All through the summer its branches are used as dressings for large

vases, and, either alone or with bold flowers, they prove most useful.

In the shrubbery, where it can bend over the grass, from its distinct

colour and graceful habit, it proves not only an effective but a

convenient subject, as it allows the mowing machine to work without

hindrance or damage. It is a capital plant for the small town garden.

After sending to a friend several hampers of plants season after season,

all without satisfactory results, owing to the exceptionally bad

atmosphere of the neighbourhood, I sent him some of this, and it has

proved suitable in every way.

Flowering period, July and August.

_P. c. compactum_ is a variety of the above. It is, however, very

distinct in the way implied by its name, being more compact and rigid,

and not more than half as tall. The leaves, too, are somewhat crimped,

and of a much darker colour, the stems are nearly straight and ruddy,

and the flowers are in more erect racemes, the colour yellowish-white.

It forms a handsome bush, but is without the graceful habit of the type.

Like the other knotweeds described, it enjoys a sandy loam, and requires

nothing in the way of special culture. The roots may be transplanted or

divided when the tops have withered.

Polygonum Filiformis Variegatum.

KNOTWEED; _Nat. Ord._ POLYGONACEÆ.

Very hardy and effective. I simply mention this as a foliage plant. The

leaves are large, drooping, and finely splashed or marbled with pale

green and yellow, in shape oval-oblong, being crimped between the veins.

It is a scarce variety. Fine for the sub-tropical garden. Culture, the

same as for all the Knotweeds.

Flowering period, late summer.

Polygonum Vaccinifolium.

VACCINIUM-LEAVED KNOTWEED; _Nat. Ord._ POLYGONACEÆ.

It may seem odd that we should go into the Dock family for plants and

flowers for our gardens; still we may, and find some truly beautiful

species. The above-named is a charming alpine, coming from the

Himalayas, and proves perfectly hardy in our climate; it is seldom met

with and cannot be generally known, otherwise it would be more

patronised; it forms a pretty dwarf shrub, with woody slender stems,

clothed with small shining foliage.

The flowers are very small, resembling those of the smaller ericas, and

of a fine rosy colour; the unopened ones are even more pretty, having a

coral-like effect; they are arranged in neat spikes, about 2in. long,

and tapering to a fine point; they are numerously produced all along the

procumbent branches, becoming erect therefrom. As the specific name

denotes, the leaves are Vaccinium-like--_i.e._, small and oval, like

box, but not so stout; they are closely set on the stems, are of a pale

shining green, and somewhat bent or rolled. The habit is exceedingly

neat, and, when in flower, a good specimen is a pleasing object; it is

only a few inches high, but spreads quickly.

On rockwork it seems quite at home. My example has shade from the

mid-day sun, and, without saying that it should have shade, I may safely

say that it does well with it. The plant will thrive in sandy loam and

is readily increased by putting small stones on the trailing stems,

which soon root.

The leafy stems, with their coral-like, miniature spires, are useful in

a cut state, so pretty, in fact, that it does not require any skill to

"bring them in."

Flowering period, August to the frosts.

Potentilla Fruticosa.

SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL; _Nat. Ord._ ROSACEÆ.

In mountainous woods this native deciduous shrub is found wild, and it

is much grown in gardens, where it not only proves very attractive, but

from its dwarf habit and flowering throughout the summer and autumn

months, it helps to keep the borders or rock garden cheerful.

The flowers, which are lemon yellow, are in form like those of its

relative, the strawberry, but smaller; they are produced in terminal

small bunches, but seldom are more than two or three open at the same

time, and more often only one; but from the numerous branchlets, all of

which produce bloom, there seems to be no lack of colour. In gardens it

grows somewhat taller than in its wild state, and if well exposed to the

sun it is more floriferous, and the individual flowers larger.

It attains the height of 2ft. 6in.; the flowers are 1in. across; the

petals apart; calyx and bracteæ united; ten parted; each flower has a

short and slender stalk. The leaves are 2in. or more in length, pinnate,

five but oftener seven parted, the leaflets being oblong, pointed,

entire and downy; the leaf stalks are very slender, and hardly an inch

long; they spring from the woody stems or branches, which are of a ruddy

colour, and also downy. The habit of the shrub is densely bushy, and the

foliage has a greyish green colour from its downiness.

This subject may be planted in any part of the garden where a constant

blooming and cheerful yellow flower is required; it is pretty but not

showy; its best quality, perhaps, is its neatness. It enjoys a vegetable

soil well drained, and propagates itself by its creeping roots, which

push up shoots or suckers at short spaces from the parent stock.

Flowering period, summer to early frosts.

Pratia Repens.

_Syn._ LOBELIA PRATIANA; CREEPING PRATIA; _sometimes called_

LOBELIA REPENS; _Nat. Ord._ LOBELIACEÆ.

In October this small creeper is a very pretty object on rockwork, when

the earlier bloom has become changed into oval fruit-pods. These

berry-like capsules are large for so small a plant, and of a bright and

pleasing colour. These, together with the few flowers that linger,

backed up, as they are, with a dense bed of foliage, interlaced with its

numerous filiform stems, present this subject in its most interesting

and, perhaps, its prettiest form.

The flowers may be called white, but they have a violet tint, and are

over half-an-inch in length. The calyx is adnate in relation to the

ovarium, limb very short, but free and five-toothed; the corolla is

funnel-shaped, but split at the back, causing it to appear one-sided.

The solitary flowers are produced on rather long stems from the axils of

the leaves. As they fade the calyces become fleshy and much enlarged,

and resemble the fruit of the hawthorn when ripe. The leaves are

distantly arranged on the creeping stems, ½in. long, oval, roundly

toothed and undulated, fleshy, somewhat glaucous and petiolate. The

habit of the plant is to root as it creeps, and the thread-like stems

intersect each other in a pleasing way. They are to be seen distinctly,

as the leaves are not only small, but distant, and seem to rest on a

lattice-work of stems. This species comes from the Falkland Islands, and

is of recent introduction.

It is herbaceous and perennial, and proves hardy in this climate if

planted on a well-drained soil of a vegetable character. It not only

enjoys such a position as the slope of rockwork, but, when so placed, it

may be seen to advantage. It should be free from shade, or the fruit

will not colour well. It will therefore be seen that this is a rock

plant, so far as its decorative qualities are concerned. It may,

however, be grown well on flat beds of peat soil, where its fruit will

mature finely, but it cannot be so well seen. It is self-propagating.

Transplantings should be made in spring, or tufts may be placed in pots,

during the autumn, and put in cold frames, as then they would not suffer

displacement by frosts.

Flowering period, June to frosts.

Primula Acaulis.

_Syn._ P. VULGARIS, COMMON PRIMROSE; _Nat. Ord._

PRIMULACEÆ.

This common native flower needs no description, growing everywhere, yet

we all seem to enjoy its company in our gardens, though it may, perhaps,

be seen wild close by. It is a flower of more interest than ordinary,

and to the florist of some importance. The great variety of double and

single primroses have all sprung from this, the modest form found in our

woods and damp hedgerows, and the number is being added to year by year.

The generic name is in allusion to a quality--that of early or first

flowering. The specific name, _acaulis_, is in reference to its

stemlessness, which is its main distinguishing feature from the

Polyanthus and Oxlip (_P. veris_). I may add, that from the great

variety of _P. acaulis_ and _P. veris_, and their mutual resemblance in

many instances, the casual observer may often find in this feature a

ready means by which to identify a specimen. Of course, there are other

points by which the different species can be recognised, even when the

scape is out of sight, but I am now speaking of their general likeness

to each other in early spring.

Common Cowslips or Paigles (_P. veris_), great Cowslips or Oxlips (_P.

elatior_), field primrose or large-flowered primrose (_P. acaulis_),

were all in olden times called by the general name of primrose, the

literal meaning of which is first-rose. Old authorities give us many

synonymous names for this plant, as _P. grandiflora_, _P. vulgaris_, _P.

sylvestris_, and _P. veris_. The last is given by three authorities,

including Linnæus. As this seems to clash hard with the name as applied

to the Cowslip species, I may at once state that Linnæus has only that

one name for the three species, viz: _P. acaulis_, _P. elatior_, _P.

veris_; the name _P. vulgaris_, by another authority, is explained by

the same rule; Curtis (_Flora Londinensis_) is the authority for the

name _P. acaulis_.

