One of the earliest martyrs of the war was Theodore Winthrop, hardly

known as a writer until the publication in the _Atlantic Monthly_ of his

vivid sketches of _Washington as a Camp_, describing the march of his

regiment, the famous New York Seventh, and its first quarters in the

Capitol at Washington. A tragic interest was given to these papers by

Winthrop's gallant death in the action of Big Bethel, June 10, 1861.

While this was still fresh in public recollection his manuscript novels

were published, together with a collection of his stories and sketches

reprinted from the magazines. His novels, though in parts crude and

immature, have a dash and buoyancy--an out-door air about them--which

give the reader a winning impression {559} of Winthrop's personality.

The best of them is, perhaps, _Cecil Dreeme_, a romance that reminds one

a little of Hawthorne, and the scene of which is the New York University

building on Washington Square, a locality that has been further

celebrated in Henry James's novel of _Washington Square_.

Another member of this same Seventh Regiment, Fitz James O'Brien, an

Irishman by birth, who died at Baltimore, in 1862, from the effects of a

wound received in a cavalry skirmish, had contributed to the magazines a

number of poems and of brilliant though fantastic tales, among which the

_Diamond Lens_ and _What Was It?_ had something of Edgar A. Poe's

quality. Another Irish-American, Charles G. Halpine, under the pen-name

of "Miles O'Reilly," wrote a good many clever ballads of the war, partly

serious and partly in comic brogue. Prose writers of note furnished the

magazines with narratives of their experience at the seat of war, among

papers of which kind may be mentioned Dr. Holmes's _My Search for the

Captain_, in the _Atlantic Monthly_, and Colonel T. W. Higginson's _Army

Life in a Black Regiment_, collected into a volume in 1870.

Of the public oratory of the war the foremost example is the

ever-memorable address of Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of the

National Cemetery at Gettysburg. The war had brought the nation to its

intellectual majority. In the stress of that terrible fight there was no

room for {560} buncombe and verbiage, such as the newspapers and

stump-speakers used to dole out in _ante bellum_ days. Lincoln's speech

is short--a few grave words which he turned aside for a moment to speak

in the midst of his task of saving the country. The speech is simple,

naked of figures, every sentence impressed with a sense of responsibility

for the work yet to be done and with a stern determination to do it. "In

a larger sense," it says, "we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we

cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled

here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The

world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can

never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be

dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have

thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to

the great task remaining before us; that from these honored dead we take

increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full

measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall

not have died in vain: that this nation, under God, shall have a new

birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for

the people, shall not perish from the earth." Here was eloquence of a

different sort from the sonorous perorations of Webster or the polished

climaxes of Everett. As we read the plain, strong language of this brief

classic, with its solemnity, its restraint, {561} its "brave old wisdom

of sincerity," we seem to see the president's homely features irradiated

with the light of coming martyrdom--

"The kindly-earnest, brave, foreseeing man,

Sagacious, patient, dreading praise, not blame,

New birth of our new soil, the first American."

Within the past quarter of a century the popular school of American humor

has reached its culmination. Every man of genius who is a humorist at

all is so in a way peculiar to himself. There is no lack of

individuality in the humor of Irving and Hawthorne and the wit of Holmes

and Lowell, but although they are new in subject and application they are

not new in kind. Irving, as we have seen, was the literary descendant of

Addison. The character sketches in _Bracebridge Hall_ are of the same

family with Sir Roger de Coverley and the other figures of the Spectator

Club. _Knickerbocker's History of New York_, though purely American in

its matter, is not distinctly American in its method, which is akin to

the mock heroic of Fielding and the irony of Swift in the _Voyage to

Lilliput_. Irving's humor, like that of all the great English humorists,

had its root in the perception of character--of the characteristic traits

of men and classes of men, as ground of amusement. It depended for its

effect, therefore, upon its truthfulness, its dramatic insight and

sympathy, as did the humor of Shakspere, of Sterne, Lamb, and Thackeray.

This perception of the characteristic, {562} when pushed to excess,

issues in grotesque and caricature, as in some of Dickens's inferior

creations, which are little more than personified single tricks of

manner, speech, feature, or dress. Hawthorne's rare humor differed from

Irving's in temper but not in substance, and belonged, like Irving's, to

the English variety. Dr. Holmes's more pronouncedly comic verse does not

differ specifically from the _facetiae_ of Thomas Hood, but his prominent

trait is wit, which is the laughter of the head as humor is of the heart.

The same is true, with qualifications, of Lowell, whose _Biglow Papers_,

though humor of an original sort in their revelation of Yankee character,

are essentially satirical. It is the cleverness, the shrewdness of the

hits in the _Biglow Papers_, their logical, that is, _witty_ character,

as distinguished from their drollery, that arrests the attention. They

are funny, but they are not so funny as they are smart. In all these

writers humor was blent with more serious qualities, which gave fineness

and literary value to their humorous writings. Their view of life was

not exclusively comic. But there has been a class of jesters, of

professional humorists in America, whose product is so indigenous, so

different, if not in essence, yet at least in form and expression, from

any European humor, that it may be regarded as a unique addition to the

comic literature of the world. It has been accepted as such in England,

where Artemus Ward and Mark Twain are familiar to multitudes who have

never read the _One-Hoss-Shay_ or the _Courtin'_. And though it {563}

would be ridiculous to maintain that either of these writers takes rank

with Lowell and Holmes, or to deny that there is an amount of flatness

and coarseness in many of their labored fooleries which puts large

portions of their writings below the line where real literature begins,

still it will not do to ignore them as mere buffoons, or even to predict

that their humors will soon be forgotten. It is true that no literary

fashion is more subject to change than the fashion of a jest, and that

jokes that make one generation laugh seem insipid to the next. But there

is something perennial in the fun of Rabelais, whom Bacon called "the

great jester of France;" and though the puns of Shakspere's clowns are

detestable the clowns themselves have not lost their power to amuse.

The Americans are not a gay people, but they are fond of a joke.

Lincoln's "little stories" were characteristically Western, and it is

doubtful whether he was more endeared to the masses by his solid virtues

than by the humorous perception which made him one of them. The humor of

which we are speaking now is a strictly popular and national possession.

Though America has never, or not until lately, had a comic paper ranking

with _Punch_ or _Charivari_ or the _Fliegende Blaetter_, every newspaper

has had its funny column. Our humorists have been graduated from the

journalist's desk and sometimes from the printing-press, and now and then

a local or country newspaper has risen into sudden prosperity from the

possession of a {564} new humorist, as in the case of G. D. Prentice's

_Courier-Journal_, or more recently of the _Cleveland Plain Dealer_, the

_Danbury News_, the _Burlington Hawkeye_, the _Arkansaw Traveller_, the

_Texas Siftings_ and numerous others. Nowadays there are even syndicates

of humorists, who co-operate to supply fun for certain groups of

periodicals. Of course the great majority of these manufacturers of

jests for newspapers and comic almanacs are doomed to swift oblivion.

But it is not so certain that the best of the class, like Clemens and

Browne, will not long continue to be read as illustrative of one side of

the American mind, or that their best things will not survive as long as

the mots of Sydney Smith, which are still as current as ever. One of the

earliest of them was Seba Smith, who, under the name of Major Jack

Downing, did his best to make Jackson's administration ridiculous. B. P.

Shillaber's "Mrs. Partington"--a sort of American Mrs. Malaprop--enjoyed

great vogue before the war. Of a somewhat higher kind were the

_Phoenixiana_, 1855, and _Squibob Papers_, 1856, of Lieutenant George H.

Derby, "John Phoenix," one of the pioneers of literature on the Pacific

coast at the time of the California gold fever of '49. Derby's proposal

for _A New System of English Grammar_, his satirical account of the

topographical survey of the two miles of road between San Francisco and

the Mission Dolores, and his picture gallery made out of the conventional

houses, steam-boats, rail-cars, runaway negroes {565} and other designs

which used to figure in the advertising columns of the newspapers, were

all very ingenious and clever. But all these pale before Artemus

Ward--"Artemus the delicious," as Charles Reade called him--who first

secured for this peculiarly American type of humor a hearing and

reception abroad. Ever since the invention of Hosea Biglow, an imaginary

personage of some sort, under cover of whom the author might conceal his

own identity, has seemed a necessity to our humorists. Artemus Ward was

a traveling showman who went about the country exhibiting a collection of

wax "figgers" and whose experiences and reflections were reported in

grammar and spelling of a most ingeniously eccentric kind. His inventor

was Charles F. Browne, originally of Maine, a printer by trade and

afterward a newspaper writer and editor at Boston, Toledo and Cleveland,

where his comicalities in the _Plaindealer_ first began to attract

notice. In 1860 he came to New York and joined the staff of _Vanity

Fair_, a comic weekly of much brightness, which ran a short career and

perished for want of capital. When Browne began to appear as a public

lecturer people who had formed an idea of him from his impersonation of

the shrewd and vulgar old showman were surprised to find him a

gentlemanly-looking young man, who came upon the platform in correct

evening dress, and "spoke his piece" in a quiet and somewhat mournful

manner, stopping in apparent surprise when any one in the {566} audience

laughed at any uncommonly outrageous absurdity. In London, where he

delivered his _Lecture on the Mormons_, in 1866, the gravity of his

bearing at first imposed upon his hearers, who had come to the hall in

search of instructive information and were disappointed at the inadequate

nature of the panorama which Browne had had made to illustrate his

lecture. Occasionally some hitch would occur in the machinery of this

and the lecturer would leave the rostrum for a few moments to "work the

moon" that shone upon the Great Salt Lake, apologizing on his return on

the ground that he was "a man short" and offering "to pay a good salary

to any respectable boy of good parentage and education who is a good

moonist." When it gradually dawned upon the British intellect that these

and similar devices of the lecturer--such as the soft music which he had

the pianist play at pathetic passages--nay, that the panorama and even

the lecture itself were of a humorous intention, the joke began to take,

and Artemus's success in England became assured. He was employed as one

of the editors of _Punch_, but died at Southampton in the year following.

Some of Artemus Ward's effects were produced by cacography or bad

spelling, but there was genius in the wildly erratic way in which he

handled even this rather low order of humor. It is a curious commentary

on the wretchedness of our English orthography that the phonetic spelling

of a word, as for example, _wuz_ for _was_, should be {567} in itself an

occasion of mirth. Other verbal effects of a different kind were among

his devices, as in the passage where the seventeen widows of a deceased

Mormon offered themselves to Artemus.

"And I said, 'Why is this thus? What is the reason of this thusness?'

They hove a sigh--seventeen sighs of different size. They said--

"'O, soon thou will be gonested away.'

"I told them that when I got ready to leave a place I wentested.'

"They said, 'Doth not like us?'

"I said, 'I doth--I doth.'

"I also said, 'I hope your intentions are honorable, as I am a lone

child--my parents being far--far away.'

"They then said, 'Wilt not marry us?'

"I said, 'O no, it cannot was.'

"When they cried, 'O cruel man! this is too much!--O! too much,' I told

them that it was on account of the muchness that I declined."

It is hard to define the difference between the humor of one writer and

another, or of one nation and another. It can be felt and can be

illustrated by quoting examples, but scarcely described in general terms.

It has been said of that class of American humorists of which Artemus

Ward is a representative that their peculiarity consists in extravagance,

surprise, audacity and irreverence. But all these qualities have

characterized other schools of humor. There is the same element of

surprise in De Quincey's {568} anticlimax, "Many a man has dated his ruin

from some murder or other which, perhaps, at the time he thought little

of," as in Artemus's truism that "a comic paper ought to publish a joke

now and then." The violation of logic which makes us laugh at an Irish

bull is likewise the source of the humor in Artemus's saying of Jeff

Davis, that "it would have been better than ten dollars in his pocket if

he had never been born." Or in his advice, "Always live within your

income, even if you have to borrow money to do so;" or, again, in his

announcement that, "Mr. Ward will pay no debts of his own contracting."

