feet high, and very bulky in proportion: this is a sort of make uncommon
among the Indians, who are generally slender. He was dressed like a
white man, in boots; his hair untied, but cut short; the people who
attended him were all in the Indian habit. Not one of his followers
could speak a word of English or French; Thomas, however, could himself
speak both languages. English he spoke with some little hesitation, and
not correctly; but French seemed as familiar to him as his native
tongue. His principal attention seemed to be directed towards trade,
which he had pursued with great success, so much so, indeed, that, as we
afterwards heard, he could get credit in any store in Montreal for five
hundred pounds. He had along with him at Chimney Point thirty horses and
a quantity of furs in the canoe, which he was taking for sale to Albany.
His people, he told us, had but very few wants; he took care to have
these always supplied; in return they brought him furs, taken in
hunting; they attended his horses, and voluntarily accompanied him when
he went on a trading expedition: his profits therefore must be immense.
During the course of conversation he told us, that if we came to see him
he would make us very happy; that there were some very handsome
squaws[29] in his village, and that each of us should have a wife: we
promised to visit him if it was in our power, and parted very good
friends. Thomas, as we afterwards found, is not a man respected among
the Indians in general, who think much more of a chief that is a good
warrior and hunter, and that retains the
Footnote 29:
Female Indians.
habits of his nation, than of one that becomes a trader, and assimilates
his manners to those of the whites.
[Sidenote: LAKE CHAMPLAIN.]
Lake Champlain is about one hundred and twenty miles in length, and is
of various breadths; for the first thirty miles, that is, from South
River to Crown Point, it is in no place more than two miles wide; beyond
this, for the distance of twelve miles, it is five or six miles across,
but then again it narrows, and again at the end of a few miles expands.
That part called the Broad Lake, because broader than any other,
commences about twenty-five miles north of Crown Point, and is eighteen
miles across in the widest part. Here the lake is interspersed with a
great number of islands, the largest of which, formerly called Grande
Isle, now South Hero, is fifteen miles in length, and, on an average,
about four in breadth. The soil of this island is fertile, and it is
said that five hundred people are settled upon it. The Broad Lake is
nearly fifty miles in length, and gradually narrows till it terminates
in a large river called Chambly, Richlieu, or Sorelle, which runs into
the St. Lawrence.
The soundings of Lake Champlain, except at the narrow parts at either
end, are in general very deep; in many places sixty and seventy, and in
some even one hundred fathoms. In proportion to its breadth and depth,
the water is more or less clear; in the broad part it is as pure and
transparent as possible. On the west side, as far as Cumberland Bay, the
lake is bounded for the most part by steep mountains close to the edge
of the water; at Cumberland Bay the ridge of mountains runs off to the
north west, and the shore farther on is low and swampy. The East or
Vermont shore is not much elevated, except in a few particular places;
at the distance of twelve miles, however, from the lake is a
considerable mountain. The shores on both sides are very rocky; where
there are mountains these rocks jut out very boldly; but at the east
side, where the land is low, they appear but a little above the water.
The islands also, for the most part, are surrounded with rocks, in some
parts, shelving down into the lake, so that it is dangerous to approach
within one or two miles of them at particular sides. From some parts of
the eastern shore the rocks also run out in the same manner for a
considerable distance. Sailing along the shore when a breeze is blowing,
a hollow murmuring noise is always heard from the waters splashing into
the crannies of these rocks. There are many streams which fall into the
lake: the mouths of all those on the western side are obstructed by
falls, so that none of them are navigable. Of those on the eastern or
Vermont side, a few only are navigable for small boats, and that for a
short distance.
[Sidenote: SCENERY.]