I need not here go into any of the varieties, beyond giving a cursory

glance at them as a whole. The double kinds are all beautiful, some

superb and rare, as the ruby and crimson; the white, sulphur, mauve,

magenta, and other less distinct double forms are more easily grown, and

in some parts are very plentiful. The single kinds have even a more

extensive range in colour. We have now fine reds and what are called

blue primrose; the latter variety is not a blue, but certainly a near

approach to it. It is an interesting occupation to raise the coloured

primroses from seed, not only because of the pleasing kinds which may be

so obtained, but under cultivation, as in a wild state, seedlings are

always seen to be the more vigorous plants; self-sown seed springs up

freely on short grass, sandy walks, and in half-shaded borders; but when

it is sought to improve the strain, not only should seedlings be

regularly raised, but it should be done systematically, when it will be

necessary, during the blooming season, to look over the flowers daily

and remove inferior kinds as soon as proved, so that neither their seed

nor pollen can escape and be disseminated. This part of the operation

alone will, in a few years, where strictly carried out, cause a garden

to become famous for its primroses. Seasonable sowing, protection from

slugs, and liberal treatment are also of the utmost importance.

Briefly stated, the _modus operandi_ should be as follows: Sow the seed

at the natural season, soon as ripe, on moist vegetable soil; do not

cover it with more than a mere dash of sand; the aspect should be north,

but with a little shade any other will do; the seedlings will be pretty

strong by the time of the early frosts; about that time they should, on

dry days, have three or four slight dressings of soot and quicklime; it

should be dusted over them with a "dredge" or sieve; this may be

expected to clear them of the slug pest, after which a dressing of sand

and half-rotten leaves may be scattered over them; this will not only

keep them fresh and plump during winter, but also protect them from the

effects of wet succeeded by frost, which often lifts such things

entirely out of the earth. In March, plant out in well enriched loam, in

shady quarters; many will flower in late spring. Another plan would be

to leave them in the seed bed if not too rank, where most would flower;

in either case, the seed bed might be left furnished with undisturbed

seedlings. The main crop of bloom should not be looked for until the

second spring after the summer sowing.

The double forms are not only less vigorous, but the means of

propagation are limited; offsets of only healthy stock should be taken

in early summer. A rich retentive loam suits them, or moist vegetable

soil would do: shade, however, is the great desideratum; exposure to

full sunshine harms them, even if well moistened at the roots; besides,

in such positions red spider is sure to attack them. This mode of

propagation is applicable to desirable single varieties, as they cannot

be relied upon to produce stock true to themselves from seed. In

planting offsets it is a good practice to put them in rather deeply; not

only are the new roots emitted from above the old ones, but the heart of

the offset seems to be sustained during the warm and, perhaps, dry

weather, by being set a trifle below the surface. This I have ever

proved to be a sure and quick method in the open garden.

Flowering period, February to June.

Primula Capitata.

ROUND-HEADED PRIMULA; _Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.

Hardy, herbaceous, and perennial. Before referring to this Primula in

particular, I would say a word or two respecting hardy and alpine

Primulæ in general. It may appear strange and, on my part, somewhat

presumptuous, when I state that this section of the Primula family is

little known. Gardeners, both old and young, who have seen them in

collections, have asked what they were as they stood over them admiring

their lovely flowers. They are, however, very distinct on the one hand

from the primrose (_Primula vulgaris_ or _acaulis_) and polyanthus

(_Primula elatior_) sections; and also from the _P. sinensis_

section--the species with so many fine double and single varieties, much

grown in our greenhouses, and which, of course, are not hardy. The hardy

and distinct species to which I now allude are mostly from alpine

habitats, of stunted but neat forms, widely distinct, and very

beautiful.

The British representatives of this class are _Primula farinosa_ and _P.

Scotica_, but from nearly all parts of the temperate zone these lovely

subjects have been imported. It may not be out of place to name some of

them: _P. Allioni_, France; _P. amoena_, Caucasus; _P. auricula_,

Switzerland; _P. Carniolica_, Carniola; _P. decora_, South Europe; _P.

glaucescens_ and _P. grandis_, Switzerland; _P. glutinosa_, South

Europe; _P. latifolia_, Pyrenees; _P. longifolia_, Levant; _P.

marginata_, Switzerland; _P. minima_, South Europe; _P. nivalis_,

Dahuria; _P. villosa_, Switzerland; _P. viscosa_, Piedmont; _P.

Wulfeniana_, _P. spectabilis_, _P. denticulata_, _P. luteola_, _P.

Tirolensis_, and others, from the Himalayas and North America, all of

which I have proved to be of easy culture, either on rockwork, or in

pots and cold frames, where, though they may be frozen as hard as the

stones amongst which their roots delight to run, they are perfectly

safe. The treatment they will not endure is a confined atmosphere.

_P. capitata_, which is a native of Sikkim, is still considered to be

new in this country, though it was flowered at Kew about thirty years

ago, but it has only become general in its distribution during the past

three or four years.

The flowers are borne on stems which are very mealy, and 6in. to 9in.

high; the head of bloom is round and dense, 1½in. across. The outer pips

are first developed, and as they fade the succeeding rings or tiers

extend and hide them. The very smallest in the centre of the head remain

covered with the farina-like substance, and form a beautiful contrast to

the deep violet-blue of the opened, and the lavender-blue of the

unopened pips. One head of bloom will last fully four weeks. The

denseness and form of the head, combined with the fine colour of the

bloom, are the chief points which go to make this Primula very distinct.

The leaves, which are arranged in rosette form, are otherwise very

pretty, having a mealy covering on the under side, sometimes of a golden

hue; they are also finely wrinkled and toothed, giving the appearance,

in small plants, of a rosette of green feathers. Sometimes the leaves

are as large as a full-grown polyanthus leaf, whilst other plants, which

have flowered equally well, have not produced foliage larger than that

of primroses, when having their earliest flowers.

It makes a fine pot subject, but will not endure a heated greenhouse. It

should be kept in a cold frame, with plenty of air. It may be planted on

rockwork where it will not get the mid-day sun. I hear that it grows like

grass with a correspondent whose garden soil is stiff loam; there it

seeds and increases rapidly. My first experience with it was

troublesome; when dying down in the winter, the leaves, which are

persistent, seemed to collect moisture at the collar and cause it to

rot. I tried planting not quite so deeply, and I imagine that it has

proved a remedy. So choice a garden subject should not be passed by

because it cannot be dibbled in and grown as easily as a cabbage. Old

plants produce offsets which, as soon as the April showers come, may be

transplanted in loamy soil and a shady situation. Propagation may also

be carried on by seed when well ripened, but that has not been my

experience of it hitherto.

Flowering period, April to June.

Primula Cashmerianum.

CASHMERE PRIMROSE; _Nat Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.

This belongs to the large-leaved and herbaceous section, and though it

comes (as its name specifies) from a much warmer climate than ours, its

habitat was found at a great altitude, and it has been proved to be

perfectly hardy in North Britain. This species is comparatively new to

English gardens, but it has already obtained great favour and is much

grown (see Fig. 76). No collection of _Primulæ_ can well be without it;

its boldness, even in its young state, is the first characteristic to

draw attention, for with the leaf development there goes on that of the

scape. For a time the foliage has the form of young cos lettuce, but the

under sides are beautifully covered with a meal resembling gold dust.

This feature of the plant is best seen at the early stage of its growth,

as later on the leaves bend or flatten to the ground in rosette form,

the rosettes being often more than 12in. across. The golden farina

varies in both quantity and depth of colour on different plants.

[Illustration: FIG. 76. PRIMULA CASHMERIANUM.

(One-fourth natural size.)]

