THE PALATINES ON THE CONTINENT. RUPERT'S DISPUTES WITH THE ELECTOR.
THE ELECTOR'S ANXIETY FOR RUPERT'S RETURN. WANT OF AN HEIR TO THE
PALATINATE. FRANCISCA BARD. RUPERT'S CHILDREN
The oath which Rupert had sworn in 1658, he faithfully kept; never
again, in spite of changed circumstances, and the earnest entreaties of
his family, did he set foot in the Palatinate. Yet he was not quite
forgotten by his relatives. The lively and voluminous correspondence
of Sophie and the Elector, from which we learn much of all family
affairs, contains many allusions to "mon frere Rupert," in whose
sayings and doings the brother and sister took a keen interest.
Sophie had been married, October 17th, 1658, to Ernest Augustus of
Brunswick, one of the Dukes of Hanover, and titular bishop of
Osnabrueck. In her new home she was visited by Rupert, Sept. 1660, and
she wrote of the visit to Charles Louis, as most satisfactory. "My
brother Rupert made a great friendship with my Dukes," she said; "they
agree so very well in their amusements!"[1] Since Sophie's Dukes were
devoted to music and to hunting, it may easily be understood that
Rupert's tastes accorded well with theirs.
Sophie wrote "Dukes" advisedly, for she had practically married, not
only Ernest Augustus, but his elder brother, George William. These two
were even more inseparable {345} than Rupert and Maurice had been, and
their mutual affection caused considerable annoyance to the unfortunate
Sophie. She had been first betrothed to the elder of the two, but
George William being seized with a panic that marriage would bore him
horribly, had persuaded his devoted brother Ernest to take the lady off
his hands. Sophie acquiesced placidly in the arrangement; she desired
chiefly to secure a good establishment, and if she had any preference,
it was for the younger brother. But she was not allowed to keep her
husband to herself. Neither brother could bear the other out of his
sight; and when constant intercourse with his sister-in-law had roused
George William's regret for his hasty rejection of her, the position of
Sophie became exceedingly difficult. Worse still, her husband was
possessed with so ardent an admiration for his brother as to fancy that
everyone else must adore him as he did; and this idea kept him in a
terror of losing his wife's affections. As he would endure separation
from neither wife nor brother there was no remedy, and for months the
hapless Sophie was led in to dinner by George William, without ever
daring to raise her eyes to his face. Luckily for her the strain
became too much at last, even for Ernest Augustus, and he consented to
take an eighteen months' tour in Italy with his brother, leaving his
wife to visit her own relations in peace.[2]
The eldest sister, the learned Elizabeth, had devoted herself, like
Louise, to a religious life; and became first Coadjutrice, and
afterwards Abbess of the Lutheran Convent of Hervorden. In this
capacity she governed a territory of many miles in circumference, and
containing a population of seven thousand. She was recognized as a
member of the Empire, had a right to send a representative to the Diet,
and was required to furnish one horseman and six foot soldiers to the
Imperial army. Every Saturday she {346} might be seen gravely knitting
in the courtyard of her castle, while she adjudged the causes brought
for her decision. For some reason or other she and her religious views
were a subject of great mirth to her brothers and sisters. Rupert
visited her more than once in 1660 and 1661, but, said Sophie, "Il se
raille beaucoup de La Signora Grecque."[3] And Sophie herself usually
alluded to her eldest sister with mild amusement, Charles Louis with
evident irritation.
Louise seems really to have been the happiest of all the family, and to
have lived with true contentment in her convent of Maubuisson. Sophie,
who had the joy of visiting her there in 1679, wrote to the
Elector:--"She has not changed. I find her very happy, for she lives
in a beautiful place; her garden is large and very pleasant, which is
one of the things I love best in the world."[4] In her next letter she
remarked that Louise was very regular in her observance of convent
rules, "which makes her pass for a saint;" and she added, with a little
sigh of envy for the peace she witnessed, "I could easily accommodate
myself to a life like that."[5] But the reply of Charles Louis was
satirical and unsympathetic. "I know not if I dare ask you to make my
very devoted 'baisemains' to my sister the Abbess of Maubuisson,
provided that the offering of my profane lips, which still smack
somewhat of the world, does not offend her abstracted thoughts, and
that she can still spare some for her carnal brother, who is now only
skin and bones. At least, I am always grateful that she asks of me
nothing mundane."[6]
Louise lived to a cheerful and healthful old age, retaining to the last
her interest in art. Her own chapel and many neighbouring churches
were beautified by the {347} productions of her brush; and in 1699,
when she had reached the age of seventy-seven, she was painting a copy
of Pousin's Golden Calf, as a gift for Sophie. Her life was simple but
peaceful: she ate no meat, slept on a bed "as hard as a stone," sat
only on a straw stool, and rose always at mid-night to attend
chapel.[7] Yet she was never ill, nor did she ever lose her high
spirits. "She is better tempered, more lively, sees, hears and walks
better than I do," wrote her niece Elizabeth Charlotte, the daughter of
Charles Louis, when Louise was eighty. "She is still able to read the
smallest print without spectacles, has all her teeth complete, and is
quite full of fun (popierlich), like my father when he was in a good
humour."[8]
Elizabeth Charlotte had been married to Philip of Orleans, the quondam
husband of her fair cousin, Henrietta Stuart, and Louise was her chief
consolation in an exceedingly unhappy life. "One cannot believe how
pleasant and playful the Princess of Maubuisson was," she said, "I
always visited her with pleasure; no moment could seem tedious in her
company. I was in greater favour with her than her other nieces,
(Edward's daughters,) because I could converse with her about
everything she had gone through in her life, which the others could
not. She often talked to me in German, which she spoke very well. She
told me her comical tales. I asked her how she had been able to
habituate herself to a stupid cloister life. She laughed, and said: 'I
never speak to the nuns, except to communicate my orders.' She said
she had always liked a country life, and fancied she lived like a
country girl. I said: 'But to get up in the night and to go to
church!' She answered, laughing, that I knew well what painters were;
they like to see dark places and the shadows caused by lights, and this
gave her every day fresh taste for painting. {348} She could turn
everything in this way, that it should not seem dull."[9] But in spite
of her flippant speeches, Louise was respected by all who knew her,
adored in her own convent, and died in the odour of sanctity, attesting
to the end her staunch adherence to the Jacobite cause.
Edward, with whom Rupert had more intercourse than with the other
members of his family, died young, three years after the Restoration,
and thus Rupert was left alone in England. Occasionally he wrote to
his sisters, but not very often. "If you knew how much joy your
letters give me I am sure you would have the good nature to let me
receive them oftener than you do,"[10] declared Elizabeth. And Sophie
complained likewise: "It is so long since I have heard from Rupert that
I do not know if he is still alive."[11] With Elizabeth, Rupert had a
common ground in the contests they both waged with "Timon" the Elector:
"Timon is so finely vexed at the 6,000 rix dollars he has to pay me,
out of a clear debt, that he will not send me my annuity,"[12] declared
Elizabeth in 1665. Rupert's own quarrels with "Timon" were more
bitter. The unsettled dispute about the appanage had been aggravated
by the struggle over their mother's will. The Queen had threatened, in
her wrath, to bequeath her unsatisfied claims on the Elector to his
brothers. This she had not done, but she had made Rupert her residuary
legatee, leaving to him most of her jewels. The Elector, as we have
seen, denied his mother's right to do this. Rupert refused to give up
his legacy, and for years the sordid dispute dragged on.
In 1661 the Elector offered a sum of money in lieu of all Rupert's
claims upon him; but the offer was rejected with scorn. The Elector
professed himself much injured; {349} and Sophie, who sided entirely
with her eldest brother, wrote consolingly: "Rupert does not do you
much harm by rejecting your money."[13] Next Charles Louis tried to
put his brother off by assigning to him a debt which he pretended due
to him from France; but neither would this satisfy Rupert. "Give me
leave to tell you," he wrote to Arlington in 1664, "that the debt my
brother pretends from France is a mere chimera. It was monys promised
to Prince John Casimir to goe bake with his army out of France, whiche,
you will finde, is not intended to be payed yett. As I assured His
Majesty, I remitt the whoele business to him to dispose, and have given
my Lord Craven order to satisfy His Majesty and yourself in all which
shall be desired, in order to it. Soe you may easily believe I shall
imbrace most willingly the offers you made unto me, assuring you that I
shall repay the favor by possible meanes I can."[14]
But the mediation of Charles II did not bring matters to a peaceful
end, and Rupert seems to have sought accommodation through Sophie. "It
seems to me that Rupert never remembers my existence, except when he
thinks of being reconciled with you," declared that lady to the
Elector.[15] Nevertheless she did her best to produce the
reconciliation. "I am very glad that you are anxious to do all you can
to content Rupert," she wrote to her eldest brother; "I do not doubt he
will be reasonable on his side, and that he will consider your present
position, since he expresses a desire to be friends with you."[16] And
in the next year, 1668, she was still hopeful. "I hope Rupert will be
contented with what you offer him, for he seems to be in a very good
temper."[17]
{350}
But, in spite of Rupert's good temper, the affair was not concluded,
and in 1669, even the indolent Charles II was roused to pen an
expostulatory letter to Charles Louis, with his own hand.
"Most dear Cosin,
"It is well known to you that I have always expressed myself very much
concerned for the differences that have been between you and my Cosin,
Prince Rupert; and that I have not been wanting, in my indeavor to
bring them to a good conclusion, and how unsuccessful I have been
therein. But, being still desirous thereof, I cannot but continue my
interposition, and, upon a due consideration of both sides, (and very
tenderly the state of your own affairs,) I have thought fit to offer
yet one more expedient towards the accommodating of the matter, which
is this:--that my Cousin Rupert shall disclaim and discharge you from
all arrears of appanage due unto him by a former agreement, which,
according to your owne computation,--as I am informed,--by this time,
amounted above the sum of L6,000 sterl. He shall alsoe lay downe all
his pretensions as executor to the late Queene, my Aunt, contenting
himself only with the moveables in his possession, which belong to the
Palatinate house, and L300 sterl. by the year,--if he have no lawful
issue--ad duram vitae; the first payment to be made forthwith, and the
subsequent allowances at Easter Fair at Frankfort. The one halfe of
whiche sum, if contented, to be obliggeded to lay out in comodities and
wines of the growth of your country. And that you may have a more
particular accompt of this last proposition, and the reasons inducing
to it, I have thought fit to send unto you the bearer, James Hayes,
Esq., my Cousin Rupert's secretary, as being best acquainted with this
affair; to whom I desire you to give credence in this matter, and
conjuring you to give him such a despatch as may finally dethrone this
unhappy controversy. Wherein, if ye shall comply with my {351} desire,
ye shall give me a great satisfaction; but if otherwise, you must
excuse me, if I use my utmost interest for the obtaining of that to my
cousin, which I conceive so justly belongs to him. I am, with all
truth, most dear cosin,
"Your most affecionat cousen,
"Charles R.[18]
"March 31, '69."
