RUPERT'S EARLY CAMPAIGNS. FIRST VISIT TO ENGLAND. MADEMOISELLE DE
ROHAN
At the age of thirteen Rupert made his first campaign. Prince Henry of
Orange had succeeded his brother Maurice as Stadtholder, and under his
Generalship, the Protestant states of Holland still carried on the
struggle against Spain and the Spanish Netherlands, which had raged
since the days of William the Silent. The close alliance of Spain with
the Empire, and of Holland with the Palatines, connected this war with
the religious wars of Germany; young Rupert was full of eagerness to
share in it, and the Stadtholder, with whom the boy was a special
favourite, begged Elizabeth's leave to take him and his elder brother
on the campaign of 1633. The Queen consented, saying, "He cannot too
soon be a soldier in these active times."[1] But hardly was the boy
gone, than she was seized with fears for his morals, and recalled him
to the Hague. Rupert submitted reluctantly, but the remonstrances of
the Stadtholder, ere long, procured his return to the army.
A brief campaign resulted in the capture of Rhynberg, which triumph
Prince Henry celebrated with a tournament held at the Hague. On this
occasion Rupert greatly distinguished himself, carrying off the palm,
"with such a graceful air accompanying all his actions, as drew the
hearts and eyes of all spectators towards him ... The ladies also
contended among themselves which should crown him with the greatest and
most welcome glory."[2]
{21}
After all this excitement, the boy found his life at Leyden irksome,
and "his thoughts were so wholly taken up with the love of arms, that
he had no great passion for any other study." He was therefore allowed
to return to active service, and on the next campaign he served in the
Stadtholder's Life Guards. With eager delight, he "delivered himself
up to all the common duties and circumstances of a private soldier;"[3]
in which capacity he witnessed the sieges of Louvain, Schenkenseyan,
and the horrible sack of Tirlemont. Even thus early he showed
something of the impatience and impetuosity which was afterwards his
bane. The dilatory methods and cautious policy of the Stadtholder
fretted him; "an active Prince, like ours, was always for charging the
enemy." His courage indeed "astonished the eldest soldiers," and they
exerted themselves to preserve from harm the young comrade who took no
care of himself.[4] Eventually Rupert returned from his second
campaign, covered with glory, and not a little spoilt by the petting of
the Stadtholder, and of his companions in arms. A visit to England,
which followed soon after, did not tend to lessen his good opinion of
himself.
His eldest brother, Charles Louis, had just attained his eighteenth
year. This being the legal age for Princes of the Empire, he assumed
his father's title of Prince Elector Palatine, and was thereupon
summoned to England by his uncle, King Charles, who hoped to accomplish
his restoration to the Palatinate. Elizabeth suffered the departure of
her favourite with much misgiving. "He is young _et fort nouveau_, so
as he will no doubt commit many errors," she wrote to Sir Henry Vane.
"I fear damnably how he will do with your ladies, for he is a very ill
courtier; therefore I pray you desire them not to laugh too much at
him, but to be merciful to him."[5]
{22}
In October 1635 young Charles landed at Gravesend, and was well
received by his relatives. "The King received him in the Queen's
withdrawing room, using him extraordinarily kindly. The Queen kissed
him. He is a very handsome young prince, modest and very bashful; he
speaks English," was the report of a friend to Lord Strafford.[6]
Nevertheless the Elector, who had expected to be restored with a high
hand, was somewhat disappointed in his uncle. Ambassadors King Charles
did not spare. In July 1636 he despatched Lord Arundel on a special
mission to Vienna. He endeavoured to league together England, France
and Holland in the interests of the Palatines. He negotiated with the
King of Hungary, and he attempted to secure the King of Poland by
marrying him to the Elector's eldest sister, Elizabeth. The marriage
treaty fell through because the princess refused to profess the Roman
Catholic faith. The other negotiations proved equally fruitless; and
armies, fleets and money it was not in the King's power to furnish.