The flower scape is from 9in. to 12in. high, nearly as stout as a clay

pipe stem, and very mealy, thickening near the top. The flowers, which

are small, of a light purple colour, and having a yellow eye, are

densely arranged in globular trusses, each lasting more than a fortnight

in beauty. The leaves when resting on the ground show their finely

serrated edges and pleasing pale green, which contrasts oddly with the

under sides of those still erect, the latter being not only of a golden

colour, as already mentioned, but their edges are turned, almost rolled

under.

This plant loves moisture; and it will adorn any position where it can

be well grown; it will also endure any amount of sunshine if it has

plenty of moisture at the roots, and almost any kind of soil will do

except clay, but peat and sand are best for it, according to my

experience. During winter the crown is liable to rot, from the amount of

moisture which lodges therein somewhat below the ground level; latterly

I have placed a piece of glass over them, and I do not remember to have

lost one so treated. Offsets are but sparingly produced by this species;

propagation is more easily carried out by seed, from which plants will

sometimes flower the first year.

Flowering period, March to May.

Primula Denticulata.

TOOTHED PRIMULA; _Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.

This is one of that section of the Primrose family having stout scapes

and compact heads of bloom. It is a comparatively recent introduction

from the Himalayas, a true alpine, and perfectly hardy in this climate.

As a garden flower, it has much merit, blooming early and profusely. It

cannot be too highly commended for its fine form as a plant and beauty

as a flower, more especially as seen on rockwork. The flower buds begin

in very early spring to rise on their straight round stems, new foliage

being developed at the same time.

The flowers are arranged in dense round clusters, and are often in their

finest form when nearly a foot high. They are of a light purple colour,

each flower ½in. across, corolla prettily cupped, segments two-lobed,

greenish white at bases, tube long and cylindrical, calyx about half

length of tube, teeth rather long and of a dark brown colour. The scape

is somewhat dark-coloured, especially near the apex. The leaves are

arranged in rosette form, are lance-shaped, rolled back at the edges and

toothed, also wrinkled and downy; they continue to grow long after the

flowers have faded.

Delicate as the flowers seem, they stand the roughest storms without

much hurt.

_P. d. major_ is a larger form in all its parts.

_P. d. nana_ is more dwarfed than the type.

_P. d. amabilis_ is a truly lovely form, having darker foliage and rosy

buds; its habit, too, is even more neat and upright, and the blooming

period earlier by about two weeks.

A moist position and vegetable mould suit it best, according to my

experience, and the dips of rockwork are just the places for it, not

exactly in the bottom, for the following reason: The large crowns are

liable to rot from wet standing in them, and if the plants are set in a

slope it greatly helps to clear the crowns of stagnant moisture.

Propagation is by means of offsets, which should be taken during the

growing season, so that they may form good roots and become established

before winter.

Flowering period, March to May.

Primula Farinosa.

MEALY PRIMROSE, _or_ BIRD'S-EYE; _Nat. Ord._

PRIMULACEÆ.

The pretty native species, very common in a wild state in some parts,

near which, of course, it need not be grown in gardens; but as its

beauty is unquestionable, and as there are many who do not know it, and

evidently have never seen it, it ought to have a place in the garden. It

is herbaceous and perennial. All its names are strictly descriptive. The

little centre has a resemblance to a bird's eye, and the whole plant is

thickly covered with a meal-like substance. Small as this plant is, when

properly grown it produces a large quantity of bloom for cutting

purposes.

It is 3in. to 8in. high, according to the situation in which it is

grown. The flowers are light purple, only ½in. across, arranged in neat

umbels; the corolla is flat, having a bright yellow centre; leaves

small, ovate-oblong, roundly toothed, bald, and powdery beneath; the

flower scapes are round and quite white, with a meal-like covering.

In stiff soil and a damp situation this little gem does well, or it will

be equally at home in a vegetable soil, such as leaf mould or peat, but

there must be no lack of moisture, and it is all the better for being

screened from the mid-day sun, as it would be behind a hedge or low

wall. So freely does it bloom, that it is not only worth a place in the

garden, but repays all the trouble required to establish it in proper

quarters, after which it will take care of itself, by producing offsets

and seedlings in abundance.

Flowering period, April to June.

Primula Marginata.

_Syn._ P. CRENATA; MARGINED PRIMROSE; _Nat. Ord._

PRIMULACEÆ.

A native of Switzerland, so rich in alpine flowers; this is but a small

species, yet very distinct and conspicuous (see Fig. 77). As its

specific name denotes, its foliage has a bold margin, as if stitched

with white silken thread, and the whole plant is thickly covered with a

mealy substance. So distinct in these respects is this lovely species

that, with, perhaps, one exception, it may easily be identified from all

others, _P. auricula marginata_ being the one that most resembles it,

that species also being edged and densely covered with farina, but its

foliage is larger, not toothed, and its flowers yellow.

[Illustration: FIG. 77. PRIMULA MARGINATA.

(Two-thirds natural size.)]

_P. marginata_ has bright but light violet flowers on very short scapes,

seldom more than 3in. high; these and the calyx also are very mealy. The

little leaves are of various shapes, and distinctly toothed, being about

the size of the bowl of a dessert spoon. They are neatly arranged in

tufts on a short footstalk, which becomes surrounded with young growths,

all as clear in their markings as the parent plant, so that a well grown

specimen of three years or even less becomes a beautiful object, whether

it is on rockwork or in a cold frame.

The flowers are produced and remain in good form for two or three weeks

on strong plants, and for nearly the whole year the plant is otherwise

attractive.

I scarcely need mention that such plants with mealy and downy foliage

are all the better for being sheltered from wind and rain. In a crevice,

overhung by a big stone, but where the rockwork is so constructed that

plenty of moisture is naturally received, a specimen has done very well

indeed, besides keeping its foliage dry and perfect. When such positions

can either be found or made, they appear to answer even better than

frames, as alpine species cannot endure a stagnant atmosphere, which is

the too common lot of frame subjects. It is not very particular as to

soil or situation. I grow it both in shade and fully exposed to the

mid-day sun of summer, and, though a healthy specimen is grown in loam, I

find others to do better in leaf mould mixed with grit and pebbles. It

enjoys a rare immunity--the slugs let it alone, or at least my slugs do,

for it is said that different tribes or colonies have different tastes.

To propagate it, the little offsets about the footstalk should be cut

off with a sharp knife when the parent plant has finished flowering;

they will mostly be found to have nice long roots. Plant in leaf soil

and grit, and keep them shaded for a month.

Flowering period, March to May.

Primula Purpurea.

PURPLE-FLOWERED PRIMULA; _Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.

A truly grand primrose of the same section as _P. denticulata_, coming

also from an alpine habitat, viz., the higher elevations of the

Himalayas. It has not long been in cultivation in this country compared

with our knowledge of the Himalayan flora. It is perfectly hardy, but

seems to require rather drier situations than most of the large-leaved

kinds. I never saw it so fine as when grown on a hillock of rockwork in

sand and leaf mould; the specimen had there stood two severe winters,

and in the spring of 1881 we were gladdened by its pushing in all

directions fifteen scapes, all well topped by its nearly globular heads

of fine purple flowers. It begins to flower in March, and keeps on for

quite a month.

The flower stems are 9in. high, stout, and covered with a mealy dust,

thickest near the top and amongst the small bracts. The umbels of

blossom are 2in. to 3in. across, each flower nearly ¾in. in diameter,

the corolla being salver shaped and having its lobed segments pretty

well apart; the tube is long and somewhat bellied where touched by the

teeth of the calyx; the latter is more than half the length of tube, of

a pale green colour, and the teeth, which are long, awl shaped, and

clasping, impart to the tubes of the younger flowers a fluted

appearance; later on they become relaxed and leafy. The leaves have a

strong, broad, pale green, shining mid-rib, are lance-shaped, nearly

smooth, wavy, and serrulated; the upper surface is of a lively green

colour, and the under side has a similar mealy covering to that of the

scape. Flowers and leaves develope at the same time, the latter being

8in. long and of irregular arrangement.