A kind of ludicrous confusion, caused by an unusual collocation of words,

is also one of his favorite tricks, as when he says of Brigham Young,

"He's the most married man I ever saw in my life;" or when, having been

drafted at several hundred different places where he had been exhibiting

his wax figures, he says that if he went on he should soon become a

regiment, and adds, "I never knew that there was so many of me." With

this a whimsical under-statement and an affectation of simplicity, as

where he expresses his willingness to sacrifice "even his wife's

relations" on the altar of patriotism; or, where, in delightful

unconsciousness of his own sins against orthography, he pronounces that

"Chaucer was a great poet, but he couldn't spell," or where he says of

the feast of raw dog, tendered him by the Indian chief, Wocky-bocky, "It

don't agree with me. I prefer simple food." On the {569} whole, it may

be said of original humor of this kind, as of other forms of originality

in literature, that the elements of it are old, but the combinations are

novel. Other humorists, like Henry W. Shaw ("Josh Billings"), and David

R. Locke, ("Petroleum V. Nasby"), have used bad spelling as a part of

their machinery; while Robert H. Newell, ("Orpheus C. Kerr"), Samuel L.

Clemens, ("Mark Twain"), and more recently "Bill Nye," though belonging

to the same school of low or broad comedy, have discarded cacography. Of

these the most eminent, by all odds, is Mark Twain, who has probably made

more people laugh than any other living writer. A Missourian by birth

(1835), he served the usual apprenticeship at type-setting and editing

country newspapers; spent seven years as a pilot on a Mississippi

steam-boat, and seven years more mining and journalizing in Nevada, where

he conducted the Virginia City _Enterprise_, finally drifted to San

Francisco, and was associated with Bret Harte on the _Californian_, and

in 1867 published his first book, the _Jumping Frog_. This was succeeded

by the _Innocents Abroad_, 1869; _Roughing It_, 1872; _A Tramp Abroad_,

1880, and by others not so good.

Mark Twain's drolleries have frequently the same air of innocence and

surprise as Artemus Ward's, and there is a like suddenness in his turns

of expression, as where he speaks of "the calm confidence of a Christian

with four aces." If he did not originate, he at any rate employed very

{570} effectively that now familiar device of the newspaper "funny man,"

of putting a painful situation euphemistically, as when he says of a man

who was hanged that he "received injuries which terminated in his death."

He uses to the full extent the American humorist's favorite resources of

exaggeration and irreverence. An instance of the former quality may be

seen in his famous description of a dog chasing a coyote, in _Roughing

It_, or in his interview with the lightning-rod agent in _Mark Twain's

Sketches_, 1875. He is a shrewd observer, and his humor has a more

satirical side than Artemus Ward's, sometimes passing into downright

denunciation. He delights particularly in ridiculing sentimental humbug

and moralizing cant. He runs a tilt, as has been said, at "copy-book

texts," at the temperance reformer, the tract distributor, the Good Boy

of Sunday-school literature, and the women who send bouquets and

sympathetic letters to interesting criminals. He gives a ludicrous turn

to famous historical anecdotes, such as the story of George Washington

and his little hatchet; burlesques the time-honored adventure, in

nautical romances, of the starving crew casting lots in the long boat,

and spoils the dignity of antiquity by modern trivialities, saying of a

discontented sailor on Columbus's ship, "He wanted fresh shad." The fun

of _Innocents Abroad_ consists in this irreverent application of modern,

common sense, utilitarian, democratic standards to the memorable places

and historic associations of {571} Europe. Tried by this test the Old

Masters in the picture galleries become laughable. Abelard was a

precious scoundrel, and the raptures of the guide books are parodied

without mercy. The tourist weeps at the grave of Adam. At Genoa he

drives the cicerone to despair by pretending never to have heard of

Christopher Columbus, and inquiring innocently, "Is he dead?" It is

Europe vulgarized and stripped of its illusions--Europe seen by a Western

newspaper reporter without any "historic imagination."

The method of this whole class of humorists is the opposite of Addison's

or Irving's or Thackeray's. It does not amuse by the perception of the

characteristic. It is not founded upon truth, but upon incongruity,

distortion, unexpectedness. Everything in life is reversed, as in opera

bouffe, and turned topsy turvy, so that paradox takes the place of the

natural order of things. Nevertheless they have supplied a wholesome

criticism upon sentimental excesses, and the world is in their debt for

many a hearty laugh.

In the _Atlantic Monthly_ for December, 1863, appeared a tale entitled

the _Man Without a Country_, which made a great sensation, and did much

to strengthen patriotic feeling in one of the darkest hours of the

nation's history. It was the story of one Philip Nolan, an army officer,

whose head had been turned by Aaron Burr, and who, having been censured

by a court-martial for some minor offense, exclaimed, petulantly, upon

{572} mention being made of the United States Government, "Damn the

United States! I wish that I might never hear the United States

mentioned again." Thereupon he was sentenced to have his wish, and was

kept all his life aboard the vessels of the navy, being sent off on long

voyages and transferred from ship to ship, with orders to those in charge

that his country and its concerns should never be spoken of in his

presence. Such an air of reality, was given to the narrative by

incidental references to actual persons and occurrences that many

believed it true, and some were found who remembered Philip Nolan, but

had heard different versions of his career. The author of this clever

hoax--if hoax it may be called--was Edward Everett Hale, a Unitarian

clergyman of Boston, who published a collection of stories in 1868, under

the fantastic title, _If, Yes, and Perhaps_, indicating thereby that some

of the tales were possible, some of them probable, and others might even

be regarded as essentially true. A similar collection, _His Level Best

and Other Stories_ was published in 1873, and in the interval three

volumes of a somewhat different kind, the _Ingham Papers_ and _Sybaris

and Other Homes_, both in 1869, and _Ten Times One Is Ten_, in 1871. The

author shelters himself behind the imaginary figure of Captain Frederic

Ingham, pastor of the Sandemanian Church at Naguadavick, and the same

characters have a way of re-appearing in his successive volumes as old

friends of the reader, which is pleasant at first, but in the end a {573}

little tiresome. Mr. Hale is one of the most original and ingenious of

American story writers. The old device of making wildly improbable

inventions appear like fact by a realistic treatment of details--a device

employed by Swift and Edgar Poe, and more lately by Jules Verne--became

quite fresh and novel in his hands, and was managed with a humor all his

own. Some of his best stories are _My Double and How He Undid Me_,

describing how a busy clergyman found an Irishman who looked so much like

himself that he trained him to pass as his duplicate, and sent him to do

duty in his stead at public meetings, dinners, etc., thereby escaping

bores and getting time for real work; the _Brick Moon_, a story of a

projectile built and launched into space, to revolve in a fixed meridian

about the earth and serve mariners as a mark of longitude; the _Rag Man

and Rag Woman_, a tale of an impoverished couple who made a competence by

saving the pamphlets, advertisements, wedding cards, etc., that came to

them through the mail, and developing a paper business on that basis; and

the _Skeleton in the Closet_, which shows how the fate of the Southern

Confederacy was involved in the adventures of a certain hoop-skirt,

"built in the eclipse and rigged with curses dark." Mr. Hale's

historical scholarship and his exact habit of mind have aided him in the

art of giving _vraisemblance_ to absurdities. He is known in

philanthropy as well as in letters, and his tales have a cheerful, busy,

{574} practical way with them in consonance with his motto, "Look up and

not down, look forward and not back, look out and not in, and lend a

hand."

It is too soon to sum up the literary history of the last quarter of a

century. The writers who have given it shape are still writing, and

their work is therefore incomplete. But on the slightest review of it

two facts become manifest: first, that New England has lost its long

monopoly; and, secondly, that a marked feature of the period is the

growth of realistic fiction. The electric tension of the atmosphere for

thirty years preceding the civil war, the storm and stress of great

public contests, and the intellectual stir produced by transcendentalism

seem to have been more favorable to poetry and literary idealism than

present conditions are. At all events there are no new poets who rank

with Whittier, Longfellow, Lowell, and others of the elder generation,

although George H. Boker, in Philadelphia, R. H. Stoddard and E. C.

Stedman, in New York, and T. B. Aldrich, first in New York and afterward

in Boston, have written creditable verse; not to speak of younger

writers, whose work, however, for the most part, has been more

distinguished by delicacy of execution than by native impulse. Mention

has been made of the establishment of _Harper's Monthly Magazine_, which,

under the conduct of its accomplished editor, George W. Curtis, has

provided the public with an abundance of good reading. The {575} old

_Putnam's Monthly_, which ran from 1853 to 1858, and had a strong corps

of contributors, was revived in 1868, and continued by that name till

1870, when it was succeeded by _Scribner's Monthly_, under the editorship

of Dr. J. G. Holland, and this in 1881 by the _Century_, an efficient

rival of _Harper's_ in circulation, in literary excellence, and in the

beauty of its wood engraving, the American school of which art these two

great periodicals have done much to develop and encourage. Another New

York monthly, the _Galaxy_, ran from 1866 to 1878, and was edited by

Richard Grant White. During the present year a new _Scribner's Magazine_

has also taken the field. The _Atlantic_, in Boston, and _Lippincott's_,

in Philadelphia, are no unworthy competitors with these for public favor.

During the forties began a new era of national expansion, somewhat

resembling that described in a former chapter, and, like that, bearing

fruit eventually in literature. The cession of Florida to the United

States in 1845, and the annexation of Texas in the same year, were

followed by the purchase of California in 1847, and its admission as a

State in 1850. In 1849 came the great rush to the California gold

fields. San Francisco, at first a mere collection of tents and board

shanties, with a few adobe huts, grew with incredible rapidity into a

great city; the wicked and wonderful city apostrophized by Bret Harte in

his poem, _San Francisco_:

{576}

"Serene, indifferent of Fate,

Thou sittest at the Western Gate;

Upon thy heights so lately won

Still slant the banners of the sun. . . .

I know thy cunning and thy greed,

Thy hard, high lust and willful deed."

The adventurers of all lands and races who flocked to the Pacific coast

found there a motley state of society between civilization and savagery.

There were the relics of the old Mexican occupation, the Spanish

missions, with their Christianized Indians; the wild tribes of the

plains--Apaches, Utes, and Navajoes; the Chinese coolies and washermen,

all elements strange to the Atlantic seaboard and the States of the

interior. The gold-hunters crossed, in stages or caravans, enormous

prairies, alkaline deserts dotted with sage brush and seamed by deep

canons, and passes through gigantic mountain ranges. On the coast itself

nature was unfamiliar: the climate was sub-tropical; fruits and

vegetables grew to a mammoth size, corresponding to the enormous redwoods

in the Mariposa groves and the prodigious scale of the scenery in the

valley of the Yo Semite and the snow-capped peaks of the Sierras. At

first there were few women, and the men led a wild, lawless existence in

the mining camps. Hard upon the heels of the prospector followed the

dram-shop, the gambling-hell, and the dance-hall. Every man carried his

"Colt," and looked out for his own life and his "claim." Crime went

unpunished or was taken in hand, {577} when it got too rampant, by

vigilance committees. In the diggings, shaggy frontiersmen and "pikes"

