DIRECTIONS FOR PREPARING INDIVIDUAL TISSUES.
*Normal histology.*--It cannot be too strongly impressed on the
beginner that a thorough mastery of the normal appearances of tissues
and organs is absolutely necessary before attempting to make an
accurate study of morbid changes in them. He should not be satisfied
with examining one specimen of an organ but as many as he conveniently
can, in order to be fully acquainted with the many deviations from
normal which may exist without actual disease. He should therefore
obtain several animals, such as small dogs, cats, rabbits, frogs, &c.,
and remove their organs with all care, and harden them in the various
appropriate fluids. He should also obtain specimens of normal human
organs from the post-mortem room. Many normal tissues (skin, muscle,
tendon, bone, &c.), can also be prepared from a limb amputated for an
accident to a healthy patient. By preparing specimens in this way he
will not only become the possessor of a set of slides illustrating
normal histology, but will find also that he has acquired that
proficiency in hardening and staining the specimens which practice
alone can give.
The following account of the method of preparing different tissues is
merely intended to indicate the lines on which the beginner should
proceed. After some practice he will be quite able to select the modes
of hardening and staining which special circumstances or cases may seem
to demand.
The first part of these directions will refer to the preparation of
normal tissues, the second part to morbid histology.
*Blood.*--For special methods of examination see Chapter VII.
*Blood crystals--Hæmoglobin crystals*, obtained from the blood of an
animal, or enough may be collected at any operation. A little water
or a little ether is added to the blood which is allowed to stand for
half-an-hour after which a drop is allowed to evaporate slowly on a
clean slide.
*Hæmatin crystals.*--The student should make himself thoroughly
familiar with these, as their presence affords positive proof of the
existence of blood colouring matter in a stain.
To obtain them a drop of blood should be allowed to dry on a slide. The
dried blood is scraped into a little heap with a small piece of clean
glass, and a drop of glacial acetic acid added. As it evaporates minute
reddish-brown acicular crystals will appear.
*Hæmatoidin crystals.*--Obtained from the site of a bruise, or an old
hæmorrhage, _e.g._, a cerebral apoplexy or a hæmatocele.
*Simple squamous epithelium.*--(_Endothelium_). Carefully strip off the
lining of the parietal pericardium or parietal pleura, of a recently
killed animal, or spread out its omentum on a piece of cork, and (1)
stain the intercellular cement with nitrate of silver (p. 82) so as
to reveal the outlines of the cells. (2) Stain other specimens with
hæmatoxyline or alum carmine to reveal the nuclei.
*Stratified squamous epithelium.*--Specimens from skin of various
parts, finger, groin, lip, tongue should be prepared. Harden in
Müller’s fluid.
*Transitional epithelium.*--Occurs in the pelvis of the kidney, ureter
and bladder. It is very readily detached, especially if not hardened
immediately after death. Remove as early as possible. If the bladder
is taken it should be cut open and pinned out as flat as possible.
Harden in osmic acid, or Müller’s fluid and spirit. Embed preferably in
celloidin.
*Simple columnar epithelium.*--Occurs in many parts. It may be studied
in the salivary ducts, the intestine, kidney, &c., of any mammal.
*Goblet-cells.*--Seen abundantly among the columnar cells of the
intestinal glands, and in the mucous glands of the mouth and of the
cervix uteri.
*Stratified columnar epithelium.*--Occurs only in the urethra. Harden
the penis of a cat in Müller’s fluid, and cut transverse sections.
*Ciliated epithelium.*--Harden the trachea of a recently killed cat in
osmic acid or Müller’s fluid. Beautiful specimens may also be obtained
from an ordinary nasal polypus, which should be put into hardening
fluid immediately after removal.
Stain all sections of epithelium in picrocarmine, and in eosine and
hæmatoxyline.
*Ordinary areolar tissue.*--Difficult to obtain free from fat. It may
be studied in the subcutaneous tissue of the section of the cat’s penis
already made. A fragment of the tissue should also be removed and
carefully teased in a drop of picrocarmine. Areolar tissue may also
be studied in sections of skin, and in the capsules of the different
internal organs.
