HOLY ORDER.
The Second Sacrament of Perpetuation is Holy Order. As the Sacrament
of Marriage perpetuates the human race, so the Sacrament of Order
perpetuates the Priesthood. Holy Order, indeed, perpetuates the
Sacraments themselves. It is the ordained channel through which the
Sacramental life of the Church is continued.
Holy Order, then, was instituted for the perpetuation of those
Sacraments which depend upon Apostolic Succession. It makes it
possible for the Christian laity to be Confirmed, Communicated,
Absolved. Thus, the Christian Ministry is a great deal more than a
body of men, chosen as officers might be chosen in the army or navy.
It is the Church's media for the administration of the Sacraments of
Salvation. To say this does not assert that God cannot, and does not,
save and sanctify souls in any other way; but it does assert, as
Scripture does, that the {124} Christian Ministry is the authorized and
ordained way.
The Threefold Ministry.
In this Ministry, there are three orders, or degrees: Bishops, Priests,
and Deacons. In the words of the Prayer Book: "It is evident unto all
men, diligently reading Holy Scripture and ancient Authors, that, from
the Apostles' time, there have been these Orders of Ministers in
Christ's Church; Bishops, Priests, and Deacons".[1]
(I) BISHOPS.
Who was the first Bishop? Jesus Christ, "the Shepherd and Bishop of
our souls". When, and where, was the first Ordination? In the Upper
Chamber, when He, the Universal Bishop, Himself ordained the first
Apostles. When was {125} the second Ordination? When these Apostles
ordained Matthias to succeed Judas. This was the first link in the
chain of Apostolic Succession. What followed? In apostolic days,
Timothy was ordained, with episcopal jurisdiction over Ephesus; Titus,
over Crete; Polycarp (the friend of St. John), over Smyrna; and then,
later on, Linus, over Rome. And so the great College of Bishops
expands until, in the second century, we read in a well-known writer,
St. Irenaeus: "We can reckon up lists of Bishops ordained in the
Churches from the Apostles to our time". Link after link, the chain of
succession lengthens "throughout all the world," until it reaches the
Early British Church, and then, in 597, the English Church, through the
consecration of Augustine,[2] first Archbishop of Canterbury, and in
1903 of Randall Davidson his ninety-fourth successor.
And this is the history of every ordination in the Church to-day. "It
is through the Apostolic Succession," said the late Bishop Stubbs to
his ordination Candidates, "that I am empowered, through the long line
of mission and Commission {126} from the Upper Chamber at Jerusalem, to
lay my hands upon you and send you."[3]
How does a Priest become a Bishop? In the Church of England he goes
through four stages:--
(1) He is _nominated_ by the Crown.
(2) He is _elected_ by the Church.
(3) His election is _confirmed_ by the Archbishop.
(4) He is _consecrated_ by the Episcopate.
(1) He is _nominated_ by the Crown. This is in accordance with the
immemorial custom of this realm. In these days, the Prime Minister
(representing the people) proposes the name of a Priest to the King,
who accepts or rejects the recommendation. If he accepts it, the King
nominates the selected Priest to the Church for election, and
authorizes the issue of legal documents for such election. This is
called _Conge d'elire_, "leave to elect".
(2) He is _elected_ by the Church. The King's {127} nominee now comes
before the Dean and Chapter (representing the Church), and the Church
either elects or rejects him. It has power to do either. If the
nominee is elected, what is called his "Confirmation" follows--that
is:--
(3) His election is _confirmed_ by the Archbishop of Canterbury,
according to a right reserved to him by _Magna Charta_. Before
confirming the election, the Archbishop, or his representative, sits in
public, generally at Bow Church, Cheapside, to hear legal objections
from qualified laity against the election. Objections were of late, it
will be remembered, made, and overruled, in the cases of Dr. Temple and
Dr. Gore. Then, if duly nominated, elected, and confirmed,--
(4) He is _consecrated_ by the Episcopate. To safeguard the
Succession, three Bishops, at least, are required for the Consecration
of another Bishop, though one would secure a valid Consecration. No
Priest can be Consecrated Bishop under the age of thirty. Very
carefully does the Church safeguard admission to the Episcopate.