The scenery along various parts of the lake is extremely grand and
picturesque, particularly beyond Crown Point; the shores are there
beautifully ornamented with hanging woods and rocks, and the mountains
on the western side rise up in ranges one behind the other in the most
magnificent manner. It was on one of the finest evenings possible that
we passed along this part of the lake, and the sun setting in all his
glory behind the mountains, spread the richest tints over every part of
the prospect; the moon also appearing nearly in the full, shortly after
the day had closed, afforded us an opportunity of beholding the
surrounding scenery in fresh though less brilliant colours. Our little
bark was now gliding smoothly along, whilst every one of us remained
wrapt up in silent contemplation of the solemn scene, when suddenly she
struck upon one of the shelving rocks: nothing but hurry and confusion
was now visible on board, every one lending his assistance; however, at
last, with some difficulty, we got her off; but in a minute she struck a
second time, and after we had again extricated her, even a third and a
fourth time; at last she stuck so fast that for a short time we
despaired of being able to move her. At the end of a quarter of an hour,
however, we again fortunately got her into deep water. We had before
suspected that our boatman did not know a great deal about the
navigation of the lake, and on questioning him now, it came out, that he
had been a cobler all his life, till within the last nine months, when
he thought proper to change his business, and turn sailor. All the
knowledge he had of the shores of the lake, was what he had picked up
during that time, as he sailed straight backward and forward between St.
John’s and Skenesborough. On the present occasion he had mistaken one
bay for another, and had the waves been as high as they sometimes are,
the boat would inevitably have been dashed to pieces.
The humble roof of another judge, a plain Scotch labourer, afforded us
shelter for this night. It was near eleven o’clock, however, when we got
there, and the family having retired to rest we had to remain rapping
and calling at the door for half an hour at least; before we could get
admittance. The people at last being roused, opened their doors,
cheerfully got us some supper, and prepared their best beds for us. In
the morning, having paid our reckoning to the judge, he returned to his
plough, and we to our boat to prosecute our voyage.
[Sidenote: BOUNDARY.]
We set off this day with a remarkable fine breeze, and being desirous of
terminating our voyage as soon as possible, of which we began now to be
somewhat tired, we stopped but once in the course of the day, and
determined to sail on all night. A short time after sun set we passed
the boundary between the British dominions and the United States. Here
we were brought to by an armed brig of twenty guns, under English
colours, stationed for the purpose of examining all boats passing up and
down the lake: the answers which we gave to the several questions asked
being satisfactory, we were accordingly suffered to proceed. Since the
surrender of the ports, pursuant to the late treaty with the United
States, this brig has been removed, and laid up at St. John’s. When
night came on, we wrapped ourselves up in our blankets, as we had done
on the first night of our voyage, and laid down upon the cabin floor,
where we might possibly have slept until we got to St. John’s, had we
not been awakened at midnight by the loud hollas of the sentinel at the
British fort on Isle aux Noix. On examining into the matter, it appeared
that the boat had been driven on shore, while our sleepy pilot enjoyed
his nap at the helm; and the sentinel, unable to imagine what we were
about, seeing the boat run up close under the fort, and suspicious of
some attack, I suppose, had turned out the whole guard; by whom, after
being examined and re-examined, we were finally dismissed. We now took
the command of the boat upon ourselves, for the boatman, although he was
more anxious to get to St. John’s than any one of us, and though he had
himself in some-measure induced us to go on, was so sleepy that he could
not keep his eyes open. Relieving each other at the helm, we reached St.
John’s by day-break; one hundred and fifty miles distant from
Skenesborough.
Immediately on our landing we were conducted to the guard house, where
we had to deliver to the serjeant on duty, to be by him forwarded to the
commanding officer, an account of our names, occupation, and place of
abode, the strictest orders having been issued by the governor not to
suffer any Frenchmen or other foreigners, or any people who could not
give an exact account of their business in Canada, to enter into the
country.
[Illustration:
_A NEW MAP_ OF UPPER & LOWER CANADA 1798.
_Published Nov^r. 20^{th}. 1798 by_ J.Stockdale _Piccadilly_.