The exceedingly floriferous character of this otherwise handsome primula

renders it one of the very best subjects for the spring garden; it

should have a place in the most select collections, as well as in more

general assemblages of plants, for not only does it take care of itself

when once properly planted, but it increases fast, forming noble tufts a

foot in diameter, than which few things give a finer effect or an equal

quantity of flowers at a time when they are not too plentiful. As

already hinted, it should have a somewhat drier position than _P.

denticulata_, but by no means should it suffer from drought, and a

little shade will be beneficial. Propagated by division during the

growing season, immediately after flowering being the best time.

Flowering period, March and April.

Primula Scotica.

SCOTTISH PRIMROSE; _Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.

This charming little member of the British flora very much resembles the

native Bird's-eye Primrose (_P. farinosa_), which is very common in some

parts. It is not uniformly conceded to be a distinct species, but many

botanists believe it to be such. As a matter of fact, it is different

from _P. farinosa_ in several important points, though they are not seen

at a mere glance. That it has darker flowers and a more dwarf and sturdy

habit may, indeed, be readily seen when the two are side by side. Size

and colour, however, would not in this case appear to be the most

distinctive features. The seed organs differ considerably. "In _P.

farinosa_ the germen is broadly obovate and the stigma capitate; here

the germen is globose and the stigma has five points." But there is

another dissimilarity which may or may not prove much to the botanist,

but to the lover of flowers who tries to cultivate them it is

all-important. Whilst _P. farinosa_ can be easily grown in various soils

and positions, in the same garden _P. Scotica_ refuses to live; so

fickle, indeed, is it, that were it not a very lovely flower that can be

grown and its fastidious requirements easily afforded, it would not have

been classed in this list of garden subjects. Here it begins to blossom

in the middle of March at the height of 3in. In its habitats in

Caithness and the north coast of Sutherland it is considerably

later--April and May.

The flowers are arranged in a crowded umbel on a short stoutish scape;

they are of a deep-bluish purple, with a yellow eye; the divisions of

the corolla are flat and lobed; calyx nearly as long as tube, and

ventricose or unevenly swollen. The whole flower is much less than _P.

farinosa_. The leaves are also smaller than those of that species;

obovate, lanceolate, denticulate, and very mealy underneath.

To grow it requires not only a light but somewhat spongy soil, as peat

and sand, but it should never be allowed to get dry at the roots; a top

dressing during summer of sand and half decayed leaves is a great help

to it, for the roots are not only then very active, going deep and

issuing from the base of the leaves, but they require something they can

immediately grow into when just forming, and to be protected from

drought. It will be well to remember that its principal habitats are on

the sandy shores, as that gives a proper idea of the bottom moisture,

and, from the looseness of the sand, the drier condition of the

immediate surface. My specimens have always dwindled during summer and

failed to appear the following spring, excepting where such treatment as

the above has been adopted. I am much indebted for these hints to

several amateurs, who grow it well. That many fail with it is evidenced

by the facts that it is in great demand every spring and that there are

few sources of supply other than its wild home. Never was it more sought

for, perhaps, than at the present time, not only by amateurs at home,

but by both private and trade growers abroad. The exquisite beauty of

this primrose when well grown and the technical care required to have it

in that condition are both things of which any plant lover may be proud.

If once established, its propagation is scarcely an affair of the

cultivator's; the self-sown seed appears to germinate with far more

certainty when left alone, and, as the plants are always very small,

they hardly need to be transplanted. If left alone, though they are

often much less than an inch across, many will flower the first season.

Some have taken it as something of a biennial character. The treatment

is at fault when it gives cause for such impressions; its perennial

quality is both authorised and proved under cultivation.

Flowering period, March to May.

Primula Sikkimensis.

_Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.

[Illustration: FIG. 78. PRIMULA SIKKIMENSIS.

(Plant, one-sixth natural size; _a,_ blossom, two-thirds natural size.)]

The specific name of this noble and lovely plant has reference to its

habitat, Sikkim, in the Himalayas, where it was found not many years

ago. It is not largely cultivated yet--probably not well known. It may,

however, be frequently met with in choice collections, where no plant is

more worthy of a place. Its general character may be said to be very

distinct, especially when in flower. It is herbaceous, hardy, and

perennial. Its hardiness has been questioned for several years, but the

winters of 1880 and 1881 settled that beyond the region of doubt. I had

then many plants of it fully exposed, without even a top-dressing, which

is sometimes given to plants of unquestionable hardiness, and they

stood the winters as well as their kindred species--our common Cowslip.

It was also said to be not more than biennial, as if it were a plant too

good to be without some fatal fault for our climate. However, I can say

emphatically that it is more than biennial, as the specimens from which

the drawing (Fig. 78) is taken are three years old. Several

correspondents have written me stating that their plants are dead. That

has been during their season of dormancy, but in every case they have

pushed at the proper time. I may as well here explain, though somewhat

out of order, a peculiarity in reference to the roots of this species:

it dies down in early autumn, and the crown seems to retire within the

ball of its roots, which are a matted mass of fibres, and not only does

it seem to retire, but also to dwindle, so that anyone, with a

suspicion, who might be seeking for the vital part, might easily be

misled by such appearances, which are further added to by the fact that

the species does not start into growth until a late date compared with

others of the genus. So peculiar are the roots and crown of this plant,

that if a root were dug up in mid-winter, and the soil partly shaken

from it, a two-year-old specimen would be found to be the size and shape

of a cricket ball, and the position of the crown so difficult to find

that, on planting the root again, considerable discrimination would have

to be exercised, or the crown might be pointed the wrong way.

_P. Sikkimensis_ is a Cowslip. The flowers are a pale primrose yellow,

rendered more pale still by a mealiness which covers the whole stem,

being most abundant near the top, but whether it is produced on the

petals, or, owing to their bell-shape and pendent form they receive it

from the scape and pedicels by the action of the wind, I cannot say. The

flowers are considerably over 1in. long; they are numerously produced on

long drooping pedicels, of irregular lengths; the tallest scape of the

specimen illustrated is 18in. high, but under more favourable conditions

this Cowslip has been said to reach a height of 3ft. The leaves are 6in.

to 12in. long, wrinkled, unevenly dentate, oblong and blunt; during the

time of seeding the leaves increase in length, some becoming spathulate,

or broadly stalked; it ripens seed plentifully, from which seedlings

come true.

Although I have never grown this noble plant otherwise than in ordinary

garden loam well enriched and in shady borders, it is said to be more at

home in peaty soil always in a moist state. However that may be, I have

proved it to do well under ordinary treatment; it should be well watered

during hot dry weather; amongst dwarf trees, in the more damp parts of

rockwork, or at the foot of a north wall covered with any kind of

foliage, it will be grown and seen to advantage.

Besides by seed, which should be sown as soon as ripened, it may be

propagated by root divisions at the time the crowns are pushing in

spring.

Flowering period, June and July.

Primula Vulgaris Flore-pleno.

DOUBLE-FLOWERED PRIMROSE; _Nat. Ord._ PRIMULACEÆ.

It is not intended to descant upon, or even attempt to name, the many

forms of Double Primrose; the object is more to direct the attention of

the reader to one which is a truly valuable flower and ought to be in

every garden. Let me at once state its chief points. Colour, yellow;

flowers, large, full, clear, and sweetly scented, produced regularly

twice a year; foliage, short, rigid, evergreen, handsome, and supporting

the flowers from earth splashes. Having grown this variety for five

years, I have proved it to be as stated during both mild and severe

seasons. It seems as if it wanted to commence its blooming period about

October, from which time to the severest part of winter it affords a

goodly amount of flowers; it is then stopped for a while, though its

buds can be seen during the whole winter, and when the longer days and

vernal sunshine return, it soon becomes thickly covered with blossoms,

which are of the most desirable kind for spring gathering.

