideals;
seeking the free adventurous life of the hunter; seeking--in modern
day--freehold of land. One main current runs through all these
motives--religious freedom, political freedom, outdoor vocations in
freedom, and freehold of land. This is a good flavor for the
ingredients of nationality.
Conditioning these movements of population have been Canada's climate,
her backwoods and prairie and frontier hardship--challenging the
weakling, strengthening the strong. No country affords more
opportunity to the fit man and none is crueler to the unfit than
Canada. I like this fact that Canada is hard at first. It is the
flaming sword guarding the Paradise of effort from the vices of inert
softened races. Diamonds are hard. Charcoals are soft, though both
are the very same thing.
Canada affords the shortest safest route to the Orient.
Canada has natural resources of mine, forest, fishery, land to supply
an empire of a hundred million; to supply Europe, if need arose.
She must some day become one of the umpires of fate on the Pacific.
She yearly interweaves tighter commercial bonds with the United States,
yet refuses to come under American government. It may be predicted
both these conditions will remain permanent.
Panama will quicken her west coast to a second Japan.
Yearly the West will exert greater political power, and the East less;
for the preponderance of immigration settles West not East.
As long as she has free land Canada will be free of labor unrest, but
the dangers of industrialism menace her in a transfer of population
from farm to factory.
In twenty years Canada will have as many British born within her
borders as there were Englishmen in England in the days of Queen
Elizabeth.
In twenty years Canada will have more foreign-born than there are
native-born Canadians.
Her pressing problems to-day are the amalgamation of the foreigner
through her schools; a working arrangement with the Oriental fair to
him as to her; the development of her natural resources; the anchoring
of the people to the land; and the building of a system of powerful
national defense by sea and land.
Her constitution is elastic and pliable to every new emergency--it may
be, too pliable; and her system of justice stands high.
She has a fanatical patriotism; but it is not yet vocal in art, or
literature; and it is--do not mistake it--loyalty to an ideal, not to a
dynasty, nor to a country. She loves Britain because Britain stands
for that ideal.
Stand back from all these facts! They may be slow-moving ponderous
facts. They may be contradictory and inconsistent. What that moves
ever is consistent? But like a fleet tacking to sea, though the course
shift and veer, it is ever forward. Forward whither--do you ask of
Canada?
There is no man with an open free mind can ponder these facts and not
answer forthwith and without faltering--_to a democratised edition of a
Greater Britain Overseas_. Only a world cataclysm or national upheaval
displacing every nation from its foundations can shake Canada from that
destiny.
Will she grow closer to Britain or farther off? Will she grow closer
to the United States or farther off? Will she fight Japan or league
with her? Will she rig up a working arrangement with the Hindu?
Every one of these questions is aside from the main fact--England will
not interfere with her destiny. The United States will not interfere
with her destiny. Canada has her destiny in her own hands, and what
she works out both England and the United States will bless; but with
as many British born in her boundaries anchored to freehold of land as
made England great in the days of Queen Elizabeth, unless history
reverse itself and fate make of facts dice tossed to ruin by malignant
furies, then Canada's destiny can be only one--a Greater Britain
Overseas.
THE END
INDEX
ALBERTA: size of, 16, 39; coal deposits of, 38; investment of British
capital in, 104; distance from seaboard, 180; rate from on wheat to
Fort William, 187-188; distance from Montreal, 195; from Great Lakes,
199.
"AMERICANIZING OF CANADA," discussion of, 61-79.
AMERICANS: emigration of to Canada, 65, 72, 273; investments of in
Canada, 66, 80, 92; as pioneers, 74, 76; sell ranches as rawnches, 105;
trade of with Canada, 128; attitude of Americans in Canadian Northwest
to Monroe Doctrine, 244; view of opportunity, 280. See also UNITED
STATES.
ARBITRATION ACT, defects of, 220.
BELL, GRAHAM, a Canadian, 278.
BIG BUSINESS, does not dominate government in Canada, 212, 223.
BORDEN, ROBERT: social prestige of, 4; a self-made man, 53; new
premier, 91; one of Canada's great men, 109; naval policy of, 283, 285.