*Elastic tissue.*--May also be studied in most sections of skin. If
the ligamentum nuchæ of a large quadruped (horse, bullock), &c., is
available it yields the best specimens, or the human ligamenta subflava
may be examined. Pin a piece out on a piece of wood or wax. Harden
in Müller’s fluid. Stain in picrocarmine. Both sections and teased
specimens should be prepared.
*Tendon.*--Readily obtained from an amputated limb. Harden in Müller’s
fluid. Make transverse and longitudinal sections. Stain with eosine and
hæmatoxyline.
A preparation should also be made by teasing a little of the fresh
tendon in normal salt solution, and staining with picrocarmine.
*Retiform* or *lymphadenoid tissue*.--Seen in lymphatic glands and
in the lymphoid follicles scattered along the sub-mucous coat of the
alimentary canal.
Prepare sections in the ordinary way. Stain in eosine and hæmatoxyline
or in picrocarmine.
Some sections should also be prepared by pencilling (_i.e._, dabbing
with a camel’s hair brush) or by shaking sections up in a test tube
with water or normal salt solution. By this means the leucocytes are
removed, and the structure of the adenoid tissue itself becomes more
evident.
*Fat.*--Best studied in sections of skin and subcutaneous tissue, or
in the mesentery of the cat. One specimen should be stained with osmic
acid and picrocarmine and mounted in Farrant’s medium, and another in
eosine and hæmatoxyline and mounted in Canada balsam.
*Pigment cells.*--Branched cells are best studied in the living foot
of the frog, where amœboid movements may be seen in them when the
light falling on the retina is made to vary in intensity. Permanent
preparations are most conveniently made from the pallium of the common
snail. The shell is removed, and the pallium snipped out with the
scissors. It is then pinned out flat, hardened for a day in methylated
spirit, and mounted unstained in Farrant’s medium. They are also well
seen in sections of the choroid coat of the eye.
*Hyaline cartilage.*--Specimens may be obtained from any joint,
from the costal cartilages of young animals, or from the thyroid
cartilage and tracheal rings. It may be hardened in spirit. Stain with
picrocarmine, eosine and hæmatoxyline, and with methyl violet.
*Elastic cartilage.*--Prepared from the epiglottis, or from the
cartilages of the ear, _e.g._, of a cat. Harden in spirit. Stain in
picrocarmine or in dilute fuchsin.
*White fibro-cartilage.*--Obtained from intervertebral disc. Prepare
and stain as for hyaline cartilage.
*Bone*:--
*Unsoftened Bone.*--Cut as thin a section as possible with a fine saw.
Rub the section with the hand on a dry oil stone until it is as thin
as possible. Then cement it by Canada balsam (liquefied by warming)
to a piece of plate glass and continue the rubbing process with this,
examining it now and then with the low power to see if it is thin
enough. As soon as it is thin enough it is washed off the slide with
methylated spirit, and washed to get rid of the fine bone dust. It
should then be transferred to turpentine and may be mounted in balsam.
*Softened bone.*--Specimens may be obtained from an amputated limb or
from the femur of a cat.
Specimens should be decalcified in chromic and nitric fluid, and the
hardening completed in spirit. In studying the process of ossification,
_e.g._, in the head of the humerus of a kitten, it is best to embed the
specimen in celloidin before cutting sections, as the trabeculæ of bone
are very delicate, and easily detached.
Very beautiful double staining effects may be obtained with either
picrocarmine, or eosine and hæmatoxyline, and with eosine and methyl
violet.
*Bone marrow.*--To obtain good sections of red bone marrow, take a
piece of the clavicle or a rib, or of one of the carpal or tarsal
bones. Decalcify in chromic and nitric fluid. Embed in celloidin. Stain
with eosine and logwood, eosine and alum carmine, or alum carmine and
picric acid. Mount in Canada balsam. The various cells present in bone
marrow may also be studied by squeezing some fresh marrow from a rib,
and making a cover-glass film, and preparing in exactly the same way as
is directed in the case of blood films on page 116.