Its flowers need no further description beyond that already given; but I

may add that the stalks are somewhat short, which is an advantage, as

the bloom is kept more amongst the leaves and away from the mud. The

foliage is truly handsome, short, finely toothed, rolled back,

pleasingly wrinkled, and of a pale green colour. It is very hardy,

standing all kinds of weather, and I never saw it rot at the older

crowns, like so many of the fine varieties, but it goes on growing,

forming itself into large tufts a foot and more across.

It has been tried in stiff loam and light vegetable soil; in shade, and

fully exposed; it has proved to do equally well in both kinds of soil,

but where it received the full force of the summer sun the plants were

weak, infested with red spider, and had a poorer crop of flowers. It

would, therefore, appear that soil is of little or no importance, but

that partial shade is needful. It is not only a variety worth the

having, but one which deserves to have the best possible treatment, for

flowers in winter--and such flowers--are worth all care.

Flowering periods, late autumn and early spring to June.

Pulmonarias.

LUNGWORTS; _Nat. Ord._ BORAGINACEÆ.

In speaking of these hardy herbaceous perennials, I should wish to be

understood that the section, often and more properly called _Mertensia_,

is not included because they are so very distinct in habit and colour of

both flowers and foliage. Most of the Pulmonarias begin to flower early

in March, and continue to do so for a very long time, quite two months.

For the most part, the flowers (which are borne on stems about 8in.

high, in straggling clusters) are of changing colours, as from pink to

blue; they are small but pretty, and also have a quaint appearance. The

foliage during the blooming period is not nearly developed, the plants

being then somewhat small in all their parts, but later the leaf growth

goes on rapidly, and some kinds are truly handsome from their fine

spreading habit and clear markings of large white spots on the leaves,

which are often 9in. or 10in. long and 3in. broad, oblong, lanceolate,

taper-pointed, and rough, with stiff hairs. At this stage they would

seem to be in their most decorative form, though their flowers, in a cut

state, formed into "posies," are very beautiful and really charming when

massed for table decoration; on the plant they have a faded appearance.

Many of the species or varieties have but slight distinctions, though

all are beautiful. A few may be briefly noticed otherwise than as above:

_P. officinalis_ is British, and typical of several others. Flowers

pink, turning to blue; leaves blotted.

_P. off. alba_ differs only in the flowers being an unchanging white.

_P. angustifolia_, also British, having, as its specific name implies,

narrow leaves; flowers bright blue or violet.

_P. mollis_, in several varieties, comes from North America; is distinct

from its leaves being smaller, the markings or spots less distinct, and

more thickly covered with _soft_ hairs, whence its name.

_P. azurea_ has not only a well-marked leaf, but also a very bright and

beautiful azure flower; it comes from Poland.

_P. maculata_ has the most clearly and richly marked leaf, and perhaps

the largest, that being the chief distinction.

_P. saccharata_ is later; its flowers are pink, and not otherwise very

distinct from some of the above kinds.

It is not necessary to enumerate others, as the main points of

difference are to be found in the above-mentioned kinds.

All are very easily cultivated; any kind of soil will do for them, but

they repay liberal treatment by the extra quality of their foliage.

Their long and thick fleshy roots allow of their being transplanted at

any time of the year. Large clumps, however, are better divided in early

spring, even though they are then in flower.

Flowering period, March to May.

Puschkinia Scilloides.

SCILLA-LIKE PUSCHKINIA, _or_ STRIPED SQUILL; _Syns._

P. LIBANOTICA, ADAMSIA SCILLOIDES; _Nat. Ord._

LILIACEÆ.

As all its names, common and botanical, denote, this charming bulbous

plant is like the scillas; it may, therefore, be useful to point out the

distinctions which divide them. They are (in the flowers) to be seen at

a glance; within the spreading perianth there is a tubular crown or

corona, having six lobes and a membranous fringe. This crown is

connected at the base of the divisions of the perianth, which divisions

do not go to the base of the flower, but form what may be called an

outer tube. In the scilla there is no corona, neither a tube, but the

petal-like sepals or divisions of the perianth are entire, going to the

base of the flower. There are other but less visible differences which

need not be further gone into. Although there are but two or three known

species of the genus, we have not only a confusion of names, but plants

of another genus have been mistaken as belonging to this. Mr. Baker, of

Kew, however, has put both the plants and names to their proper

belongings, and we are no longer puzzled with a chionodoxa under the

name of _Puschkinia_. This Lilywort came from Siberia in 1819, and was

long considered a tender bulb in this climate, and even yet by many it

is treated as such. With ordinary care--judicious planting--it not only

proves hardy, but increases fast. Still, it is a rare plant, and very

seldom seen, notwithstanding its great beauty. It was named by Adams, in

honour of the Russian botanist, Count Puschkin, whence the two

synonymous names _Puschkinia_ and _Adamsia_; there is also another name,

specific, which, though still used, has become discarded by authorities,

viz., _P. Libanotica_--this was supposed to be in reference to one of

its habitats being on Mount Lebanon. During mild winters it flowers in

March, and so delicately marked are its blossoms that one must always

feel that its beauties are mainly lost from the proverbial harshness of

the season.

At the height of 4in. to 8in. the flowers are produced on slender

bending scapes, the spikes of blossom are arranged one-sided; each

flower is ½in. to nearly 1in. across, white, richly striped with pale

blue down the centre, and on both sides of the petal-like divisions. The

latter are of equal length, lance-shaped, and finely reflexed; there is

a short tube, on the mouth of which is joined the smaller one of the

corona. The latter is conspicuous from the reflexed condition of the

limb of the perianth, and also from its lobes and membranous fringe

being a soft lemon-yellow colour. The pedicels are slender and distant,

causing the flower spikes, which are composed of four to eight flowers,

to have a lax appearance. The leaves are few, 4in. to 6in. long,

lance-shaped, concave, but flatter near the apex, of good substance and

a dark green colour; bulb small.

As already stated, a little care is needed in planting this choice

bulbous subject. It enjoys a rich, but light soil. It does not so much

matter whether it is loamy or of a vegetable nature if it is light and

well drained; and, provided it is planted under such conditions and in

full sunshine, it will both bloom well and increase. It may be

propagated by division of the roots during late summer, when the tops

have died off; but only tufts having a crowded appearance should be

disturbed for an increase of stock.

Flowering period, March to May.

_P. s. compacta_ is a variety of the above, having a stronger habit and

bolder flowers. The latter are more numerous, have shorter pedicels, and

are compactly arranged in the spike--whence the name. Culture,

propagation, and flowering time, same as last.

Pyrethrum Uliginosum.

MARSH FEVERFEW; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.

A very bold and strong growing species, belonging to a numerous genus;

it comes to us from Hungary, and has been grown more or less in English

gardens a little over sixty years. It is a distinct species, its large

flowers, the height to which it grows, and the strength of its

willow-like stalks being its chief characteristics. Still, to anyone

with but a slight knowledge of hardy plants, it asserts itself at once

as a Pyrethrum. It is hardy, herbaceous, and perennial, and worth

growing in every garden where there is room for large growing subjects.

There is something about this plant when in flower which a bare

description fails to explain; to do it justice it should be seen when in

full bloom.

Its flowers are large and ox-eye-daisy-like, having a white ray, with

yellow centre, but the florets are larger in proportion to the disk;

plain and quiet as the individual flowers appear, when seen in numbers

(as they always may be seen on well-established specimens), they are

strikingly beautiful, the blooms are more than 2in. across, and the mass

comes level with the eye, for the stems are over 5ft. high, and though

very stout, the branched stems which carry the flowers are slender and

gracefully bending. The leaves are smooth, lance-shaped, and sharply

toothed, fully 4in. long, and stalkless; they are irregularly but

numerously disposed on the stout round stems, and of nearly uniform size

and shape until the corymbose branches are reached, _i.e._, for 4ft. or

5ft. of their length; when the leaves are fully grown they reflex or

hang down, and totally hide the stems. This habit, coupled with the

graceful and nodding appearance of the large white flowers, renders this

a pleasing subject, especially for situations where tall plants are

required, such as near and in shrubberies. I grow but one strong

specimen, and it looks well between two apple trees, but not

over-shaded. The idea in planting it there was to obtain some protection

from strong winds, and to avoid the labour and eyesore which staking

would create.

