BRADFORD, WILLIAM (governor) BRAOSE, WILLIAM DE
BRADFORD, WILLIAM (printer) BRASCASSAT, JACQUES RAYMOND
BRADFORD, WILLIAM (painter) BRAS D'OR
BRADFORD (England) BRASDOR, PIERRE
BRADFORD (Pennsylvania, U.S.A.) BRASIDAS
BRADFORD CLAY BRASS (Nigeria)
BRADFORD-ON-AVON BRASS (alloy)
BRADLAUGH, CHARLES BRASSES, MONUMENTAL
BRADLEY, GEORGE GRANVILLE BRASSEUR DE BOURBOURG, CHARLES
BRADLEY, JAMES BRASSEY, THOMAS
BRADSHAW, GEORGE BRASSO
BRADSHAW, HENRY (English poet) BRATHWAIT, RICHARD
BRADSHAW, HENRY (British scholar) BRATIANU, ION C.
BRADSHAW, JOHN BRATLANDSDAL
BRADWARDINE, THOMAS BRATTISHING
BRADY, NICHOLAS BRATTLEBORO
BRAEKELEER, HENRI JEAN DE BRAUNAU
BRAEMAR BRAUNSBERG
BRAG BRAVO
BRAGA BRAWLING
BRAGANZA BRAY, SIR REGINALD
BRAGG, BRAXTON BRAY, THOMAS
BRAGI BRAY (England)
BRAHAM, JOHN BRAY (Ireland)
BRAHE, PER BRAYLEY, EDWARD WEDLAKE
BRAHE, TYCHO BRAZIER
BRAHMAN BRAZIL (legendary island)
BRAHMANA BRAZIL (republic)
BRAHMANISM BRAZIL (Indiana, U.S.A.)
BRAHMAPUTRA BRAZIL NUTS
BRAHMA SAMAJ BRAZIL WOOD
BRAHMS, JOHANNES BRAZING AND SOLDERING
BRAHUI BRAZZA, PIERRE PAUL SAVORGNAN DE
BRAID BRAZZA
BRAIDWOOD, THOMAS BREACH
BRAILA BREAD
BRAIN BREADALBANE, JOHN CAMPBELL
BRAINERD, DAVID BREADALBANE
BRAINERD BREAD-FRUIT
BRAINTREE (Essex, England) BREAKING BULK
BRAINTREE (Massachusetts, U.S.A.) BREAKWATER
BRAKE (town of Germany) BREAL, MICHEL JULES ALFRED
BRAKE (engineering) BREAM
BRAKELOND, JOCELYN DE BREAST
BRAMAH, JOSEPH BREAUTE, FALKES DE
BRAMANTE BRECCIA
BRAMPTON, HENRY HAWKINS BRECHIN
BRAMPTON BRECKINRIDGE, JOHN CABELL
BRAMWELL, GEORGE WILLIAM BRAMWELL BRECON
BRAN (Welsh hero) BRECONSHIRE
BRAN (husk of cereals) BREDA
BRANCH BREDAEL, JAN FRANS VAN
BRANCO BREDERODE, HENRY
BRANCOVAN BREDOW, GOTTFRIED GABRIEL
BRAND, JOHN BREDOW
BRAND, SIR JOHN HENRY BREECH
BRANDE, WILLIAM THOMAS BREEDS AND BREEDING
BRANDENBURG (Prussian electorate) BREEZE
BRANDENBURG (Prussian province) BREGENZ
BRANDENBURG (town of Germany) BREHON LAWS
BRANDER, GUSTAVUS BREISACH
BRANDES, GEORG MORRIS COHEN BREISGAU
BRANDING BREISLAK, SCIPIONE
BRANDIS, CHRISTIAN AUGUST BREITENFELD
BRANDON (Canada) BREMEN (German state)
BRANDON (England) BREMEN (German city)
BRANDY BREMER, FREDRIKA
BRANDYWINE BREMERHAVEN
BRANFORD BRENDAN
BRANGWYN, FRANK BRENHAM
BRANKS BRENNER PASS
BRANT, JOSEPH BRENNUS
BRANT, SEBASTIAN BRENTANO, KLEMENS
BRANTFORD BRENTANO, LUDWIG JOSEPH
BRANTINGHAM, THOMAS DE BRENTFORD
BRANTOME, PIERRE DE BOURDEILLE BRENTON, SIR JAHLEEL
BRANTOME BRENTWOOD
BRANXHOLM BRENZ, JOHANN
BRANXTON BREQUIGNY, LOUIS GEORGES FEUDRIX DE
BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1590-1657), American colonial governor and historian,
was born in Austerfield, Yorkshire, England, probably in March 1590. He
became somewhat estranged from his family, which was one of considerable
importance in the locality, when in early youth he joined the Puritan
sect known as Separatists, and united in membership with the
congregation at Scrooby. He prepared in 1607, with other members of the
church, to migrate to Holland, but the plan was discovered and several
of the leaders, among them Bradford, were imprisoned. In the year
following, however, he joined the English colony at Amsterdam, where he
learned the trade of silk weaving. He subsequently sold his Yorkshire
property and embarked in business on his own account at Leiden, where
the English refugees had removed. He became an active advocate of the
proposed emigration to America, was one of the party that sailed in the
"Mayflower" in September 1620, and was one of the signers of the compact
on shipboard in Cape Cod Bay. After the death of Governor John Carver in
April 1621, Bradford was elected governor of Plymouth Colony, and served
as such, with the exception of five years (1633, 1634, 1636, 1638 and
1644) until shortly before his death. After 1624, at Bradford's
