CONFIRMATION.
(I) What it is not.
(II) What it is.
(III) Whom it is for.
(IV) What is essential.
(I) WHAT IT IS NOT.
Confirmation is not the renewal of vows. The renewal of vows is the
final part of the _preparation_ for Confirmation. It is that part of
the preparation which takes place in public, as the previous
preparation has taken place in private. Before Confirmation, the
Baptismal vows are renewed "openly before the Church". Their renewal
is the last word of preparation. The Bishop, or Chief Shepherd,
assures himself by question, and answer, that the Candidate openly
responds to the preparation he has received in {95} private from the
Parish Priest, or under-Shepherd. Before the last revision of the
Prayer Book, the Bishop asked the Candidates in public many questions
from the Catechism before confirming them; now he only asks one--and
the "I do," by which the Candidate renews his Baptismal vows, is the
answer to that preparatory question.
It is still quite a common idea, even among Church people, that
Confirmation is something which the Candidate does for himself, instead
of something which God does to him. This is often due to the
unfortunate use of the word "confirm"[1] in the Bishop's question. At
the time it was inserted, the word "confirm" meant "confess,"[2] and
referred, not to the Gift of Confirmation, but to the Candidate's
public Confession of faith, before receiving the Sacrament of
Confirmation. It had nothing whatever to do with Confirmation itself.
We must not, then, confuse the preparation for Confirmation with the
Gift of Confirmation. The Sacrament itself is God's gift to the child
bestowed through the Bishop in accordance with the teaching given to
{96} the God-parents at the child's Baptism: "Ye are to take care that
this child be brought to the Bishop _to be_ confirmed _by him_".[3]
And this leads us to our second point: What Confirmation is.
(II) WHAT IT IS.
Confirmation is the completion of Baptism. It completes what Baptism
began. In the words of our Confirmation Service, it "increases and
multiplies"--i.e. strengthens or confirms Baptismal grace. It is the
ordained channel which conveys to the Baptized the "sevenfold" (i.e.
complete) gift of the Holy Ghost, which was initially received in
Baptism.
And this will help us to answer a question frequently asked: "If I have
been confirmed, but not Baptized, must I be Baptized?" Surely, Baptism
must _precede_ Confirmation. If {97} Confirmation increases the grace
given in Baptism, that grace must have been received before it can be
increased. "And must I be 'confirmed again,' as it is said, after
Baptism?" Surely. If I had not been Baptized _before_ I presented
myself for Confirmation, I have not confirmed at all. My Baptism will
now allow me to "be presented to the Bishop once again to be confirmed
by him"--and this time in reality. "Did I, then, receive no grace when
I was presented to the Bishop to be confirmed by him before?" Much
grace, surely, but not the special grace attached to the special
Sacrament of Confirmation, and guaranteed to the Confirmed. Special
channels convey special grace. God's love overflows its channels; what
God gives, or withholds, outside those channels, it would be an
impertinence for us to say.
Again, Confirmation is, in a secondary sense, a Sacrament of
Admittance. It admits the Baptized to Holy Communion. Two rubrics
teach this. "It is expedient," says the rubric after an adult Baptism,
"that every person thus Baptized should be confirmed by the Bishop so
soon after his Baptism as conveniently may be; that _so he may be
admitted to the Holy Communion_." "And {98} there shall none _be
admitted to Holy Communion_," adds the rubric after Confirmation,
"until such time as he be confirmed, or be ready and desirous to be
confirmed." For "Confirmation, or the laying on of hands," fully
admits the Baptized to that "Royal Priesthood" of the Laity,[4] of
which the specially ordained Priest is ordained to be the
representative. The Holy Sacrifice is the offering of the _whole_
Church, the universal Priesthood, not merely of the individual Priest
who is the offerer. Thus, the Confirmed can take their part in the
offering, and can assist at it, in union with the ordained Priest who
is actually celebrating. They can say their _Amen_ at the Eucharist,
or "giving of thanks," and give their responding assent to what he is
doing in their name, and on their behalf.