This letter does considerable credit to Charles's business capacities;
but even so modest a settlement as he proposed was refused. Nor did
the interference of Louis XIV of France, in July 1670, produce any
better result. "As to the letter of the King of France about Rupert, I
think it is easy to answer with very humble thanks, neither accepting
nor declining his mediation," advised Sophie.[19]
But Rupert's revenge was not long deferred. About five years later the
Elector found cause to repent his ill-usage of his obstinate brother,
and would have given much to recall him to the home of his fathers.
The scandals rife at the Court of Heidelberg, in 1658, had by no means
abated after Rupert's withdrawal. The dissensions of the Elector and
Electress became a subject of public remark, and the Queen of Bohemia
had herself written of them to Rupert, adding prudently--"I do not tell
you this for truth, for it is written from the Court of Cassel, where,
I confess, they are very good at telling of stories, and enlarging of
them."[20] But, unluckily, matters were so bad that no embellishments
from the Court of Cassel could make them much worse. The
scandal--"accidents fallen out in my domestic affairs," Charles Louis
phrased it,[21]--had come to such a pitch that the Electress, after
boxing her husband's ears at a public dinner, and {352} attempting to
shoot both him and Louise von Degenfeldt, fled from Heidelberg, leaving
her two young children, Karl and Elizabeth Charlotte,--or Carellie and
Liselotte, as their father called them,--to the mercy of her husband.
Thereupon Charles Louis formally married Louise von Degenfeldt, who was
thenceforth treated as his wife. By her he had no less than eight
children, but as the marriage was not, of course, really legal, none of
those children could succeed him in the Electorate. Carellie, his only
legitimate son, was delicate, and his marriage childless; Elizabeth
Charlotte had renounced all claim to the Palatinate on her marriage
with the Duke of Orleans, and in 1674 the extinction of the Simmern
line seemed imminent. This danger affected Charles Louis very deeply.
He had been a bad son, an unkind brother, and an unfaithful husband,
but he was, for all that, a good ruler and an affectionate father.
"The Regenerator" he was called in the war-wasted country to which his
laborious care had brought peace and comparative prosperity; and his
name was long remembered there with reverent love. The prospect of
leaving his cherished country and his beloved children to the mercy of
a distant and Roman Catholic cousin, caused him acute suffering. Nor
did he believe the said children would be much better off in the care
of their eldest brother and his wife.
"What devours my heart is that, in case of my death, I leave so many
poor innocents to the mercy of their enemies," he wrote to Sophie;
"Wilhelmena (the wife of Carellie) shows sufficiently what I may expect
of her for those who will be under her power after my death; since,
particularly in company, she shows so much contempt for them. This
also has some influence on Carellie, who treats them--with the
exception of Carllutz--like so many strangers, as does Wilhelmena;....
the poor little ones are always in fear of her severe countenance."[22]
{353}
With this depressing prospect before him, Charles Louis turned his
thoughts to his neglected brother, showing his confidence in Rupert's
generosity, by his readiness to entrust him with the care of his
children. "George William says that the Prince Rupert ought to
marry,"[23] wrote Sophie, quoting her troublesome brother-in-law, in
Jan. 1674. Such was the opinion of the now regretful Elector, and he
pressed his brother to return, promising to grant him all he could
desire, if he would but come and raise up heirs to the house of
Simmern. But Rupert remembered his oath, and answered as we have seen
in a former chapter. Then Sophie tried her powers of persuasion, and
bade Lord Craven tell Rupert how much the Elector would be pleased, if
he would but yield. But Lord Craven showed himself, for once, severely
practical. If Sophie would name to him some very rich lady willing to
marry Rupert, he would be delighted to negotiate the matter, he said;
if not, then he begged to be excused from interference. "And there I
am stuck (je suis demeure)," confessed Sophie, "for I do not know how
he would support her."[24]
Nevertheless the family continued their solicitations, to which Rupert
next retorted that the Elector had better get his cousin, the Elector
of Brandenburg, and his sister Elizabeth to persuade Charlotte of Hesse
to agree to a divorce; when, Louise being dead, he could marry again.
"He must either be very ignorant of our intrigues here, or wishes to
appear so," wrote the Elector bitterly.[25] He knew that Charlotte
would never forego her vengeance by setting him free, and that neither
his cousin nor his sister would interfere in such an affair. Elizabeth
was, however, so far pressed into the service, that she, in her turn,
exhorted Rupert to come over and marry. To her he only replied, "that
he was quite comfortable at Windsor, and had no intention {354} of
moving; that Charles Louis had insulted him and might do what he
pleased for an heir, he should not have him."[26] Such was his final
word, and consequently the Palatinate passed, on the death of Carellie
in 1685, to the Neuburg branch of the family.
Charles Louis died in 1680, and Rupert did not cherish the enmity he
had borne him beyond the grave. On the contrary, he was anxious to do
what he could for the benefit of his impecunious nephews and nieces.
For Carellie he did not care, the young Elector had offended him by his
neglect,[27] but it was not Carellie who needed his protection; it was
rather against Carellie that he took up the cause of the Raugraefen, as
Charles Louis' children by Louise were called. The circumstances of
the case had left them completely dependent on their eldest brother,
who bore them no great love. This was not due to the fact that their
mother had supplanted his own. Carellie had never loved his mother; he
had often told his father that he paid no heed to what Charlotte might
say, and had himself urged her to consent to a divorce.[28] But he was
of a peculiar temperament, jealous, fretful, difficult, and his dislike
of the Raugraefen was really due, partly to the influence of his
disagreeable wife, and partly to jealousy of the affection which his
father had always shown to them, especially to Moritzien,--poor
Moritzien, gifted with all the Palatine fascination and brilliancy, but
ruined by a life of uninterrupted indulgence, so that he drank himself
to death.
Promises of providing for these cadets had been wrung from Carellie by
his anxious father, but these promises he showed himself in no haste to
keep, and Sophie appealed, on their behalf to Rupert. He showed
himself ready to assist them, and demanded a concise account of the
whole {355} busiess, in order that he might be qualified to
interfere.[29] "Not that he thinks the Elector will break his sacred
promise to his father,"[30] declared Sophie. Nevertheless she urged
the eldest Raugraf, Karl Ludwig, or "Carllutz," who had shortly before
visited Rupert in England, to write very affectionately to his uncle,
in gratitude for the interest shown in them.[31] But, unfortunately
for the Raugraefen, Rupert did not long survive his brother; and only a
few months later Sophie wrote to one of her nieces: "You have lost a
great friend in my brother Prince Rupert. I am very much troubled and
overwhelmed with the unexpected loss. I know the Electress Dowager
will also bewail him."[32]
Considering that for more than twenty years Sophie had not seen her
brother, her grief seems a little excessive, but doubtless she lamented
him for many reasons. The memory of old days dwelt with her all the
more as she advanced in years, and latterly she had drawn nearer to her
brother. By his means a marriage had been projected between Sophie's
eldest son George and the Princess Anne, the second daughter of the
Duke of York. During the progress of this negotiation, Sophie sent
George over to England, on a visit to his uncle. She had some
misgivings about his reception, for, as she confessed, George was not
"assez beau" to resemble a Palatine in any way, though her second son
Friedrich, or "Gustien," as she called him, was tall and
handsome,--"the very image of Rupert" (Rupert tout crache).[33]
Gustien had, moreover, not only Rupert's handsome face and gigantic
stature, but also his resolute character. "If he would have changed
his religion, he might have succeeded well at the Imperial Court,"
{356} wrote his mother; "but he has too much of his uncle Rupert not to
be firm in his religion."[34]
However, George, if less favoured by nature, was still the eldest son,
and therefore of necessity the bridegroom elect. Notwithstanding his
want of good looks he was very kindly received, both by King Charles
and Rupert. The King declared that he would treat him "en cousin," and
lodged him in Whitehall. Rupert paid him daily visits when his health
allowed of it, but he was very ill, and often confined to his bed. "I
went to visit Prince Rupert, who received me in bed," wrote George to
his mother; "he has a malady in his leg, which makes him very often
keep his bed; it appears that it is so, without any pretext, and that
he has to take care of himself. He had not failed one day of coming to
see me."[35]
But though entertained with "extraordinary magnificence,"[36] the
Hanoverian was not favourably impressed with either England or the
Princess Anne. The country was in a ferment over the alleged discovery
of the Popish Plot, and George regarded the judicial murders then
perpetrated with astonished disgust. "They cut off the head of Lord
Stafford yesterday, and made no more ado than if they had chopped off
the head of a pullet," he told his mother.[37]
But notwithstanding the averseness of the intended bridegroom, the
project was not at once renounced; and Rupert's last letter to Sophie,
written shortly before his death, contained definite proposals on the
subject. "En ma derniere, chere soeur, je vous ai informe que cette
poste je pourrai dire plus de nouvelles assurees de l'affaire en
question. Saches done, en peu de mots, on offre 40 mille livres sterl.
assigne caution marchande, et 10 mille livres sterl. par an, durant la
vie de M. le Duc, votre mari; et on souhaite {357} que donerez liberte
a M votre fils de demeurer quelques temps en ce pays la, fin d'aprendre
la langue, et faire connaitre au peuple, ce qu'on trouve necessaire en
tout cas. Voyez ce que j'ai ordre de vous dire, et de demander un
reponse pour savoir si l'affaire vous agree; si vous avez pour
agreable, quelle en face, il sera necessaire que M. le Duc m'envoie un
homme d'affaires, avec ses instructions, et ses assurees que sera bien
... de celui qui est a vous; Rupert.
"Il faut vous dire si 1'affaire se fait ou non vous avez fort grand
obligation a la Duchesse de Portchmouth;[38] elle vous assure de toutes
ses services en cette affaire."[39]
Apparently the offered terms were not acceptable to the Hanoverians,
for the negotiation closed with Rupert's death.