]
St. John’s is a garrison town; it contains about fifty miserable wooden
dwellings, and barracks, in which a whole regiment is generally
quartered. The fortifications are entirely out of order, so much so that
it would be cheaper to erect fresh works than to attempt to repair them.
There is a king’s dock yard here, well stored with timber, at least,
when we saw it; but in the course of the summer, after the armed brig
which I mentioned was laid up, all the timber was sold off. The old
hulks of several vessels of force were lying opposite the yard. In
proportion to the increase of trade between New York and Lower Canada
this town must improve, as it is the British port of entry on Lake
Champlain.
[Sidenote: CHAMBLY.]
The country about St. John’s is flat, and very bare of trees, a dreadful
fire in the year 1788 having done great mischief, and destroyed all the
woods for several miles: in some parts of the neighbourhood the people
suffer extremely during winter from the want of fuel.
At St. John’s we hired a light waggon, similar to those made use of in
the United States, and set off about noon for La Prarie, on the banks of
the river St. Lawrence. By the direct road, this is only eighteen miles
distant; but the most agreeable way of going thither is by Chambly,
which is a few miles farther, on account of seeing the old castle built
there by the French. The castle stands close to the rapids in Chambly or
Sorelle River, and at a little distance has a grand appearance; the
adjacent country also being very beautiful, the whole together forms a
most interesting scene. The castle is in tolerably good repair, and a
garrison is constantly kept in it.
As you travel along this road to La Prarie, after having just arrived
from the United States over Lake Champlain, a variety of objects
forcibly remind you of your having got into a new country. The British
flag, the soldiers on duty, the French inhabitants running about in
their red nightcaps, the children coming to the doors to salute you as
you pass, a thing unknown in any part of the United States; the compact
and neat exterior appearance of the houses, the calashes, the bons
dieux, the large Roman Catholic churches and chapels, the convents, the
priests in their robes, the nuns, the friars; all serve to convince you
that you are no longer in any part of the United States: the language
also differs, French being here universally spoken.
[Illustration:
CANADIAN CALASH _or_ MARCHE-DONC.
_Published Dec. 22 1798, by J Stockdale, Piccadilly._
]
[Sidenote: MONTREAL.]
The calash is a carriage very generally used in Lower Canada; there is
scarcely a farmer indeed in the country who does not possess one: it is
a sort of one horse chaise, capable of holding two people besides the
driver, who sits on a kind of box placed over the foot board expressly
for his accommodation. The body of the calash is hung upon broad straps
of leather, round iron rollers that are placed behind, by means of which
they are shortened or lengthened. On each side of the carriage is a
little door about two feet high, whereby you enter it, and which is
useful when shut, in preventing any thing from slipping out. The harness
for the horse is always made in the old French taste, extremely heavy;
it is studded with brass nails, and to particular parts of it are
attached small bells, of no use that I could ever discover but to annoy
the passenger.
The bons dieux are large wooden crucifixes, sometimes upwards of twenty
feet in height, placed on the highway; some of them are highly
ornamented and painted: as the people pass they pull off their hats, or
in some other way make obeisance to them.
La Prarie de la Madelene contains about one hundred houses: after
stopping an hour or two there we embarked in a bateau for Montreal.