suggestion, a board of five and later seven assistants was chosen
annually to share the executive responsibility. Bradford's rule was firm
and judicious, and to his guidance more than to that of any other man
the prosperity of the Plymouth Colony was due. His tact and kindness in
dealing with the Indians helped to relieve the colony from the conflicts
with which almost every other settlement was afflicted. In 1630 the
council for New England granted to "William Bradford, his heires,
associatts, and assignes," a new patent enlarging the original grant of
territory made to the Plymouth settlers. This patent Bradford in the
name of the trustees made over to the body corporate of the colony in
1641. Bradford died in Plymouth on the 9th of May 1657. He was the
author of a very important historical work, the _History of Plimouth
Plantation_ (until 1646), first published in the _Proceedings_ of the
Massachusetts Historical Society for 1856, and later by the state of
Massachusetts (Boston, 1898), and in facsimile, with an introduction by
John A. Doyle, in 1896. The manuscript disappeared from Boston during
the War of Independence, was discovered in the Fulham library, London,
in 1855, and was returned by the bishop of London to the state of
Massachusetts in 1897. This work has been of inestimable value to
writers on the history of the Pilgrims, and was freely used, in
manuscript, by Morton, Hubbard, Mather, Prince and Hutchinson. Bradford
was also undoubtedly part author, with Edward Winslow, of the "Diary of
Occurrences" published in Mourts' _Relation_, edited by Dr H.M. Dexter
(Boston, 1865). He also wrote a series of _Dialogues_, on church
government, published in the Massachusetts Historical Society's
Publications (1870.)
For Bradford's ancestry and early life see Joseph Hunter, _Collections
concerning the Founders of New Plymouth_, in Massachusetts Historical
Society's _Collections_ (Boston, 1852); also the quaint sketch in
Cotton Mather's _Magnalia_ (London, 1702), and a chapter in Williston
Walker's _Ten New England Leaders_ (New York, 1901).
BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1663-1752), American colonial printer, was born in
Leicestershire, England, on the 20th of May 1663. He learned the
printer's trade in London with Andrew Sowle, and in 1682 emigrated with
William Penn to Pennsylvania, where in 1685 he introduced the "art and
mystery" of printing into the Middle Colonies. His first imprint was an
almanac, _Kalendarium Pennsilvaniense or America's Messenger_ (1685). At
the outset he was ordered "not to print anything but what shall have
lycence from ye council," and in 1692, the colony then being torn by
schism, he issued a tract for the minority sect of Friends, whereupon
his press was seized and he was arrested. He was released, however, and
his press was restored on his appeal to Governor Benjamin Fletcher. In
1690, with William Rittenhouse (1644-1708) and others, he established in
Roxboro, Pennsylvania, now a part of Philadelphia, the first paper mill
in America. In the spring of 1693 he removed to New York, where he was
appointed royal printer for the colony, a position which he held for
more than fifty years; and on the 8th of November 1725 he issued the
first number of the _New York Gazette_, the first paper established in
New York and from 1725 to 1733 the only paper in the colony. Bradford
died in New York on the 23rd of May 1752.
His son, ANDREW SOWLE BRADFORD (1686-1742), removed from New York to
Philadelphia in 1712, and there on the 22nd of December 1719 issued the
first number of the _American Weekly Mercury_, the first newspaper in
the Middle Colonies. Benjamin Franklin, for a time a compositor in the
office, characterized the paper as "a paltry thing, in no way
interesting"; but it was continued for many years and was edited by
Bradford until his death.