Rupert died, to all appearance, unmarried, but he left two children, a
son and a daughter. More than once he had seriously contemplated
matrimony. In 1653 it had been rumoured that he was about to wed his
cousin Mary, the Princess Royal, widow of the Prince of Orange.[40] In
1664 he made proposals for a Royal lady of France, but the said lady
objected that he had been "too long and too deeply attached to a
certain Duchess."[41] That obstacle was removed in the same year by
the Duchess of Richmond's clandestine love-match with Thomas Howard;
but the French lady was long in coming to a decision, and in the
meantime the young Francesca Bard crossed Rupert's path.
Francesca was the eldest daughter of Sir Henry Bard, one of the wilder
Cavaliers, who had been raised to the Irish peerage as Viscount
Bellamont; the same who had pleaded so earnestly with Rupert for
Windebank's life in 1645. He had died during the exile, when on a
mission to {358} Persia; and Francesca, on the death of her only
brother, assumed the family title, as Lady Bellamont. Except a title
her father had nothing to bequeath, and it was probably the urgent
petitions for the relief of their poverty, addressed by the family to
the King, that first brought Francesca into contact with Rupert.[42]
The Prince loved Francesca Bard, renounced his French alliance, and
thenceforth turned a deaf ear to all entreaties that he would marry. A
son was born to him, and christened "Dudley." Rupert seems to have
cared for the boy, and he certainly conducted his education with
anxious solicitude. He sent him first to school at Eton, where he
could himself watch over him from Windsor. At Eton the boy was
distinguished for his "gentleness of temper," and "the aimiableness of
his behaviour," characteristics which he certainly did not inherit from
his father. Nevertheless he had Rupert's martial spirit, and like his
father before him, he early showed an aversion to study, and a passion
for arms. Rupert observing this and remembering his own boyhood,
removed his son from Eton and placed him under the care of Sir Jonas
Moore at the Tower, in order that he might receive instructions in
mathematics and other subjects necessary for a military profession.[43]
To Dudley, at his death, the Prince left his house and estate at
Rhenen, the debts still due to him from the Emperor, from the Elector
Palatine, and from all persons not natural born subjects of England.
The English debts, which were considerably less, he destined to be
divided amongst his servants.[44]
"Der armer Dodley,"[45] as his Aunt Sophie called him, went to Germany
to secure his property, and was received {359} with great kindness by
the Palatines, though there was a difficulty about the house at Rhenen,
that being entailed property.[46] In 1685 he was back again in
England, fighting loyally for King James, as his father would have
approved. In the battle of Norton St. Philip, where Monmouth fought an
indecisive battle with Grafton, Churchill and Feversham, we find
"Captain Rupert, the Prince's son," in command of the musketeers, and
playing a prominent part.[47] But when the rebellion had been
suppressed, Dudley returned to Germany, seeking employment in the wars
waged by the Empire against the Turks. He had all his father's active
spirit and dauntless courage, but he had not also his enchanted life.
In August 1686 young Dudley fell, in a desperate attempt made by some
English volunteers to scale the walls of Buda. His death is mentioned
with deep regret in several contemporary letters and diaries. Though
so young--he was only nineteen--he had already become famous for his
valour, and exceedingly popular on account of his lovable character.[48]
Many believed him to have been Rupert's lawful son, and there seem to
have been some grounds for the belief. He was universally known as
"Dudley Rupert", and his mother maintained to the end of her days that
she had been Rupert's wife. Her claim was practically acknowledged in
Germany, where morganatic marriages were already in fashion; and even
in England rumours of it were rife. "Some say Prince Rupert, in his
last sickness, owned his marriage," says a letter in the Verney
Correspondence, "if so, his son is next heir, after him, to the
Palsgrave.[49] But no public acknowledgment ever took place, and
Rupert styled the boy in his will, "Dudley {360} Bard." On the other
hand, he bequeathed to him property entailed on heirs male, and the
Emperor actually paid to Francesca, after her son's death, the sum of
20,000 crowns which he had owed to Rupert.[50]
It seems possible that there was some kind of marriage,[51] but that
such marriages were of rather doubtful legality. It could not have
given Dudley royal rank, and hardly even a claim to the Palatinate,[52]
for, had such a claim existed, Rupert would certainly have put his son
forward when the House of Simmern was crying out for an heir. His
niece, Elizabeth Charlotte of Orleans, declared that he had deceived
Francesca with a false marriage. But the good Duchess was notoriously
ignorant of her uncle's affairs, and added to her story several
impossible circumstances which tend to discredit it, asserting, among
other things, that Rupert had been lodging at the time, in Henry Bard's
house, though Bard had been dead nearly ten years.[53] Moreover, such
treachery is at variance with Rupert's whole character and all his
known actions, and, though he cannot be said to have treated Francesca
well, he may at least be acquitted of the baseness suggested by his
niece.
During Rupert's life-time no mention is made of Francesca in letters or
papers, public or private. Yet, after his death, we find frequent
reference to her as to a well-known personage. Two reasons for her
retirement suggest themselves. In the first place she was, as she
herself asserted, too virtuous to care to have any dealings with the
corrupt Court, and in the second place she was a devout Roman Catholic.
Considering the prevalent horror of "Popery," the fanatical agitation
concerning the second marriage of the Duke of {361} York, and Rupert's
position as the popular hero, it may be that Francesca's religion made
him unwilling to bring her forward publicly. But, be the exact facts
of his connection with her what they may, that bond was probably the
true reason for his obdurate refusal to hear of any other marriage.
The later history of Francesca is sufficiently curious. In consequence
of her own avoidance of the Court she had no powerful friends in
England, and on Rupert's death, she sought refuge with his sister
Sophie. The kindly Electress received her as a sister, though she
quite realised the difficulty of proving her right to the name. "She
says she was married to my brother," wrote Sophie, "but it will be very
difficult to prove; and because she has always behaved herself
honourably, she has no friends at Court."[54]
Of Dudley his aunt wrote as "the noble Dudley Rupert," and she actively
assisted him to make good his claims to the property left him by his
father.[55] After his death she endeavoured to get his possessions
transferred to his mother, and wrote on the subject both to James II
and to Lord Craven. "It will help her to enter a convent," she said,
"for the poor woman will be inconsolable."[56]
But the lively Irish woman, devout, though she was, had no taste for
the cloister, and preferred to remain at Sophie's Court, where she was
greatly beloved. "She is an upright, good and virtuous woman; there
are few like her; we all love her!"[57] declared the Electress. In a
later letter she refers to the lively wit of Francesca, "who makes us
all laugh,"[58]
Evidently she accompanied Sophie on her visits to other potentates, and
by William III she was accorded almost royal rank. In 1700 she went
with Sophie to visit him at his Palace at Loo, and was there admitted
to the royal {362} table. "The King ate in the back stairs, without an
armchair, with only the two Electresses, the Princess, and the Irish
Lady (Francesca), the Electoral Prince, and the Prince of Hesse," says
an Englishman, writing to a friend. "The rest of the company dined at
the other tables below."[59]
After the English Revolution of 1688 Francesca became a staunch and
active Jacobite.[60] She made no secret of her views, and even
stimulated Sophie's own sympathy for her exiled relatives. The envoys
of William III and of Queen Anne inveighed bitterly against "one Madame
Bellamont, a noted lady, who is in favour with the Electress, has been
her chief confidante, and to her all the discontented politicians
address themselves, Papists and Sectaries. She is of the former
communion, and I may safely say she is one of the most silly creatures
that ever was born and bred in it, to say nothing of the scandal her
person hath so justly deserved."[61] The same writer asserted that
Francesca was the only person who could speak English at the Electoral
Court; and frequent references to her are found in the despatches of
himself and his successor. "A Lady whom they call ye Lady Bellamont,"
says one, "whose character ye well know already. She was Mistress, and
she pretends married, to Prince Rupert, and as she is a zealous Roman
Catholic so she seems to be a faithful friend to the Court of St.
Germains, but is nevertheless used here with much kindness and
civility."[62]
In 1708 Francesca undertook a journey to France on Jacobite business,
but, opposed though her actions were to Sophie's interests, they could
not diminish that lady's love for her. The Electress, declared the
enraged English envoys, was as much enamoured as her brother had
been.[63] {363} And so she remained until Francesca's death in August
1708, when she wrote mournfully to one of her nieces: "I have lost my
good, honourable, charitable Madame Bellamont."[64]
Strange enough was the position of the Jacobite lady in the Hanoverian
Court, but the situation was rendered yet more complicated by the
presence of Rupert's daughter, Ruperta, as the wife of
Brigadier-General Emanuel Scrope Howe, William III's "envoy
extraordinary to the most Serene House of Brunswick Lunenburg." The
mother of Ruperta was a far less reputable person than was Francesca
Bard. Rupert had, as we have seen, kept himself apart from much of the
wickedness of Charles II's court, but in the summer of 1668 he was
unhappily persuaded to accompany his cousin to Tunbridge Wells. There
he fell a victim to the charms of the actress, Margaret Hughes.[65]
This woman obtained considerable influence over him, and he purchased
for her a house at Hammersmith; also he left to her and his daughter,
in equal shares, all that remained of his personal property, after the
claims of Dudley and his servants had been satisfied. This, when all
had been realised, amounted to about L6,000 each; not an extravagant
provision, but then Rupert did not die rich.
Occasional mention of Mrs. Hughes is found in contemporary letters. In
1670 her brother, who was in Rupert's service, was killed by one of the
King's servants, in a dispute over the rival charms of Peg Hughes and
Nell Gwyn.[66] A little later, Sophie informed the Elector that the
woman was in high favour at Windsor, and would, she feared, get
possession of the Queen of Bohemia's jewels. "Ein jeder seiner Weis
gefelt!" she concluded sarcastically.[67] In another letter she wrote
that the Danish Ambassador thought Mrs. Hughes very modest. "I was
going to say {364} the most modest of the Court, but that would be no
great praise!"[68] She seems, however, to have put slight faith in the
assurance, for she earnestly desired Ruperta's marriage, on the grounds
that she could get no good from her mother.[69] It was said that
Rupert, when dying, had sent his Garter to the King, with the request
that it, together with the hand of Ruperta, might be bestowed on
Charles's son, Lord Burford.[70] With this request the King did not
comply; and about 1696 Ruperta married Emmanuel Howe, son of Mr. John
Howe of Langar, in Nottinghamshire.