BRITISH COLUMBIA: demands self-government, 11; railway to planned, 14;
larger than two Germanies, 16; climate of, 22; coal deposits of, 38;
description of, 40-41; investment of British capital in, 104; opposes
Oriental immigration, 129-133; coming of Hindus into and problem of,
141 et seq.
BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT: the Canadian Constitution, 11; mentioned,
42, 111, 245; elasticity of, 51; constitution of Canada, 223;
provisions of, 228.
BROWN, GEORGE, favors reciprocity, 82.
CABINET, how chosen and to whom responsible, 229.
CANADA NORTHERN: builds repair shops at Port Mann, 179; uses electric
power in tunnels, 182; aided by government, 193.
CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY: builds repair shops at Coquitlam, 179; tunnel
of through Mount Stephen, 182; aided by government, 193.
CANADIAN SOO CANAL; tonnage passing through, 14; influence of in
reducing freight rates, 38.
CHINA, an awakened giant, 168.
CHINESE: agitation against on West Coast, 129; head tax upon, 130,164;
a separate problem from that of the Hindu, 138; in British Columbia,
159-167.
CHURCHES, well attended in Canada, 252-255.
COBALT: discovery of silver at, 34; boom in, 67.
"COBDEN-BRIGHT SCHOOL," mentioned, 82, 84.
COCKNEYS, Canadian hostility toward, 52.
CONNAUGHT, DUKE OF, rebukes lip-loyalist, 48.
CONSERVATIVES: tariff views of, 81-86; and appointment of judges, 234;
support Family Compact, 242; principles of, 242-244; support Navy Bill,
283; oppose Laurier's naval program, 285.
DAWSON, GEORGE, on coal deposits of Alberta and British Columbia, 38.
"DIRECT PASSAGE" LAW: enacted, 130, 142; attempt to evade, 143, 153.
DIVORCE, low rate of, 264.
DOUKHOBORS: are accumulating wealth, 117; law-abiding, 118; influence
of priests upon, 124.
DURHAM, LORD: work of in Canada, 226-228; report of, 274.
ENGLAND, see GREAT BRITAIN.
"FAMILY COMPACT": a governing clique, 9; mentioned, 14, 226, 242.
FRANCHISE, in Canada, 232-233.
FUR TRADE, account of, 294-322.
GEORGE, LLOYD: mentioned, 56, 57; Canada not interested in theories of,
58; effects of tax system of upon investment in Canada, 104.
GEORGIAN BAY SHIP CANAL, proposed, 194.
GLADSTONE, EDWARD E., attitude of toward colonies, 42.
GORDON, CHARLES, investigates mining strike, 117.
GOVERNOR-GENERAL: appointment and powers of, 43-44, 228-230; appoints
provincial judges, 236.
GRAND BANKS, mentioned, 323.
GRAND TRUNK PACIFIC: has dock in Seattle, 173, 174; its low mountain
grade, 182.
GREAT BRITAIN: withholds self-government from Oregon region, 11; food
requirements of, 36; grants no trade favors to her colonies, 43;
dependence of Canada upon, 43-45; trade of with the United States,
62-63; her dependencies, 95; immigration from, 95-110; allied with
Japan, 127, 132; as a world policeman, 137; shipyards of, 171; need of
shortest wheat route to, 197; eighty per cent. of Canada's agricultural
products go to, 202; acquires Canada, 224; secret of her success as a
colonial power, 269; overplus of women in, 265; rise of as a world
power, 269; her navy Canada's chief defense, 289; what defeat of her
navy would mean to Canada, 292-293; importance of Newfoundland to her
possessions in America, 323; will not interfere with Canada's destiny,
333.
GREAT CLAY BELT; described, 33; mentioned, 303.
HENDRY, ANTHONY, first white fur-trader in Saskatchewan country, 314.
HILL, JAMES: he and associates buy large coal areas, 66; predicts bread
famine in United States, 88; on rights of the public, 175; on western
fruit crop, 181; wheat empire of, 198, 208; a Canadian, 278.
HINDUS: agitation against in British Columbia, 129; problem of in
Canada, 138-167; possible effects on constitution of unlimited
immigration of, 245; troops rushed across Canada, 286.
HOPKINSON: murder of, 144; had secret information regarding Hindus,
144, 153.
HUDSON BAY RAILROAD, account of, 191-209.