And this answers another question. "If I am a Communicant, but have
not been confirmed, ought I to present myself for Confirmation?"
Surely. The Prayer Book is quite definite about this. First, it
legislates for the normal case, then for the abnormal. First it says:
"None shall be admitted to Holy Communion until such time as they have
been Confirmed". Then it deals with {99} exceptional cases, and adds,
"or be willing and desirous to be confirmed". Such exceptional cases
may, and do, occur; but even these may not be Communicated unless they
are both "ready" and "desirous" to be confirmed, as soon as
Confirmation can be received. So does the Church safeguard her
Sacraments, and her children.
"But would you," it is asked, "exclude a Dissenter from Communion,
however good and holy he may be, merely because he has not been
Confirmed?" He certainly would have very little respect for me if I
did not. If, for instance, he belonged to the Methodist Society, he
would assuredly not admit me to be a "Communicant" in that Society.
"No person," says his rule, "shall be suffered on any pretence to
partake of the Lord's Supper _unless he be a member of the Society_, or
receive a note of admission from the Superintendent, which note must be
renewed quarterly." And, again: "That the Table of the Lord should be
open to all comers, is surely a great discredit, and a serious peril to
any Church".[5] And yet the Church, the Divine Society, established by
Jesus Christ Himself, is blamed, and called narrow and {100} bigoted,
if she asserts her own rule, and refuses to admit "all comers" to the
Altar. To give way on such a point would be to forfeit, and rightly to
forfeit, the respect of any law-abiding people, and would be--in many
cases, is--"a great discredit, and a serious peril" to the Church. We
have few enough rules as it is, and if those that we have are
meaningless, we may well be held up to derision. The Prayer Book makes
no provision whatever for those who are not Confirmed, and who, if able
to receive Confirmation, are neither "ready nor desirous to be
Confirmed".
(III) WHOM IT IS FOR.
Confirmation is for the Baptized, and none other. The Prayer-Book
Title to the service is plain. It calls Confirmation the "laying on of
Hands upon _those that are baptized_," and, it adds, "are come to years
of discretion".
First, then, Confirmation is for the Baptized, and never for the
unbaptized.
Secondly, it is (as now administered[6]) for {101} "those who have come
to years of discretion," i.e. for those who are fit for it. As we pray
in the Ember Collect that the Bishop may select "fit persons for the
Sacred Ministry" of the special Priesthood, and may "lay hands suddenly
on no man," so it is with Confirmation or the "laying on of hands" for
the Royal Priesthood. The Bishop must be assured by the Priest who
presents them (and who acts as his examining Chaplain), that they are
"fit persons" to be confirmed.
And this fitness must be of two kinds: moral and intellectual. It must
be _moral_. The candidate must "have come to years of discretion,"
i.e. he must "know to refuse the evil and choose the good".[7] This
"age of discretion," or _competent age_, as the Catechism Rubric calls
it, is not a question of years, but of character. Our present Prayer
Book makes no allusion to any definite span of years whatever, and to
make the magic age of fifteen the minimum universal age for Candidates
is wholly illegal. At the Reformation, the English Church fixed seven
as the age for Confirmation, but our 1662 Prayer Book is more
primitive, and, taking a common-sense view, {102} leaves each case of
moral fitness to be decided on its own merits. The moral standard must
be an individual standard, and must be left, first, to the parent, who
presents the child to the Priest to be prepared; then, to the Priest
who prepares the child for Confirmation, and presents him to the
Bishop; and, lastly, to the Bishop, who must finally decide, upon the
combined testimony of the Priest and parent--and, if in doubt, upon his
own personal examination.