from Missouri mingled with the scum of eastern cities and with

broken-down business men and young college graduates seeking their

fortune. Surveyors and geologists came of necessity, speculators in

mining stock and city lots set up their offices in the towns; later came

a sprinkling of school-teachers and ministers. Fortunes were made in one

day and lost the next at poker or loo. To-day the lucky miner who had

struck a good "lead" was drinking champagne out of pails and treating the

town; to-morrow he was "busted," and shouldered the pick for a new

onslaught upon his luck. This strange, reckless life, was not without

fascination, and highly picturesque and dramatic elements were present in

it. It was, as Bret Harte says, "an era replete with a certain heroic

Greek poetry," and sooner or later it was sure to find its poet. During

the war California remained loyal to the Union, but was too far from the

seat of conflict to experience any serious disturbance, and went on

independently developing its own resources and becoming daily more

civilized. By 1868 San Francisco had a literary magazine, the _Overland

Monthly_, which ran until 1875. It had a decided local flavor, and the

vignette on its title-page was a happily chosen emblem, representing a

grizzly bear crossing a railway track. In an early number of the

_Overland_ was a story entitled the _Luck of Roaring Camp_, by Francis

Bret Harte, a {578} native of Albany, N. Y., 1835, who had come to

California at the age of seventeen, in time to catch the unique aspects

of the life of the Forty-niners, before their vagabond communities had

settled down into the law-abiding society of the present day. His first

contribution was followed by other stories and sketches of a similar

kind, such as the _Outcasts of Poker Flat_, _Miggles_, and _Tennessee's

Partner_, and by verses, serious and humorous, of which last, _Plain

Language from Truthful James_, better known as the _Heathen Chinee_, made

an immediate hit, and carried its author's name into every corner of the

English-speaking world. In 1871 he published a collection of his tales,

another of his poems, and a volume of very clever parodies, _Condensed

Novels_, which rank with Thackeray's _Novels by Eminent Hands_. Bret

Harte's California stories were vivid, highly-colored pictures of life in

the mining camps and raw towns of the Pacific coast. The pathetic and

the grotesque went hand in hand in them, and the author aimed to show how

even in the desperate characters gathered together there--the fortune

hunters, gamblers, thieves, murderers, drunkards, and prostitutes--the

latent nobility of human nature asserted itself in acts of heroism,

magnanimity, self-sacrifice, and touching fidelity. The same men who

cheated at cards and shot each another down with tipsy curses were

capable on occasion of the most romantic generosity and the most delicate

chivalry. Critics were not wanting who held that, in the matter of

dialect {579} and manners and other details, the narrator was not true to

the facts. This was a comparatively unimportant charge; but a more

serious question was the doubt whether his characters were essentially

true to human nature, whether the wild soil of revenge and greed and

dissolute living ever yields such flowers of devotion as blossom in

_Tennessee's Partner_ and the _Outcasts of Poker Flat_. However this may

be, there is no question as to Harte's power as a narrator. His short

stories are skillfully constructed and effectively told. They never

drag, and are never overladen with description, reflection, or other

lumber.

In his poems in dialect we find the same variety of types and

nationalities characteristic of the Pacific coast: the little Mexican

maiden, Pachita, in the old mission garden; the wicked Bill Nye, who

tries to cheat the Heathen Chinee at euchre and to rob Injin Dick of his

winning lottery ticket; the geological society on the Stanislaw who

settle their scientific debates with chunks of old red sandstone and the

skulls of mammoths; the unlucky Mr. Dow, who finally strikes gold while

digging a well, and builds a house with a "coopilow;" and Flynn, of

Virginia, who saves his "pard's" life, at the sacrifice of his own, by

holding up the timbers in the caving tunnel. These poems are mostly in

monologue, like Browning's dramatic lyrics, exclamatory and abrupt in

style, and with a good deal of indicated action, as in _Jim_, where a

miner comes into a bar-room, looking for his old {580} chum, learns that

he is dead, and is just turning away to hide his emotion, when he

recognizes Jim in his informant:

"Well, thar--Good-by--

No more, sir--I--

Eh?

What's that you say?--

Why, dern it!--sho!--

No? Yes! By Jo!

Sold!

Sold! Why, you limb;

You ornery,

Derned old

Long-legged Jim!"

Bret Harte had many imitators, and not only did our newspaper poetry for

a number of years abound in the properties of Californian life, such as

gulches, placers, divides, etc., but writers further east applied his

method to other conditions. Of these by far the most successful was John

Hay, a native of Indiana and private secretary to President Lincoln,

whose _Little Breeches_, _Jim Bludso_, and _Mystery of Gilgal_ have

rivaled Bret Harte's own verses in popularity. In the last-named piece

the reader is given to feel that there is something rather cheerful and

humorous in a bar-room fight which results in "the gals that winter, as a

rule," going "alone to the singing school." In the two former we have

heroes of the Bret Harte type, the same combination of superficial

wickedness with inherent loyalty and tenderness. The profane farmer

{581} of the South-west, who "doesn't pan out on the prophets," and who

had taught his little son "to chaw terbacker, just to keep his milk-teeth

white," but who believes in God and the angels ever since the miraculous

recovery of the same little son when lost on the prairie in a blizzard;

and the unsaintly and bigamistic captain of the _Prairie Belle_, who died

like a hero, holding the nozzle of his burning boat against the bank

"Till the last galoot's ashore."

The manners and dialect of other classes and sections of the country have

received abundant illustration of late years. Edward Eggleston's

_Hoosier Schoolmaster_, 1871, and his other novels are pictures of rural

life in the early days of Indiana. _Western Windows_, a volume of poems

by John James Piatt, another native of Indiana, had an unmistakable local

coloring. Charles G. Leland, of Philadelphia, in his _Hans Breitmann_

ballads, in dialect, gave a humorous presentation of the German-American

element in the cities. By the death, in 1881, of Sidney Lanier, a

Georgian by birth, the South lost a poet of rare promise, whose original

genius was somewhat hampered by his hesitation between two arts of

expression, music and verse, and by his effort to co-ordinate them. His

_Science of English Verse_, 1880, was a most suggestive, though hardly

convincing, statement of that theory of their relation which he was

working out in his practice. Some of his pieces, {582} like the _Mocking

Bird_ and the _Song of the Chattahoochie_, are the most

characteristically Southern poetry that has been written in America.

Joel Chandler Harris's _Uncle Remus_ stories, in Negro dialect, are

transcripts from the folk-lore of the plantations, while his collection

of stories, _At Teague Poteet's_, together with Miss Murfree's _In the

Tennessee Mountains_ and her other books have made the Northern public

familiar with the wild life of the "moonshiners," who distill illicit

whiskey in the mountains of Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee.

These tales are not only exciting in incident, but strong and fresh in

their delineations of character. Their descriptions of mountain scenery

are also impressive, though, in the case of the last named writer,

frequently too prolonged. George W. Cable's sketches of French Creole

life in New Orleans attracted attention by their freshness and quaintness

when published in the magazines and re-issued in book form as _Old Creole

Days_, in 1879. His first regular novel, the _Grandissimes_, 1880, was

likewise a story of Creole life. It had the same winning qualities as

his short stories and sketches, but was an advance upon them in dramatic

force, especially in the intensely tragic and powerfully told episode of

"Bras Coupe." Mr. Cable has continued his studies of Louisiana types and

ways in his later books, but the _Grandissimes_ still remains his

master-piece. All in all, he is, thus far, the most important literary

figure of the New South, and the justness and {583} delicacy of his

representations of life speak volumes for the sobering and refining

agency of the civil war in the States whose "cause" was "lost," but whose

true interests gained even more by the loss than did the interests of the

victorious North.

The four writers last mentioned have all come to the front within the

past eight or ten years, and, in accordance with the plan of this sketch,

receive here a mere passing notice. It remains to close our review of

the literary history of the period since the war with a somewhat more

extended account of the two favorite novelists whose work has done more

than any thing else to shape the movement of recent fiction. These are

Henry James, Jr., and William Dean Howells. Their writings, though

dissimilar in some respects, are alike in this, that they are analytic in

method and realistic in spirit. Cooper was a romancer pure and simple;

he wrote the romance of adventure and of external incident. Hawthorne

went much deeper, and with a finer spiritual insight dealt with the real

passions of the heart and with men's inner experiences. This he did with

truth and power; but, although himself a keen observer of whatever passed

before his eyes, he was not careful to secure a photographic fidelity to

the surface facts of speech, dress, manners, etc. Thus the talk of his

characters is book talk, and not the actual language of the parlor or the

street, with its slang, its colloquial ease and the intonations and

shadings of phrase {584} and pronunciation which mark different sections

of the country and different grades of society. His attempts at dialect,

for example, were of the slenderest kind. His art is ideal, and his

romances certainly do not rank as novels of real life. But with the

growth of a richer and more complicated society in America fiction has

grown more social and more minute in its observation. It would not be

fair to classify the novels of James and Howells as the fiction of

manners merely; they are also the fiction of character, but they aim to

describe people not only as they are, in their inmost natures, but also

as they look and talk and dress. They try to express character through

manners, which is the way in which it is most often expressed in the

daily existence of a conventional society. It is a principle of realism

not to select exceptional persons or occurrences, but to take average men

and women and their average experiences. The realists protest that the

moving incident is not their trade, and that the stories have all been

told. They want no plot and no hero. They will tell no rounded tale

with a _denouement_, in which all the parts are distributed, as in the

fifth act of an old-fashioned comedy; but they will take a transcript

from life and end when they get through, without informing the reader

what becomes of the characters. And they will try to interest this

reader in "poor real life" with its "foolish face." Their acknowledged

masters are Balzac, George Eliot, Turgenieff, and Anthony {585} Trollope,

and they regard novels as studies in sociology, honest reports of the

writer's impressions, which may not be without a certain scientific value

even.

Mr. James's peculiar province is the international novel; a field which

he created for himself, but which he has occupied in company with

Howells, Mrs. Burnett, and many others. He was born into the best

traditions of New England culture, his father being a resident of

Cambridge, and a forcible writer on philosophical subjects, and his

brother, William James, a professor in Harvard University. The novelist

received most of his schooling in Europe, and has lived much abroad, with

the result that he has become half denationalized and has engrafted a

cosmopolitan indifference upon his Yankee inheritance. This, indeed, has

constituted his opportunity. A close observer and a conscientious

student of the literary art, he has added to his intellectual equipment

the advantage of a curious doubleness in his point of view. He looks at

America with the eyes of a foreigner and at Europe with the eyes of an

American. He has so far thrown himself out of relation with American

life that he describes a Boston horsecar or a New York hotel table with a

sort of amused wonder. His starting-point was in criticism, and he has

always maintained the critical attitude. He took up story-writing in

order to help himself, by practical experiment, in his chosen art of

literary criticism, and his volume on {586} _French Poets and Novelists_,

1878, is by no means the least valuable of his books. His short stories

in the magazines were collected into a volume in 1875, with the title, _A

Passionate Pilgrim and Other Stories_. One or two of these, as the _Last

of the Valerii_ and the _Madonna of the Future_, suggest Hawthorne, a

very unsympathetic study of whom James afterward contributed to the

"English Men of Letters" series. But in the name-story of the collection

he was already in the line of his future development. This is the story

of a middle-aged invalid American, who comes to England in search of

health, and finds, too late, in the mellow atmosphere of the mother

country, the repose and the congenial surroundings which he has all his

life been longing for in his raw America. The pathos of his

self-analysis and his confession of failure is subtly imagined. The

impressions which he and his far-away English kinsfolk make on one

another, their mutual attraction and repulsion, are described with that

delicate perception of national differences which makes the humor and

sometimes the tragedy of James's later books, like the _American_, _Daisy

Miller_, the _Europeans_, and _An International Episode_. His first

novel was _Roderick Hudson_, 1876, not the most characteristic of his

fictions, but perhaps the most powerful in its grasp of elementary

passion. The analytic method and the critical attitude have their

dangers in imaginative literature. In proportion as this writer's

faculty of minute observation and his realistic objectivity {587} have

increased upon him, the uncomfortable coldness which is felt in his

youthful work has become actually disagreeable, and his art--growing

constantly finer and surer in matters of detail--has seemed to dwell more

and more in the region of mere manners and less in the higher realm of

character and passion. In most of his writings the heart, somehow, is

left out. We have seen that Irving, from his knowledge of England and

America, and his long residence in both countries, became the mediator

between the two great branches of the Anglo-Saxon race. This he did by

the power of his sympathy with each. Henry James has likewise

interpreted the two nations to one another in a subtler but less genial

fashion than Irving, and not through sympathy, but through contrast, by

bringing into relief the opposing ideals of life and society which have

developed under different institutions. In his novel, the _American_,

1877, he has shown the actual misery which may result from the clashing

of opposed social systems. In such clever sketches as _Daisy Miller_,

1879, the _Pension Beaurepas_, and _A Bundle of Letters_, he has

exhibited types of the American girl, the American business man, the

aesthetic feebling from Boston, and the Europeanized or would-be

denationalized American campaigners in the Old World, and has set forth

the ludicrous incongruities, perplexities, and misunderstandings which

result from contradictory standards of conventional morality and

behavior. In the _Europeans_, 1879, and an {588} _International

Episode_, 1878, he has reversed the process, bringing Old Word

[Transcriber's note: World?] standards to the test of American ideas by

transferring his _dramatis personae_ to republican soil. The last-named

of these illustrates how slender a plot realism requires for its

purposes. It is nothing more than the history of an English girl of good

family who marries an American gentleman and undertakes to live in

America, but finds herself so uncomfortable in strange social conditions

that she returns to England for life, while, contrariwise, the heroine's

sister is so taken with the freedom of these very conditions that she

elopes with another American and "goes West." James is a keen observer

of the physiognomy of cities as well as of men, and his _Portraits of

Places_, 1884, is among the most delightful contributions to the

literature of foreign travel.