For some time the marriage was kept a secret, for Howe feared the
displeasure of the then King, William III. At last, just before his
departure to Hanover, he permitted the Duke of Albemarle to break the
news to the King. William was pleased to be gracious, and even
recommended Ruperta to Sophie's notice, saying: "She is very modest,
and lives like an angel with her husband."[71] The husband in question
met with Sophie's approval, for she thought him "a fine man, rich, and
in a good position."[72] With Francesca he had a double cause of
enmity, both public and private, and he wrote of her as virulently as
his predecessors had done, declaring that she "has done her endeavours
continually to cross my transactions here for the Queen's service;"[73]
and again,--"She is indeed a very simple creature, but as malitious and
violent as is possible for anything to bee."[74]
Nevertheless the large-hearted Electress made her niece almost as
welcome as she had made her reputed sister-in-law, and the Jacobite
_intrigante_ and the Orange Ambassadress, both so closely connected
with Rupert, seem to have {365} contrived to reside in comparative
peace, under the protection of the mother of the house of Hanover.
But for the bar sinister the claim of Ruperta to the English throne
would have preceded that of Sophie's son, George I. It has sometimes
been regretted that Rupert left no legitimate child who might have
reigned in George's stead; but it may be safely conjectured that the
fact would not have been a subject of regret with Rupert himself. He
would have been the last person to wish that any child of his should
supplant the house of Stuart, which he had so long and so faithfully
served. Honest in all his dealings, faithful to his friends, and
unswervingly loyal to his king he had ever been, and in his old age he
would not have turned traitor. Loyalty and strength were the key-notes
of his character. Never did he break his given word, with friend and
foe alike he scrupulously kept faith, and whatsoever he found to do, he
did it with all his might. In all things he had the courage of his
opinions; and the rigid temperance which he practised from his earliest
youth, in an age and a country where drinking was almost universal,
shows an unusual independence of character, and an unusual degree of
self-respect.
His private life, if judged by the standard of the present day, was far
from virtuous, but it was virtue itself when compared with the practice
of those who were his daily associates. His exceptional powers of mind
raised him above the ordinary intellectual level; his personal valour
surpassed all common courage! But, if his talents and virtues were in
the superlative degree, so also were his failings. His consciousness
of his own powers made him over-confident, impatient of advice,
intolerant of contradiction. His jealous pride rendered him incapable
of filling the second place. With advancing years these faults were
somewhat amended,--for Rupert was too wise not to profit by experience;
but, as his hot temper and youthful insolence had won him the hatred of
Charles I's courtiers, so his {366} cold cynicism and haughty disdain
made him detested of the Court of Charles II.
In the coarse and witty memoirs of that brilliant Court, Rupert passes
without notice, or with only an occasional satirical reference. One
noble writer, Anthony Hamilton, has, however, left a description of
him, which, though written in prejudice, is not without its value.
"He was brave and courageous to rashness, but cross-grained, and
incorrigibly obstinate. His genius was fertile in mathematical
experiments, and he had some knowledge of chemistry. He was polite to
extravagance when there was no occasion for it; but haughty and rude
where it was his interest to conciliate. He was tall and ungracious.
He had a hard, stern expression even when he wished to please, and when
he was out of temper his countenance was truly terrifying"--("une
physiognomic vraiment de reprouve").[75]
Such was the view of a courtier; Rupert's friends and inferiors saw him
in another light. Beneath the cynical exterior the Prince had a kind
heart still; his personal followers loved him; the poor blessed him for
his charity; the trades-people remembered with wondering gratitude his
"just and ready payment of their bills;" the sailors looked to him as
the "seaman's friend;" impecunious scholars and inventors sought, not
in vain, his aid and countenance; the distressed Cavaliers appealed to
him in well-founded confidence that they would be heard and helped.[76]
"In respect of his private life," says Campbell, writing while the
memory of the Prince still dwelt among the living, "he was so just, so
beneficent, so courteous, that his memory remained dear to all who knew
him; this I say of my own knowledge, having often heard old people in
Berkshire speak in raptures of Prince Rupert!"[77]
[1] Briefwechsel der Herzogin Sophie mit Karl Ludwig von der Pfalz. p.
38. Sophie to Karl. 21 Sept. 1660.
[2] Memorien der Herzogin Sophie, pp. 64-67.
[3] Briefwechsel des Herzogin Sophie mit Karl Ludwig. p. 35. Sophie
to Karl, 1660.
[4] Ibid. pp. 371-3. 24 Aug. 1679.
[5] Ibid. p. 374. 4 Sept. 1679.
[6] Ibid. p. 371. 15 Aug. 1679.
[7] Briefe der Prinzessin Elizabeth Charlotte von Orleans an die
Raugraefinnen. 7 Aug. 1699. p. 43. ed. 1843.
[8] Strickland. Queens of Scotland, VIII. p. 403.
[9] Green's Princesses, VI. p. 61.
[10] Bromley Letters, p. 354. 20/30 May, 1665.
[11] Bromley, p. 226. 31 Oct. 1661.
[12] Bromley, p. 254. 20/30 May, 1665.
[13] Briefe der Herzogin Sophie, p. 48.
[14] Dom. State Papers. Chas. II. 103. 40. Rupert to Arlington.
Oct. 11, 1644.
[15] Briefe der Herzogin. p. 133.
[16] Ibid. p. 116.
[17] Ibid. 133.
[18] Dom. Entry Book. Record Office, 31. fol. 21.
[19] Briefe der Herzogin, 9 July, 1669, p. 141.
[20] Bromley Letters, p. 291.
[21] Ibid. p. 236.
[22] Briefwechsel der Herzogin mit Karl Ludwig, p. 179. Karl to
Sophie, 5 Mar. 1674.
[23] Briefe der Herzogin, p. 175. 24 Jan. 1674.
[24] Ibid. p. 315. 10 Feb. 1678.
[25] Ibid. p. 385, 28 Oct. 1679.
[26] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart. Queens of Scotland, VIII. p. 210.
[27] Briefe der Herzogin Sophie an die Raugraefen, etc. p. 32. 27 Dec.
1682.
[28] Briefwechsel mit Karl Ludwig, pp. 348. 329. 7 Feb. 1679 and 25
June, 1678.
[29] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 17. 14 Mar. 1680.
[30] Briefe. p. 11. 20 Dec. 1680.
[31] Ibid. p. 17.
[32] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 32. 27 Dec. 1682.
[33] Strickland. Queens of Scotland, VIII. p. 334. Briefwechsel der
Herzogin mit Karl Ludwig.
[34] Strickland. Queens of Scotland, VIII. p. 345.
[35] Strickland. Queens of England, X. p. 313.
[36] Memoir of Rupert, Preface.
[37] Queens of England, X. p. 313.
[38] Renee de la Querouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth.
[39] Hist. MSS. Com. Rept. 9, 18 Sept. 1682. Morrison MSS.
[40] Clar. State Papers. Cal. Vol. II. Fol. 1271. News Letter, 8
July, 1653.
[41] Bromley Letters, p. 252, 22 Mar. 1664.
[42] Cal. Dom. S. P. 1660, pp. 300, 331.
[43] Wood's Athense Oxouiensis. ed. 1815. Vol. II. Fasti I. p. 490.
Campbell II. 250.
443] Wills from Doctor's Commons, p. 142.
[45] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 33. 12 Mar. 1683.
[46] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 49. Campbell, p. 250. Vol. II.
[47] Hist. MSS. Com. IX. 3. p. 36.
[48] Hist. MSS. Com. Rept. V. App. I. p. 187. Sutherland MSS. Aug.
1686. Autobiography of Sir John Bramston. p. 236. Camden Society.
[49] Hist. MSS. Com. Rept. VII. p. 479_b_. Verney MSS.
[50] Add. MSS. 28898. fol. 21. Brit. Mus.
[51] Since going to press the author has been shown a document
purporting to be the marriage certificate of Prince Rupert and the Lady
Francesca Bard; it is dated July 30 1664, and signed by Henry Biguell,
Minister (Vicar of Petersham).
[52] Cf. Marriage of Geo. Wm. Duke of Hanover with Eleonore D'Olbreuse.
His children were excluded from succession.
[53] Briefe der Prinzessin Elizabeth Charlotte, ed. Menzel. 1843. p.
86.
[54] Briefe der Kurfuerstin Sophie an die Raugraefen, p. 84. 12 Mar.
1680.
[55] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 49. 9 Sept. 1686.
[56] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 49.
[57] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 152. 11 Feb. 1697.
[58] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 269. 1 Oct 1704.
[59] Hist. MSS. Com. Rept. 12. App. 3. MSS. of Earl Cowper, II. p.
404.
[60] A Jacobite at the Court of Hanover. Eng. Hist. Review. F. F.
Chance.
[61] Regencies. Record Office. 2. 3. 12 Sept. 1702.
[62] Regencies. 3. 19 Sept. 1704.
[63] Add MSS. 23908. fol. 82. Brit. Mus.
[64] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 285. 16 Aug. 1708.
[65] Hamilton's Memoires du Comte de Grammont. ed. 1876. pp. 242-243.
[66] Hist. MSS. Com. Rept. 12. Rutland MSS. II. 17.
[67] Briefwechsel mit Karl Ludwig, p. 194. 3 July, 1674.
[68] Briefwechsel mit Karl Ludwig, p. 368. 6 July, 1679.
[69] Briefe an die Raugraefen. p. 149. 4-14 Dec. 1696.
[70] Hist. MSS. Com. Rep. 7. p. 480_b_. Verney MSS.
[71] Briefe der Kurfuerstin Sophie an die Raugraefen, p. 183, 26 Oct.
1698.
[72] Ibid.
[73] Regencies. 4 Jan., Feb. 1706.
[74] Ibid. 4, 22 May, 1708.
[75] Hamilton's De Grammont. ed. 1876. p. 242.
[76] Hist. Memoir of Prince Rupert, ed. 1683. Preface.
[77] Campbell's Admirals, II. p. 250.
{369}
INDEX
A
Abbot, Mr., 86-87.
Abingdon, 162.
Africa, Natives of, 257-259; trade with, 302, 307, 338.
Albemarle, Duke of, (_see_ Monk,) 297, 302, 307, 309, 341, 364; as
Admiral, 311-313, 316, 318.
Aldbourn Chase, Battle of, 121.
Allen, Captain, 223.
Ambassador, French, 124.
Anne of Austria, (Queen Regent of France,) 209, 213, 215, 246, 267.
Anne de Gonzague, (Princess Palatine,) 209, 278.