*Tooth.*--Best cut _in situ_ from the jaw of a cat. Decalcify in
chromic and nitric fluid, and cut both vertical and transverse
sections. Stain in picrocarmine, or eosine and hæmatoxyline.
*Developing tooth.*--Extremely good specimens may be obtained from
the jaw of a newly-born kitten or puppy. Sections can easily be made
shewing a milk tooth and a developing permanent tooth by its side.
The enamel is dissolved by decalcifying fluids. To study it a specimen
of unsoftened tooth should be made, according to the directions given
for bone.
*Striped muscle.*--Should be studied in various animals.
The leg of an insect such as a cockroach may be hardened in osmic acid.
One leg should be hardened in a straight position so as to fix the
fibrils in the fully extended position, another should be bent up so as
to get specimens of relaxed fibrils.
Portions of muscle should be removed, and teased on a glass slide in
some staining fluid such as picrocarmine, a tenth per cent. solution of
eosine or quarter per cent. of safranine.
Sections of amphibian and mammalian muscle should be prepared to show
their differences in structure. The most convenient part to select is
the tongue, as a view of the fibres is obtained both in longitudinal
and transverse sections. Sections should be stained in eosine and
hæmatoxyline which gives a beautiful effect. For special stains for
intra-muscular nerve endings see page 92.
*Heart muscle.*--A portion should be teased fresh in picrocarmine or
eosine, another portion hardened in Müller’s fluid, and sections made
and stained with eosine and hæmatoxyline.
*Unstriped muscle* may be obtained by teasing a fresh portion of the
muscular coat of the small intestine of an animal, or by sections of
the hardened intestine, bladder or uterus. Stain in picrocarmine or
preferably eosine and hæmatoxyline.
*Nerves.*--The special methods for staining nerve tissues are detailed
in Chapter VI. The student must remember that the ordinary staining
methods are also applicable to nervous tissues.
*Nerve terminations*:--
*Meissner’s corpuscles.*--Take the tip of an index finger immediately
after amputation. Place part of it at once in chloride of gold
solution, and the rest in Müller’s fluid until it is hardened.
Sections stained with chloride of gold should be mounted in Farrant’s
medium. The other sections may be stained in picrocarmine or eosine and
hæmatoxyline.
*Pacini’s corpuscles.*--May be dissected out on the smaller branches
of the digital nerves, or may be found in the mesentery of the cat.
The latter should be spread out on wood, hardened in Müller’s fluid,
stained in hæmatoxyline, and mounted in balsam.
Other forms of tactile corpuscles may be studied in the tongues of
frogs, ducks, or geese. A network of nervous fibrils should be studied
in the cornea. Take the cornea of a newly killed frog or cat and stain
with chloride of gold (p. 82).
The end plates in which the nerves terminate in muscle may be studied
by placing specimens of living muscle of some cold blooded animal into
chloride of gold solution, and staining rather deeply.
*Arteries.*--Take a piece of the aorta, a piece of some medium artery,
as the renal or radial, and harden in Müller’s fluid. Stain in
picrocarmine and always in eosine and hæmatoxyline. Arterioles are best
studied in sections of the various organs. Thus they are seen in each
Malpighian body of the spleen, in the boundary zone of the kidney, and
so on. A longitudinal surface view can also be obtained by staining and
examining the pia mater.
*Veins.*--Remove, harden, and stain in the same way.
*Capillaries.*--May be very well seen in the foot of the frog.
Stun a frog by striking its head, or by chloroforming it. Fix it on a
piece of card with a V shaped notch at one end. Tie one of the hind
feet by means of threads attached to its toes so that the web of the
foot is gently stretched over the V. The foot can then be readily
examined under a 1/2 inch objective. The foot must be brushed from time
to time with normal salt solution to keep it moist. The movement of
blood in the capillaries, &c., can then be studied for an hour or two.
After death the mesentery should be spread out on a piece of wood, and
hardened for a few days in Müller’s fluid.
Stain with eosine and hæmatoxyline.
*Lymphatics.*--Commencement of lymphatics in serous membrane. Stain a
piece of cat’s omentum in nitrate of silver (p. 82) for some minutes.