The latter's nephew, WILLIAM BRADFORD (1722-1791), established in
December 1742 the _Pennsylvania Journal and Weekly Advertiser_, which
was for sixty years under his control or that of his son, and which in
1774-1775 bore the oft-reproduced device of a divided serpent with the
motto "Unite or Die." He served in the War of American Independence,
rising to the rank of colonel. His son, WILLIAM BRADFORD (1755-1795),
also served in the War of Independence, and afterwards was
attorney-general of Pennsylvania (1791), a judge of the supreme court of
the state, and in 1794-1795 attorney-general of the United States.
BRADFORD, WILLIAM (1827-1892), American marine painter, was born at New
Bedford, Massachusetts. He was a Quaker, and was self-taught, painting
the ships and the marine views he saw along the coast of Massachusetts,
Labrador and Nova Scotia; he went on several Arctic expeditions with Dr
Hayes, and was the first American painter to portray the frozen regions
of the north. His pictures attracted much attention by reason of their
novelty and gorgeous colour effects. His "Steamer 'Panther' in Melville
Bay, under the Light of the Midnight Sun" was exhibited at the Royal
Academy in London in 1875. Bradford was a member of the National Academy
of Design, New York, and died in that city on the 25th of April 1892.
His style was somewhat influenced by Albert van Beest, who worked with
Bradford at Fairhaven for a time; but Bradford is minute and observant
of detail where van Beest's aim is general effect.
BRADFORD, a city, and municipal, county and parliamentary borough, in
the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, 192 m. N.N.W. of London and 8 m.
W. of Leeds. Pop. (1891) 265,728; (1901) 279,767. It is served by the
Midland and the North Eastern railways (Midland station), and by the
Great Northern and the Lancashire & Yorkshire railways (Exchange
station). It lies in a small valley opening southward from that of the
Aire, and extends up the hills on either side. Most of the principal
streets radiate from a centre between the Midland and Exchange stations
and the town hall. This last is a handsome building, opened in 1873,
surmounted by a bell tower. The exterior is ornamented with statues of
English monarchs. The council-chamber contains excellent wood-carving.
The extension of the building was undertaken in 1905. The parish church
of St Peter is Perpendicular, dating from 1485, and occupies the site of
a Norman church. Its most noteworthy feature is the fine original roof
of oak. There was no other church in the town until 1815, but modern
churches and chapels are numerous. Among educational institutions, the
grammar school existed in the 16th century, and in 1663 received a
charter of incorporation from Charles II. It occupies a building erected
in 1873, and is largely endowed, possessing several scholarships founded
by prominent citizens. The technical college, under the corporation
since 1899, was opened in 1882. A mechanics' institute was founded in
1832, and in 1871 the handsome mechanics' hall, close to the town hall,
was opened. Other establishments are the Airedale College of students
for the Independent ministry, and the United Independent College (1888).
The general infirmary is the principal of numerous charitable
institutions. The most noteworthy public buildings beside the town hall
are St George's hall (1853), used for concerts and public meetings, the
exchange (1867), extensive market buildings, and two court-houses. The
Cartwright memorial hall, principally the gift of Lord Masham, opened in
1904 and containing an art gallery and museum, commemorates Dr Edmund
Cartwright (1743-1823) as the inventor of the power-loom and the
combing-machine. The hall stands in Lister Park, and was opened
immediately before, and used in connexion with, the industrial
exhibition held here in 1904. The Temperance hall is of interest
inasmuch as the first hall of this character in England was erected at
Bradford in 1837. Some of the great warehouses are of considerable
architectural merit. Statues commemorate several of those who have been
foremost in the development of the city, such as Sir Titus Salt, Mr S.C.
Lister (Lord Masham), and W.E. Forster. Of several parks the largest are
Lister, Peel, and Bowling parks, each exceeding fifty acres. In the last
is an ancient and picturesque mansion, which formerly belonged to the
Bowling or Bolling family. A large acreage of high-lying moorland near
the city is maintained by the corporation as a public recreation ground.