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_Homage._
After Consecration, the Bishop "does homage,"[4] i.e. he says that he,
like any other subject (ecclesiastic or layman), is the King's
"_homo_". What does he do homage for? He does homage, not for any
spiritual gift, but for "all the possessions, and profette spirituall
and temporall belongyng to the said ... Bishopricke".[5] The
_temporal_ possessions include such things as his house, revenue, etc.
But what is meant by doing homage for _spiritual_ possessions? Does
not this admit the claim that the King can, as Queen Elizabeth is
reported to have said, make or unmake a Bishop? No. Spiritual
_possessions_ do not here mean spiritual _powers_,--powers which can be
conferred by the Episcopate alone. {129} The "spiritual possessions"
for which a Bishop "does homage" refer to fees connected with spiritual
things, such as Episcopal Licences, Institutions to Benefices, Trials
in the Ecclesiastical Court, Visitations--fees, by the way, which, with
very rare exceptions, do not go into the Bishop's own pocket!
_Jurisdiction._
What is meant by Episcopal Jurisdiction? Jurisdiction is of two kinds,
_Habitual_ and _Actual_.
Habitual Jurisdiction is the Jurisdiction given to a Bishop to exercise
his office in the Church at large. It is conveyed with Consecration,
and is given to the Bishop as a Bishop of the Catholic Church. Thus an
Episcopal act, duly performed, would be valid, however irregular,
outside the Bishop's own Diocese, and in any part of the Church.
_Actual Jurisdiction_ is this universal Jurisdiction limited to a
particular area, called a Diocese. To this area, a Bishop's right to
exercise his Habitual Jurisdiction is, for purposes of order and
business, confined.
The next order in the Ministry is the Priesthood.
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(II) PRIESTS.
No one can read the Prayer-Book Office for the _Ordering of Priests_
without being struck by its contrast to the ordinary conception of
Priesthood by the average Englishman. The Bishop's words in the
Ordination Service: "Receive the Holy Ghost for the Office and Work of
a Priest in the Church of God," must surely mean more than that a
Priest should try to be a good organizer, a good financier, a good
preacher, or good at games--though the better he is at all these, the
better it may be. But the gift of the Holy Ghost for "the Office and
Work of a Priest" must mean more than this.
We may consider it in connexion with four familiar English clerical
titles: _Priest, Minister, Parson, Clergyman_.
_Priest._
According to the Prayer Book, a Priest, or Presbyter, is ordained to do
three things, which he, and he alone, can do: to Absolve, to
Consecrate, to Bless.
He, and he alone, can _Absolve_. Think! It is the day of his
Ordination to the Priesthood. He is saying Matins as a Deacon just
_before_ his {131} Ordination, and he is forbidden to pronounce the
Absolution: he is saying Evensong just _after_ his Ordination, and he
is ordered to pronounce the Absolution.
He, and he alone, can _Consecrate_. If a Deacon pretends to Consecrate
the Elements at the Blessed Sacrament, not only is his act sacrilege
and invalid, but even by the law of the land he is liable to a penalty
of L100.[6]
He, and he alone, can give the _Blessing_--i.e. the Church's official
Blessing. The right of Benediction belongs to him as part of his
Ministerial Office. The Blessing pronounced by a Deacon might be the
personal blessing of a good and holy man, just as the blessing of a
layman--a father blessing his child--might be of value as such. In
each case it would be a personal act. But a Priest does not bless in
his own name, but in the name of the Whole Church. It is an official,
not a personal act: he conveys, not his own, but the Church's blessing
to the people.
Hence, the valid Ordination of a Priest is of essential importance to
the laity.
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But there is another aspect of "the Office and Work of a Priest in the
Church of God". This we see in the word
_Minister._
The Priest not only ministers before God on behalf of his people, but
he ministers to his people on behalf of God. In this aspect of the
Priesthood, he ministers God's gifts to the laity. If, as a Priest, he
pleads the One Sacrifice on behalf of the people, as a Minister he
feeds the people upon the one Sacrifice. His chief ministerial duty is
to minister to the people--to give them Baptism, Absolution, Holy
Communion; to minister to all their spiritual needs whenever, and
wherever, he is needed.