Mr. Howells's writings are not without "international" touches. In _A

Foregone Conclusion_ and the _Lady of the Aroostook_, and others of his

novels, the contrasted points of view in American and European life are

introduced, and especially those variations in feeling, custom, dialect,

etc., which make the modern Englishman and the modern American such

objects of curiosity to each other, and which have been dwelt upon of

late even unto satiety. But in general he finds his subjects at home,

and if he does not know his own countrymen and countrywomen more

intimately than Mr. James, at least {589} he loves them better. There is

a warmer sentiment in his fictions, too; his men are better fellows and

his women are more lovable. Howells was born in Ohio. His early life

was that of a western country editor. In 1860 he published, jointly with

his friend Piatt, a book of verse--_Poems of Two Friends_. In 1861 he

was sent as consul to Venice, and the literary results of his sojourn

there appeared in his sketches _Venetian Life_, 1865, and _Italian

Journeys_, 1867. In 1871 he became editor of the _Atlantic Monthly_, and

in the same year published his _Suburban Sketches_. All of these early

volumes showed a quick eye for the picturesque, an unusual power of

description, and humor of the most delicate quality; but as yet there was

little approach to narrative. _Their Wedding Journey_ was a revelation

to the public of the interest that may lie in an ordinary bridal trip

across the State of New York, when a close and sympathetic observation is

brought to bear upon the characteristics of American life as it appears

at railway stations and hotels, on steam-boats and in the streets of very

commonplace towns. _A Chance Acquaintance_, 1873, was Howells's first

novel, though even yet the story was set against a background of

travel--pictures, a holiday trip on the St. Lawrence and the Saguenay;

and descriptions of Quebec and the Falls of Montmorenci, etc., rather

predominated over the narrative. Thus, gradually and by a natural

process, complete characters and realistic novels, such as _A Modern

{590} Instance_, 1882, and _Indian Summer_, evolved themselves from

truthful sketches of places and persons seen by the way.

The incompatibility existing between European and American views of life,

which makes the comedy or the tragedy of Henry James's international

fictions, is replaced in Howells's novels by the repulsion between

differing social grades in the same country. The adjustment of these

subtle distinctions forms a part of the problem of life in all

complicated societies. Thus in _A Chance Acquaintance_ the heroine is a

bright and pretty Western girl, who becomes engaged during a pleasure

tour to an irreproachable but offensively priggish young gentleman from

Boston, and the engagement is broken by her in consequence of an

unintended slight--the betrayal on the hero's part of a shade of

mortification when he and his betrothed are suddenly brought into the

presence of some fashionable ladies belonging to his own _monde_. The

little comedy, _Out of the Question_, deals with this same adjustment of

social scales; and in many of Howells's other novels, such as _Silas

Lapham_ and the _Lady of the Aroostook_, one of the main motives may be

described to be the contact of the man who eats with his fork with the

man who eats with his knife, and the shock thereby ensuing. In _Indian

Summer_ the complications arise from the difference in age between the

hero and heroine, and not from a difference in station or social

antecedents. In all of these fictions the {591} misunderstandings come

from an incompatibility of manner rather than of character, and, if any

thing were to be objected to the probability of the story, it is that the

climax hinges on delicacies and subtleties which, in real life, when

there is opportunity for explanations, are readily brushed aside. But in

_A Modern Instance_ Howells touched the deeper springs of action. In

this, his strongest work, the catastrophe is brought about, as in George

Eliot's great novels, by the reaction of characters upon one another, and

the story is realistic in a higher sense than any mere study of manners

can be. His nearest approach to romance is in the _Undiscovered

Country_, 1880, which deals with the Spiritualists and the Shakers, and

in its study of problems that hover on the borders of the supernatural,

in its out-of-the-way personages and adventures, and in a certain ideal

poetic flavor about the whole book, has a strong resemblance to

Hawthorne, especially to Hawthorne in the _Blithedale Romance_, where he

comes closer to common ground with other romancers. It is interesting to

compare _Undiscovered Country_ with Henry James's _Bostonians_, the

latest and one of the cleverest of his fictions, which is likewise a

study of the clairvoyants, mediums, woman's rights' advocates, and all

varieties of cranks, reformers, and patrons of "causes," for whom Boston

has long been notorious. A most unlovely race of people they become

under the cold scrutiny of Mr. James's cosmopolitan eyes, which see more

clearly the {592} charlatanism, narrow-mindedness, mistaken fanaticism,

morbid self-consciousness, disagreeable nervous intensity, and vulgar or

ridiculous outside peculiarities of the humanitarians, than the nobility

and moral enthusiasm which underlie the surface.

Howells is almost the only successful American dramatist, and this in the

field of parlor comedy. His little farces, the _Elevator_, the

_Register_, the _Parlor Car_, etc., have a lightness and grace, with an

exquisitely absurd situation, which remind us more of the _Comedies et

Proverbes_ of Alfred de Musset, or the many agreeable dialogues and

monologues of the French domestic stage, than of any work of English or

American hands. His softly ironical yet affectionate treatment of

feminine ways is especially admirable. In his numerous types of sweetly

illogical, inconsistent, and inconsequent womanhood he has perpetuated

with a nicer art than Dickens what Thackeray calls "that great

discovery," Mrs. Nickleby.

1. Theodore Winthrop. Life in the Open Air. Cecil Dreeme.

2. Thomas Wentworth Higginson. Life in a Black Regiment.

3. Poetry of the Civil War. Edited by Richard Grant White. New York:

1866.

4. Charles Farrar Browne. Artemus Ward--His Book. Lecture on the

Mormons. Artemus Ward in London.

{593}

5. Samuel Langhorne Clemens. The Jumping Frog. Roughing It. The

Mississippi Pilot.

6. Charles Godfrey Leland. Hans Breitmann's Ballads.

7. Edward Everett Hale. If, Yes, and Perhaps. His Level Best and Other

Stories.

8. Francis Bret Harte. Outcasts of Poker Flat and Other Stories.

Condensed Novels. Poems in Dialect.

9. Sidney Lanier. Nirvana. Resurrection. The Harlequin of Dreams.

Song of the Chattahoochie. The Mocking Bird. The Stirrup-Cup. Tampa

Robins. The Bee. The Revenge of Hamish. The Ship of Earth. The

Marshes of Glynn. Sunrise.

10. Henry James, Jr. A Passionate Pilgrim. Roderick Hudson. Daisy

Miller. Pension Beaurepas. A Bundle of Letters. An International

Episode. The Bostonians. Portraits of Places.

11. William Dean Howells. Their Wedding Journey. Suburban Sketches. A

Chance Acquaintance. A Foregone Conclusion. The Undiscovered Country.

A Modern Instance.

12. George W. Cable. Old Creole Days. Madam Delphine. The Grandissimes.

13. Joel Chandler Harris. Uncle Remus. Mingo and Other Sketches.

14. Charles Egbert Craddock (Miss Murfree). In the Tennessee Mountains.

{594}

CHAPTER VIII.

THEOLOGICAL AND RELIGIOUS LITERATURE IN AMERICA.

BY JOHN FLETCHER HURST.

The important field of theology and religion in America has yielded many

and rich additions to the storehouse of letters.

The _Bay Psalm Book_, published in Cambridge, Mass., in 1640, was the

first book printed in the English colonies in America. Its leading

authors were Richard Mather (1596-1669), of Dorchester, father of

Increase and grandfather of the still more famous Cotton Mather, Thomas

Welde and John Eliot, both of Roxbury. The book was a few years later

revised by Henry Dunster and passed through as many as twenty-seven

editions. While it was both printed and used in England and Scotland by

dissenting churches, it was a constant companion in private and public

worship in the Calvinistic churches of the Colonies.

The early colonial writers on theology include Charles Chauncy

(1589-1672), the second president of Harvard College, who wrote a

treatise on _Justification_, Samuel Willard (1640-1707), whose _Complete

Body of Divinity_ was the first folio {595} publication in America;

Solomon Stoddard (1643-1729), whose most celebrated work was _The

Doctrine of Instituted Churches_, in which he advocated the converting

power of the Lord's Supper; Charles Chauncy (1705-1787), a great-grandson

of President Chauncy, celebrated as a stickler for great plainness in

writing and speech, and one of the founders of Universalism in New

England, whose _Seasonable Thoughts_ was in opposition to the preaching

of Whitefield; and Aaron Burr (1716-1757), father of the political

opponent and slayer of Alexander Hamilton, and author of _The Supreme

Deity of Our Lord Jesus Christ_. James Blair (1656-1743), of Virginia,

the virtual founder and first president of William and Mary College,

wrote _Our Saviour's Sermon on the Mount_, containing one hundred and

seventeen sermons. The two Tennents, Gilbert (1703-1764) and William

(1705-1777), Samuel Finley (1717-1764), and Samuel Davies (1723-1761)

were pulpit orators whose sermons still hold high rank in the homiletic

world.

Others of the colonial period distinguished for their ability are: John

Davenport (1597-1670), of New Haven, author of _The Saint's Anchor Hold_;

Edward Johnson (died 1682), of Woburn, author of _The Wonder Working

Providence of Sion's Saviour in New England_; Jonathan Dickinson

(1688-1747), the first president of the College of New Jersey (Princeton

University), who published _Familiar Letters upon Important Subjects in

Religion_, Samuel Johnson (1696-1772), a {596} distinguished advocate of

Episcopacy in Connecticut; Thomas Clap (1703-1767), president of Yale

College, who was the author of the _Religious Condition of Colleges_;

Samuel Mather (1706-1785), a son of Cotton Mather, among whose works was

_An Attempt to Show that America was Known to the Ancients_; and Thomas

Chalkley (1675-1749), and John Woolman (1720-1772), both belonging to the

Friends, and whose _Journals_ are admirable specimens of the Quaker

spirit and simplicity.

Some of the leading writers on theology whose activity was greatest about

the time of the American Revolution are worthy of study. They are John

Witherspoon (1722-1794) who, while he is better known as the sixth

president of the College of New Jersey and a political writer of the

Revolution, was also the author of _Ecclesiastical Characteristics_, a

satirical work aimed at the Moderate party of the Church of Scotland, and

written before he left that country for America; Charles Thomson

(1729-1824), who was for fifteen years the secretary of the Continental

Congress and published a _Translation of the Bible_; Elias Boudinot

(1740-1821), the first president of the American Bible Society and a

leading philanthropist of his time, who wrote _The Age of Revelation_, a

reply to Paine's _Age of Reason_; Nathan Strong (1748-1816), the editor

of _The Connecticut Evangelical Magazine_ and pastor of First Church,

Hartford; Isaac Backus (1724-1806), the author of the well-known _History

of New England with Particular {597} Reference to the Baptists_; Ezra

Stiles (1727-1795), president of Yale College, who published many

discourses and wrote _An Ecclesiastical History of New England_, which

was not completed and never published; William White (1748-1836), Bishop

of Pennsylvania for fifty years, who wrote several works on Episcopacy,

one of which was _Memoir of the Episcopal Church in the United States_;

and William Linn (1752-1808), who published sermons on the _Leading

Personages of Scripture History_.