After washing keep in glycerine for about a week and then stain in
hæmatoxyline and mount in Farrant’s medium.
*Lymphatic glands.*--The lymphatic glands of the neck of the cat may
be used. Harden in Müller’s fluid. Stain in picrocarmine, eosine and
hæmatoxyline.
*Skin and sweat glands.*--Sections should be made from pieces taken
(_a_) from the sole, (_b_) from the skin of the body, (_c_) from the
axilla of an adult to study the pigment. Harden in Müller’s fluid.
Stain in picrocarmine or eosine and hæmatoxyline.
*Hairs and sebaceous glands.*--Take a portion of the scalp, or of
the skin of a puppy. Harden in Müller’s fluid. Stain in eosine and
hæmatoxyline, and mount others unstained.
Hairs from various parts of the body should also be soaked for some
hours in liq. potassæ and mounted unstained in Farrant’s medium. They
may be bleached subsequently by treatment with eau de Javelle (p. 27).
*Brain and spinal cord.*--Must be removed from the body with extreme
care, all stretching or squeezing being avoided. Harden slowly in
Müller’s fluid to which a fourth of its bulk of water may be added.
The best staining reagents to employ are eosine and hæmatoxyline, alum
carmine or borax carmine, aniline blue-black, &c. Staining methods, see
Chapter VI.
*Eye.*--Harden the eye of a recently killed bullock, cat, or other
animal in formal (p. 23), puncturing the sclerotic in places to allow
the hardening fluid to penetrate. In about a week make a horizontal
section through the eye. The anterior half (the lens having been
removed) may be satisfactorily cut in gum. Sections of the crystalline
lens are not very satisfactory. The best way to get specimens of the
fibres is to tease a piece of the fresh lens of a fish (_e.g._, a cod)
in a 1/40 per cent. aqueous solution of eosine. Wash the eosine off the
slide with 1/2 per cent. acetic acid, and mount in Farrant’s solution.
The posterior half of the eye should be embedded in celloidin, as
otherwise it is extremely difficult to get sections of the retina in
its proper relation to the other coats.
Mount some specimens unstained. Stain others with the ordinary stains.
*Internal ear.*--Decalcifying the temporal bone of a cat, dog,
guinea pig, &c., in chromic and nitric fluid. As soon as the bone is
decalcified complete the hardening of the soft parts in methylated
spirit, embed in celloidin, and cut sections in the longitudinal axis
of the cochlea. Owing to the extreme hardness of the bone in adults it
will be found best to use the petrous bone of newly born animals.
The semi-circular canals will be most readily studied in the temporal
bone of fishes, or of birds, _e.g._, the common fowl. They also must be
cut in celloidin, and stained in the ordinary way.
*Nose and olfactory epithelium.*--It is difficult to obtain specimens
from the human subject, but very satisfactory preparations may be made
from the dog, or more conveniently in a new born puppy where the bones
are still cartilaginous. Harden the latter in Müller’s fluid, decalcify
adult specimens in chromic and nitric fluid. Specimens of ciliated
epithelium, &c., will be obtained from the lower part, and of the
special olfactory epithelium from the upper part. Stain in eosine and
hæmatoxyline.
*Lungs.*--Carefully remove the lungs of a cat without injuring the
bronchi or trachea. Introduce a cannula into the trachea and gently
inflate the trachea with air. Ligature the trachea and place the
lung in Müller’s fluid, a weight being attached to keep the organ
submerged. Harden for about six weeks, and then make sections of the
various parts.
To demonstrate the endothelium of the alveoli, inject instead of air,
nitrate of silver. Allow it to remain in for half an hour, then remove
it by washing, and harden in Müller’s fluid.
Beautiful casts of the alveoli, &c., may be obtained by placing a cat’s
or human lung under the receiver of an air-pump, and when the air is
completely exhausted, injecting fusible metal into the bronchus. The
lung tissue is then removed by corrosion or by maceration. Portions
of the casts should be removed, fixed in a glass cell with a spot of
Canada balsam, and examined by reflected light.
*Thyroid gland.*--Best obtained from a young subject either human or an
animal.