It is, surely, a sad necessity that this ministerial "office and work"
should be so often confused with finance, doles, charities, begging
sermons, committees, etc. In all such things he is, indeed, truly
serving and ministering; but he is often obliged to place them in the
wrong order of importance, and so dim the sight of the laity to his
real position, and not infrequently make his spiritual ministrations
unacceptable. A well-known and London-wide respected Priest said {133}
shortly before he died, that he had almost scattered his congregation
by the constant "begging sermons" which he hated, but which necessity
made imperative. The laity are claiming (and rightly claiming) the
privilege of being Church workers, and are preaching (and rightly
preaching) that "the Clergy are not the Church". If only they would
practise what they preach, and relieve the Clergy of all Church
finance, they need never listen to another "begging sermon" again. So
doing, they would rejoice the heart of the Clergy, and fulfil one of
their true functions as laity.
The Parson.
This is one of the most beautiful of all the clerical names, only it
has become smirched by common use.
The word Parson is derived from _Persona_, a _person_. The Parson is
_the_ Person--the Person who represents God in the Parish. It is not
his own person, or position, that he stands for, but the position and
Person of his Master. Like St. Paul, he can say, "I magnify mine
office," and probably the best way to magnify his office will be to
minimize himself. The outward marks of {134} respect still shown to
"the Parson" in some places, are not necessarily shown to the person
himself (though often, thank God, they may be), but are meant, however
unconsciously, to honour the Person he represents--just as the lifting
of the hat to a woman is not, of necessity, a mark of respect to the
individual woman, but a tribute to the Womanhood she represents.
The Parson, then, is, or should be, the official person, the standing
element in the parish, who reminds men of God.
_Clergyman._
The word is derived from the Greek _kleros_,[7] "a lot," and conveys
its own meaning. According to some, it takes us back in thought to the
first Apostolic Ordination, when "they cast _lots_, and the _lot_ fell
upon Matthias". It reminds us that, as Matthias "was numbered with the
eleven," so a "Clergyman" is, at his Ordination, numbered with that
long list of "Clergy" who trace their spiritual pedigree to Apostolic
days.
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_Ordination Safeguards._
"Seeing then," run the words of the Ordination Service, "into how high
a dignity, and how weighty an Office and Charge" a Priest is called,
certain safeguards surround his Ordination, both for his own sake, and
for the sake of his people.
_Age._
No Deacon can, save under very exceptional circumstances, be ordained
Priest before he is 24, and has served at least a year in the Diaconate.
_Fitness._
This fitness, as in Confirmation, will be intellectual and moral. His
_intellectual_ fitness is tested by the Bishop's Examining Chaplain
some time before the Ordination to the Priesthood, and, in doubtful
cases, by the Bishop himself.
His _moral_ fitness is tested by the Publication during Service, in the
Church where he is Deacon, of his intention to offer himself as a
Candidate for the Priesthood. To certify that this has been done, this
Publication must be signed by the Churchwarden, representing the {136}
laity, and by the Incumbent, representing the Clergy and responsible to
the Bishop.
Further safeguard is secured by letters of Testimony from three
Beneficed Clergy, who have known the Candidate well either for the past
three years, or during the term of his Diaconate.
Finally, at the very last moment, in the Ordination Service itself, the
Bishop invites the laity, if they know "any impediment or notable
crime" disqualifying the Candidate from being ordained Priest, to "come
forth in the Name of God, and show what the crime or impediment is".
Why all these safeguards? For many obvious reasons, but specially for
one. Priest's Orders are indelible.
_The Indelibility of Orders._
Once a Priest, always a Priest. When once the Bishop has ordained a
Deacon to the Priesthood, there is no going back. The law,
ecclesiastical or civil, may deprive him of the right to _exercise_ his
Office, but no power can deprive him of the Office itself.