Montreal is situated on an island of the same name, on the opposite side
of the River St. Lawrence to that on which la Prarie stands, but
somewhat lower down. The two towns are nine miles apart, and the river
is about two miles and a quarter wide. The current here is prodigiously
strong, and in particular places as you cross, the boats are hurried
down the stream, in the midst of large rocks, with such impetuosity that
it seems as if nothing could save them from being dashed to pieces;
indeed this would certainly be the case if the men were not uncommonly
expert; but the Canadians are the most dexterous people perhaps in the
world at the management of bateaux in rapid rivers. After such a
prospect of the River St. Lawrence, it was not without astonishment that
on approaching the town of Montreal we beheld ships of upwards of four
hundred tons burthen lying close to the shore. The difficulties which
vessels have to encounter in getting to Montreal are immense; I have
myself seen them with all their sails set, and with a smart and
favourable breeze, stationary for an hour together in the stream, unable
to stem it, between the island of St. Helene and the main land, just
below the town: to stem the current at this place it is almost necessary
that the vessel should be aided by a storm. The ascent is equally
difficult in several other parts of the river. Owing to this it is, that
the passage from Quebec to Montreal is generally more tedious than that
across the Atlantic; those ships, therefore, which trade between Europe
and Montreal, never attempt to make more than one voyage during the
year. Notwithstanding the rapidity of the stream, the channel of the
river is very deep, and in particular just opposite to the town. The
largest merchant vessels can there lie so close to the banks, which are
in their natural state, that you may nearly touch them with your hand as
you stand on the shore.
------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LETTER + XXII.
_Description of the Town of Montreal.—Of the public
Buildings.—Churches.—Funeral
Ceremonies.—Convents.—Barracks.—Fortifications.—Inhabitants mostly
French.—Their Character and Manners.—Charming Prospects in the
Neighbourhood of the Town.—Amusements during Summer.—Parties of
Pleasure up the Mountain.—Of the Fur Trade.—The Manner in which it is
carried on.—Great Enterprise of the North West Company of
Merchants.—Sketch of Mr. M‘Kenzie’s Expeditions over Land to the
Pacific Ocean.—Differences between the North West and Hudson’s Bay
Companies._
Montreal, July.
THE town of Montreal was laid out pursuant to the orders of one of the
kings of France, which were, that a town should be built as high up on
the St. Lawrence as it were possible for vessels to go by sea. In fixing
upon the spot where it stands, his commands were complied with in the
strictest sense. The town at present contains about twelve hundred
houses, whereof five hundred only are within the walls; the rest are in
the suburbs, which commence from the north, east, and west gates. The
houses in the suburbs are mostly built of wood, but the others are all
of stone; none of them are elegant, but there are many very comfortable
habitations. In the lower part of the town, towards the river, where
most of the shops stand, they have a very gloomy appearance, and look
like so many prisons, being all furnished at the outside with sheet iron
shutters to the doors and windows, which are regularly closed towards
evening, in order to guard against fire. The town has suffered by fire
very materially at different times, and the inhabitants have such a
dread of it, that all who can afford it cover the roofs of their houses
with tin-plates instead of shingles. By law they are obliged to have one
or more ladders, in proportion to the size of the house, always ready on
the roofs.
[Sidenote: MONTREAL.]
The streets are all very narrow; three of them run parallel to the
river, and these are intersected by others at right angles, but not at
regular distances. On the side of the town farthest from the river, and
nearly between the northern and southern extremities, there is a small
square, called La Place d’Armes, which seems originally to have been
left open to the walls on one side, and to have been intended for the
military to exercise in; the troops, however, never make use of it now,
but parade on a long walk, behind the walls, nearer to the barracks. On
the opposite side of the town, towards the water, is another small
square, where the market is held.
There are six churches in Montreal; one for English Episcopalians, one
for Presbyterians, and four for Roman Catholics. The cathedral church
belonging to the latter, which occupies one side of La Place d’Armes, is
a very spacious building, and contains five altars, all very richly
decorated. The doors of this cathedral are left open the greater part of
the day, and there are, generally, numbers of old people in it at their
prayers, even when no regular service is going on. On a fine Sunday in
the summer season such multitudes flock to it, that even the steps at
the outside are covered with people, who, unable to get in, remain there
kneeling with their hats off during the whole time of divine service.
Nearly all the christenings, marriages, and burials of the Roman
Catholic inhabitants of Montreal are performed in this church, on which
occasions, as well as before and during the masses, they always ring the
bells, to the great annoyance of every person that is not a lover of
discords; for instead of pulling the bells, which are five in number,
and really well toned, with regularity, they jingle them all at once,
without any sort of cadence whatever. Our lodgings happened to be in La
Place d’Armes; and during three weeks that we remained there, I verily
believe the bells were never suffered to remain still for two hours
together, at any one time, except in the night.