"All their comfort to me is 'to have patience'!"[7] complained the
young Elector to his mother.
In other respects he had nothing to complain of; the impression he made
was excellent, and the King showed him all the kindness in his power.
The old diplomat, Sir Thomas Roe, who watched over the boy with a
fatherly eye, wrote enthusiastically to his mother, Elizabeth: "The
Prince Elector is so sweet, so obliging, so discreet, so sensible of
his own affairs, and so young as was never seen, nor could be seen in
the son of any other mother. And this joy I give you: he gains upon
his Majesty's affection, by assiduity and diligent attendance, so much
that it is expressed to him by embracings, kissings, and all signs of
love."[8]
{23}
Thus encouraged, Elizabeth resolved to send her second son to join his
brother; though with little hope that "Rupert le Diable" would prove an
equal success with the young Elector. "For blood's sake I hope he will
be welcome," she wrote; "though I believe he will not trouble your
ladies with courting them, nor be thought a very _beau garcon_, which
you slander his brother with." And she entreated Sir Henry Vane "a
little to give good counsel to Rupert, for he is still a little giddy,
though not so much as he has been. Pray tell him when he does ill, for
he is good-natured enough, but does not always think of what he should
do."[9] But the mother's judgment erred, for the despised Rupert won
all hearts at the English Court, so completely as to throw his brother
into the shade. Doubtless the jeers of his mother had helped to render
him shy and awkward at the Hague; now, for the first time, he found
himself free to develop unrestrained, in a congenial atmosphere. The
natural force of his character showed itself at once, and his quick wit
and vivacity charmed the grave King. "I have observed him," reported
Sir Thomas Roe, "full of spirit and action, full of observation and
judgment; certainly he will _reussir un grand homme (sic)_; for
whatsoever he wills he wills vehemently, so that to what he bends he
will in it be excellent... His Majesty takes great pleasure in his
unrestfulness, for he is never idle; in his sports serious, in his
conversation retired, but sharp and witty when occasion provokes
him."[10]
In his love for the arts King Charles found another point of sympathy
with his nephew. The English Court was then the most splendid in
Europe; Charles's collections of pictures, sculptures, and art
treasures were the finest of the times. He was himself so proficient a
musician that an enemy remarked later, that he might have earned his
{24} living by his art.[11] Rubens, Van Dyke and other famous artists,
sculptors and musicians were familiar figures at the Court. In a word,
the society which Charles gathered round him was cultivated and
intellectual to the highest degree. To a boy like Rupert, sensitive,
excitable, and intensely artistic in feeling, there was something
intoxicating in this feast of the senses and intellect, so suddenly
offered to him. Nor was this all. The Queen and her ladies, so famous
for their wit and beauty, marked him for their own; and before he had
been many days in England, the boy found himself the chief pet and
favourite of his fascinating aunt. Queen Henrietta, who had a passion
for proselytising, soon saw in her handsome young nephew a hopeful
subject for conversion to the Roman Church; and Rupert, on his part,
was not a little drawn by the artistic aspect of her religion.
The young Elector watched his brother's prosperous course with dismay.
Rupert, he lamented, was "always with the Queen, and her ladies, and
her Papists." Nor did he look more favourably on Rupert's affection
for Endymion Porter, a poet, and a connoisseur in all the arts, whose
wife was as ardent a Roman Catholic as was the Queen herself. "Rupert
is still in great friendship with Porter," he wrote to his mother. "I
bid him take heed he do not meddle with points of religion among them,
for fear some priest or other, that is too hard for him, may form an
ill opinion in him. Mrs. Porter is a professed Roman Catholic. Which
way to get my brother away I do not know, except myself go over."[12]
Roe also hinted that Elizabeth would do well to recall her second son.