For instance, to safeguard the Church, and for {137} the sake of the
laity, a Priest may, for various offences, be what is commonly called
"unfrocked". He may be degraded, temporarily suspended, or permanently
forbidden to _officiate_ in any part of the Church; but he does not
cease to be a Priest. Any Priestly act, rightly and duly performed,
would be valid, though irregular. It would be for the people's good,
though it would be to his own hurt.
Again: by _The Clerical Disabilities Act_ of 1870, a Priest may, by the
law of the land, execute a "Deed of Relinquishment," and, as far as the
law is concerned, return to lay life. This would enable him legally to
undertake lay work which the law forbids to the Clergy.[8]
He may, in consequence, regain his legal rights as a layman, and lose
his legal rights as a Priest; but he does not cease to be a Priest.
The law can only touch his civil status, and cannot touch his priestly
"character". That is indelible.
Hence, no securities can be superfluous to safeguard the irrevocable.
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_Jurisdiction._
As in the case of the Bishops, a Priest's jurisdiction is
twofold--_habitual_ and _actual_. Ordination confers on him _habitual_
jurisdiction, i.e. the power to exercise his office, to Absolve, to
Consecrate, to Bless, in the "Holy Church throughout the world". And,
as in the case of Bishops, for purposes of ecclesiastical order and
discipline, this Habitual Jurisdiction is limited to the sphere in
which the Bishop licenses him. "Take thou authority," says the Bishop,
"to preach the word of God, and to minister the Sacraments _in the
congregation where thou shalt be lawfully appointed thereunto_." This
is called _Actual_ Jurisdiction.
_The Essence of the Sacrament._
The absolutely essential part of Ordination is the Laying on of Hands
(1 Tim. iv. 14; Acts vi. 6; 2 Tim. i. 6). Various other and beautiful
ceremonies have, at different times, and in different places,
accompanied the essential Rite. Sometimes, and in some parts of the
Church, Unction, or anointing the Candidate with oil, has been used:
sometimes Ordination has been accompanied with the delivery of a Ring,
the Paten {139} and Chalice, the Bible, or the Gospels, the Pastoral
Staff (to a Bishop),--all edifying ceremonies, but not essentials.
(III) DEACONS.
A Deacon is a server. The word comes from the Greek _diakonos_, a
servant, and exactly describes the Office. Originally, a permanent
Order in the Church, the Diaconate is now, in the Church of England,
generally regarded as a step to the Priesthood. This is a loss. But
it is as this step, or preparatory stage, that we have to consider it.
Considering the importance of this first step in the Ministry, both to
the man himself, and to the people, it is well that the laity should
know what safeguards are taken by the Bishop to secure "fit persons to
serve in the sacred ministry of the Church"[9]--and should realize
their own great responsibility in the matter. First, there is the age.
(1) _The Age._
No layman can be made a Deacon under 23.
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(2) The Preliminaries.
The chief preliminary is the selection of the Candidate. The burden of
selection is shared by the Bishop, Clergy and Laity. The Bishop must,
of course, be the final judge of the Candidate's fitness, but _the
evidence upon which he bases his judgment_ must very largely be
supplied by the Laity.
We pray in the Ember Collect that he "may lay hands suddenly on no man,
but make choice of _fit persons_". It is well that the Laity should
remember that they share with the Bishop and Clergy in the
responsibility of choice.
For this fitness will, as in the case of the Priest, be moral and
intellectual.
It will be _moral_--and it is here that the responsibility of the laity
begins. For, in addition to private inquiries made by the Bishop, the
laity are publicly asked, in the church of the parish where the
Candidate resides, to bear testimony to the integrity of his character.
This publication is called the _Si quis_, from the Latin of the first
two words of publication ("if any..."), and it is repeated by the
Bishop in open church in the Ordination Service. The {141} absence of
any legal objection by the laity is the testimony of the people to the
Candidate's fitness. This throws upon the laity a full share of
responsibility in the choice of the Candidate. Their responsibility in
giving evidence is only second to that of the Bishop, whose decision
rests upon the evidence they give.