Anne Queen, (_see_ York,) 362.
"Antelope", The, 228, 232.
Archduke, The, (_see_ also Leopold,) 51, 299.
Arguin, Fleet at, 253-4.
Argyle, Duke of, 230.
Arlington, Lord, (_see_ Bennett,) 312-313, 320; letters of Rupert to,
304-5, 309, 349.
Armentieres, 214-215, 216.
Army, New Model, 163, 172-3.
Arras, 215.
Arundel, Lord, 22, 44.
Ashburnham, John, 78, 123, 133, 136, 156, 157, 172, 180, 191.
Astley, Sir Jacob, (afterwards Lord,) 34, 70, 85, 91, 99, 168, 172,
174; letters of, 126, 165; letters to, 165-166.
Aston, Sir Arthur, 69, 74, 91, 106.
Aubigny, Lord, (George Stuart,) 93.
Aylesbury, 128.
Azores, The, 247-248, 251-252, 262.
B
Baden, Margrave of, 51.
Bagot, Sir William, 70, 166.
Balfour, 97, 154.
Ball, Captain, 126.
Bampfylde, Colonel, 280-281.
Banbury, 96-97.
Banckert, Admiral, 325, 327.
Banner, General, 37, 50, 51.
Bard, Francesca, (Viscountess Bellamont,) 357-365.
Bard, Dudley, 358-361.
Bard, Sir Henry, (Viscount Bellamont,) 126, 357, 360; letter of, to
Rupert, 170.
Basing House, 161.
Batten, Captain, 223, 225, 227, 318.
Bavaria, Duke of, 8, 45, 51, 52, 55; Duchess of, 52.
Beaufort, Duc de, 312.
Beckman, Captain, 223.
Bedford, Earl of, 123.
Bedford, 125.
Beeston Castle, 168.
Bellamont; _see_ Bard.
Bellasys, Lord, 115, 196.
Bennett, Henry, (_see_ Arlington,) 275.
Berkeley, Sir John, 276.
Birmingham, 103-104.
Blake, Admiral, 241-245.
Blechingdon House, 169.
Blount, Sir Charles, 126.
Bohemia, 3-5.
Bolton, 144.
Boswell, Sir W., 55.
Boye, 44, 79-81; death of, 81, 150.
Brandenburg, Elector of, 5-6, 280, 353; Catharine, Electress of, 5-6,
211.
Breda, Siege of, 34-35.
Brentford, Lord, (_see_ Ruthven,) 162.
Bristol, 113, 118, 177, 180; siege of, 114-117, 180-182.
Bristol, Earl of, 94.
Brouncker, Mr., 308-309.
Brunswick, Christian of, 7.
Buckingham, George Villiers, first Duke of, 12; letters of Prince Henry
to, 13; death of, 13; daughter of, 12, 111.
Buckingham, Second Duke of, 225, 273, 295, 337.
Bulstrode, Sir Richard, 92.
Bunckley, M., 277.
Burnet, Bishop, 309.
Burford, Lord, 364.
Butler, Colonel, 183.
Byron, Sir John, (afterwards Lord,) 95, 100, 120, 130, 140, 160, 164,
167-168, 190.
Byron, Sir Nicholas, 90.
Byron, Sir Robert, 70.
C
Cabal, The, 320, 322, 323, 331.
Caldecot House, Attack on, 86.
Calvinist Princes, 4.
Cambridge, Duke of, 336.
Canterbury, Archbishop of, 304.
Carleton, Sir Dudley, 10.
Carlisle, Lord, 340.
Carlisle, Lady, 78.
Carnarvon, Lord, 27, 119, 122.
Carteret, Sir George, 255, 318.
Cartwright, Captain, 228.
Casimir, Prince, 43.
Casimir, Prince John, 349.
Cavaliers, First defeat of, 121; character of, 332-333; distressed,
336-337.
Cave, Sir Richard, 127.
Chalgrove Field, 108-110.
Chapelle, M. de La, 219-220.
Charles I. As Prince, 7; as King, 12, 13, 21-24, 27, 30, 31, 40, 43,
48-52, 56, 57, 58, 60-61, 67, 71, 77-78, 87, 88, 91-93, 119-120, 133,
141, 146, 160-161, 189-190, 208, 214, 223, 237, 295, 332, 336; letters
of, 32, 63, 138, 141, 143, 147, 152-153, 157, 166, 187, 194, 213, 218,
231; letters to, 15, 50, 185-186; attempts to treat with Parliament,
85, 99, 102, 128, 163; disavows Rupert's action, 86; fears Rupert's
violence, 94; in want of money, 95; advances on London, 98-99; recalls
Rupert to Oxford, 106; meets Queen at Edgehill, 111; disturbed councils
of, 108; affection for Duke and Duchess of Richmond, 111-112; goes to
Bristol, 118-119; at siege of Gloucester, 120; defeated at Newbury,
121-122, 161; vacillates between parties, 122-123, 124, 143, 170-173;
desires to send Prince of Wales to West, 142; attempts to prejudice,
against Rupert, 145; successes of, in West, 154; removes Wilmot,
154-155; desires to reconcile Rupert with Digby, 157-158; retreats to
Oxford, 161-162; last campaign of, 170-173; defeated at Naseby, 173;
retreats to Wales, 173, 177; refuses to treat, 178-179; dismisses
Rupert, 184; at Newark, 186-187; permits Rupert's trial, 195; offended
by Rupert's conduct, 197-198; reconciled with Rupert, 199-201; goes to
Scots, 201; reproaches Charles Louis, 206-207; reaction in favour of,
222; attempt of, to escape, 231-232; death of, 236-239.
Charles II. As Prince, 77, 100, 107, 159, 167, 173, 199, 213, 220,
221, 222, 224-226, 229, 232, 236, 237, devoted to Rupert, 142, 174,
230; courtship of Mademoiselle, 218-219; negotiates with Scots,
229-230; as King, 239, 241, 255, 266, 268, 275, 278, 279, 285, 298,
299, 300, 301, 303-305, 310, 311, 315-317, 319, 321, 325, 332, 340,
341, 342, 356; letters to, 243, 254-255, 281, 306; letters of, 265,
270, 276, 350-351; quarrel with Rupert, 270-273; quarrel with
Henrietta, 276; goes to Cologne, 277; Rupert acts for, at Vienna, 277,
280, 296; begs Rupert to remain with him, 278; relations with Rupert,
282, 294-296, 331, 334-338; quarrel with James of York, 282;
restoration of, 293; care for Navy, 302; Rupert complains to, 314, 318,
326; excuses the French Fleet, 328; plot against, 329-330; mediates
between Rupert and Elector, 349; chaplain of, 295.
Charles Louis, Elector Palatine. Letters of, to Elizabeth of Bohemia,
9, 24-27, 30, 42, 43, 50, 57, 207, 209, 211, 239, 286, 297; to Charles
I, 15; to Sir T. Roe, 89; to Rupert, 277, 288; to Sophie, 289, 346,
352, 353. Letters of Princess Sophie to, 344, 346, 349, 351; of Rupert
to, 290; of Charles II to, 350-351. Early life of, 3, 8, 10, 11,
14-20; comes of age, visit to England, 21-24; favourite son of
Elizabeth, 17, 21, 41; secures aid in England, 28; attempts to recover
Palatinate, 35-39; desires to send servant to Rupert, 42-43; prisoner
in Paris, 48-49; goes to England, 50; sides with Parliament, 88-89,
205-208: receives money from Parliament, 184, 207; indifference to the
King's death, 239; visits Rupert and Maurice, 203, 205; indignant with
Edward, 209-210; supports Philip, 210-212; desires reconciliation with
brothers 239-240; restoration of, 283; neglects Elizabeth, 283-285;
cordial to Rupert, 287-288; quarrel with Rupert, 290, 301, 348-351;
desires Rupert's return, 290, 353-354; attempts to injure Rupert,
299-300; unfortunate marriage of, 289, 351-352; love for Louise von
Degenfeldt, 289, 352; daughter of, 347; anxiety of, for children, 352;
death of, 354; children of, 354-355.
Chester, Bishop of, 144.
Chicheley, 335.
Choqueux; _see_ De Choqueux.
Churchill, John, 359.
Cirencester, 101-102, 120, 125.
Clare, Lord, 123.
Clarendon, Lord, (_see_ Hyde, Edward,) 77, 78, 83, 186, 310, 312;
opinion of Rupert, 2, 72-73, 151-152; opinion of Maurice, 73.
Cleveland, 64, 80.
Clubmen, 164, 168, 180.
Coke, 335.
Colbert, 339; opinion of Rupert, 266, 295.
Colster, Captain, 59.
Conde, Prince of, 245.
"Constant Reformation", 246, 247, 255, 271; wreck of, 248-251.
"Convertine", 223-224.
Conway, Lord, 208.
Cook, Captain, 335.
Cork, Governor of, 236.
Cornish Soldiers, zeal of, 115-116.
Cornwallis, Lord, 220.
Cortez, Robert, 286.
Cottington, 157.
Courland, Ship from, 256, 258.
Court, Factions at, 70-71, 108, 118, Courtiers of Charles II, 332-333,
334, 341.
Coventry, Sir William, 302, 310, 312, 318.
Crane, Sir Richard, 40-41.
Crafurd, Lord, 107.
Craven, Lord, 26, 37-41, 275, 278, 283, 286, 301, 338, 341, 343, 353;
generosity of, 36-37; letters of, 43, 232.
Craven, Captain, 246.
Crawford, Lord, 87.
Crofts, Mrs., 26, 27.
Croker, Colonel, 107.
Cromwell, Oliver, 1, 148-150, 162-163, 170-173, 183, 229, 235-236,
269-270, 274, 277, 279-281; spies of, 268-269, 277, 280.
Culpepper, Sir John, 75, 145, 147, 220, 225-226.
Curtius, Sir William, 281.
D
Dartmouth, 119.
Davenant, Sir W., 138.
De Choqueux, 306.
"Defiance", The, 257, 261.
Degenfeldt, Louise Von, 289, 352-354.
De Martel, Admiral, 328-329.
De Miro, Count, 242-243.
Denbigh, Lord, 104.
D'Epernon, Duc, 294.
D'Epinay, Count, 210.
Derby, Earl of, 103, 135, 144, 152; Countess of, 103, 135, 144.
De Rohan, Duc, 30; Madame, 30, 31; Marguerite, 30-33, 44.