Belonging also to the Revolutionary period these should be noted: Mather

Byles (1706-1788), a wit and punster of loyalist leanings, some of whose

sermons have been many times printed, and who was a kinsman of the

Mathers; Jonathan Mayhew (1720-1766), whose _Sermon on the Repeal of the

Stamp Act_ was the most famous of his stirring addresses on the political

issues already prominent at the time of his death; William Smith

(1727-1803), provost of the University of Pennsylvania, who was, not to

speak of his other works, the author of several meritorious sermons;

Samuel Seabury (1729-1796), the first Protestant Episcopal bishop and

author of two volumes of sermons; and Jacob Duche (1739-1798), rector of

Christ Church, Philadelphia, who abandoned the American cause, but whose

sermons were highly prized.

A quartet of those who gained distinction as writers on doctrine are:

Joseph Bellamy (1719-1790), an influential divine of the Edwardean

school, and author of _The True Religion {598} Delineated_; Samuel

Hopkins (1721-1803), the advocate of disinterested benevolence as a

cardinal principle of theology and author of _The System of Doctrines

Contained in Divine Revelation_; Jonathan Edwards the Younger

(1745-1801), president of Union College and author of several discourses,

the most celebrated of which are the three on the "Necessity of the

Atonement and its Consistency with Free Grace in Forgiveness" (these

sermons are the basis of what has since been named the Edwardean theory);

and Elhanan Winchester (1751-1797), the Universalist preacher, one of

whose chief works was _The Universal Restoration_.

In the earlier group of theological authorship of the present century, or

the national period, taking conspicuous place as doctrinal writers, are:

Nathaniel Emmons (1745-1840), one of the foremost of the New School of

Calvinistic theology, whose works on the important discussion lasting

through a half century are marked by a peculiar force and point; Samuel

Stanhope Smith (1750-1819), president of the College of New Jersey and

author of _Evidences of the Christian Religion_; his successor in office,

Ashbel Green (1762-1848), whose chief literary labor was bestowed on _The

Christian Advocate_, a religious monthly which he edited for twelve

years, and who wrote _Lectures on the Shorter Catechism_; Henry Ware

(1764-1845), the acknowledged head of the Unitarians prior to the

appearance of Channing, professor of divinity in Harvard, and author of

_Letters to Trinitarians and {599} Calvinists_; Leonard Woods

(1774-1854), professor in Andover for thirty-eight years, author of

several able books on the Unitarian controversy; and Wilbur Fisk

(1792-1839), the distinguished preacher and educator, and author of _The

Calvinistic Controversy_.

Other theological lights of the early years of the republic are also:

John Mitchell Mason (1770-1829), provost of Columbia College, later

president of Dickinson College, a prime mover in the founding of Union

Theological Seminary, and author of many sermons of a high order; Edward

Payson (1783-1827), whose sermons are noted for the same ardent

spirituality and beauty that marked his life and pastorate at Portland,

Me.; John Summerfield (1798-1825), a volume of whose strangely eloquent

sermons was published after his early death; Ebenezer Porter (1772-1834),

professor in Andover, whose _Lectures on Revivals of Religion_ are still

worthy of consultation; Eliphalet Nott (1773-1866), president of Union

College for sixty-two years, whose _Lectures on Temperance_ are accounted

among the best literature on that great reform; John Henry Hobart

(1775-1830), bishop of the diocese of New York, who was the author of

_Festivals and Fasts_, and one of the founders of the General Theological

Seminary in New York; Nathan Bangs (1778-1862), a leading Methodist

divine, who wrote a _History of the Methodist Episcopal Church_ and

_Errors of Hofkinsianism_; and Leonard {600} Withington (1789-1885),

author of _Solomon's Song Translated and Explained_, a valuable

exegetical work.

In a second group of leading writers on religion, coming nearer the

middle of the nineteenth century we find as doctrinal authors: Archibald

Alexander (1772-1851), author of _Evidences of Christianity_; Hosea

Ballou (1771-1852), the Universalist preacher and author of _An

Examination of the Doctrine of Future Retribution_; Nathaniel W. Taylor

(1786-1859), the author of _Lectures on the Moral Government of God_, in

which there is a marked divergence from the strict school of Calvinistic

theologians; Gardiner Spring (1785-1873), a tower of strength in the

pulpit of New York for over fifty years, and author of _The Bible Not of

Man_; Alexander Campbell (1788-1865), whose _Public Debates_ contain the

record of his distinguished career as a controversialist and mark the

formation of the religious society called Disciples of Christ; Robert J.

Breckenridge (1800-1871), whose work on _The Knowledge of God Objectively

and Subjectively Considered_ gave him great distinction; George W.

Bethune (1805-1862), who, besides several hymns, wrote _Lectures on the

Heidelberg Catechism_; and James H. Thornwell (1811-1862), of the

Southern Presbyterians, who left an able _Systematic Theology_.

Those whose works were of a more practical nature are: Samuel Miller

(1769-1850), whose most telling book was _Letters on Clerical Habits and

Manners_; Lyman Beecher (1775-1863), the {601} celebrated father of his

more celebrated son, and author of _Sermons on Temperance_; Thomas H.

Skinner (1791-1871), professor in Andover and later in Union Theological

Seminary, who wrote _Aids to Preaching and Hearing_, and translated and

edited Vinet's _Homiletics and Pastoral Theology_; Charles G. Finney

(1792-1875), of Oberlin, whose _Lectures on Revivals_ embody the

principles on which he himself conducted his celebrated evangelistic

labors; Francis Wayland (1796-1865), the Baptist divine and author of a

text-book on _Moral Science_, who also wrote _The Moral Dignity of the

Missionary Enterprise_; Ichabod S. Spencer (1798-1854), whose _Pastor's

Sketches_ have a perennial interest; Theodore Dwight Woolsey (1801-1889),

who, besides other books on the classics and law, published _The Religion

of the Present and the Future_; Bela Bates Edwards (1802-1852), of

Andover, whose chief work was that bestowed upon the _Quarterly

Observer_, later the _Biblical Repository_, and still later as editor of

_Bibliotheca Sacra_; James Waddell Alexander (1804-1859), author of

_Consolation; or, Discourses to the Suffering Children of God_; and

George B. Cheever (1807-1890), who wrote several popular books on

temperance, one being _Deacon Giles's Distillery_.

A group of noted writers whose books have special bearing on the Bible

are: Moses Stuart (1780-1852), the distinguished Hebraist and author of

several commentaries and of a Hebrew {602} Grammar, whose scholarship was

one of the chief attractions at Andover; Samuel H. Turner (1790-1861),

the distinguished commentator on Romans, Hebrews, Ephesians, and

Galatians; Edward Robinson (1794-1863), whose _Biblical Researches and

New Testament Lexicon_ mark him as one of the foremost scholars of the

century; George Bush (1796-1860), known chiefly as the author of

_Commentaries_ on the earlier parts of the Old Testament; Albert Barnes

(1798-1870), whose _Notes_ on the Scriptures still have a large place

among the more popular works of exegesis; Stephen Olin (1797-1851) and

John Price Durbin (1800-1876), both distinguished as educators and pulpit

orators of the Methodist Episcopal Church, who each wrote on travels in

Palestine and adjoining countries; William M. Thomson (1806-1894), the

missionary and author of _The Land and the Book_, a work of perpetual

value; Joseph Addison Alexander (1809-1860), the famous philologist and

author of valuable commentaries and a work on _New Testament Literature_;

and George Burgess (1809-1866), who wrote _The Book of Psalms in English

Verse_.

Those who employed their pens in the field of history are; William Meade

(1789-1862), author of _Old Churches, Ministers, and Families of

Virginia_; George Junkin (1790-1868), who wrote _The Vindication_, which

gives an account of the trial of Albert Barnes, from the Old School point

of view; William B. Sprague (1795-1876), whose _Annals {603} of the

American Pulpit_ form a lasting monument to his literary ability; Robert

Baird (1798-1863), author of _A View of Religion in America_; Francis L.

Hawks (1798-1866), who published the _History of the Protestant Episcopal

Church in Maryland and Virginia_; Morris J. Raphall (1798-1868), a

prolific Jewish writer, whose _Post-Biblical History of the Jews_ is a

valuable book; Thomas C. Upham (1799-1871), professor in Bowdoin College

and author of _Mental Philosophy_, who also wrote the _Life and Religious

Experience of Madame Guyon_; William H. Furness (1802-1896), long the

leader of Unitarians in Philadelphia, from whose imaginative pen came a

peculiar book, _A History of Jesus_; J. Daniel Rupp (born 1803), who

wrote a _History of the Religious Denominations in the United States_;

and Abel Stevens (1815-1897), author of _The History of Methodism_ and

also of a _History of the Methodist Episcopal Church_.

Asahel Nettleton (1784-1844), best known as an evangelist, published a

popular collection of _Village Hymns_. Henry U. Onderdonk (1789-1858)

and John Henry Hopkins (1792-1868) each wrote on the Episcopacy. Samuel

Hanson Cox (1793-1880), a vigorous and original preacher of the New

School Presbyterians, was the author of _Interviews Memorable and

Useful_. Henry B. Bascom (1796-1850), whose _Sermons and Lectures_ were

of vigorous thought but florid style, was very popular for many years;

Nicholas Murray (1802-1861) under the _nom-de-plume_ of "Kirwan" {604}

wrote the celebrated _Letters_ to Archbishop Hughes on the Catholic

Question; and Edward Thomson (1810-1870), bishop of the Methodist

Episcopal Church, was author of _Moral and Religious Essays_, and other

works.

Among the American singers of sacred lyrics are Samuel Davies

(1724-1761), Timothy Dwight. (1752-1817), Mrs. Phoebe H. Brown

(1783-1861), Thomas Hastings (1784-1872), John Pierpont (1785-1866), Mrs.

Lydia H. Sigourney (1791-1865), William B. Tappan (1794-1849), William A.

Muhlenberg (1796-1877), George W. Doane (1799-1859), Ray Palmer

(1808-1887), Samuel F. Smith (1808-1895), Edmund H. Sears (1810-1876),

William Hunter (1811-1877), George Duffield (1818-1888), Arthur Cleveland

Coxe (1818-1896), Samuel Longfellow (1819-1892), and Alice (1820-1871)

and Phoebe Cary (1824-1871).

From the large number of writers of the latter half of this century whose

productions have been added to the treasures of thought for coming

generations and are worthy of generous attention we name: Charles Hodge

(1797-1878), known best by his _Systematic Theology_; and his son,

Archibald Alexander Hodge (1823-1886), author of _Outlines of Theology_;

Charles P. McIlvaine (1798-1873), whose _Evidences of Christianity_ are

widely known and read; Mark Hopkins (1802-1887), who gave the world _The

Law of Love and Love as a Law_; Edwards A. Park (born 1808), whose

leading work was on the _Atonement_; Albert {605} Taylor Bledsoe

(1809-1877), whose _Theodicy_ was his chief work; James McCosh

(1811-1894), whose later years were given to America, and whose

_Christianity and Positivism_ and _Religious Aspects of Evolution_ were

written in this country; Davis W. Clark (1812-1871), author of _Man All

Immortal_; John Miley (1813-1896), who was the author of a clear and able

_Systematic Theology_ of the Arminian type; Thomas O. Summers

(1812-1882), who was a prolific author and whose _Systematic Theology_

has been published since his death; and Lorenzo D. McCabe (1815-1897),

who wrote on the _Foreknowledge of God_.

Those who have devoted their talent to the exposition of the Scriptures

are: Thomas J. Conant (1802-1891), a biblical scholar and author of

_Historical Books of the Old Testament_; Daniel D. Whedon (1808-1885),

who wrote _Freedom of the Will_ and was the author of a valuable

_Commentary on the New Testament_; Horatio B. Hackett (1808-1875), whose

exegetical works on Acts, Philemon, and Philippians have great merit;

Tayler Lewis (1809-1877), the Nestor of classic linguistics, whose _Six

Days of Creation_ and the _Divine-Human in the Scriptures_ are among his

best books; Melanchthon W. Jacobus (1816-1876), whose _Commentaries on

the Gospels, Acts, and Genesis_ unite critical ability and popular style;

Ezra Abbot (1818-1884), author of a critical work on the _Authorship of

the Fourth Gospel_; Howard Crosby (1826-1891), the vigorous preacher and

{606} author of _The Seven Churches of Asia_; William M. Taylor

(1829-1895), whose works include excellent studies on several prominent

Bible characters--Moses, David, Daniel, and Joseph; Henry Martyn Harman

(1822-1897), the author of _An Introduction to the Study of the Holy

Scriptures;_ and Henry B. Ridgaway (1830-1895), who wrote _The Lord's

Land_, a work based on his personal observations during an Oriental tour.