"His spirit is too active to be wasted in the soft entanglings of
pleasure, and your Majesty would do well to recall him gently. He will
prove a sword for all his friends if his edge be set right. There is
nothing ill in his stay here, yet he may gather a diminution from {25}
company unfit for him."[13] It was enough. Elizabeth took alarm, and
from that time made desperate but vain efforts to recover her giddy
Rupert, who, said she, "spends his time but idly in England."[14] But
Rupert was far too happy to return home just then; nor were his uncle
and aunt willing to part with him. The Queen loudly protested that she
would not let him go, and Elizabeth was obliged to resign herself,
saying, "He will not mend there."[15]
It was not fears for her son's Protestantism alone that moved her. She
was aware that he and the King were concocting between them, a scheme
of which she thoroughly disapproved. This was a wild and utterly
unfeasible plan for founding a colony in Madagascar, of which Rupert
was to be leader, organiser, and ruler. He had always taken a keen
interest in naval affairs, and now he devoted himself eagerly to the
study of ship-building. But his unfortunate mother was frantic at the
idea. In her eyes, the boy's only fit vocation was "to be made a
soldier, to serve his uncle and brother,"[16] and she entreated her
friend Roe to put such "windmills" out of this new Don Quixote's head.
No son of hers, she declared, fiercely, should "roam the world as a
knight-errant;"[17] not foreseeing, poor woman, that such was precisely
her children's destined fate. From Roe at least she had full sympathy:
"I will only say," he wrote to her, "that it is an excellent course to
lose the Prince in a most desperate, dangerous, unwholesome, fruitless
action."[18] But to mockery and exhortation Rupert turned a deaf ear.
His mother, finding her letters treated with indifference, sent her
agent, Rusdorf, to represent to the boy his exalted station as a Prince
of the Empire, the grief he was causing to his grandmother, mother and
sisters, {26} and the necessity of his remaining in Europe to combat
his ancestral enemies. Rupert listened in absolute silence, and
remained unmoved at the end. Nor could his brother Charles make the
least impression on him. "When I ask him what he means to do I find
him very shy to tell me his opinion,"[19] was the young Elector's
report. Rupert probably knew Charles well enough to guess that
anything he did tell him would be at once repeated to his mother, and
he was always good at keeping his own counsel.
Both boys had broken loose from their home restraints. They were now
"quite out of their mother's governance", and resolved to go their own
way, heeding neither her nor her agents, present or absent.[20] The
state of affairs was not improved by the interference of one of
Elizabeth's ladies, who was also on a visit to England. Between the
boys and this Mrs. Crofts there was no love lost. She told tales of
their doings to their mother, and carried complaints of their rudeness
to their mentor, Lord Craven. The Princes were furious, believing that
she had been sent to spy upon them, and, at the same time, they
betrayed evident terror lest her stories should gain credence rather
than their own. "I am sure your Majesty maketh no doubt of my civil
carriage to Mrs. Crofts, because she was your servant, and you
commanded it," declared Charles, "yet I hear she is not pleased, and
hath sent her complaints over seas. I do not know whether they are
come to your Majesty's ears, but I easily believe it, because she told
my Lord Craven that I used her like a stranger and would not speak to
her before her King and Queen. Yet I may truly say that I have spoken
more to her, since she came into England, than ever I did in all my
life before."[21] Rupert also had insulted the lady. "He told {27} me
she would not look upon him,"[22] wrote his brother indignantly.
After all this agitation, a visit to Oxford, in the company of the
King, proved a welcome diversion. This was a great event in the
University, and the scholars were admonished "to go nowhere without
their caps and gowns, and in apparel of such colour and such fashion as
the statute prescribes. And particularly they are not to wear long
hair, nor any boots, nor double stockings, rolled down, or hanging
loose about their legs, as the manner of some slovens is."[23] On the
night of the Royal Party's arrival a play was performed by the students
of Christ Church, which Lord Carnarvon reported the worst he had ever
seen, except one which he saw at Cambridge. On the following day
Rupert, clad in a scarlet gown, was presented for the degree of Master
of Arts by the Warden of Merton College. The University bestowed on
him a pair of gloves; and from Archbishop Laud, then Chancellor of
Oxford, he received a copy of Caesar's Commentaries. Subsequently the
Royal guests dined with Laud, at St. John's College, and in the evening
they were condemned to witness a second play at Christ Church, which
happily proved "most excellent."[24]
Elizabeth remained, in the meantime, far from satisfied; and in
February 1637, King Charles thought it well to ascertain her serious
intentions with regard to Rupert. To this end, young George Goring,
then serving in the Stadtholder's army, was commissioned to sound her.