[Sidenote: MONTREAL.]
The funerals, as in other Roman Catholic countries, are conducted with
great ceremony; the corpse is always attended to the church by a number
of priests chanting prayers, and by little boys in white robes and black
caps carrying wax lights. A morning scarcely ever passed over that one
or more of these processions did not pass under our windows whilst we
were at breakfast; for on the opposite side of the square to that on
which the cathedral stood, was a sort of chapel, to which the bodies of
all those persons, whose friends could not afford to pay for an
expensive funeral, were brought, I suppose, in the night, for we could
never see any carried in there, and from thence conveyed in the morning
to the cathedral. If the priests are paid for it they go to the house of
the deceased, though it be ever so far distant, and escort the corpse to
the church. Until within a few years past it was customary to bury all
the bodies in the vaults underneath the cathedral; but now it is
prohibited, lest some putrid disorder should break out in the town in
consequence of such numbers being deposited there. The burying grounds
are all without the walls at present.
There are in Montreal four convents, one of which is of the order of St.
Francis; the number of the friars, however, is reduced now to two or
three, and as by the laws of the province men can no longer enter into
any religious order, it will of course in a few years dwindle entirely
away. On the female orders there is no restriction, and they are still
well filled. The Hotel Dieu, founded as early as 1644, for the relief of
the sick poor, and which is the oldest of the convents, contains thirty
“religieuses”—nuns; La Congregation de Notre Dame, instituted for the
instruction of young girls, contains fifty-seven sœurs, another sort of
nuns; and L’Hospital Generale, for the accommodation of the infirm poor,
contains eighteen sœurs.
The barracks are agreeably situated near the river, at the lower end of
the town; they are surrounded by a lofty wall, and calculated to contain
about three hundred men.
The walls round the town are mouldering away very fast, and in some
places are totally in ruins; the gates, however, remain quite perfect.
The walls were built principally as a defence against the Indians, by
whom the country was thickly inhabited when Montreal was founded, and
they were found necessary, to repel the open attacks of these people as
late as the year 1736. When the large fairs used to be held in Montreal,
to which the Indians from all parts resorted with their furs, they were
also found extremely useful, as the inhabitants were thereby enabled to
shut out the Indians at night, who, had they been suffered to remain in
the town, addicted as they are to drinking, might have been tempted to
commit great outrages, and would have kept the inhabitants in a
continual state of alarm. In their best state the walls could not have
protected the town against cannon, not even against a six pounder; nor,
indeed, would the strongest walls be of any use in defending it against
artillery, as it is completely commanded by the eminences in the island
of St. Helene[30], in the River St. Lawrence. Montreal has always been
an easy conquest to regular troops.
Footnote 30:
This island was the last place which the French surrendered to the
British.
[Sidenote: MONTREAL.]
By far the greater number of the inhabitants of Montreal are of French
extraction; all the eminent merchants, however, and principal people in
the town, are either English, Scotch, Irish, or their descendants, all
of whom pass for English with the French inhabitants. The French retain,
in a great measure, the manners and customs of their ancestors, as well
as the language; they have an unconquerable aversion to learn English,
and it is very rare to meet with any person amongst them that can speak
it in any manner; but the English inhabitants are, for the most part,
well acquainted with the French language.
The people of Montreal, in general, are remarkably hospitable and
attentive to strangers; they are sociable also amongst themselves, and
fond in the extreme of convivial amusements. In winter, they keep up
such a constant and friendly intercourse with each other, that it seems
then as if the town were inhabited but by one large family. During
summer they live somewhat more retired; but throughout that season a
club, formed of all the principal, inhabitants, both male and female,
meet every week or fortnight, for the purpose of dining at some
agreeable spot in the neighbourhood of the town.