Harden in Müller’s fluid. Stain in picrocarmine or eosine and
hæmatoxyline. Also stain sections in safranine, which stains the
colloid material, and also picks out any colloid formation in the cells
themselves.
*Thymus.*--Remove from a fœtus or a very young animal, and prepare in
the usual way.
*Tongue.*--That of the cat or rabbit serves very well.
Ordinary transverse sections should be made, and also sections through
the circumvallate papillæ in order to study the “taste buds.”
*Salivary glands.*--Those of a cat or dog do very well.
Sections should be made from each of the three glands.
*Stomach.*--That of the cat or dog should be studied. The organ must
be removed immediately after death before any post-mortem digestion of
the coats has occurred. The stomach should be opened, washed gently and
pinned out flat, with as little stretching as possible on a piece of
wood, and hardened in Müller’s fluid.
Sections should be made (_a_) longitudinally through the cardiac end to
show the transition from the œsophageal to the gastric mucous membrane,
(_b_) from a portion of the greater curvature, (_c_) longitudinally
through the pyloric valve.
Eosine and hæmatoxyline form the best stain for the alimentary canal.
*Intestine.*--Prepare in the same way as the stomach. Make sections
from (_a_) the upper part of the duodenum to show Brunner’s glands,
(_b_) the ileum, (_c_) a Peyer’s patch, (_d_) the vermiform appendix,
(_e_) the colon.
*Liver.*--Make an injection of one specimen with carmine and gelatin
(p. 120). Harden in methylated spirit. Others should be hardened in
Müller’s fluid and stained in the usual way.
*Kidney, supra-renal, and pancreas.*--Same preparation as for liver.
*Spleen.*--Harden in Müller’s fluid.
Mount one section unstained. Shake another up with water in a test
tube to shew the structure of the pulp. Stain others in eosine and
hæmatoxyline.
*Bladder.*--Must be removed and pinned out immediately after death, as
otherwise the epithelium will be macerated off. Consequently it must be
taken from an animal, as a cat. Harden in osmic acid. Cut in celloidin
as the coats are very apt to become detached.
*Penis* and *testis*.--Readily obtained from dog, cat, or rat.
Stain with eosine and hæmatoxyline.
*Uterus, ovaries, and Fallopian tubes.*--May be obtained from the
post-mortem room or from the lower animals. Harden in Müller’s fluid,
and make sections from the cervix, the body of the uterus, the
Fallopian tube, and the ovary.
Stain with eosine and hæmatoxyline.
*Embryological specimens.*--For systematic work special manuals should
be consulted.
Specimens should be hardened in osmic acid or in Müller’s fluid, and
cut in celloidin, or paraffin.
*Cloudy swelling.*--Specimens are obtained from organs of subjects
who have died in the early stage of some fever. They should be always
hardened in Müller’s fluid, as the appearances alter if the tissue is
kept in spirit for any length of time.
*Fatty degeneration.*--Prepare from patients who have died of
exhausting diseases, phosphorus poisoning, &c.
Stain in osmic acid. Mount in Farrant’s medium and keep in the dark.
*Mucoid degeneration.*--Study in goblet cells of normal intestine or of
ovarian cysts. There are no satisfactory selective stains for mucin.
*Colloid degeneration.*--Occurs in the thyroid gland, in the tubules of
the kidney in many diseases, and the prostate of the old.
Stain in safranine.
*Waxy or lardaceous degeneration.*--Best studied in liver, spleen, or
kidneys. It should be searched for in persons who have died from a long
illness, accompanied by suppuration, _e.g._, phthisis or bone disease.
Mount one section unstained, stain another in methyl violet, a third
in a weak solution of iodine, and examine the latter at once both by
transmitted and reflected light. The iodine stain is not permanent.
Another section should be stained in osmic acid, followed by methyl
violet, as waxy and fatty degeneration frequently co-exist.
*Hyaline degeneration.*--Seen in the arterioles of the spleen in some
cases of typhoid and diphtheria. The ordinary staining methods must be
used.
*Calcareous degeneration.*--Occurs after fatty degeneration in gummata
and in atheromatous arteries. It also occurs in the matrix of the
costal cartilages after middle life. Mount one section unstained and
examine if possible with the polariscope. Stain others in safranine.