Thus he reported to his father:--"I found she had a belief he would
lose his time in England, and for that reason had an intention to
recall him. I saw it not needful to give her other encouragement from
His Majesty, than that I heard the King profess that he did believe
Prince Rupert {28} would soon be capable of any actions of honour, and
if he were placed in any such employment would acquit himself very
well; and I persuaded Her Majesty to know what the Prince of Orange
would think fit for him to do, which she did on their next meeting, and
His Highness wished very much that there were some employment in the
way worthy of him. But this business is silenced since upon a letter
the Queen has received from the Prince Elector, where he mentions the
sending of some land forces into France, which he judges a fit command
for him ... Only that which His Highness spoke to Dr. Gosse,
concerning Prince Rupert, would joy me much, being I might hope for a
liberty of attempting actions worthy of an honest man."[25]
Plans for the recovery of the lost Palatinate were now indeed maturing.
The cause was one very near the hearts of the English Puritans, who
regarded it as synonymous with the cause of Protestantism, and they
showed themselves willing to subscribe money in aid of it. The King
promised ships, and tried to win the help of France; while young
English nobles eagerly offered their swords to the exiled Princes. The
Elector was so delighted that he could scarcely believe his good
fortune, and Rupert abandoned his own schemes in order to assist his
brother. "The dream of Madagascar, I think, is vanished," wrote Roe.
"A blunt merchant called to deliver his opinion, said it was a gallant
design, but one on which he would be loth to venture his younger
son."[26]
But the dream of Rupert's conversion was not over, and his mother was
as anxious as ever to recover possession of him. She appealed now to
Archbishop Laud who had shown great interest in the boys, often
inviting them to dine with him. "The two young Princes have both {29}
been very kind and respective of me," he said. "It was little I was
able to do for them, but I was always ready to do my best."[27] To him
therefore Elizabeth stated that she was about to send Maurice with the
Prince of Orange, "to learn that profession by which I believe he must
live,"[28] and that she desired Rupert to bear his brother company. "I
think he will spend this summer better in an army than idly in England.
For though it be a great honour and happiness to him to wait upon his
uncle, yet, his youth considered, he will be better employed to see the
war."[29] Laud replied in approving terms: "If the Prince of Orange be
going into the field, God be his speed. The like I heartily wish to
the young Prince Maurice. You do exceedingly well to put him into
action betimes."[30] Still he offered no real assistance, and Elizabeth
fell back on the sympathetic Roe, repeating how she had sent for
Rupert, and adding--"You may easily guess why I send for him; his
brother can tell you else. I pray you help him away and hinder those
that would stay him."[31]
Her untiring solicitations and Rupert's own martial spirit, combined
with the fact that the Elector, having completed his negotiations, was
now ready to return with his brother, prevailed. The King at last
consented to let them go, and in June 1637 they embarked at Greenwich,
arriving safely at the Hague, after a stormy passage in which both
suffered severely. The parting in England had been reluctant on both
sides. "Both the brothers went away very unwillingly, but Prince
Rupert expressed it most, for, being a-hunting that morning with the
King, he wished he might break his neck, and so leave his bones in
England."[32]
{30}
But, in the opinion of Elizabeth and Roe, that pleasant holiday had
ended none too soon. "You have your desire for Prince Rupert," wrote
the latter. "I doubt not he returns to you untainted, but I will not
answer for all designs upon him. The enemy is a serpent as well as a
wolf, and, though he should prove impregnable, you do well to preserve
him from battery."[33] Later the boy confessed that a fortnight more
in England would have seen him a Roman Catholic. Elizabeth thereupon
poured forth bitter indignation on her sister-in-law, but Henrietta
only retorted, with cheerful defiance, that, had she known Rupert's
real state of mind, he should not have departed when he did.