As a commercial centre Bradford is advantageously placed with regard to
both railway communication and connexion with the Humber and with
Liverpool by canal, and through the presence in its immediate vicinity
of valuable deposits of coal and iron. The principal textile
manufactures in order of importance are worsted, employing some 36,000
hands, females considerably outnumbering males; woollens, employing some
8000, silk and cotton. The corporation maintains a conditioning-hall for
testing textile materials. A new hall was opened in 1902. Engineering
and iron works (as at Bowling and Low Moor) are extensive; and the
freestone of the neighbourhood is largely quarried, and in Bradford
itself its use is general for building. It blackens easily under the
influence of smoke, and the town has consequently a somewhat gloomy
appearance. The trade of Bradford, according to an official estimate,
advanced between 1836 and 1884 from a total of five to at least
thirty-five millions sterling, and from not more than six to at least
fifty staple articles. The annual turn-over in the staple trade is
estimated at about one hundred millions sterling.
Bradford was created a city in 1897. The parliamentary borough returned
two members from 1832 until 1885, when it was divided into three
divisions, each returning one member. The county borough was created in
1888. Its boundaries include the suburbs, formerly separate urban
districts, of Eccleshill, Idle and others. The corporation consists of a
lord mayor (this dignity was conferred in 1907), 21 aldermen, and 63
councillors. One feature of municipal activity in Bradford deserves
special notice--there is a municipal railway, opened in 1907, extending
from Pateley Bridge to Lofthouse (6 m.) and serving the Nidd valley,
the district from which the main water-supply of the city is obtained.
Area of the city, 22,879 acres.
Bradford, which is mentioned as having belonged before 1066, with
several other manors in Yorkshire, to one Gamel, appears to have been
almost destroyed during the conquest of the north of England and was
still waste in 1086. By that time it had been granted to Ilbert de Lacy,
in whose family it continued until 1311. The inquisition taken after the
death of Henry de Lacy, earl of Lincoln, in that year gives several
interesting facts about the manor; the earl had there a hall or
manor-house, a fulling mill, a market every Sunday, and a fair on the
feast of St Andrew. There were also certain burgesses holding
twenty-eight burgages. Alice, only daughter and heiress of Henry de
Lacy, married Thomas Plantagenet, earl of Lancaster, and on the
attainder of her husband she and Joan, widow of Henry, were obliged to
release their rights in the manor to the king. The earl of Lancaster's
attainder being reversed in 1327, Bradford, with his other property, was
restored to his brother and heir, Henry Plantagenet, but again passed to
the crown on the accession of Henry IV., through the marriage of John of
Gaunt with Blanche, one of the daughters and heirs of Henry Plantagenet.
Bradford was evidently a borough by prescription and was not
incorporated until 1847. Previous to that date the chief officer in the
town had been the chief constable, who was appointed annually at the
court leet of the manor. Before the 19th century Bradford was never
represented in parliament, but in 1832 it was created a parliamentary
borough returning two members. A weekly market on Thursdays was granted
to Edward de Lacy in 1251 and confirmed in 1294 to Henry de Lacy, earl
of Lincoln, with the additional grant of a fair on the eve and day of St
Peter ad Vincula and three days following. In 1481 Edward IV. granted to
certain feoffees in whom he had vested his manor of Bradford a market on
Thursday every week and two yearly fairs, one on the feast of the
Deposition of St William of York and two days preceding, the other on
the feast of St Peter in Cathedra and two days preceding.
From the mention of a fulling mill in 1311 it is possible that woollen
manufacture had been begun at that time. By the reign of Henry VIII. it
had become an important industry and added much to the status of the
town. Towards the end of the 17th and beginning of the 18th century the
woollen trade decreased and worsted manufacture began to take its place.
Leland in his _Itinerary_ says that Bradford is "a praty quik Market
Toune. It standith much by clothing." In 1773 a piece hall was erected
and for many years served as a market-place for the manufacturers and
merchants of the district. On the introduction of steam-power and
machinery the worsted trade advanced with great rapidity. The first mill
in Bradford was built in 1798; there were 20 mills in the town in 1820,
34 in 1833, and 70 in 1841; and at the present time there are over 300,
of much greater magnitude than the earlier factories. In 1836 Mr
(afterwards Sir) Titus Salt developed the alpaca manufacture in the
town; mohair was shortly afterwards introduced; and the great works at
Saltaire were opened (see SHIPLEY). Later, Mr S.C. Lister (Lord Masham)
introduced the silk and velvet manufacture, having invented a process of
manipulating silk waste, whereby what was previously treated as refuse
is made into goods that will compete with those manufactured from the
perfect cocoon.