Those who have treated historical themes include: Charles Elliot

(1792-1869), whose ablest work was _The Delineation of Roman

Catholicism_; Francis P. Kenrick (1797-1863), who, besides being the

author of a _Version of the Scriptures with Commentary_, also wrote a

work on _The Supremacy of the Pope_; Matthew Simpson (1810-1884), the

eloquent bishop, who wrote _A Cyclopaedia of Methodism_ and _A Hundred

Years of Methodism_; James Freeman Clarke (1810-1888), author of _The Ten

Great Religions of the World_; Henry B. Smith (1815-1877), whose _History

of the Church of Christ in Chronological Tables_ is much admired for its

conciseness, accuracy, and thoroughness; William H. Odenheimer

(1817-1879), author of _The Origin and Compilation of the Prayer Book_;

Philip Schaff (1819-1893), the author of a learned _History of the

Christian Church_ and _Creeds of Christendom_, and editor of the English

translation of _Lange's Commentary_; William G. T. Shedd (1820-1894),

who, besides other works, wrote _A History of Christian Doctrine_;

Charles Force Deems (1820-1893), who {607} wrote a work on _The Life of

Christ_; Henry Martyn Dexter (1821-1890), author of The

_Congregationalism of the Last Three Hundred Years_; George R. Crooks

(1822-1897), who, besides other labors in the field of the classics,

wrote _The Life of Bishop Matthew Simpson_; Charles Porterfield Krauth

(1823-1883), author of _The Conservative Reformation and its Theology_;

Holland N. McTyeire (1824-1889), whose chief literary work was _The

History of Methodism_; and John Gilmary Shea (1824-1892), who wrote many

books on early American history connected with the Indians, one being a

_History of the French and Spanish Missions among the Indian Tribes of

the United States_.

John McClintock (1814-1870), the scholarly Methodist divine and first

president of Drew Theological Seminary, left a monument to his name in

the great _Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical

Literature_ projected by him and his colaborer, James Strong (1822-1894),

who completed the herculean task and added yet other works, notably his

_Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible_. Daniel Curry (1809-1887), the

keen editor and debater, has a gathered sheaf of his various addresses in

_Platform Papers_. Austin Phelps (1820-1890) wrote _The Still Hour_ and

_The Theory of Preaching_, which are fine specimens of his thoughtful

work; and Phillips Brooks (1835-1893), the renowned preacher, left

_Sermons_ and _Addresses_, which still breathe the earnest and catholic

spirit of their cultured author.

{609}

INDEX TO AUTHORS, WRITINGS, AND PERIODICALS.

A Man's a Man for a' That, 220.

Abbey, E. A., 146.

Abbot, Ezra, 605.

Abbot, George, 301.

Abraham Lincoln, 502.

Absalom and Ahitophel, 176.

Acts and Monuments of these Latter and Perilous Days

Touching Matters of the Church, 300.

Adam Bede, 278, 279.

Adams and Liberty, 389.

Adams, John, 375, 383.

Adams, John Quincy, 406, 423.

Adams, Samuel, 366, 367, 368.

Adams, Sarah Flower, 304.

Addison, Joseph, 151, 173, 174, 181, 184, 187-189, 249,

276, 280, 283, 303, 359, 362, 409, 561, 571.

Adeline, 289.

Adonais, 260, 261.

Adventures of Five Hours, 173.

Adventures of Gil Blas, 209.

Adventures of Philip, The, 275.

Advice to a Young Tradesman, 362.

Ae Fond Kiss, 217.

Aella, 197.

Aeneid, 49, 60, 65.

Aeschylus, 259, 262.

After-dinner Poem, 491.

After the Funeral, 501.

Age of Reason, The, 378-380, 389, 596.

Age of Revelation, The, 596.

Ages, The, 515.

Agincourt, 98.

Aids to Preaching and Hearing, 601.

Aids to Reflection, 237.

Ainsworth, Henry, 305.

Akenside, Mark, 194.

Alarm to Unconverted Sinners, 306.

Alastor, 258, 260.

Albion's England, 97.

Alchemist, The, 122.

Alcott, A. B., 435, 449, 450.

Aldrich, Thomas Bailey, 538, 574.

Alexander and Campaspe, 103, 104.

Alexander, Archibald, 600.

Alexander, James Waddell, 601.

Alexander, Joseph Addison, 602.

Alexander's Feast, 176.

Alford, Henry, 304, 313.

Alfred the Great, 11, 13, 18, 60.

Algerine Captive, The, 393.

Algic Researches, 485.

Alhambra, The, 408.

All for Love, 168, 169.

All Quiet Along the Potomac, 556.

Alleine, Joseph, 306.

Allen, Ethan. 378.

All's Well that Ends Well, 114.

Alnwick Castle, 417.

Alsop, Richard, 382, 383.

Althea, To, from Prison, 148.

Amelia, 208.

American, The, 586, 587.

American Civil War, The, 555.

American Conflict, The, 555.

American Flag, The, 416.

American Literature, Cyclopaedia of, 389, 407.

American Monthly, The, 536.

American Note Books, 437, 463, 465, 469, 482.

American Scholar, The, 434, 449, 474.

American Whig Review, 531.

Ames, Fisher, 376, 377.

Among My Books, 502.

Amoretti, 94.

Amyot, Jacques, 90.

Analogy of Religion, 308.

Anarchiad, The, 383.

Anatomy of Melancholy, 136, 137, 349.

Ancient Mariner, The, 227, 237, 238, 530.

Ancren Riwle, 24.

Andre, Major, 387.

Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, 15.

Annabel Lee, 531.

Annals of Philadelphia, 484.

Annals of the American Pulpit, 602.

Annotations on the Psalms, 305.

Annotations upon the Bible, 306.

Annas Mirabilis, 176.

Antiquary, The, 248.

Antony and Cleopatra, 116, 168.

Anselm, 13.

Antiphon, England's, 162.

Apologia Ecclesiae Anglicanae, 300.

Apologia pro Vita Sua, 312.

Apology for the True Christian Divinity, 307.

Araby's Daughter, 256.

Arcadia, 83, 123.

Areopagitica, 155, 337.

Argument against Abolishing Christianity, 191.

Ariosto, Ludovico, 70, 72, 100, 244, 263.

Aristotle, 101, 134.

Aristophanes, 120.

Arkansaw Traveller, The, 564.

Army Life in a Black Regiment, 559.

Army of the Potomac, 555.

Arnold, Matthew, 24, 28, 233, 490, 502, 515, 546.

Arnold, Thomas, 236.

Ars Poetica, 173.

Art of Book Making, 403.

Art of English Poesy, 88.

Art Poetique, L', 173.

"Artemus Ward," 562, 565-569, 570.

Arthur Mervyn, 394, 396.

Arthur, King, 18, 20, 22, 24, 39, 57, 71, 157, 290,

292. Death of, 23, 50, 52, 75, 292.

Artificial Comedy of the Last Century, 171, 244.

As You Like It, 82, 89, 114, 115.

Ascham, Roger, 51, 61, 62, 68, 142.

Associations, Remarks on, 431.

Astronomical Discourses, 311.

Astrophel and Stella, 85, 94.

At Teague Poteet's, 582.

Athenae Oxonienses, 348.

Atlantic Monthly, The, 492, 501, 511-513, 558, 559,

571, 575, 589.

Atlantis, 536.

Atonement, The, 604.

Attempt to Show that America was Known to the Ancients, 596.

Atterbury, Francis, 307.

Auber, Harriet, 304.

Auf Wiedersehen, 501.

Augusta, Stanzas to, 255.

Auld, Farmer's New Year's Morning Salutation to

his Auld Mare Maggie, The, 219.

Auld Lang Syne, 219.

Austen, Jane, 247.

Authorship of the Fourth Gospel, The, 605.

Autobiography, Franklin's, 347, 360, 362, 363,407.

Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, 487, 493.

Autumn, Longfellow's, 477.

Autumn, Ode to, 263.

Ayenbite of Inwyt, 24.

Aylmer, John, 300.

Backus, Isaac, 596.

Backwoodsman, The, 405.

Bacon, Francis, 86, 91, 92, 108, 123, 136, 280, 283, 563.

Bailey, Harry, 36.

Bailey, Nathan, 197.

Baird, Robert, 603.

Balade of Dead Ladies, 25.

Balcony, In a, 297.

Bale, John, 299.

Ballad of the Oysterman, 488.

Ballads, English and Scottish, 75.

Ballads, Longfellow's, 479.

Ballou, Hosea, 600.

Baltimore Saturday Visitor, 535.

Balzac, Honore de, 584.

Bampton, John, 308.

Bancroft, George, 475, 495, 504, 505, 506.

Bandello, 89.

Bangs, Nathan, 599.

Banished Cavaliers, The, 170.

Baptists, History of New England

with Particular Reference to the, 596.

Barbara Frietchie, 521.

Barclay, Robert, 307.

Bard, The, 176, 194, 201.

Barlow, Joel, 378, 382, 383, 384-386.

Barnaby Rudge, 529.

Barnes, Albert, 602.

Bascom, Henry B., 603.

Baron's Wars, 97.

Barrow, Isaac, 163, 305.

Bartholomew Fair, 121, 165.

Battle Field, The, 517,

Battle Hymn of the Republic, 556.

Battle of Hastings, 197.

Battle of Otterbourne, 56.

Battle of the Baltic, 249.

Battle of the Kegs, 388.

Baudelaire, Charles, 533.

Baviad, 193, 223.

Baxter, Richard, 136, 305.

Bay Fight, The, 557.

Bay Psalm Book, The, 337, 594.

Beattie, James, 195, 198, 216, 386.

Beaufort, Jane, 45.

Beaumont, Francis, 94, 102, 110, 127, 128-133, 135, 171.

Beauty, On, 70, 74.

Beaux' Stratagem, The, 169, 392.

Beckford, William, 394.

Beddome, Benjamin, 303.

Bedouin Song, 540.

Beecher, Henry Ward, 545.

Beecher, Lyman, 441, 545, 600.

Beers, Ethel Lynn, 556.

Beggar's Opera, 193.

Behn, Mrs. Aphra, 170.

Beleaguered City, The, 479, 483.

Belfry of Bruges, The, 479, 481.

Bellamy, Joseph, 597.

Belle Dame Sans Merci, La, 263.

Benson, Joseph, 310.

Bentham, Jeremy, 285.

Bentley, Richard, 163.

Bentley's Miscellany, 269.

Beowulf, 546.

Beppo, 254.

Berenice, 169.

Berkeley, George, 358, 403.

Bethune, George W., 600.

Beverley, Robert, 332.

Beveridge, William, 306.

Bible, Challoner's Version of the, 309.

Bible, Eliot's Indian, 337.

Bible, Genevan Version of the, 300.

Bible, History of the, 308.

Bible, Introduction to the Literary History of the, 310.

Bible Not of Man, The, 600.

Bible, Translations of the, 32, 33, 63, 301, 309, 596.

Biblical Literature, Cyclopaedia of, 312, 607.

Biblical Repository, The, 601.

Biblical Researches, 602.

Bibliotheca Sacra, 601.

Biglow Papers, The, 496, 497, 499, 500, 523, 562.

"Bill Nye," 569.

Bilson, Thomas, 301.

Bingham, Joseph, 308.

Biographia Literaria, 235, 236.

Biographical History of Philosophy, 278.

Biographical Sketches, De Quincey's, 240.

Bishop Blougram's Apology, 296.

Bishop, Orders his Tomb in St. Praxed's Church, The, 296.