So far as Rupert was concerned, the visit had not been, from the
mother's point of view, a success. The only one of her brother's
schemes for the boy's advantage of which she approved, unhappily
commended itself very little to Rupert himself; this was no less than
the time-honoured device of marrying him to an heiress. The lady
selected was the daughter of the Huguenot Duc de Rohan, and in
September 1636 the Elector had written to his mother: "Concerning my
brother Rupert, M. de Soubise hath made overture that, with your
Majesty's and your brother's consent, he thinks M. de Rohan would not
be unwilling to match him with his daughter.... I think it is no
absurd proposition, for she is great both in means and birth, and of
the religion."[34] The death of the Duc de Rohan delayed the
conclusion of the treaty, which dragged on for several years. In 1638
King Charles renewed relations with the widowed Duchess, through his
Ambassador at Paris, Lord Leicester. "For Prince Robert's service, I
represented unto her as well as I could, how hopeful a prince he was,
and she said she had heard much good of him, that he was very handsome,
and had a great deal of wit {31} and courage,"[35] wrote the
Ambassador. But Cardinal Richelieu was by no means willing to let such
a fortune as that of the Rohans, fall to a heretic foreigner, and
without his consent, and that of Louis XIII, nothing could be done.
The difficulties in the way were great, and though the Duchess was well
inclined to Rupert, both on account of his religion and of his Royal
blood, she was not blind to the fact that neither of these would
support either himself or his family. He would, she supposed, settle
down in France, but great though her daughter's fortune was, it would
not, she declared, maintain a Royal prince in Paris; and she desired to
know what King Charles would do for his nephew. Leicester could only
reply vaguely that the King would "take care" of his nephew, and of any
future children. He was, however, admitted to an interview with the
young lady, whom he facetiously told, that he "came to make love unto
her, and that, if it were for myself, I thought she could hardly find
it in her heart to refuse me, but it being for a handsome young prince,
countenanced by the recommendation of a great king, I did take upon
myself to know her mind.... She gave me a smile and a blush, which I
took for a sufficient reply."[36]
Owing to the opposition of the Cardinal, no formal betrothal took
place, but Marguerite de Rohan evidently regarded her unwilling lover
with favour, for when he fell into the hands of the Emperor she showed
herself loyal to him. Leicester, on receiving the news of Rupert's
capture, hastened to interview the Duchess, but found her still well
inclined. "I cannot find that she is at all changed," he reported.
"She answered also for her daughter, and related this passage to me.
Some one had said to Mademoiselle de Rohan: 'Now that Prince Rupert is
a prisoner, you should do well to abandon the thought of him, and to
entertain the addresses of your servant, the Duc de Nemours.' {32} To
which she answered: 'I am not engaged anywhere; but, as I have been
inclined, so I am still, for it would be a _lachete_ to forsake one
because of his misfortunes, and some generosity to esteem him in the
same degree as before he fell into it."[37]
Her generosity was not felt as it deserved. Rupert did not want to be
married; he had already plenty of interests and occupations, and he
could not be brought to regard the matter from a practical point of
view. Eighty thousand pounds a year, united to much other valuable
property and the expectation of two more estates, could not induce the
penniless Palatine to sacrifice his liberty. In 1643 Marguerite would
await the recalcitrant suitor no longer, and the incident closed with a
very curious letter, written by King Charles to Maurice. Evidently the
King was loth that such a fortune should be lost to the family, after
all his trouble.