De Ruyter, Admiral, 303, 307, 315-316, 324-325, 327-328.
D'Estrees, Admiral, 324, 327, 328-329.
D'Hona, Baron, 5.
Digby, George Lord, (afterwards Earl of Bristol,) 60, 71, 74, 84, 87,
103, 105, 107-108, 122, 124, 129, 157, 158, 170, 178, 186-187, 194,
196-198, 204, 209, 221; Character of, 81; enmity to Rupert, 75-77, 85,
173; challenged by Rupert, 219; reconciled to Rupert, 158, 220;
intrigues of, 123, 129, 131, 140-141, 145, 170-172, 179-180, 184,
189-193; cause of Marston Moor, 147; cause of Wilmot's fall, 156-157;
letters of, 138, 155, 174-175, 232-233; letter to, 175-176.
Digby, Lady, 191.
Digby, Sir Kenelm, 208.
Dolphin, Edward, 329-330.
Donnington Castle, 161.
Dorchester, 119.
Dorset, Lord, 200.
Dover, Treaty of, 321.
Downs, Battle of the, 312-314
Durer, Albert, 43.
Dyves, Sir Louis, 69, 74, 97.
E
Edgehill, Battle of, 65, 66, 84, 91-93.
Edward, Prince Palatine, 15, 18, 19, 35, 49, 208-209, 210, 232,
238-240, 266, 285-286, 294-5, 347-348; marriage of, 209; wife of, 278;
letter of, 238.
Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, 3, 5-17, 19-21, 25-29, 35, 36,
40-41, 48, 50, 52, 56-57, 89-90, 127, 210-211, 232, 284, 293, 297;
poverty of, 13, 15, 283-284. Letters of to Sir T. Roe, 40-41, 49-51,
56; to Rupert, 282, 285-286, 351; to Duchess of Richmond, 241; to Vane,
21, 23. Letters of Charles II to, 276; of Charles Louis to, 9, 24-27,
30, 42-43, 50, 207-211, 239, 286; of Sir T. Roe to, 22-25, 30. Death
of, 301; will of, 301, 348, 350; jewels of, 363.
Elizabeth, Princess Palatine, 3, 8, 10, 11, 17-18, 22, 48, 211, 283,
288, 294, 301, 342, 346, 353; Abbess of Hervorden, 345-346; letter of,
348.
Elliot, Colonel, 142.
Emperors: Matthias, 3-4; Ferdinand II, 5-8; Ferdinand III, 41-42,
45-46, 52-56, 276-277; Leopold I, 293-294, 296, 298-300.
Empire, Religious war in, 3, 4, 7, 43.
Empress, 52, 299.
Ernest Augustus; _see_ Hanover, Dukes of.
Essex, Charles, 42.
Essex, Earl of, 67-68, 87, 91-93, 96-99, 106-108, 110, 111, 120-122,
125, 128, 154, 169.
Evelyn, John, Diary of, 292, 339.
Evertsen, Admiral, 307-308.
Exeter, 119.
Eythin, Lord, (_see_ King,) 149.
F
Fairfax--Lord, 146, 150; Thomas, 171-173, 181-183, 201-203.
Falkland, Lord, 71, 122.
"Fan-fan", The, 315.
Fanshaw, Sir Richard, 226, 235.
Faussett, Captain, 134.
Fayal, 251.
Fearnes, Captain, 247, 250, 251-252, 269.
Fenn, Jack, 318.
Ferdinand of Styria, (_see_ Emperors,) 3-4.
Ferentz, Count, 37, 39-41.
Feversham, Colonel, 359.
Fielding, Colonel, 90, 106-107, 170.
Fiennes, Nathaniel, 87, 114, 116-117.
Fleet, English. Revolts to the King, 222; unsatisfactory state of,
223-229; on Irish Coast, 232-236; in Tagus, 241-244; on Spanish Coast,
244-245; refits at Toulon, 245-246; sails for Azores, 247-248; wrecks,
249, 250, 251, 261; dissension in, 247, 252; damaged by storms, 253,
259-260; on African Coast, 253, 256-259; voyage to West Indies,
260-261; return to France, 261-2; expedition for Guinea, 303-305; in
first Dutch War, 307-316; in second Dutch War, 322-329; neglected by
victuallers, 303, 314-315, 317, 320, 325-6; quarrels concerning, 321.
Fleet, Dutch, 303-304, 307-308, 312-316, 324-328; enters Medway, 319;
want of union in, 308.
Fleet, French, 325, 327-328.
Forth, Lord, 120.
Fox, Captain, 59.
Fraser, Lord, 286.
Frederick, Elector Palatine, (King of Bohemia,) 3-8, 12-14, 46, 72;
letters of, 9.
Frederick Henry, Prince Palatine, 3-9, 10-13; letters of, 8, 9, 13.
G
Gambia, River, 256-257.
Gassion, Marechal, 214-218, 305.
George of Denmark, 343.
George William; _see_ Hanover, Dukes of.
Gerard Charles, (afterwards Lord,) 78, 137, 190, 196-198, 201, 202,
220, 273, 275, 278.
Gerard, Jack, 279.
Glemham, Sir T., 191, 202.
Gloucester, Siege of, 120.
Gonzaga, Marquis de, 240.
Goodwin, Ralph, 198.
Goring, George, 27, 34, 35, 76, 84, 103, 141, 145-6, 149-150, 154,
158-159, 161, 170, 172, 177, 214, 217; character of, 83-84; enmity to
Rupert, 82-84, 124; reconciled to Rupert, 158-160; letters of, 27-28,
155, 158-159.
Grafton, Duke of, 359.
Grandison, Lord, 34, 75, 115, 116.
"Greyhound", The, 326.
Guatier, M. de, 220.
Guinea, 303-304.
Gustave, Prince Palatine, 18.
Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, 14, 15, 35, 36, 66, 92.
Gwyn, Nell, 363.
H
Haesdonck, Jan von, 95.
Hague, Court at, 224-226.
Hamilton, Anthony, opinion of Rupert, 366.
Hamilton, Marquis of, 140.
Hampden, John, 109.
Hanover, Dukes of: Ernest Augustus, 344-345, 357; George William,
344-345, 353; Prince George of, 355-356, 365.
Harman, Captain, 308.
Haro, Don Luis de, 294.
Harris, 299.
Harrison, Major, 183.
Hart, Dr., 255.
Harvey, Dr., 127.
Hastings, Colonel, (_see_ Loughborough, Lord,) 105, 125, 171.
Hatton, Sir C., 272.
Hatzfeldt, Count, 38-42.
Hayes, James, 313, 314, 350.
Henderson, Sir J., 136.
Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, 24, 25, 30, 56-59, 71, 82, 103,
110-111, 122-124, 130-131, 139, 141, 156, 184, 208, 209, 213, 233, 246,
265, 285, 294, 310, 335; desires marriage of Charles II, 218-219; stops
Rupert's duel, 219-220; sides with Rupert, 273, 276; party of at St.
Germains, 273-276, 278; chaplain of, 295.
Henrietta Anne, Duchess of Orleans, 294, 295, 335, 347.
Henriette, Princess Palatine, 18, 284.
Henry, Duke of Gloucester, 285.
Herbert, Sir Edward, 159, 167, 225, 251, 254-5, 273-6; letter to, 255.
Herbert, Henry Somerset, Lord, 107-108, 157.
Herbert Lord, (son of Lord Pembroke,) 112.
Hertford, Lord, 76, 101, 114, 157; quarrel of with Princes, 116-119.
Hesse Cassel, Charlotte of, Electress Palatine, 289, 351-353, 354.
Hesse Cassel, Landgrave of, 4, 288, 291.
Hessin, Guibert, 271.
Heydon, Cary, 336.
Hohenzollern, Princess of, 284-285.
Holder, Job, Letters of, 287-288.
Holland, Lord, 123.
Holland, States of, 7, 15, 36, 238, 240, 284.
Holmes, Sir J., 324.
Holmes, Robert, 201, 216, 254, 258, 259, 268, 269, 300, 316, 323;
character of, 323.
"Honest Seaman", The, 246, 249, 251, 259, 261.
Honthorst, 17.
Hopkins, William, 329.
Hopton, Sir Ralph, (afterwards Lord,) 69, 70, 101, 113, 114, 118, 119,
125, 155, 167.
Howard, Captain, 327.
Howard, Henry, 338.
Howard, Colonel, 164-165.
Howard, Thomas, 113, 357.
Howe, Brigadier-General, 363-4.
Hubbard, Sir J., 135.
Hughes, Margaret, 363-364.
Hungary, King of, 5, 291.
Hyde, Anne; _see_ York, Duchess of.
Hyde, Sir Edward, (_see_ also Clarendon,) 71, 225-6, 229, 233, 241,
265-6, 268, 271-4, 277-9, 282.
I
Inchiquin, Lord, 273.
Independents, 128.
Ireton, Henry, 172.
Irish Soldiers, 131, 168-169.
J
Jacus, Captain, 256-259.
James I, King of England, 3, 7, 8, 12.
James II; _see_ York, Duke of, 361.
Jermyn, Lord, 130, 133, 139, 140, 189, 209, 220, 233, 265, 273, 280.
Jordan, Captain, 223, 227.
Juliana, Electress Palatine, 6, 8.
K
Karl, Prince Palatine, 352, 354, 355.
Karl Ludwig, Raugraf, 355.
Kendal, Duke of, 336.
Kevenheller, Graf, 46, 52.
Killigrew, Henry, 341.
King, General, (_see_ also Eythin,) 38, 39.
Kingsmill, 43, 44.
Kirke, Mrs., 112.
Koenigsmark, Graf, 37, 39.
Kuffstein, Graf, 41, 42, 44, 46.
Kuffstein, Susanne Marie von, 44, 47.
L
La Bassee, 215-217.
Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, 78, 160, 179, 180, 275, 293.
Lansdowne, Battle of, 113.
La Roche, M., 133-4, 317.
Lathom House, siege of, 135, 141, 144.
Laud, Archbishop, 27-29.
Lauderdale, Lord, 229-230.
Lawson, Sir J., 306.
Legge, Captain, 324.
Legge, Robin, 75, 158, 171.
Legge, Colonel William, 60, 61, 109, 110, 120, 140, 141, 143, 156, 167,
168, 170, 171, 184-6, 190-3, 199, 201, 231, 296, 306, 341; character
of, 76-77, 186; letters to, 140-1, 158-9, 166-7, 171, 173, 174-5, 178,
198-9, 208-9, 297-301; letters of, 160, 175-6; son of, 321.