It likes a stiff loam, but is not particular as to soil if only it is

somewhat damp. The flowers last three weeks; and in a cut state are also

very effective; and, whether so appropriated or left on the plant, they

will be found to be very enduring. When cutting these flowers, the whole

corymb should be taken, as in this particular case we could not wish for

a finer arrangement, and being contemporaneous with the Michaelmas

daisy, the bloom branches of the two subjects form elegant and

fashionable decorations for table or vase use. To propagate this plant,

it is only needed to divide the roots in November, and plant in

deeply-dug but damp soil.

Flowering period, August to September.

Ramondia Pyrenaica.

_Syns._ CHAIXIA MYCONI _and_ VERBASCUM MYCONI; _Nat.

Ord._ SOLANACEÆ.

This is a very dwarf and beautiful alpine plant, from the Pyrenees, the

one and only species of the genus. Although it is sometimes called a

Verbascum or Mullien, it is widely distinct from all the plants of that

family. To lovers of dwarf subjects this must be one of the most

desirable; small as it is, it is full of character.

The flowers, when held up to a good light, are seen to be downy and of

ice-like transparency; they are of a delicate, pale, violet colour, and

a little more than an inch in diameter, produced on stems 3in. to 4in.

high, which are nearly red, and furnished with numerous hairs; otherwise

the flower stems are nude, seldom more than two flowers, and oftener

only one bloom is seen on a stem. The pedicels, which are about

half-an-inch long, bend downwards, but the flowers, when fully expanded,

rise a little; the calyx is green, downy, five-parted, the divisions

being short and reflexed at their points; the corolla is rotate, flat,

and, in the case of flowers several days old, thrown back; the petals

are nearly round, slightly uneven, and waved at the edges, having minute

protuberances at their base tipped with bright orange, shading to white;

the seed organs are very prominent; stamens arrow-shaped; pistil more

than twice the length of filaments and anthers combined, white, tipped

with green. The leaves are arranged in very flat rosettes, the latter

being from four to eight inches across. The foliage is entirely

stemless, the nude flower stalks issuing from between the leaves, which

are roundly toothed, evenly and deeply wrinkled, and elliptical in

outline. Underneath, the ribs are very prominent, and the covering of

hairs rather long, as are also those of the edges. On the upper surface

the hairs are short and stiff.

In the more moist interstices of rockwork, where, against and between

large stones, its roots will be safe from drought, it will not only be a

pleasing ornament, but will be likely to thrive and flower well. It is

perfectly hardy, but there is one condition of our climate which tries

it very much--the wet, and alternate frosts and thaws of winter. From

its hairy character and flat form, the plant is scarcely ever dry, and

rot sets in. This is more especially the case with specimens planted

flat; it is therefore a great help against such climatic conditions to

place the plants in rockwork, so that the rosettes are as nearly as

possible at right angles with the ground level. Another interesting way

to grow this lovely and valuable species is in pans or large pots, but

this system requires some shelter in winter, as the plants will be flat.

The advantages of this mode are that five or six specimens so grown are

very effective. They can, from higher cultivation (by giving them

richer soil, liquid manure, and by judicious confinement of their

roots), be brought into a more floriferous condition, and when the

flowers appear, they can be removed into some cool light situation,

under cover, so that their beauties can be more enjoyed, and not be

liable to damage by splashing, &c. Plants so grown should be potted in

sandy peat, and a few pieces of sandstone placed over the roots,

slightly cropping out of the surface; these will not only help to keep

the roots from being droughted, but also bear up the rosetted leaves,

and so allow a better circulation of air about the collars, that being

the place where rot usually sets in. In the case of specimens which do

not get proper treatment, or which have undergone a transplanting to

their disadvantage, they will often remain perfectly dormant to all

appearance for a year or more. Such plants should be moved into a moist

fissure in rockwork, east aspect, and the soil should be of a peaty

character. This may seem like coddling, and a slur on hardy plants.

Here, however, we have a valuable subject, which does not find a home in

this climate exactly so happy as its native habitat, but which, with a

little care, can have things so adapted to its requirements as to be

grown year after year in its finest form; such care is not likely to be

withheld by the true lover of choice alpines.

This somewhat slow-growing species may be propagated by division, but

only perfectly healthy specimens should be selected for the purpose,

early spring being the best time; by seed also it may be increased; the

process, however, is slow, and the seedlings will be two years at least

before they flower.

Flowering period, May to July.

Ranunculus Aconitifolius.

ACONITE-LEAVED CROWFOOT, _or_ BACHELORS' BUTTONS;

_Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.

An herbaceous perennial, of the alpine parts of Europe, and for a long

time cultivated in this country. It grows 1ft. high, is much branched in

zigzag form, and produces numerous flowers, resembling those of the

strawberry, but only about half the size; the leaves are finely cut and

of a dark green colour; it is not a plant worth growing for its flowers,

but the reason why I briefly speak of it here is that I may more

properly introduce that grand old flower of which it is the parent, _R.

a. fl.-pl._ (see Fig. 79), the true "English double white Crowfoote," or

Bachelor's Buttons; these are the common names which Gerarde gives as

borne by this plant nearly 300 years ago, and there can be no mistaking

the plant, as he figures it in his "Historie of Plantes," p. 812; true,

he gives it a different Latin name to the one it bears at the present

time; still, it is the same plant, and his name for it (_R. albus

multiflorus_) is strictly and correctly specific. Numerous flowers are

called Bachelor's Buttons, including daisies, globe flowers, pyrethrums,

and different kinds of ranunculi, but here we have the "original and

true;" probably it originated in some ancient English garden, as Gerarde

says, "It groweth in the gardens of herbarists & louers of strange

plants, whereof we have good plentie, but it groweth not wild anywhere."

[Illustration: FIG. 79. RANUNCULUS ACONIT FOLIUS FLORE-PLENO.

(One-fourth natural size; _a_, natural size of flower.)]

Its round smooth stems are stout, zigzag, and much branched, forming the

plant into a neat compact bush, in size (of plants two or more years

old) 2ft. high and 2ft. through. The flowers are white, and very double

or full of petals, evenly and beautifully arranged, salver shape,

forming a flower sometimes nearly an inch across; the purity of their

whiteness is not marred by even an eye, and they are abundantly produced

and for a long time in succession. The leaves are of a dark shining

green colour, richly cut--as the specific name implies--after the style

of the Aconites; the roots are fasciculate, long, and fleshy.

This "old-fashioned" plant is now in great favour and much sought

after; and no wonder, for its flowers are perfection, and the plant one

of the most decorative and suitable for any position in the garden. In a

cut state the flowers do excellent service. This subject is easily

cultivated, but to have large specimens, with plenty of flowers, a deep,

well enriched soil is indispensable; stagnant moisture should be

avoided. Autumn is the best time to divide the roots.

Flowering period, May to July.

Ranunculus Acris Flore-pleno.

DOUBLE ACRID CROWFOOT, YELLOW BACHELOR'S BUTTONS; _Nat. Ord._

RANUNCULACEÆ.

The type of this is a common British plant, most nearly related to the

field buttercup. I am not going to describe it, but mention it as I wish

to introduce _R. acris fl.-pl._, sometimes called "yellow Bachelor's

Buttons"--indeed, that is the correct common name for it, as used fully

300 years ago. In every way, with the exception of its fine double

flowers, it resembles very much the tall meadow buttercup, so that it

needs no further description; but, common as is its parentage, it is

both a showy and useful border flower, and forms a capital companion to

the double white Bachelor's Buttons (_R. aconitifolius fl.-pl._).

Flowering period, April to June.

Ranunculus Amplexicaulis.

STEM-CLASPING RANUNCULUS; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.

A very hardy subject; effective and beautiful. The form of this plant is

exceedingly neat, and its attractiveness is further added to by its

smooth and pale glaucous foliage. It was introduced into this country

more than 200 years ago, from the Pyrenees. Still it is not generally

grown, though at a first glance it asserts itself a plant of first-class

merit (see Fig. 80).