HUDSON'S BAY COMPANY; monopoly of, 11; journals of mention mineral
deposits, 35; governor of testifies that farming can not succeed in
Rupert's Land, 271; effect of contentions regarding Northwest, 276;
trade of, 297-298; former monopoly of, 299; mentioned, 302.
HUDSON STRAITS, the crux of the Hudson Bay route, 206-209.
HUNTERS' LODGES, raids of, 8.
ICELANDERS, story of in Manitoba, 122-123.
IMMIGRATION: increase in ten years, 20; from Great Britain, 51, 95-110;
American immigration into Canada, 61-79; from continental Europe,
111-126; from the Orient, 127-167; probable effect of Panama Canal
upon, 176.
IMPERIAL FEDERATION, a dead issue in Canada, 47.
INDIANS: number of in the fur trade, 294; rights of Indian wives
married to white men, 266.
INDUSTRIAL WORKERS OF THE WORLD: in Canada, 219; program of, 221.
JAPAN: dominates fishing industry of the Pacific, 24; alliance of with
Great Britain, 127; attitude of on equality question, 130-132; activity
of on West Coast, 134-136; controls seventy-two per cent. of the
shipping of the Pacific, 136, 178; future influence of, 137; attempt to
draw into Hindu quarrel, 146; demands room to expand, 168; becomes a
world power, 269; future relations of with Canada, 333.
JAPANESE: inrush of into British Columbia, 129; limitations on
immigration of, 130; exclusion of becomes party shibboleth, 133; a
separate problem from that of the Hindu, 138.
JUDGES, position and powers of, 233-236.
KOOTENAY, mining boom in, 66-67.
LABRADOR, as a fur country, 302-304.
LABRODOR, THE, under jurisdiction of Newfoundland, 327
LAURIER, SIR WILFRED: social prestige of, 4; helps allay racial
antagonisms, 7; prediction of as to Canada's future, 17; supports Boer
War, 31-32; a self-made man, 53; a free-trader, 82; and reciprocity,
89-91; one of Canada's great men, 109; and a Dominion navy, 283, 285;
mentioned, 243.
LESSER GREAT LAKES, fisheries of, 39.
LIBERALS: favor free trade, 82; seek reciprocity agreement, 83-85;
launch two more transcontinentals, 86; and appointment of judges, 234;
organize to oust Family Compact, 242; principles of, 242-244; oppose
Naval Bill, 283, 285.
LITERATURE: no great national in Canada, 262; Canadians slow to
recognize writers, 279; most Canadian books first published out of
Canada, 79.
LORD SELKIRK'S SETTLERS, come to Canada, 6.
LOYALISTS, see UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS.
MACDONALD, SIR JOHN: influence of upon Canadian constitution, 11-12;
comes up from penury, 53; seeks tariff concessions from the United
States, 81; tariff views of, 83; launches Canadian Pacific Railway, 86;
one of Canada's great men, 109; mentioned, 243.
MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER: comes up from penury, 53; mentioned, 81; a
free-trader, 82; a man of the North, 295.
MACKENZIE, WILLIAM LYON, a leader in rebellion of 1837-8, 226.
MANITOBA: almost as large as British Isles, 16, 39; coal deposits in,
38; distance of from Montreal and Hudson Bay, 195.
MANITOBA SCHOOL CASE, mentioned 44, 83.
MANN, DAN, comes up from penury, 53,
MARITIME PROVINCES, described, 221.
MONROE DOCTRINE: mentioned, 32, 45, 285; Canadian opinion of, 169, 288;
attitude of French Nationalists toward, 244.
MOUNTED POLICE: say crime in Northwest is increasing, 118; efficiency
of, 238-240.
MUNRO, DOCTOR, quoted regarding Oriental immigration, 162-163.
NATIONALISTS; oppose Navy Bill, 283, 285; and outside entanglements,
244.
NAVY BILL: defeated, 284.
NEW BRUNSWICK, mentioned, 22.
NEWFOUNDLAND; mentioned, 195; description of, 323-328; why not a part
of Canada, 323-330.
NEW FRANCE, conquest of, 6.
NORTH AMERICA ACT, see BRITISH NORTH AMERICA ACT.
NOVA SCOTIA, mentioned, 22.