See John James, _History of Bradford_ (1844, new and enlarged ed.,
1866); A. Holroyd, _Collectanea Bradfordiana_ (1873); _Victoria County
History--Yorkshire_.
BRADFORD, a city of McKean county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., near the N.
border of the state, about 80 m. E. by S. of Erie. Pop. (1890) 10,514;
(1900) 15,029, of whom 2211 were foreign-born; (1910 census) 14,544. It
is served by the Pennsylvania, the Erie, and the Buffalo, Rochester &
Pittsburg railways, and is connected with Olean, New York, by an
electric line. Bradford is situated 1427 ft. above sea-level in the
valley of the Tuna, and is shut in by hills on either side. Since 1876
it has been one of the most important oil centres of the state, and it
has been connected by pipe lines with cities along the Atlantic coast;
petroleum refining is an important industry. Among the city's
manufactures are boilers, machines, glass, chemicals, terra cotta,
brick, iron pipes and couplings, gas engines, cutlery and silk. The
place was first settled about 1827; in 1838 it was laid out as a town
and named Littleton; in 1858 the present name, in honour of William
Bradford (1755-1795), was substituted; and Bradford was incorporated as
a borough in 1873, and was chartered as a city in 1879. Kendall borough
was annexed to Bradford in 1893.
BRADFORD CLAY, in geology, a thin, rather inconstant bed of clay or marl
situated in England at the base of the Forest Marble, the two together
constituting the Bradfordian group in the Bathonian series of Jurassic
rocks. The term "Bradford Clay" appears to have been first used by J.
de. C. Sowerby in 1823 (_Mineral Conchology_, vol. v.) as an alternative
for W. Smith's "Clay on Upper Oolite." The clay came into notice late in
the 18th century on account of the local abundance of the crinoid
_Apiocrinus Parkinsoni_. It takes its name from Bradford-on-Avon in
Wiltshire, whence it is traceable southward to the Dorset coast and
northward towards Cirencester. It may be regarded as a local phase of
the basement beds of the Forest Marble, from which it cannot be
separated upon either stratigraphical or palaeontological grounds. It is
seldom more than 10 ft. thick, and it contains as a rule a few irregular
layers of limestone and calcareous sandstone. The lowest layer is often
highly fossiliferous; some of the common forms being _Arca minuta,
Ostrea gregaria, Waldheimia digona, Terebratula coarctata, Cidaris
bradfordensis_, &c.
See H.B. Woodward, "Jurassic Rocks of Britain," _Mem. Geol. Survey_,
vol. iv. (1904).
BRADFORD-ON-AVON, a market town in the Westbury parliamentary division
of Wiltshire, England, on the rivers Avon and Kennet, and the Kennet &
Avon Canal, 98 m. W. by S. of London by the Great Western railway. Pop.
of urban district (1901) 4514. Its houses, all built of grey stone, rise
in picturesque disorder up the steep sides of the Avon valley, here
crossed by an ancient bridge of nine arches, with a chapel in the
centre. Among many places of worship may be mentioned the restored
parish church of Holy Trinity, which dates from the 12th century and
contains some interesting monuments and brasses; and the Perpendicular
Hermitage or Tory chapel, with a 15th or 16th century chantry-house. But
most notable is the Saxon church of St Lawrence, the foundation of which
is generally attributed, according to William of Malmesbury (1125), to
St Aldhelm, early in the 8th century. It consists of a chancel, nave and
porch, in such unchanged condition that E.A. Freeman considered it "the
most perfect surviving church of its kind in England, if not in Europe."
It has more lately, however, been held that the present building is not
Aldhelm's, but a restoration, dating from about 975, and attributable to
the influence of Dunstan, archbishop of Canterbury. Kingston House, long
the seat of the dukes of Kingston, is a beautiful example of early
17th-century domestic architecture. The local industries include the
manufacture of rubber goods, brewing, quarrying and iron-founding.