The shortest and, perhaps, best description of its flowers will be given

when I say they are white _Buttercups_, produced on stout stems nearly a

foot high, which are also furnished by entire stem-clasping leaves,

whence its name; other leaves are of varying forms, mostly broadly

lance-shaped, and some once-notched; those of the root are nearly

spoon-shaped. The whole plant is very smooth and glaucous, also covered

with a fine meal. As a plant, it is effective; but grown by the side of

_R. montanus_ and the geums, which have flowers of similar shape, it is

seen to more advantage.

On rockwork, in leaf soil, it does remarkably well; in loam it seems

somewhat stunted. Its flowers are very serviceable in a cut state, and

they are produced in succession for three or four weeks on the same

plant. It has large, fleshy, semi-tuberous roots, and many of them; so

that at any time it may be transplanted. I have pulled even flowering

plants to pieces, and the different parts, which, of course, had plenty

of roots to them, still continued to bloom.

[Illustration: FIG. 80. RANUNCULUS AMPLEXICAULIS.

(One-fourth natural size.)]

Flowering period, April and May.

Ranunculus Speciosum.

SHOWY CROWFOOT; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.

This is another double yellow form of the Buttercup. It has only

recently come into my possession. The blooms are very large and

beautiful, double the size of _R. acris fl.-pl._, and a deeper yellow;

the habit, too, is much more dwarf, the leaves larger, but similar in

shape.

Flowering period, April to June.

All the foregoing Crowfoots are of the easiest culture, needing no

particular treatment; but they like rich and deep soil. They may be

increased by division at almost any time, the exceptions being when

flowering or at a droughty season.

Rudbeckia Californica.

CALIFORNIAN CONE-FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.

This, in all its parts, is a very large and showy subject; the flowers

are 3in. to 6in. across, in the style of the sunflower. It has not long

been grown in English gardens, and came, as its name implies, from

California: it is very suitable for association with old-fashioned

flowers, being nearly related to the genus _Helianthus_, or sunflower.

It is not only perfectly hardy in this climate, which is more than can

be said of very many of the Californian species, but it grows rampantly

and flowers well. It is all the more valuable as a flower from the fact

that it comes into bloom several weeks earlier than most of the large

yellow Composites. Having stated already the size of its flower, I need

scarcely add that it is one of the showiest subjects in the garden; it

is, however, as well to keep it in the background, not only on account

of its tallness, but also because of its coarse abundant foliage.

It grows 4ft. to 6ft. high, the stems being many-branched. The flowers

have erect stout stalks, and vary in size from 3in. to 6in. across,

being of a light but glistening yellow colour; the ray is somewhat

unevenly formed, owing to the florets being of various sizes, sometimes

slit at the points, lobed, notched, and bent; the disk is very bold,

being nearly 2in. high, in the form of a cone, whence the name "cone

flower." The fertile florets of the disk or cone are green, and produce

an abundance of yellow pollen, but it is gradually developed, and forms

a yellow ring round the dark green cone, which rises slowly to the top

when the florets of the ray fall; from this it will be seen that the

flowers last a long time. The leaves of the root are sometimes a foot in

length and half as broad, being oval, pointed, and sometimes notched or

lobed; also rough, from a covering of short stiff hairs, and having

once-grooved stout stalks 9in. or more long; the leaves of the stems are

much smaller, generally oval, but of very uneven form, bluntly pointed,

distinctly toothed, and some of the teeth so large as to be more

appropriately described as segments; the base abruptly narrows into a

very short stalk. The flowers of this plant are sure to meet with much

favour, especially while the present fashion continues; but apart from

fashion, merely considered as a decorative subject for the garden, it is

well worth a place. There are larger yellow Composites, but either they

are much later, or they are not perennial species, and otherwise this

one differs materially from them.

I need not say anything respecting this form of flower in a cut

state--its effectiveness is well known. If planted in ordinary garden

loam it will hold its place and bloom freely year after year without

further care. Smaller subjects should not be set too near it; it may be

unadvisable to plant too many clumps in the same garden, but it can be

allowed to spread into one bold patch. The best time to divide or

transplant is in early spring, when growth is just pushing, for vigorous

as this and many other perennials are, I have often found them to rot,

when the dormant roots, after being cut into pieces, have had to face

the winter.

Flowering period, July to September.

Rudbeckia Serotina.

_Late_ CONE-FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.

This hardy American species, though not an old plant in English gardens,

is nevertheless classed with "old-fashioned" plants and flowers; and

certainly its sombre but pleasing dark golden ray flowers, together with

its likeness to many of the old sunflowers, favours such classification.

It is the latest of a late-flowering genus.

It attains the height of 2ft.; the root leaves are of irregular shape,

some oval and pointed, others, on the same plant, being lance-shaped,

with two or three large teeth or acute lobes; in size the leaves also

vary from 3in. to 8in. long, and being covered with short bristly hairs,

they are very rough, also of a dull green colour; the flower stems have

but few leaves, so it will be judged that the plant has but a weedy

appearance, but this is compensated for by the rich and numerous large

dark orange flowers, 3in. across; the ray is single, and the centre,

which is large and prominent, is a rich chocolate brown.

This subject, to be effective, should be grown in large specimens; mine

is about 3ft. in diameter, and the level mass of flowers, as I have

often noticed them in twilight, were grandly beautiful. I can well

understand that many have not cared for this cone flower when they have

judged it from a small plant which has sent up its first, and perhaps

abnormal, bloom. It is especially a subject that should be seen in bold

clumps, and in moderately rich soil it will soon become such. Moreover,

the flowers are very effective in a cut state, when loosely arranged in

vases, only needing something in the way of tall grasses to blend with

in order to form an antique "posy."

Autumn is the best time to plant it; its long roots denote that it

enjoys deep soil, and, when planted, the roots of this, as well as all

others then being transplanted, should be made firm, otherwise the frost

will lift them out and the droughts will finish them off. Many plants

are lost in this manner, and, indeed, many short-rooted kinds are

scarcely saved by the greatest care. The stem-rooting character of this

plant affords ready means of propagation by root divisions.

Flowering period, from September till strong frosts.

Salix Reticulata.

WRINKLED _or_ NETTED WILLOW; _Nat. Ord._

SALICACEÆ.

A native deciduous shrub, of creeping or prostrate habit, not growing

higher than 2in. As the flowers are inconspicuous and only interesting

to the botanist or when under the microscope, let me at once say I

mention this subject because of its beautiful habit and distinct quality

of foliage. When grown on rockwork, no other plant can compare with it,

and where choice spring bulbs are planted, this handsome creeper may be

allowed, without injury to such roots, to broadly establish itself; so

grown, its little stout leaves, thickly produced, flatly on the surface,

are much admired.

The flowers or catkins stand well above the foliage, but are

unattractive, being of a dusky brown colour; the leaves are dark green,

downy, of much substance, 1½in. long, and nearly 1in. broad, but the

size of foliage varies according to the conditions under which the

specimens are grown; the sizes now referred to are of plants grown on

rather dry rockwork and fully exposed; the form of the leaves is

orbicular, obtuse, not in the least notched, bald, reticulately veined,

and glaucous beneath; the stems are short and diffuse, and tinged with

red on the younger parts.

During winter, when bare of foliage, its thick creeping stems, covered

with fat buds and interlaced in a pleasing manner, render it interesting

in almost any situation not shaded. It forms a capital carpet plant from

early spring to the end of summer.

It is in no way particular as regards soil, and though it loves

moisture, like most other willows, it proves thriving in dry places. It

is, moreover, a good grower in large towns. Its propagation may be

carried out before the leaves unfold in spring. Little branches with

roots to them may be cut from the parent plant, and should be set in

sandy loam and watered well to settle it about the roots.

Flowering period, September to strong frosts.

Sanguinaria Canadensis.

BLOODROOT; _Nat. Ord._ PAPAVERACEÆ.