*Pigmentary degeneration.*--May be studied in brown atrophy of
heart, nutmeg liver, &c. It is also seen well in spinal and cerebral
nerve cells of the aged. Harden in Müller’s fluid and mount sections
unstained.
It will be unnecessary to recapitulate the methods for hardening the
various diseased organs as the directions for the normal organs hold
good. If the presence of micro-organisms be suspected, harden in
methylated spirit or absolute alcohol, but as a rule both for diseased
organs and tumours Müller’s fluid will be found the most satisfactory
reagent for general use.
It sometimes happens, however, that it is inconvenient to wait several
weeks, until the Müller’s fluid has hardened the specimen sufficiently,
before making sections. In this case the best plan is to make fresh
sections, or else to cut a slice about one-eighth of an inch thick,
and harden for about three days in plenty of methylated spirit, or in
formal (p. 23).
*Tumours.*--Müller’s fluid should be employed, unless a more rapid
agent is required.
Methylated spirit may be used in the case of epithelioma, adenoma,
&c., but for sarcoma, myxoma, tumours containing cysts or much blood,
Müller’s fluid yields by far the best results.
BOOKS OF REFERENCE.
Methods in Microscopical Anatomy--_Whitman_.
Practical Pathology--_Woodhead_.
Textbook of Bacteriology--_Crookshank_.
Manual for Physiological Laboratory--_Harris_ and _Power_.
Practical Histology--_Fearnley_.
Practical Pathology and Histology--_Gibbes_.
Journal of Microscopical Society.
Methods and Formulæ--_Squire_.
The Human Brain--_Goodall_.
Practical Bacteriology--_Kanthack_ and _Drysdale_.
Methods of Microscopical Research--_Cole_.
INDEX.
Abbe’s condenser, 11
Absolute alcohol, 21
Acetate of copper, 89
Air bubbles, removal of, 56
Alum carmine, 76
hæmatoxyline, 68, 70
Amyloid degeneration, 149
Aniline blue-black, 94
oil, 102, 108
oil water, 107
Apparatus required, 1
Areolar tissue, 133
Bacteria, stains for, 103
Balsam bottle, 58
Barrett’s logwood solution, 69
Bevan Lewis’s method, 94
Bichromate of potassium, 17
Bismarck brown, 104
Bleaching solution, 27
Blood crystals, 130
Blood, methods of examining, 113
Blood-vessels, injection of, 120
Blue injection mass, 121
Bone marrow, 136
Bone, sections of, 136
Borax carmine, 75
Brain, methods of staining, 94
Buckley’s modification of Golgi’s method, 99
Calcareous degeneration, 149
Canada balsam solution, 61
Carbolic acid, 23
Carmine, 74
injection mass, 120
Cathcart microtome, 39
Cathcart-Frazer microtome, 42
Cedar oil, 8, 63
Celloidin, 30
Cementing cover-glasses, 65
Chloral hæmatoxyline, 92
Chloride of gold, 82, 94
Chromic and nitric decalcifying fluid, 26
Ciliated epithelium, 132
Circulation in frog’s foot, 141
Clarifying sections, 63
Clearing agents, 63
Cloudy swelling, 148
Clove oil, 63
Colloid degeneration, 149
Columnar epithelium, 132
Corrosive sublimate hardening, 23
staining, 100
Cover-glasses, cleansing of, 57
Cover-glass preparations, 111
Decalcifying solutions, 26
Dehydration, 63
Eau de Javelle, 27
Ebner’s solution, 27
Ehrlich-Biondi fluid, 85
Ehrlich’s hæmatoxyline, 70
method of fixing blood-films, 116
method for tubercle bacilli, 110
Ehrlich-Gram method for staining bacteria, 108
Elastic cartilage, 135
tissue, 133