Then, there is the testimony of the Clergy. No layman is accepted by
the Bishop for Ordination without _Letters Testimonial_--i.e. the
testimony of three beneficed Clergymen, to whom he is well known.
These Clergy must certify that "we have had opportunity of observing
his conduct, and we do believe him, in our consciences, and as to his
moral conduct, a fit person to be admitted to the Sacred Ministry".
Each signature must be countersigned by the signatory's own Bishop, who
thus guarantees the Clergyman's moral fitness to certify.
Lastly, comes the Bishop himself, who, from first to last, is in close
touch with the Candidate, and who almost invariably helps to prepare
him personally in his own house during the week before his Ordination.
It will be _intellectual_. In addition to University testimony,
evidence of the Candidate's {142} intellectual fitness is given to the
Bishop, as in the case of Priests, by his Examining Chaplains. Some
months before the Ordination, the Candidate is examined, and the
Examiner's Report sent in to the Bishop. The standard of intellectual
fitness has differed at various ages, in different parts of the Church,
and no one standard can be laid down. Assuming that the average
proportion of people in a parish will be (on a generous calculation) as
twelve Jurymen to one Judge, the layman called to the Diaconate should,
at least, be equal in intellectual attainment to "the layman" called to
the Bar.
It does sometimes happen that evidence is given by Clergy, or laity,
which leads the Bishop to reject the Candidate on moral grounds. It
does sometimes happen that the Candidate is rejected or postponed on
intellectual grounds. It does, it must, sometimes happen that mistakes
are made: God alone is infallible. But, if due care is taken, publicly
and privately, and if the laity, as well as the Clergy, do their duty,
the Bishop's risk of a wrong judgment is reduced to a very small
minimum.
A "fit" Clergy is so much the concern of the laity, that they may well
be reminded of their {143} parts and duties in the Ordination of a
Deacon. For, as Dr. Liddon says, "the strength of the Church does not
consist in the number of pages in its 'Clerical Directory,' but in the
sum total of the moral and spiritual force which she has at her
command".
[1] "The Threefold Ministry," writes Bishop Lightfoot, "can be traced
to Apostolic direction; and, short of an express statement, we can
possess no better assurance of a Divine appointment, or, at least, a
Divine Sanction." And he adds, speaking of his hearty desire for union
with the Dissenters, "we cannot surrender for any immediate advantages
the threefold Ministry which we have inherited from Apostolic times,
and which is the historic backbone of the Church" ("Ep. to the
Philippians," p. 276, later ed.).
[2] The Welsh Bishops did not transmit Episcopacy to us, but rather
came into us.
[3] In a book called _Registrum Sacrum Anglicanum_, Bishop Stubbs has
traced the name, date of Consecration, names of Consecrators, and in
most cases place of Consecration, of every Bishop in the Church of
England from the Consecration of Augustine.
[4] The Bishops are one of the three Estates of the Realm--Lords
Spiritual, Lords Temporal, and Commons (not, as is so often said, King,
Lords, and Commons). The Archbishop of Canterbury is the first Peer of
the Realm, and has precedency immediately after the blood royal. The
Archbishop of York has precedency over all Dukes, not being of royal
blood, and over all the great officers of State, except the Lord
Chancellor. He has the privilege of crowning the Queen Consort.
[5] Cf. "Encyclopedia of the Laws of England," vol. 11, p. 156; and 25
Hen. VIII, cap. 2, s. 6.
[6] 14 Car. II, c. 4, s. 10. See Phillimore's "Ecclesiastical Law,"
vol. 1, p. 109.
[7] But see Skeat, whose references are to [Greek: kleros], "a lot," in
late Greek, and the Clergy whose portion is the Lord (Deut. xviii. 2, 1
Pet. v. 3, cf. Acts i. 17). The [Greek: kleros] is thus the portion
rather than the circumstance by which it is obtained, i.e. Acts i. 17
rather than Acts i. 26.
[8] For example: farming more than a certain number of acres, or going
into Parliament.
[9] Ember Collect.
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