Leicester, Earl of, 30, 32, 43, 48, 49.
Leicester, Mayor of, 86.
Leipzig, Battle of, 14.
Leopold, Archduke, 46, 47, 52, 55.
Leslie, David, 149.
Leslie, Count, 298.
Leslie, Mr., 288.
Le Vaillant, 292.
Leven, Lord, 146.
Leviston, Sir J., 208.
Levit, 304-5.
Lindsey, Lord, (1) Robert Bertie, 61, 90-93, (2) Montagu Bertie, 77,
163, 300.
Lippe, Colonel, 39, 40.
Lisle, George, 75, 121, 166, 198.
Liverpool, 144.
Long, Mr., 225, 274.
Loughborough, Lord, (_see_ also Hastings,) 70, 166.
Louis XIV, King of France, 219, 267, 321, 322, 351.
Louise, Princess Palatine, 51, 82, 284-285, 345; Abbess of Maubuisson,
346-348; character of, 16, 17, 346-348.
Louise von Degenfeldt, 289, 352-4.
"Loyal Subject", The, 251.
Lucas, Charles, 78, 87, 135, 167, 198.
Lucas, Lady, 96.
Lutheran Princes, 4.
Lyme, Siege of, 119.
M
Madagascar, 25, 28.
Madeira, Governor of, 247.
Magdeburg, Administrator of, 42.
Mainz, Elector of, 291, 298, 301.
Manchester, Lord, 146.
Mansfeld, Count, 7.
Marlborough, 100.
Marston Moor, Battle of, 44, 66, 146-150.
Martin, 167.
Marvell, Andrew, 323.
Mary Stuart, Princess of Orange, 49, 57, 211, 239, 285, 357.
Massey, Colonel, 120, 160, 168, 278.
Matthias, Emperor, 4.
Maurice, Prince of Orange; _see_ Orange.
Maurice, Prince Palatine, 6, 8, 10, 11, 15, 18, 19, 29, 32, 34-35, 44,
46, 48, 49, 50-1, 57-60, 63, 68, 87, 88, 107, 112-119, 127, 142-3, 154,
161-6, 168, 170, 173, 177, 184-187, 194, 203, 205, 208, 211, 212, 228,
229, 232, 238, 241-2, 245-6, 249-251, 256-259, 268, 271, 345; wrecked,
261-262; reported return of, 286-287; letters of, 50, 164, 177; letter
to, 32, 187, 240; character of, 72, 73, 76.
May, 335.
Mayence, Elector of, 281.
Mazarin, Cardinal, 1, 213, 267, 269, 270, 272, 278.
Meldrum, Sir J., 135, 137.
Mennes, Sir J., 304.
Merchants, English, 269-270.
Mezzotint, 291-292.
Modena, Duke of, 278-279.
Monk, General, (_see_ also Albemarle, Duke of,) 34, 35, 300.
Monmouth, Duke of, 331, 336.
Montpensier, Mademoiselle de, 218-219.
Montrose, Marquess of, 194, 230-231.
Moore, Sir J., 358.
Morley, Captain, 244.
Morrice, 318.
Mortaigne, M., 137, 216, 250.
Moutray, 299.
Mozley, Colonel, 128-129.
Munster, Peace of, 205, 276, 277, 283, 299.
Murray, Sir R., 298.
Mynn, Captain, 69.
N
Naseby, Battle of, 172-3.
Nassau, Ernest, Count of, 6,
Navy, Commissioners of, 314-315, 317, 323, 325-6.
Nevers, Duke of, 209.
Newark, Siege of, 135-138; scene at, 195-198.
Newbury, Battles of, 121, 161.
Newcastle, Marquess of, 101, 103, 107, 135, 139, 143-4, 147-151,
156-157.
Nicholas, Sir Edward, 130, 184, 238, 275; letters of, 102, 106, 108,
113, 185-6; letters to, 272, 281.
Northampton, Lord, 87, 107.
Norton St. Philip's, Battle of, 359.
O
Ogle Thomas, 128-9.
O'Neil, Daniel, 60, 112, 137, 151, 156, 157; allied with Digby,
131-132, 180; letters of 69, 100, 156-7, 219-220, 275.
Opdam, Admiral, 307.
Orange. Henry Frederick, Prince of, 7, 14, 20, 29, 34-36, 49, 57-59,
71; Maurice, Prince of, 6, 9, 13; William, Prince of, 49, 57, 231.
William, Prince of, (William III,) 286, 297, 340; as King, 361, 364;
envoys of, 362, 364. Mary, Princess of; _see_ Mary.
Orleans, Duchess of, Elizabeth Charlotte, 247-8, 352, 360; Henrietta,
_see_ Henrietta.
Orleans, Duke of, Gaston, 213; daughter of (_see_ Montpensier) 218.
Orleans, Philippe, Duke of, 294-5, 347, 352.
Ormonde, Duke of, 129, 131, 133, 179, 190, 231, 273, 274, 275, 279,
297, 341; letters of, 131, 132, 233; letters to, 71, 124, 141, 145,
156-7, 167-8, 180, 189, 219-220, 233-236.
Osborne, Colonel, 198.
Ossory, Earl of, 297.
Oxford, Court at, 111, 123-4, 133-5, 139; Parliament at, 129; siege of,
171, 201-202.
P
Palatinate, The, 8, 28, 35-40, 283.
Parliament, English, 7, 57, 71; negotiates with King, 98, 99, 102, 163;
allies with Scots, 128; army of, 163; remonstrates with Rupert, 169;
offers pass to Rupert, 198-199; obliges Princes to leave England, 203;
approves conduct of Elector, 206-7; sends ships against the Princes,
241-245.
Peace Party, 128.
Penn, Sir W., 308-9, 321.
Pepys, Samuel, Diary of, 197-8, 294, 302, 303, 306, 310, 314, 315, 321,
323; as victualler of fleet, 303, 314, 317-319.
Percy, Henry, Lord, 76, 82, 113, 120-124, 133-4, 145, 155, 157, 189,
239, 273; letters of, 122-123; duel with Rupert, 221.
Pett, Robert, 227.
Philip, Prince Palatine, 15, 18, 35, 49, 208, 210, 286; kills d'Epinay,
210-211; enters service of Venice, 211-212.
Picolomini, 215.
Plymouth, Siege of, 119.
Poland, Casimir, Prince of. 43.
Poland, Ladislas, King of, 22.
Popish Plot, 356.
Porter, Endymion, 24.
Portland, Lord, 191, 198.
Portodale, Governor of, 256.
Portsmouth, Duchess of, 357.
Portugal, Ambassador of, 335.
Portugal, Infanta of, 299; King of, 241-244, 252; Queen of, 242;
Princes in, 241-244.
Portuguese in the Azores, 247, 248, 251-252, 256, 262.
Powick Bridge, Battle at, 87-88.
Price, Thomas, 227.
Purefoy, Mrs., 86-87.
Puritans: in terror of Rupert, 62, 63; hang Irish soldiers, 64;
violence of; 94-95; exultation of, at Marston Moor, 150-152.
Pyne, Valentine, 261, 281, 287.
R
Radcliffe, Sir George, 89, 189.
Rantzau, Marechal, 214, 215.
Ratzeville, Prince, 240.
Raugraefen, 354-355.
Ravenville, Prince, 51.
Reading, 106-107.
Reeves, Sir W., 324.
"Revenge", The, 227, 251, 259-260.
Richelieu, Cardinal, 31, 49.
Richmond, Duchess of, 111-113, 199, 201, 241, 357.
Richmond, Duke of, 93, 112, 130, 193, 195, 199, 200; character of,
77-78; letter of, to Rupert, 124-5, 138-9, 140-144, 160-1, 178; letter
of Rupert to, 178.
Rivers, Lady, 96.
Roe, Sir Thomas, 10, 16, 51-56; Letters of Elizabeth of Bohemia to,
40-41, 49-51, 56; of Rupert to, 52-54; of Sir W. Boswell to, 56.
Letters to Elizabeth of Bohemia, 22-25, 28, 30; to the Elector, 64, 88.
Rossetter, Colonel, 194.
Roundway Down, 113.
"Royal Charles", The, 308.
Royalists. Dissensions in Army of, 68-70, 91-92; want of discipline
among, 93, 100; want of supplies among, 100, 164-165; factions among,
124, 156, 224-225; plot of, to surrender Bristol, 103; revenge of, for
breach of faith, 107, 116.
"Royal Prince", The, 313.
Raugraefen, The, 354-355.