The _intellectual_ standard is laid down in the Service for the "Public
Baptism of Infants": "So soon as he can say the Creed, the Lord's
Prayer, and the Ten Commandments, in the vulgar (i.e. his native)
tongue, and be further instructed, etc." Here, the words "can say"
obviously mean can say _intelligently_. The mere saying of the words
by rote is comparatively unimportant, though it has its use; but if
this were all, it would degrade the Candidate's intellectual status to
the capacities of a parrot. But, "as soon as" he can intelligently
comply with the Church's requirements, as soon as he has reached "a
competent age," any child may "be presented to the Bishop to be
confirmed by him".
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And, in the majority of cases, in these days, "the sooner, the better".
It is, speaking generally, far safer to have the "child" prepared at
home--if it is a Christian home--and confirmed from home, than to risk
the preparation to the chance teaching of a Public School. With
splendid exceptions, School Confirmation is apt to get confused with
the school curriculum and school lessons. It is a sort of "extra
tuition," which, not infrequently, interferes with games or work,
without any compensating advantages in Church teaching.
(IV) WHAT IS ESSENTIAL.
"The Laying on of Hands"--and nothing else. This act of ritual (so
familiar to the Early Church, from Christ's act in blessing little
children) was used by the Apostles,[8] and is still used by their
successors, the Bishops. It is the only act essential to a valid
Confirmation.
Other, and suggestive, ceremonies have been in use in different ages,
and in different parts of the Church: but they are supplementary, not
essential. Thus, in the sub-apostolic age, ritual {104} acts expressed
very beautifully the early names for Confirmation, just as "the laying
on of Hands" still expresses the name which in the English Church
proclaims the essence of the Sacrament.
For instance, Confirmation is called _The Anointing_,[9] and _The
Sealing_, and in some parts of the Church, the Priest dips his finger
in oil blessed by the Bishop, and signs or seals the child upon the
forehead with the sign of the Cross, thus symbolizing the meaning of
such names. But neither the sealing, nor the anointing, is necessary
for a valid Sacrament.
Confirmation, then, "rightly and duly" administered, completes the
grace given to a child at the outset of its Christian career. It
admits the child to full membership and to full privileges in the
Christian Church. It is the ordained Channel by which the Bishop is
commissioned to convey and guarantee the special grace attached {105}
to, and only to, the Lesser Sacrament of Confirmation.[10]
[1] "Ratifying and _confirming_ the same in your own persons."
[2] The word was "confess" in 1549.
[3] The Greek Catechism of Plato, Metropolitan of Moscow, puts it very
clearly: "Through this holy Ordinance _the Holy Ghost descendeth upon
the person Baptized_, and confirmeth him in the grace which he received
in his Baptism according to the example of His descending upon the
disciples of Jesus Christ, and in imitation of the disciples
themselves, who after Baptism laid their hands upon the believers; by
which laying on of hands the Holy Ghost was conferred".
[4] 1 St. Peter ii. 9.
[5] Minutes of Wesleyan Conference, 1889, p. 412.
[6] In the first ages, and, indeed, until the fifteenth century,
Confirmation followed immediately after Baptism, both in East and West,
as it still does in the East.
[7] Is. vii. 16.
[8] Acts viii. 12-17; Acts xix. 5, 6.
[9] In an old seventh century Service, used in the Church of England
down to the Reformation, the Priest is directed: "Here he is to put the
Chrism (oil) on the forehead of the man, and say, 'Receive the sign of
the Holy Cross, by the Chrism of Salvation in Jesus Christ unto Eternal
Life. Amen.'"
[10] The teaching of our Church of England, passing on the teaching of
the Church Universal, is very happily summed up in an ancient Homily of
the Church of England. It runs thus: "In Baptism the Christian was
born again spiritually, to live; in Confirmation he is made bold to
fight. There he received remission of sin; here he receiveth increase
of grace.... In Baptism he was chosen to be God's son; in Confirmation
God shall give him His Holy Spirit to ... perfect him. In Baptism he
was called and chosen to be one of God's soldiers, and had his white
coat of innocency given him, and also his badge, which was the red
cross set upon his forehead...; in Confirmation he is encouraged to
fight, and to take the armour of God put upon him, which be able to
bear off the fiery darts of the devil."
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