ONTARIO: first settlement of, 3; more ultra-English than England, 4;
description of, 33-35.
OSLER, WILLIAM, a Canadian, 278.
PANAMA CANAL; mentioned, 14; influence of upon commerce, 27; turns
Pacific into a front door, 41; what it means to Canada, 168-190; will
reverse conduits of trade, 280.
PAPINEAU, LOUIS, a leader in the rebellion of 1837-8, 226.
PARLIAMENT: composition and powers of, 230-233; a session every year,
234.
PEACE RIVER COUNTRY: mentioned, 16; wheat grown in, 271; wheat lands
of, 300.
PEEL, PAUL: lost to Canada, 279.
PRAIRIE PROVINCES: resources of, 350; probable wheat production of in
twenty years, 183.
PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND, mentioned, 22.
QUEBEC, PROVINCE OF: more Catholic than the Pope, 4; size of, 16;
description of, 27-32.
QUEBEC ACT, first constitution of Canada, 225.
RAILWAY COMMISSION, 192.
REBELLION OF 1837: significance of, 8.
RECIPROCITY: Canadians seek, 15; why rejected, 80-94.
RED RIVER, demands self-government, 11.
RELIGION, influence of in Canada, 252-259.
REVILLONS: yearly fur trade of, 298; inquiry made of as to number of
white hunters, 302.
RIEL REBELLION, mentioned, 227, 284.
ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, sends fleet round the world, 128.
ROYAL NORTHWEST MOUNTED POLICE, absence of flunkeyism among, 49.
SASKATCHEWAN: area of, 16, 39; coal deposits in, 38.
SCHURMAN, JACOB G., a Canadian, 278.
SIFTON, CLIFFORD: a self-made man, 53; campaign for immigrants, 70-74,
87.
SMITH, GOLDWIN, opinion of Canadian loyalty, 47-48.
SOCIALISM: plays little part in Canadian affairs, 248-251; in Canada,
210, 222.
SOCIALISTS, have never collected money to buy rifles, 149.
SPORT, interest in and forms of, 259-262.
ST. LAWRENCE RIVER, improvements along, 192-196.
STRATHCONA, LORD: prophecy of regarding the prairie provinces, 39, 170;
once a fur-trader, 295.
STRATHCONA HORSE, daring of in South Africa, 49.
SUDBURY, nickel mines of, 34.
TAFT, WILLIAM H., and reciprocity, 45, 89-91.
TEACHERS, lack of recognition of services of, 125-126.
"TWILIGHT ZONE": borderland between Dominion and provincial powers,
145; embarrassing in labor disputes, 219.
UNITED EMPIRE LOYALISTS: first people Ontario, 3; mentioned, 6, 7, 9,
225, 274, 295.
UNITED STATES: effects of Civil War upon unity of, 2; emigration to
from Canada, 15; population of compared with that of Canada, 18, 269,
275; absorption of immigration by, 20; spring wheat production of, 37;
government of compared with that of Canada, 50-51; transportation
facilities between Canada and the United States, 64; trade of with
Canada, 64-65; lumbermen from our timber lands in Dominion, 76; and
reciprocity, 81-94; increase in value of fruit lands in, 105;
similarity to Canada, 113; political corruption in, 116; why she built
Panama Canal, 128, 187; problems of immigration in, 120, 130, 176;
emigration to Canada from, 170; shipyards in, 171; expectations of
Panama, 174; little aid given by to shipping, 179; how it transports
its wheat crop, 183; a source of the British wheat supply, 197; acreage
of wheat in, 201; increase of urban population in, 214; as a competitor
of Canada, 216; churches of poorly attended, 252; friendly relations of
with Canada, 273; comparison of with Canada, 269-277; Canadians
grateful they are not as, 277; a "big ship," 278; what menaces United
States menaces Canada, 287; foreign policies of two countries similar,
292; even closer commercial relations of with Canada, 332; will not
interfere with Canada's destiny, 332.
VAN HORNE, SIR WILLIAM C, comes up from penury, 53.
WALKER, HORATIO, lost to Canada, 279.
WAR OF 1812, cripples Canada financially, 7.
WELLAND CANAL, not wide enough, 194,
WILSON, WOODROW, tariff reductions under, 94.
YUKON: mentioned, 16; gold discovered in, 23.