Rupert, Prince Palatine. Letters to, 69, 70, 74-75, 100, 103, 106-108,
113, 122-127, 129, 130, 133-145, 147, 151, 155, 158-161, 164-6,
168-170, 177, 179, 194-5, 199, 200, 209, 218, 227, 230-1, 232-236, 239,
240, 265-6, 269, 270, 277, 279, 282, 285-288, 306, 348; letters of,
144, 166, 169, 178, 235, 251, 255, 284. Letters of, to Arlington,
304-5, 309, 324, 349; to Charles I, 15, 185, 200; to Charles II, 243,
254, 281, 306; to Legge, 140, 141, 158-9, 167, 171, 178, 179, 180, 198,
208-209, 297-301; to Montrose, 230-1; to Ormonde, 235-236; to Roe,
52-54; to Sophie, 356-357. Early life of, 5-21; first visit to
England, 23-29; marriage treaty for, 30-32, 357: at siege of Breda,
34-35; attempt of, on Palatinate 35-38; a prisoner of the Empire,
40-55; rejects overtures of Emperor, 45; release of, 52-55; returns to
Hague, 56-57; made General of the Horse, 59; voyage to England, 59-60;
opposes treaty, 85; raises supplies, 86. Actions of in 1642, 87-99; in
1643, 101-128. Intercedes for Fielding, 107; at Chalgrove Field,
108-110; besieges Bristol, 114-117; quarrels with Hertford, 117;
quarrels with Queen, 122-3; attempt on Aylesbury, 128-129; created Duke
of Cumberland, 129; made President of Wales, 129, 132; opposed by
Digby, 129-131, 143, 145; befriended by Jermyn, 130-133, 139; relieves
Newark, 135-187; recalled to Oxford, wrath of, 140-141; marches north,
143; fights at Marston Moor, 147-153; depression of, 160-161; made
Master of Horse, and Commander-in-Chief, 162; proscribed by Parliament,
163; favours treaty of Uxbridge, 163; aids Maurice in Marches, 166-168;
retaliates for execution of Irish soldiers, 168-169; last campaign in
England, 170-173; forms peace-party, 177-9, 189; besieged in Bristol
and surrenders, 180-183; justified by Puritans, 183-184; indignation of
Royalists against, 184; cashiered by King, 184-185; goes to King at
Newark 194; acquitted by Court Martial, 195; violent conduct of,
196-197; returns to Woodstock, 198-199; reconciled with King, 200-201;
at siege of Oxford wounded 201-202; challenges Southampton, 202; goes
to France, 203, 213. Position of in Royalist Army, 61; military talent
of, 61, 66-67; tactics of, 66, 91, 92; skilled strategy of, 67, 90,
101, 119, 143; activity of, 63, 64, 102-3, 107, 132; reputation of,
62-64, 88-89; popularity of, 73-75; failings of, 67, 71-72, 75-76;
difficulties of, 68, 71, 100, 125-126, 164-167; struggles of, with
Court, 108, 118, 122-125, 132-4, 139, 170-2; calumnies against, 64-66,
94-95, 139, 145. Digby's Plot against, 179-180, 184, 187-189, 194; at
enmity with Digby, 75, 81, 85; challenges Digby, 219-220; reconciled
with Digby, 158, 220. Hatred of Wilmot, 75, 82, 84, 113, 155-157; of
Goring 76, 82-3, 158-160; of Percy, 76, 82, 221; of Culpepper, 75,
225-6. Friends of, 76-79, 112; affection of, for Maurice, 76, 117;
visited by Charles Louis, 205; espouses cause of Philip, 211; accepts
command in French army, 214; campaign in Flanders, 214-218; courts
Mademoiselle for Prince Charles, 218-9; duels of, 219-221; takes charge
of fleet, 222-229; difficulties of, 223-5, 227-9, 252; conciliates
Scots, 229-230; friend of Montrose, 230-231; takes fleet to Ireland,
231-237; hears of King's execution, 237. Made Lord High Admiral, 237;
with fleet in Tagus, 241-244; on Spanish Coast 244-5; refits at Toulon,
245-7; voyage of, to Azores, 247-252; wrecked in "Constant
Reformation", 248-251; on coast of Africa, 253-259; loses the
"Revenge", 259-260; in West Indies, 260-1; caught in hurricane, loses
Maurice, 261-2, 267; returns to France, 262-263. Broken health of,
262, 266-268, 293; reception of in Paris, 265-269; disposes of prize
goods, 269-70; quarrel with Charles II, 270-273, 276, 282; position of,
at St. Germains, 273-276; supports James of York, 275, 282; proposes to
go to Scotland, 275, 279; acts for Charles II at Vienna, 277, 280-281;
raises forces for Modena, 278; adheres to Charles II, 278, 281-282;
complicity of, in plot against Cromwell, 279-280; rumours concerning,
280, 290-1; inquires into rumour of Maurice's return, 286-7; demands
appanage from Elector, 287-288; in love with Louise von Degenfeldt,
289; quarrels with Elector, vows never to return, 290, 344, 348-350;
lives at Mainz, 291-292; visit of, to England, 294-296; popularity in
England, 295-296, 311, 330-331; visit of, to Vienna, 296-301; on
Committee for Tangiers, 302; prepares fleet for Guinea, 303-305;
illness of, 305-6, 309, 319; actions of, in first Dutch War, 307,
310-313, 315-317; command withdrawn from, 310-311; holds joint command
with Albemarle, 311-317; complains of Naval Commissioners, 303, 314,
317-318, 320, 325-6; fortifies coast, 319, 322. Quarrels with
Arlington, 319-320; with James of York, 321, 327; dislikes second Dutch
War, 322; actions of, in second Dutch War, 322-328; difficulties of in
second Dutch War, 322-3; angry with Schomberg and with D'Estrees, 326;
rage of, against the French, 328-331; position of, at Court, 332,
334-5; politics of, 329, 330-1, 334-5; care of, for distressed
Cavaliers, 336-337; inventions and trading ventures of, 337-338;
Constable of Windsor, 339-342; family relations of, 284, 301, 344-355;
urged to return to Palatinate and marry, 353-4; negotiates marriage for
George of Hanover, 356-7; admiration of, for Duchess of Richmond,
112-113, 357; connection with Francesca Bard, 357-363; connection with
Margaret Hughes, 363-4; death of, 342-343, 355; will of, 343, 359, 360,
363; character of, 1-2, 18, 21, 23-4, 58, 222-3, 266, 333-4, 365-6;
courage of, 62, 63, 99, 115, 251, 309, 313-314; temperance of, 55, 62,
84; chivalry of, 66, 86, 87, 146, 317; confidence and over-bearing
manners of, 62, 71-2, 118; shyness of, 72-73; faithful to his word,
pays debts, 116, 137, 255, 272; declaration of, 94, 96, 102, 187-8,
236-7; children of, 357-365; secretary of, 93, 260, 313-4, 350;
chaplain of, 304-5; dog of, 44, 79-81, 150; falcon of, 110; servants
of, 203, 341; yacht of, 315; disguises of, 90, 96.
Ruperta, 343, 363-5.
Russell, Jack, 298-9.
Ruthven, (_see_ Brentford,) 91-92.
S
St. Germains, Court at, 213, 218, 267, 273-6.
St. John, 238.
St. Martinique, 260.
St. Michael, 248.
St. Michel, 298.
Sandwich, Lord, 302, 307, 310, 311, 318, 334.
Sandys, Colonel, 87.
Santa Lucia, 260.
Santiago, 256, 260.
Saxony, Elector of, 55.
Saxe Weimar, Duke of, 48-49.
Say, Lord, Son of, 114.
Schomberg, Colonel, 326-7.
Schoneveldt, Battle of, 324-5.
Scots: allied with English Parliament, 128, 149, 150, 177; negotiate
with Charles II, 229-230, 275, 279; aversion of to Rupert, 229-230, 275.
Shaftesbury, Lord, 330-1, 338.
Shakespeare, Granddaughter of, 111.
Shipton, Mother, 319.
Siegen, Ludwig von, 291.
Simmern, Duke of, 288.
Skrimshaw, Adjutant, 166.
Slanning, Nicholas, 116.
Slingsby, Lieutenant, 167.
Sophie, Princess Palatine, Duchess of Hanover, 9, 37, 283, 294, 342,
346-7, 353-355, 356, 358, 361-365; early life of, 10, 11, 16-19;
marriage of, 344-5; letters of, 239-240, 291, 346-349, 363-4; letters
to, 289, 346-354, 356-7; opinion of her mother, 9, 12; describes her
sisters, 17-18; children of, 355.
Southcote, Sir Edward, 74, 80.
Southampton, Lord, 77, 202.
Southwold Bay, Battles of, 307-8, 322.
Spain, 241, 244-5, 263, 281; Cardinal Infante of, 43; Ambassador of,
298-299.
Speke, Hugh, 336-7.
Spencer, Lord, 91.
Speyer, Bishop of, 288.
Spragge, Sir Edward, 323-5, 327.
Stadtholder; _see_ Orange, Princes of.
Stafford, Lord, 356.
Stapleton, Sir Philip, 121-122.
Stockport, 144.
Strickland, Sir Roger, 324.
Stuart, Lord Bernard, 91, 162, 196.
Sunderland, Lord, 122.
Sussex, Lady, 80, 87.
"Swallow", The, 246, 249, 251-2, 256, 259-263, 271-2.
Sweden, King of, (_see_ Gustavus) 8, 340.
Symonds, Diary of, 196; commonplace-book of, 251.
T
Taafe, Lord, 112, 273.
Terrel, Sir Edward, 87.
Texel, Battle of the, 327-328.
Tilly, General, 8.
Toulon, 245-246, 255, 271.
Transylvania, Prince of, 284.
Trevanion, Colonel, 116.
Trevor, Arthur, 132, 317; letters of, 71, 124, 129, 130, 133-136, 138,
141, 145, 148, 150, 153, 156-159, 160, 170-171.
Trevor, Sir John, 295.
Trevor, Mark, 167.
Tromp, Admiral van, 308, 315, 325, 327.
U
Uxbridge, Treaty of, 163, 179.
V
Vane, Sir Henry, letters to, 21, 23.
Van Heemskerk, 316.
Vavasour, Colonel, 69, 70, 107, 108.
Verney, Sir Edmund, 93.
Villiers, Lady Mary (_see_ Richmond, Duchess of,) 12.
Virgin Islands, 261.
Vlotho, Battle of, 38-39.
W
Walker, Sir Edward, 72.
Waller, Sir William, 114, 120, 161-2, 183.
Walsh, Sir Robert, 225-226.
Walsingham, 190-193.
War. Thirty Years', 7; Dutch, 307-316, 321-329.
Warwick, Lord, 223-4, 232.
Warwick, Sir Philip, 61, 72, 147, 193.
Webb, Mr., 43.
Welwang, Captain, 324.
Wentworth, Lord, 65, 90, 115, 220.
West Indies, 260-261.
Weymouth, 119.
Whitebridge, Skirmish at, 110.
Whitelocke, Bulstrode, 95, 97, 163.
Wigan, 144.
Wilhelmina, Princess Palatine, 352.
Willoughby, Lord, (_see_ Lindsey,) 92, 93.
Willoughby (of Parham), Lord, 135.
Willys, Sir Richard, 195-196.
Wilmot, Lord, 35, 87, 100, 113-4, 122-4, 189, 221, 273; character of,
83-84; at enmity with Rupert, 75, 82, 124, 145, 154-157; arrest and
dismissal of, 154-157.
Windebank, Colonel, 169-170, 357.
Windebank, Secretary, 41, 43.
Windsor, attack on, 97; castle of, 339.
Wyndham, Colonel, 70, 281.
Y
York. Princess Anne of, 355-356; Archbishop of, 167-168; Duchess of,
295.
York, James, Duke of, 171, 226, 255, 265, 268, 273-5, 302-305, 310,
315-318, 334, 336, 340-1; quarrels with Charles II, 275, 282; supported
by Rupert, 282: made Lord High Admiral, 307-9; quarrels with Rupert,
321, 327; commands fleet, 322; letter of, 306; marriage of, 295, 330,
360; party of, 323; sons of, 336; as King, 359.
York, Princess Mary of, 340.
York, Siege of, 144-150.