Black Cat, The, 532.

Black Fox of Salmon River, The, 520.

Blackwood's Magazine, 223, 224, 238, 278.

Blair, Hugh, 309.

Blair, James, 327, 595.

Bleak House, 241, 268, 269, 270, 273, 280, 396.

Bledsoe, Albert Taylor, 605.

Blithedale Romance, The, 437, 468, 541, 591.

Bloody Tenent of Persecution, The, 339.

Bloody Tenent Washed, The, 339.

Blot in the Scutcheon, A, 297.

Blue and the Gray, The, 557.

Boccaccio, Giovanni, 34, 36, 38, 43, 65, 67, 89, 178, 263.

Bodmer, Johann J., 194.

Boethius, 60.

Boiardo, Matteo, 244.

Boileau, Nicolas, 164, 173, 180, 183, 184, 225.

Boke of the Duchesse, 35, 42.

Boker, George H., 574.

Bolingbroke, Lord, 182, 183, 299.

Bonaparte, Historic Doubts Relative to Napoleon, 312.

Bonar, Horatius, 304.

Book of Common Prayer, 63, 154, 301, 302.

Book of Martyrs, 179, 300, 348.

Book of Psalms in English Verse, 602.

Boston Courier, 496.

Boston Port Bill, Observations on the, 369.

Bostonians, The, 591.

Boswell, James, 202, 205.

Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich, 484.

Boudinot, Elias, 596.

Bourchlir, John, 51.

Bowge of Courte, 52.

Bowring, Sir John, 304.

Boyle, Robert, 136, 163.

Boys, John, 301.

Boys, The, 489.

Bracebridge Hall, 410, 412, 561.

Bradford, William, 338, 342, 351, 353.

Brady, Nicholas, 303.

Brahma, 450, 455.

Brainard, J. G. C., 519, 520, 544.

Break, Break, Break, 291.

Breckenridge, Robert J., 600.

Brick Moon, The, 573.

Bridal of Pennacook, 520, 523.

Bride of Abydos, 250.

Bride of Lammermoor, 248.

Bridge, The, 481, 482.

Bright, John, 522.

Britannia's Pastorals, 94.

British Churches, Antiquities of the, 306.

British Empire in America, 332.

Broadway Journal, 527.

Broken Heart, The, 133, 413.

Bronte, Charlotte, 267, 274.

Brook, The, 290.

Brooke, Arthur, 85.

Brooks, Phillips, 607.

Brother Jonathan, 512.

Brougham, Henry, 223.

Brown, Charles Brockden, 393-396.

Brown, Mrs. Phoebe H., 604.

Browne, Charles F., 564, 565-569.

Browne, Sir Thomas, 90, 136, 137-139, 140, 144, 162,

179, 341, 456.

Browne, William, 94.

Brownell, Henry Howard, 556, 557, 558.

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 215, 495.

Browning, Robert, 259, 289, 290, 293-297, 522, 579.

Brut d' Angleterre, 22.

Bryant, William Cullen, 96, 400, 416, 477, 489,

513-518, 527, 536

Buccaneer, The, 429.

Buchanan, Robert W., 547.

Bugle Song, The, 291.

Building of the Ship, The, 481.

Bulkley, Peter, 346.

Bulwer, Edward G., 512.

Bund, Willis, 162.

Bundle of Letters, A, 587.

Bunyan, John, 31, 74, 179, 283, 305.

Buerger, Gottfried A., 234, 246.

Burgess, George, 602.

Burke, Edmund, 203, 212, 224, 366, 377, 425.

Burlington Hawkeye, The, 564.

Burnet, Gilbert, 163, 307.

Burnett, Mrs. Frances Hodgson, 585.

Burns, Robert, 53, 212, 215-220, 232, 244, 256, 261, 284,

488, 498, 519, 522.

Burr, Aaron, 595.

Burton, Robert, 136, 137, 243, 349, 409.

Bush, George, 602.

Bushnell, Horace, 442.

Busybody Papers, 359, 380, 408.

Butler, Alban, 309.

Butler, Joseph, 308.

Butler, Samuel, 165, 166, 381, 382.

Butler, William Alken, 538.

Byles, Mather, 597.

Byrd, William, 331.

Byrom, John, 303.

Byron, George Gordon, 96, 193, 215, 222, 229, 231, 232,

237, 242, 243, 249-256, 257, 258, 260, 262, 263, 386,

406, 415.

Cable, George W., 582, 583.

Caedmon, 546.

Cain, 251.

Calamy, Edward, 304.

Caleb Williams, 394.

Calhoun, John C., 370, 424, 425.

Caliban upon Setebos, 294.

Californian, The, 569.

Call to the Unconverted, 305.

Calvinistic Controversy, The, 599.

Cambridge Thirty Years Ago, 475.

Camilla's Alarum to Slumbering Euphues, 82.

Campaign, The, 189.

Campbell, Alexander, 600,

Campbell, Thomas, 249, 391.

Canterbury Tales, 28, 31, 36-41, 43, 46, 174.

Cape Cod, 458.

Capgrave, John, 18.

Captain Singleton, 205.

Capture of Fugitive Slaves, The, 498.

Caracteres, 92.

Carew, Thomas, 146, 148, 149.

Carlyle, Thomas, 202, 210, 216, 220, 225, 246, 248, 257,

280, 283-288, 410, 427, 444, 448, 451, 453, 454, 499, 502.

Cary, Alice, 542, 604.

Cary, Phoebe, 542, 604.

Cask of Amontillado, 532.

Cassandra Southwick, 523.

Castle of Indolence, 198.

Castle of Otranto, 195, 248, 394.

Casuistry of Roman Meals, 241.

Catechism, Lectures on the Heidelberg, 600.

Catechism, The Shorter, 302.

Catechism, Lectures on the Shorter, 598.

Cathedral, The, 503.

Catiline, 117.

Cato, 189.

Catt, Jacob, 146.

Catullus, 54, 60, 147, 174.

Cavalier Tunes, 295.

Caxton, William, 48, 49, 50, 52, 60.

Cecil Dreeme, 559.

Cenci, The, 258.

Cennick, John, 303.

Century Magazine, The, 511, 555, 575.

Certain Condescension in Foreigners, On a, 499.

Cervantes, M., 166, 209.

Chalcondylas, Demetrius, 61.

Chalkley, Thomas, 596.

Challoner, Richard, 309.

Chalmers, Thomas, 311.

Chambered Nautilus, The, 490.

Chance Acquaintance, A, 589, 590.

Chances, The, 129.

Channing, William Ellery, 396, 407, 429-432, 434, 440,

442, 444, 452, 598.

Channing, William E., Jr., 452, 457, 470.

Channing, William H., 452.

Chanson de Roland, 19, 70.

Chapel of the Hermits, 522.

Chapman, George, 95, 96, 97, 262.

Character and Writings of John Milton, 431.

Characteristics, Carlyle's, 284.

Characters, Overbury's, 93.

Charivari, 563.

Charleston, 557.

Charleston City Gazette, 536.

Charleston Mercury, 557.

Charnock, Stephen, 306.

Chartism, 285.

Chatterton, Thomas, 195, 196, 197, 198, 244.

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 13, 28, 29, 33-46, 49, 50, 56,

60, 65, 66, 67, 68, 95, 98, 174, 178, 195, 197,

228, 263, 289, 501, 568.

Chauncy, Charles, 595.

Chauncy, Charles (President), 594, 595.

Checks to Antinomianism, 310.

Cheever, George B., 601.

Cheke, Sir John, 61.

Chesterfield, Lord, 183.

Chevy Chase, 55, 56, 387.

Childe Harold, 249, 253, 255.

Children of Adam, 548.

Chillingworth, William, 136, 304.

Choate, Rufus, 428, 429.

Christ, Divinity of, 308, 310.

Christ, Life of, 607.

Christ, Poems to, 27.

Christabel, 235, 237, 238, 416, 530.

Christian Advocate, The, 598.

Christian Church, Antiquities of the, 308.

Christian Church, History of the, 606.

Christian Doctrine, History of, 606.

Christian Examiner, 431.

Christian Perfection, 309.

Christian Psalmist, The, 304.

Christian Religion, Evidences of the, 598.

Christian Year, 145, 304.

Christianity, A Practical View of, 311.

Christianity and Positivism, 605.

Christianity as Old as Creation, 308.

Christianity, Evidences of, 600, 604.

Christianity, History of, 312.

Christmas Stories, 269.

"Christopher North", 223.

Christ's Passion, 300.

Christ's Victory and Triumph, 159.

Chronicle of England, 18, 90, 97.

Chronicles of Froissart, 51.

Church and State, 237.

Church History, Fuller's, 33, 348.

Church History of Britain, 139.

Church of Christ, History of the, in Chronological Tables, 606.

Church of England, History of the Reformation of the, 307.

Church of Scotland, History of the, 299.

Church of Scotland, History of the Sufferings of the, 308.

Churches, Doctrine of Instituted, 595.

Cibber, Colley, 183.

Cicero, 49, 60, 117.

Circular Letter to each Colonial Legislature, 368.

City in the Sea, The, 528.

Civil Wars, History of the, 97, 324.

Clannesse, 28.

Clap, Thomas, 596.

Clara Howard, 394.

Clarendon, Edward Hyde, 163.

Clari, 422.

Claribel, 289.

Clarissa Harlowe, 205, 206.

Clark, Davis W., 605.

Clarke, Adam, 310.

Clarke, James Freeman, 451, 452, 606.

Clarke, Samuel, 307.

Clay, Henry, 424, 425.

Clemens, Samuel L., 564, 569.

Clerical Habits and Manners, Letters on, 600.

Cleveland, Henry R., 476.

Cleveland Plain Dealer, 564, 565.

Clough, Arthur Hugh, 484.

Clown, The, 92.

Coke, Thomas, 310.

Coleridge, Henry N., 235.

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 117, 118, 129, 138, 207, 210,

219, 222, 225, 226, 227, 233, 234-238, 239, 240, 243,

255, 282, 406, 415, 416, 444, 530.

Colet, John, 61, 64.

Colin Clout's Come Home Again, 69.

Colleges, Religious Condition of, 596.

Collier, Jeremy, 172.

Collins, Anthony, 360.

Collins, Wilkie, 529.

Collins, William, 194, 199, 200, 201, 205, 211, 244.

Colombe's Birthday, 297.

Colonel, The, 121.

Columbiad, The, 384, 386.

Columbus, Life of, 408, 414.

Comedies et Proverbes, 592.

Comedy of Errors, 104, 113.

Comic Almanac, Cruikshank's, 273.

Comic Dramatists of the Restoration, 192, 283.

Committee, The, 170.

Common Sense, 377.

Companions of Columbus, 408.

Complaint of the Decay of Beggars in the Metropolis, A, 244.

Complaints, 70.

Compleat Angler, The, 142, 162.

Complete Body of Divinity, 594.

Comus, 22, 133, 150, 152, 160.

Conant, Thomas J., 605.

Concordance of the Bible, Exhaustive, 607.

Concordance to the Scriptures, 309.

Condensed Novels, 578.

Conder, Josiah, 304.

Conduct of Life, 453.

Conduct of the Allies, 180.

Confederate States of America, 555.

Confessio Amantis, 41.

Confession of Faith, Westminster, 302.

Confessions of an English Opium Eater, 239.

Confutation, of the Animadversions upon a Defense of a

Humble Remonstrance against a Treatise, entitled Of

Reformation, A, 155.

Congregationalists of the Last Three Hundred Years, The, 607.

Congreve, William, 169, 183, 193.

Connecticut Evangelical Magazine, 590.

Connecticut Mirror, 519.

Connection of the Old and New Testaments, 307.

Conquest of Canaan, 386.

Conquest of Granada, 168, 407, 408.

Conquest of Mexico, 504.

Conquest of Peru, 504.

Conservative Reformation and its Theology, The, 607.

Consolation, 601.

Consolatione Philosophiae, De, 60.

Conspiracy of Pontiac, The, 506.

Constable, Henry, 94.