Bradford (Bradauford, Bradeford) was the site of a battle in 652
between Kenwal and his kinsman Cuthred. A monastery existed here in
the 8th century, of which St Aldhelm was abbot at the time of his
being made bishop of Sherborne in A.D. 705. In 1001 AEthelred gave this
monastery and the town of Bradford to the nunnery of Shaftesbury, in
order that the nuns might have a safe refuge against the insults of
the Danes. No mention of the monastery occurs after the Conquest, but
the nunnery of Shaftesbury retained the lordship of the manor until
the dissolution in the reign of Henry VIII. In a synod held here in
954, Dunstan was elected bishop of Winchester. Bradford appears as a
borough in the Domesday survey, and is there assessed at 42 hides. No
charter of incorporation is recorded, however, and after returning two
members to the parliament of 1295 the town does not appear to have
enjoyed any of the privileges of a borough. The market is of ancient
origin, and was formerly held on Monday; in the survey the tolls are
assessed at 45 shillings. Bradford was at one time the centre of the
clothing industry in the west of England, and was especially famous
for its broadcloths and mixtures, the waters of the Avon being
especially favourable to the production of good colours and superior
dyes. The industry declined in the 18th century, and in 1740 we find
the woollen merchants of Bradford petitioning for an act of parliament
to improve their trade and so re-establish their credit in foreign
markets.
BRADLAUGH, CHARLES (1833-1891), English free-thinker and politician, was
born at Hoxton, London, on the 26th of September 1833. His father was a
poor solicitor's clerk, who also had a small business as a law
stationer, and his mother had been a nursemaid. At twelve years old he
became office-boy to his father's employer, and at fourteen wharf-clerk
and cashier to a coal merchant in the City Road. He had been baptized
and brought up in the Church of England, but he now came into contact
with a group of free-thinkers who were disciples of Richard Carlile. He
was hastily labelled an "atheist," and was turned out of his situation.
Thus driven into the arms of the secularists, he managed to earn a
living by odd jobs, and became further immersed in the study of
free-thought. At the end of 1850 he enlisted as a soldier, but in 1853
was bought out with money provided by his mother. He then found
employment as a lawyer's clerk, and gradually became known as a
free-thought lecturer, under the name of "Iconoclast." From 1860 he
conducted the _National Reformer_ for several years, and displayed much
resource in legal defence when the paper was prosecuted by the
government on account of its alleged blasphemy and sedition in
1868-1869. Bradlaugh became notorious as a leading "infidel," and was
supported by the sympathy of those who were enthusiasts at that time for
liberty of speech and thought. He was a constant figure in the law
courts; and his competence to take the oath was continually being called
in question, while his atheism and republican opinions were adduced as
reasons why no jury should give damages for attacks on his character. In
1874 he became acquainted with Mrs Annie Besant (b. 1847), who
afterwards became famous for her gifts as a lecturer on socialism and
theosophy. She began by writing for the _National Reformer_ and soon
became co-editor. In 1876 the Bristol publisher of an American pamphlet
on the population question, called _Fruits of Philosophy_, was indicted
for selling a work full of indecent physiological details, and, pleading
guilty, was lightly sentenced; but Bradlaugh and Mrs Besant took the
matter up, in order to vindicate their ideas of liberty, and
aggressively republished and circulated the pamphlet. The prosecution
which resulted created considerable scandal. They were convicted and
sentenced to a heavy fine and imprisonment, but the sentence was stayed
and the indictment ultimately quashed on a technical point. The affair,
however, had several side issues in the courts and led to much prejudice
against the defendants, the distinction being ignored between a protest
against the suppression of opinion and the championship of the
particular opinions in question. Mrs Besant's close alliance with
Bradlaugh eventually terminated in 1886, when she drifted from
secularism, first into socialistic and labour agitation and then into
theosophy as a pupil of Mme Blavatsky. Bradlaugh himself took up
politics with increasing fervour. He had been unsuccessful in standing
for Northampton in 1868, but in 1880 he was returned by that
constituency to parliament as an advanced Radical. A long and
sensational parliamentary struggle now began. He claimed to be allowed
to affirm under the Parliamentary Oaths Act, and the rejection of this
pretension, and the refusal to allow him to take the oath on his
professing his willingness to do so, terminated in Bradlaugh's victory
in 1886. But this result was not obtained without protracted scenes in
the House, in which Lord Randolph Churchill took a leading part. When
the long struggle was over, the public had gradually got used to
Bradlaugh, and his transparent honesty and courageous contempt for mere
popularity gained him increasing respect. Experience of public life in
the House of Commons appeared to give him a more balanced view of
things; and before he died, on the 30th of January 1891, the progress of
events was such that it was beginning to be said of him that he was in a
fair way to end as a Conservative. Hard, arrogant and dogmatic, with a
powerful physique and a real gift for popular oratory, he was a natural
leader in causes which had society against them, but his sincerity was
as unquestionable as his combativeness.
His _Life_ was written, from a sympathetic point of view, with much
interesting detail as to the history of secularism, by his daughter,
Mrs Bradlaugh Bonner, and J.M. Robertson (1894).