"Nepheu Maurice," he wrote, "though Mars be now most in voag, yet Hymen
may sometimes be remembyred. The matter is this: Your mother and I
have bin somewhat ingaged concerning a marriage between your brother
Rupert and Mademoiselle de Rohan. Now her friends press your brother
for a positive answer, which I find him resolved to give negatively.
Therefore I thought fit to let you know, if you will, by your
ingagement, take your brother handsomely off. And indeed the total
rejecting of this alliance may do us some prejudice, whether ye look to
these, or to the German affairs; the performance of it is not expected
until the times shall be reasonably settled, but I desire you to give
me an answer, as soon as you can, having now occasion to send to
France, because delays are sometimes as ill taken as denials. So
hoping, and praying God for good news from you,
"I rest, your loving oncle,
"C. R."[38]
{33}
But Maurice was not to be moved by his uncle's eloquence, and his
answer was as positively negative as that of his brother had been.
Subsequently the neglected lady wedded Henri Chabot, a poor gentleman
of no particular distinction, with whom she was, possibly, happier than
any Palatine would have made her.
[1] Domestic State Papers. Elizabeth to Roe. 12/22, April, 1634.
[2] Lansdowne MSS. 817. Fol. 157-168.
[3] Benett MSS. Warburton. Vol. I. p. 450.
[4] Lansdowne MSS. 817. British Museum.
[5] Dom. State Papers. Chas. I. Vol. 300. fol. 1. 18/28 May, 1635.
[6] Letters and Despatches of Thomas Wentworth. Earl Strafford. Ed.
1739. Vol. I p. 489.
[7] Bromley Letters, p. 73.
[8] Dom. State Papers. Chas. I. 320. 2; 1 May, 1636.
[9] Dom. State Papers. Eliz. to Vane, Feb. 2, 1636. Chas. I. Vol.
313. f. 12.
[10] Dom. State Papers. Roe to Elizabeth, July 20, 1636. Chas. I.
Vol. 339. f. 21.
[11] Lilly. Character of Charles I.
[12] Bromley Letters, p. 86.
[13] Dom. State Papers. Chas. I. 320. f. 2. 1 May, 1636.
[14] Dom. State Papers. Chas. I. 318. f. 16. 4 April, 1636.
[15] Ibid. 325. f. 47. 4 June, 1636.
[16] Ibid. 318. f. 16. April 4, 1636.
[17] Howell's Letters, p. 257, 4 Jan. 1636.
[18] Dom. State Papers. Roe to Eliz. Chas. I. 350. 16. 17 March,
1637.
[19] Bromley Letters, p. 86.
[20] Hauesser, Geschichte der Rheinischen Pfalz. Vol. II. p. 546.
[21] Bromley Letters, p. 85.
[22] Bromley Letters, p. 88.
[23] Dom. S. P. Decree of University, Aug. 12, 1636.
[24] Ibid. 5 Sept. 1636.
[25] Dom. State Papers. Geo. Goring to Lord Goring, 4 Feb. 1637.
Chas. I. 346. f. 33.
[26] Ibid. Roe to Elizabeth, May 8, 1637.
[27] Dom. S. P. Laud to Eliz. Aug. 7, 1637.
[28] Ibid. Eliz. to Laud. May 19, 1637.
[29] Ibid. June 10, 1637. Chas. I. 361.
[30] Ibid. Laud to Eliz. June 22, 1637.
[31] Ibid. Eliz. to Roe. June 7, 1637.
[32] Stafford Papers. Vol. II. p. 85. June 24, 1637.
[33] Dom. State Papers. Roe to Eliz. June 19, 1637.
[34] Bromley Letters, p. 56.
[35] Collins Sydney Papers, 1746. Vol. II. p. 549. 8 May, 1638.
[36] Collins Sydney Papers, 1746. Vol. II. pp. 560-561. 22 July, 1638.
[37] Collins Sydney Papers. Vol. II. p. 575. 12 Nov. 1638.
[38] Harleian MSS. 6988. fol. 149.
{34}