Constitution and the Union, On the, 426.

Constitution of the United States, 369, 373.

Contentment, 423.

Contrast, The, 393.

Conversations on Some of the Old Poets, 501.

Conversations on the Gospels, 449.

Conybeare, William J., 312.

Cooke, John Esten, 536.

Cooper, James Fenimore, 391, 405, 407, 418-422, 429, 453,

485, 507, 536, 583.

Cooper's Hill, 174.

Coral Grove, 544.

Corinna, To, to Go a Maying, 148.

Coriolanus, 116.

Corneille, Pierre, 164, 167, 168.

Corneille, Thomas, 169.

Corsair, The, 250, 512.

Cosin, John, 304.

Cotter's Saturday Night, 216, 522.

Cotton, John, 136, 339, 340, 346, 347.

Counsels Civil and Moral, 91.

Count Frontenac and New France, 507.

Countess of Cumberland, Epistle to the, 98.

Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia, 82, 83, 84, 85, 89.

Country Magistrate, The, 92.

Country Wife, 169.

Courier-Journal, 564.

Court of Love, 42.

Courtin', The, 499, 562.

Courtly Poets from Raleigh to Montrose, The, 123.

Courtship of Miles Standish, The, 344.

Coverdale, Miles, 63.

Cow Chase, The, 387.

Cowley, Abraham, 143, 148, 164, 173, 175, 179, 354.

Cowper, William, 96, 200, 212-215, 218, 232, 366, 522.

Cox, Samuel Hanson, 603.

Coxe, Arthur Cleveland, 604.

Crabbe, George, 232.

Cradle Song, The, 291.

Cranch, Christopher P., 437, 452.

Cranmer, Archbishop, 301, 302.

Crashaw, Richard, 143, 148.

Credibility of the Gospel History, 304.

Creed, Exposition of the, 305.

Creeds of Christendom, 606.

Crime against Kansas, On the, 509.

Crisis, The, 377.

Critic, The, 172.

Croaker Papers, The, 417.

Cromwell's Letters and Speeches, 286.

Crooks, George R., 607.

Crosby, Howard, 605.

Crowne, John, 168.

Cruden, Alexander, 309.

Cuckoo, To the, 229.

Cuckow and the Nightingale, The, 42.

Cudworth, Ralph, 305.

Culprit Fay, The, 98, 416.

Cumming, John, 313.

Curse of Kehama, 238.

Cursor Mundi, 24.

Curtis, George William, 437, 574.

Cymbeline, 22, 115, 199.

Cynthia's Revels, 122.

Dairyman's Daughter, The, 310.

Daisy Miller, 586, 587.

Dame Siriz, 38.

Dana, Charles A., 436, 452, 513.

Dana, Richard H., 400, 429.

Danbury News, 388, 564.

Daniel Deronda, 280.

Daniel, Samuel, 94, 97, 98, 324.

Dante, 34, 36, 65, 74, 119, 242, 244, 286, 291, 294,

295, 455, 478, 486, 501.

Daphnaida, 70.

Darby, William, 484.

Davenant, Sir William, 164, 167, 172.

Davenport, John, 595.

David and Bethsabe, 106.

David Copperfield, 269, 270.

Davideis, The, 148.

Davies, Samuel, 595, 604.

Davis, Jefferson, 555.

Davison, Francis, 94.

Dawes, Rufus, 525.

Day is Done, 481.

Day of Doom, 355.

Deacon Giles's Distillery, 601.

Death and Dr. Hornbook, 218.

Death of the Flowers, The, 515, 516.

Death of Thomson, On the, 200.

Decameron, 89.

Declaration of Independence, 369.

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 212.

Deems, Charles Force, 606.

Deerslayer, The, 420, 422.

Defense of Chimney-sweeps, 244.

Defense of Poesy, 85.

Defensio pro Populo Anglicano, 156.

De Foe, Daniel, 181, 190, 205, 410, 533.

Deistical Writers, View of the, 308.

Deists, Short and Easy Method with the, 307.

Deity of our Lord Jesus Christ, The Supreme, 595.

Dejection near Naples, Stanzas Written in, 260.

Delineation of Roman Catholicism, 606.

Democratic Vistas, 551.

Demonstration of the Being and Attributes of God, 308.

Demosthenes, 508.

Denham, Sir John, 174.

Denominations in the United States, A History

of Religious, 603.

De Quincey, Thomas, 138, 222, 239-241, 282, 532, 567.

Derby, George H., 564.

Derby, Lord, 96.

Descent into the Maelstrom, The, 533.

Description of England, 97.

Deserted Road, The, 542.

Deserted Village, The, 211.

Destruction of Jerusalem, 168.

Dexter, Henry Martyn, 607.

Dial, The, 434, 441, 450, 452.

Dialogue between Franklin and the Gout, 362.

Diamond Lens, 559.

Diana Enamorada, 83.

Diana, Hymn to, 123.

Diary, Henry Crabb Robinson's, 241.

Diary, Samuel Sewall's, 352, 353.

Diary, Pepys's, 165, 171, 173, 352.

Dickens, Charles, 241, 267-272, 273, 274, 276, 277, 278,

280, 396, 415, 489, 512, 529, 562, 592.

Dickinson, Jonathan, 595.

Dictes and Sayings of the Philosophers, 49.

Dictionary of the English Language, Johnson's, 204.

Diderot, Denis, 284.

Difference between Absolute and Limited Monarchy, 48.

Directions to Servants, 192.

Dirge in Cymbeline, 199.

Discoveries, Ben Jonson's, 105.

Discovery of the Empire of Guiana, 86.

Dividing Line, History of the, 331.

Divina Commedia, 486.

Divine Attributes, The, 306.

Divine Emblems, 146, 354.

Divine-Human in the Scriptures, The, 605.

Divine Legation of Moses, 309.

Divine Weeks and Works, 158, 354.

Divinity, Complete Body of, 594.

Doane, George W., 604.

Doctrine of Instituted Churches, 595.

Doddridge, Philip, 303, 308.

Dolph Heyliger, 410.

Domain of Arnheim, 533.

Dombey and Son, 269.

Don Juan, 254.

Don Quixote, 166, 275,

Donne, John, 142, 143-145, 173, 177, 354.

Dora, 290.

Dorchester Giant, The, 487

Dou Coc et Werpil, 38.

Dowie Dens of Yarrow, 56.

Drake, James Rodman, 98, 416, 417, 418, 429.

Dramatic Lyrics, 294.

Dramatic Poets, Specimens of English, 243.

Dramatis Personae, 294.

Draper, J. W., 555.

Drayton, Michael, 83, 94, 97, 98, 141, 324.

Dream Children, 244.

Dream Fugue, 532.

Dream Life, 545.

Dream of Fair Women, 289.

Dream of the Unknown, A, 260.

Dresser, The, 549.

Drew, Samuel, 310.

Drifting, 542.

Driving Home the Cows, 556.

Drum Taps, 551.

Drummond, Henry, 313.

Drummond, William, 94.

Dryden, John, 38, 76, 128, 143, 149, 155, 164, 168, 169,

170, 172, 174, 175, 176-179, 180, 183, 184, 186, 190,

192, 193, 200, 212, 348, 349, 358.

Du Bartas, Gillaume, 153, 158, 354.

Duche, Jacob, 597.

Duchess of Malfi, 134.

Duff, Alexander, 312.

Duffield, George, 604.

Duke of Lerma, 168.

Dunbar, William, 74.

Dunciad, The, 182, 183, 184.

Dunstan, Saint, 28.

Dunster, Henry, 594.

Durbin, John Price, 602.

Dutchman's Fireside, The, 416.

Duycinck, E. A., 318, 389, 407.

Duycinck, G. L., 318, 389, 407.

Dwight, John S., 437, 444.

Dwight, Sereno, 358.

Dwight, Theodore, 382, 383.

Dwight, Timothy, 382, 386, 387, 452, 604.

Dyer, John, 198, 201, 205.

Dying Swan, The, 289.

Earle, John, 280.

Early Spring in Massachusetts, 458.

Eastward Hoe, 120.

Easy and Ready Way to Establish a Commonwealth, An, 154.

Ecce Homo, 313.

Ecclesiastical Characteristics, 596.

Ecclesiastical History of New England, 597.

Ecclesiastical Polity, 90, 91.

Echo, The, 383.

Echo Club, The, 540.

Eclipse of Faith, The, 312.

Ecole des Femmes, 169.

Edgar Huntley, 394, 396.

Edgeworth, Maria, 248.

Edinburgh Review, 223, 281, 284, 406.

Edith Linsey, 537.

Education of Nature, The, 516.

Edward II., 105.

Edward V. and Richard III., History of, 64.

Edward VI., Prayer Books of, 301, 302.

Edwards, Bela Bates, 601.

Edwards, Jonathan, 355-358, 386, 430, 440, 442.

Edwards, Jonathan, the Younger, 598.

Edwin Morris, 290.

Eggleston, Edward, 581.

Elaine, 290.

Eleanore, 289.

Elegy on Thyrza, 255.

Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady, 186.

Elegy written in a Country Churchyard, 198, 200.

Elevator, The, 393, 592.

Elgin Marbles, On Seeing the, 262.

Eliot, John, 337, 339, 594.

Elliott, Charles, 606.

Elliott, Charlotte, 304.

Elliott, Jane, 59.

Eloisa to Abelard, 186.

Elsie Venner, 494.

Emerson, Charles, 452.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 138, 241, 427, 434, 435, 439, 440,

441, 442, 443, 444-450, 451, 452, 453-457, 458, 459, 460,

461, 470, 474, 481, 483, 495, 502, 512, 517, 525, 549.

Emmons, Nathaniel, 598.

Empress of Morocco, 168.

Encouragements to a Lover, 149.

Endicott's Red Cross, 343, 467.

Endymion, 261, 263.

England's Greatest Poets, An Account of, 174.

England, History of, from the Accession of James II., 281, 283.

England's Helicon, 94.

England's Heroical Epistles, 97.

English Bards and Scotch Reviewers, 193.

English Note Book, 469.

English Poetry, History of, 195.

English Traits, 448, 456.

Enid, 292.

Ephemerae, 545.

Epipsychidion, 260.

Epilogue to Cato, 390.

Episcopacy, 596, 597, 603.

Episcopacy by Divine Right, 304.

Episcopal Church in the United States, Memoir of the, 597.

Epithalamion, 73, 74.

Erasmus, Desiderius, 61.

Errors of Hopkinsianism, 599.

Essay on Criticism, 174.

Essay on Dramatic Poesie, 168, 178.

Essay on Man, 182.

Essay on Poetry, 173.

Essay on Satire, 173.

Essay on Translated Verse, 174.

Essays and Reviews, 311.

Essays, Bacon's, 91, 92, 123.

Essays, Cowley's, 148.

Essays, Emerson's, 453.

Essays of Elia, 243.

Essex Gazette, 519.

Eton College, Ode on a Distant Prospect of, 200.

Eternal Goodness, The, 522.

Ethan Brand, 466.

Etherege, George, 169, 170, 171.

Euganean Hills, Written in the, 260.

Euphues and his England, 81.

Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit, 80, 81, 82, 84, 89.

Euphues's Censure to Philautus, 82.

Euripides, 100.

Europeans, The, 586.

Evangeline, 483, 484.

Evans, Mary Ann, 267.

Eve of St. Agnes, 263.

Evelyn Hope, 295.

Evening Chronicle, 267.

Evening Mirror, 527, 536, 537, 538.

Evening Post, 417, 513, 518.

Evening Wind, The, 515.

Evening, Ode to, 199.

Evening's Love, An, 169.

Everett, Edward, 428, 429, 489, 495, 560.

Evergreen, 59.

Every Man in his Humor, 121, 122.

Every Man out of his Humor, 121.

Evolution, Religious Aspects of, 605.

Examination of the Doctrine of

Future Retribution, An, 600.

Excelsior, 480.

Excursion, The, 228, 231, 232.

Excursions, Thoreau's, 458.

Exiles in Bermuda, Song of the, 161.

Eyes and Ears, 545.