BRADLEY, GEORGE GRANVILLE (1821-1903), English divine and scholar, was
born on the 11th of December 1821, his father, Charles Bradley, being at
that time vicar of Glasbury, Brecon. He was educated at Rugby under
Thomas Arnold, and at University College, Oxford, of which he became a
fellow in 1844. He was an assistant master at Rugby from 1846 to 1858,
when he succeeded G.E.L. Cotton as headmaster at Marlborough. In 1870 he
was elected master of his old college at Oxford, and in August 1881 he
was made dean of Westminster in succession to A.P. Stanley, whose pupil
and intimate friend he had been, and whose biographer he became. Besides
his _Recollections of A.P. Stanley_ (1883) and _Life of Dean Stanley_
(1892), he published _Aids to writing Latin Prose Composition_ and
_Lectures on Job_ (1884) and _Ecclesiastes_ (1885). He took part in the
coronation of Edward VII., resigned the deanery in 1902, and died on the
13th of March 1903.
Dean Bradley's family produced various other members distinguished in
literature. His half-brother, ANDREW CECIL BRADLEY (b. 1851), fellow of
Balliol, Oxford, became professor of modern literature and history
(1881) at University College, Liverpool, and in 1889 regius professor of
English language and literature at Glasgow University; and he was
professor of poetry at Oxford (1901-1906). Of Dean Bradley's own
children the most distinguished in literature were his son, ARTHUR
GRANVILLE BRADLEY (b. 1850), author of various historical and
topographical works; and especially his daughter, Mrs MARGARET LOUISA
WOODS (b. 1856), wife of the Rev. Henry George Woods, president of
Trinity, Oxford (1887-1897), and master of the Temple (1904), London.
Mrs Woods became well known for her accomplished verse (_Lyrics and
Ballads_, 1889), largely influenced by Robert Bridges, and for her
novels, of which her _Village Tragedy_ (1887) was the earliest and
strongest.
BRADLEY, JAMES (1693-1762), English astronomer, was born at Sherborne in
Gloucestershire in March 1693. He entered Balliol College, Oxford, on
the 15th of March 1711, and took degrees of B.A. and M.A. in 1714 and
1717 respectively. His early observations were made at the rectory of
Wanstead in Essex, under the tutelage of his uncle, the Rev. James Pound
(1669-1724), himself a skilled astronomer, and he was elected a fellow
of the Royal Society on the 6th of November 1718. He took orders on his
presentation to the vicarage of Bridstow in the following year, and a
small sinecure living in Wales was besides procured for him by his
friend Samuel Molyneux (1689-1728). He, however, resigned his
ecclesiastical preferments in 1721, on his appointment to the Savilian
professorship of astronomy at Oxford, while as reader on experimental
philosophy (1729-1760) he delivered 79 courses of lectures in the
Ashmolean museum. His memorable discovery of the aberration of light
(see ABERRATION) was communicated to the Royal Society in January 1729
(_Phil. Trans._ xxxv. 637). The observations upon which it was founded
were made at Molyneux's house on Kew Green. He refrained from announcing
the supplementary detection of nutation (q.v.) until the 14th of
February 1748 (_Phil. Trans._ xlv. 1), when he had tested its reality by
minute observations during an entire revolution (18.6 years) of the
moon's nodes. He had meantime (in 1742) been appointed to succeed Edmund
Halley as astronomer royal; his enhanced reputation enabled him to apply
successfully for an instrumental outfit at a cost of L1000; and with an
8-foot quadrant completed for him in 1750 by John Bird (1700-1776), he
accumulated at Greenwich in ten years materials of inestimable value for
the reform of astronomy. A crown pension of L250 a year was conferred
upon him in 1752. He retired in broken health, nine years later, to
Chalford in Gloucestershire, and there died on the 13th of July 1762.
The printing of his observations was delayed by disputes about their
ownership; but they were finally issued from the Clarendon Press,
Oxford, in two folio volumes (1798, 1805). The insight and industry of
F.W. Bessel were, however, needed for the development of their
fundamental importance.
Rigaud's Memoir prefixed to _Miscellaneous Works and Correspondence of
James Bradley, D.D._ (Oxford, 1832), is practically exhaustive. Other
sources of information are: _New and General Biographical Dictionary_,
xii. 54 (1767); _Biog. Brit._ (Kippis); Fouchy's "Eloge," _Paris
Memoirs_ (1762), p. 231 (Histoire); Delambre's _Hist. de l'astronomie
au 18^me siecle_, p. 413.