Embedding methods, 29
Endothelium, 131
Eosine, 72
Eosine and hæmatoxyline, 73
Epithelial cement, 131
Ether spray microtome, 39
Fæces, staining for bacilli, 112
Farrant’s solution, 59
Fat, removal from sections, 59
staining of, 134
Fatty degeneration, 148
Fearnley’s injection apparatus, 123
Ferrier’s fuchsine solution, 117
Flemming’s solution, 25
Flotation of sections, 55
Folded sections, treatment of, 58
Formal, 23
Fresh sections, 52
Fuchsine, 104
Gentian violet, 104
Gibbes’ stain for tubercle bacilli, 111
Gold chloride, 82, 94
Golgi’s silver method, 96
sublimate method, 99
Gram’s iodide solution, 105
method for staining bacteria, 107
Green injection mass, 122
Gum, 29
Hæmatin crystals, 131
Hæmatoidin, 131
Hæmatoxyline, Ehrlich’s, 70
Kleinenberg’s, 70
Schuchardt’s, 68
Sihler’s, 92
Weigert’s, 88
Hæmoglobin crystals, 130
Hardening processes, 15
Hyaline cartilage, 135
degeneration, 149
Ice freezing microtome, 46
Immersion lenses, 8
Injection of blood-vessels, 120
pulmonary alveoli, 145
Internal ear, 143
Intestines, 146
Iodine solution, 105
Jung’s ether spray microtome, 45
Kleinenberg’s hæmatoxyline, 70
Lardaceous degeneration, 149
Lithio-picrocarmine, 79
Lithium carmine, 74
Liver, 147
Löffler’s methyl blue, 104
Logwood, 68
Lymphoid tissue, 134
Marchi’s fluid, 24
Marrow, 136
Methyl blue, 101, 104
violet, 83
Methylated spirit, 19
Micro-organisms, stains for, 103
Microscope, 6
Microtome, Becker, 49
Cambridge rocking, 49
Cathcart, 39
Cathcart-Frazer, 42
Jung, 45
Schanze, 47
Swift’s, 49
Williams’, 46
Mould for paraffin embedding, 36
Mounting methods, 55
Mucoid degeneration, 148
Muscle, 138
Muir’s method of hardening films, 116
Müller’s fluid, 17
and formal, 20
and spirit, 20
Neelsen’s stain for tubercle bacilli, 110
Nerve cells, stains for, 94
endings, 139
fibres, stains for, 87
Nissl’s aniline method, 101
Nitrate of silver, 82
Nitric acid as hardening agent, 25
decalcifying agent, 26
decolourising agent, 110
Normal salt solution, 53
Nose piece, 9
Objectives, 7
Oil of bergamot, 63
cedar, 8, 63
cloves, 63
origanum, 63
Osmic acid as hardening agent, 21
staining reagent, 81
Pal’s method, 86
solution, 90
Paraffin, 34
Picrocarmine, 78
Pigment cells, 134
Pigmentary degeneration, 150
Plane iron microtome knife, 42
Rapid hardening, 150
Retina, 143
Safranine, 85
Salivary glands, 146
Schäfer-Pal method, 91
Schanze microtome, 47
Schuchardt’s hæmatoxyline, 68
Sihler’s chloral hæmatoxyline, 92
Silver nitrate, stain for nerve cells, 96
epithelial cement, 131
Skin, 142
Spinal cord, 86, 142
Spleen, 147
Sputum, staining of, 111
Squamous epithelium, 131
Staining methods, 67 _seq._
Stomach, 146
Striped muscle, 138
Sulphuric acid, 105
Sweat glands, 142
Tendon, 133
Testing a microscope, 13
Thymus gland, 145
Thyroid gland, 145
Toison’s fluid, 118
Tooth, sections of, 137
Transitional epithelium, 132
Tubercle bacillus, stains for, 110
Tumours, hardening of, 150
Unstriped muscle, 139
Urine, examination for bacilli, 112
Uterus, 148
Von Ebner’s decalcifying solution, 27
Waxy degeneration, 149
Weigert’s hæmatoxyline method, 88
method for staining bacteria, 106
Williams’ ice freezing microtome, 46
Woodhead’s injection mass, 120
Xylol, 61
Ziehl’s carbol-fuchsine, 105
End of Project Gutenberg's Section Cutting and Staining, by Walter S. Colman