BRADSHAW, GEORGE (1801-1853), English printer and publisher, was born at
Windsor Bridge, Pendleton, Lancashire, on the 29th of July 1801. On
leaving school he was apprenticed to an engraver at Manchester,
eventually setting up on his own account in that city as an engraver and
printer--principally of maps. His name was already known as the
publisher of _Bradshaw's Maps of Inland Navigation_, when in 1839, soon
after the introduction of railways, he published, at sixpence,
_Bradshaw's Railway Time Tables_, the title being changed in 1840 to
_Bradshaw's Railway Companion_, and the price raised to one shilling. A
new volume was issued at occasional intervals, a supplementary monthly
time-sheet serving to keep the book up to date. In December 1841, acting
on a suggestion made by his London agent, Mr W.J. Adams, Bradshaw
reduced the price of his time-tables to the original sixpence, and began
to issue them monthly under the title _Bradshaw's Monthly Railway
Guide._ In June 1847 was issued the first number of _Bradshaw's
Continental Railway Guide_, giving the time-tables of the Continental
railways just as _Bradshaw's Monthly Railway Guide_ gave the time-tables
of the railways of the United Kingdom. Bradshaw, who was a well-known
member of the Society of Friends, and gave considerable time to
philanthropic work, died in 1853.
BRADSHAW, HENRY (c. 1450-1513), English poet, was born at Chester. In
his boyhood he was received into the Benedictine monastery of St
Werburgh, and after studying with other novices of his order at
Gloucester (afterwards Worcester) College, Oxford, he returned to his
monastery at Chester. He wrote a Latin treatise _De antiquitate et
magnificentia Urbis Cestriae_, which is lost, and a life of the patron
saint of his monastery in English seven-lined stanza. This work was
completed in the year of its author's death, 1513, mentioned in "A
balade to the auctour" printed at the close of the work. A second ballad
describes him as "Harry Braddeshaa, of Chestre abbey monke." Bradshaw
disclaims the merit of originality and quotes the authorities from which
he translates--Bede, William of Malmesbury, Giraldus Cambrensis, Alfred
of Beverley, Henry of Huntingdon, Ranulph Higden, and especially the
"Passionary" or life of the saint preserved in the monastery. The poem,
therefore, which is defined by its editor, Dr Carl Horstmann, as a
"legendary epic," is rather a compilation than a translation. It
contains a good deal of history beside the actual life of the saint. St
Werburgh was the daughter of Wulfere, king of Mercia, and Bradshaw gives
a description of the kingdom of Mercia, with a full account of its royal
house. He relates the history of St Ermenilde and St Sexburge, mother
and grandmother of Werburgh, who were successively abbesses of Ely. He
does not neglect the miraculous elements of the story, but he is more
attracted by historical fact than legend, and the second book narrates
the Danish invasion of 875, and describes the history and antiquities of
Chester, from its foundation by the legendary giant Leon Gaur, from
which he derives the British name of Caerleon, down to the great fire
which devastated the city in 1180, but was suddenly extinguished when
the shrine of St Werburgh was carried in procession through the streets.
_The Holy Lyfe and History of saynt Werburge very frutefull for all
Christen people to rede_ (printed by Richard Pynson, 1521) has been very
variously estimated. Thomas Warton, who deals with Bradshaw at some
length,[1] quotes as the most splendid passage of the poem the
description of the feast preceding Werburgh's entry into the religious
life. He considered Bradshaw's versification "infinitely inferior to
Lydgate's worst manner." Dr Horstmann, on the other hand, finds in the
poem "original genius, of a truly epic tone, with a native simplicity
of feeling which sometimes reminds the reader of Homer." Most readers
will probably adopt a view between these extremes. Bradshaw expresses
the humblest opinion of his own abilities, and he certainly had no
delicate ear for rhythm. His sincerity is abundantly evident, and his
piety is admitted even by John Bale[2], hostile as he was to monkish
writers. W. Herbert[3] thought that a _Lyfe of Saynt Radegunde_, also
printed by Pynson, was certainly by Bradshaw. The only extant copy is in
the Britwell library.
Pynson's edition of the _Holy Lyfe_ is very rare, only five copies
being known. A reprint copying the original type was edited by Mr.
Edward Hawkins for the Chetham Society in 1848, and by Dr Carl
Hortsmann for the Early English Text Society in 1887.