This is a native of North America, and is, therefore, hardy in this

climate; tuberous rooted. It is a curious plant, not only from its great

fulness of sap or juice, which is red (that of the root being darker,

whence its name Bloodroot), but also because of the shape of its leaves,

their colour, and method of development (see Fig. 81). Though very

dwarf, it is handsome and distinct.

The flowers are pure white and nearly 2in. across; the petals have good

substance, but they fall in five or six sunny days; the stamens are

numerous and bright yellow. Though belonging to the order of the Poppy,

it is in many respects unlike it; each flower stem, which is 6in. high,

springs directly from the root, and only one flower is produced on a

stem; the leaves are also radical, so that the plant is branchless and

stemless; the leaf stalks are rather shorter than those of the flowers.

The foliage is of a slate-grey colour, prominently veined on the under

side, the upper surface being somewhat wrinkled; the leaves are 3in.

across when fully developed, vine-leaf shaped, deeply and beautifully

lobed; their development is slow, not being completed until the bloom is

past. Both leaves and flowers are produced in a curious fashion; for a

time the flower-bud is compactly enfolded by a leaf, and so both grow up

to the height of 2in. or 3in., when the former pushes through, and soon

swells its olive-shaped buds. At this stage a good specimen clump is

very attractive, and is only more so when the fine blooms first open.

[Illustration: FIG. 81. SANGUINARIA CANADENSIS.

(One-half natural size.)]

It should be grown amongst some such carpeting plants as _Sibthorpia

Europæa_ or _Linaria pilosa_, so as to protect it; moreover, these

creepers are suited for a similar soil and position. The soil should be

light, either of sandy or vegetable character, but one that cannot bake;

shade from the mid-day sun is essential, as also is plenty of moisture.

When the growths have become crowded, as they do in about three years,

it is as well to lift, divide, and replant at a distance of 3in.; this

is best done after the tops have died off in summer; plant 4in. or 5in.

deep.

Flowering period, April and May.

Saponaria Ocymoides.

ROCK SOAPWORT, _or_ BASIL-LEAVED SOAPWORT: _Nat. Ord._

SILENACEÆ.

A very hardy alpine from France, and one of the most floriferous

subjects that can be placed on rockwork, where should be its position.

During a single season it is no uncommon thing to see a small plant grow

into a large cushion 2ft. in diameter, and only 6in. or 9in. high. In

planting it this fact should not be overlooked, not only for the sake of

giving it plenty of room, but also in order that less vigorous subjects

near it may not become overgrown; it blooms all summer, and though the

flowers are small and not at all bright, their numbers render it

attractive.

The flowers, which are about ½in. across, are of a pink colour, and

produced on many-branched prostrate stems; the calyx is five-toothed;

the corolla is formed of five flat petals; the leaves are small,

basil-like, oval-lance shaped, entire and smooth; the general appearance

of the plant when in bloom is that of a compact mass of small leaves and

flowers, the latter predominating.

It will grow in any kind of soil, but prefers that of a vegetable

character, with its roots amongst large stones; but, strictly speaking,

it needs nothing but an open situation and plenty of room to spread. It

ripens an abundance of seed, and there is not a better mode of

propagation than its own; hundreds of stout seedlings appear the

following spring around the parent plant, and these may then be

transplanted, and they will flower the same season.

_S. o. splendens_ is a variety of the above very much improved indeed;

and though one cannot discard the good old plant for its very recent

offspring, the former is certainly very much eclipsed. _Splendens_ has

foliage slightly different, but its flowers are much larger and

brighter; and though it may not be quite so vigorous, in this case that

may be considered an improvement. It is said to come true from seed.

Flowering period, May to August.

Saxifraga Burseriana.

BURSER'S SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.

A hardy evergreen alpine. A native of Carniola, not long discovered, and

quite new to English gardens. Though it belongs to a very extensive

genus, it is a distinct species; many of the Saxifrages are not so,

neither are they sufficiently decorative to merit a place in any but

large or scientific gardens. This one, however, is a truly handsome

kind, and its flowers are produced amid the snow and during the bleak

and dull weather of mid-winter.

The plant in form is a dense cushion of little spiked rosettes, of a

dark green colour, slightly silvered. The flowers are produced on bright

ruddy stems 3in. high, and are creamy white, nearly the size of a

sixpence. Small as the plant is, a moderate sized specimen is very

attractive, especially before the flowers open, when they are in their

prettiest form. They open slowly and endure nearly two months.

It enjoys light soil and a well drained situation, such as the edge of a

border, where strong growing kinds cannot damage it, or on rockwork,

where it will be fully exposed to the sun. To be effective, it should be

grown into strong clumps, which may easily be done by annually giving a

top-dressing of leaf-mould; the older parts of the plant will remain

perfectly sound and healthy for years. When it is desirable to propagate

it, it may best be done in April, when the tufts should be carefully

divided, and its short roots made firm in the soil by one or two stones

being placed near.

Flowering period, January to April.

Saxifraga Cæsia.

SILVER MOSS, _or_ GREY SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._

SAXIFRAGACEÆ.

One of the alpine gems. This has been grown in English gardens since

1752, yet good specimens are rarely met with, though its culture is

simple and easy. It is found wild on the Alps of Switzerland, Austria,

and the Pyrenees. To the lover of the minute forms of genuine alpine

plants, this will be a treasure; it is very distinct in form, habit, and

colour. Its tiny rosettes of encrusted leaves can scarcely be said to

rise from the ground, and the common name, "silver moss," which it is

often called by, most fittingly applies; but perhaps its colour is the

main feature of notice. The meaning of its specific name is grey, to

which it certainly answers; but so peculiar is the greyness that a more

definite description may be useful, in giving which I will quote that of

Decandolle and Sprengle: "The _lavender_-blue is a pale blue (cæsius);

it is mixed with a little grey." This exactly answers to the colour of

the pretty Saxifrage under notice, and it is far from a common one in

foliage.

The flowers differ but slightly from those of other encrusted forms of

the genus, but they are a creamy white, arranged in small panicles on

short and slender stems. They are sparingly produced in May and June.

The leaves are ¼in. long, aggregate or in miniature rosettes; in shape,

linear-oblong, recurved, and keeled. The upper surface is concave,

having marginal dots, evenly disposed; the dots are bright and

excavated, and some of the leaves (those of the stems) are scale formed.

The glaucous or lavender-blue colour is beautifully enlivened with the

crystal dots. Its habit reminds one of the more distinct forms of

lichens, and, when it is grown with suitable companions on rockwork, it

has a happy way of showing and adapting itself in such situation;

besides, its colour then shows with more effect.

[Illustration: FIG. 82. SAXIFRAGA CÆSIA MAJOR.

(1, single rosette, natural size.)]

There is a variety of this species not yet in general cultivation, and

it cannot be too strongly recommended to lovers of the finest forms of

rock or alpine plants. It is called _S. c. major_ (see Fig. 82). The

name at once suggests the main difference from the type, but there are

other features quite as marked as that of its extra size in all its

parts; the foliage is more crowded, which seems to cause the largest

leaves to become more erect, and the habit, too, perhaps from the same

cause, is ball shaped; the small rosettes of thick encrusted leaves,

from the manner in which they are packed together, form a rigid mass,

which differs widely both in detail and effect from any other Saxifrage

I know.

These dwarf subjects are best suited for rockwork; but another plan, now

much practised, is to grow them in pots. This in no way implies that

protection is given or needed--these sturdy subjects are far better

fully exposed--but the pot system has advantages; when so planted, the

roots are more likely to be placed in a better selected compost, and the

specimens can be raised in order to examine their miniature beauties.

The above kinds enjoy a gritty vegetable soil; perfect drainage is

indispensable. These are not among the Saxifrages that are readily

propagated; a few crowns or rosettes with short pieces of stem are not

sure to root, and if more careful division is not carried out, perhaps

but two or three growing bits from a large specimen may be the result,

so lessening instead of increasing the stock. Before cutting let the

roots be washed clear of soil, trace the long roots, and so cut up the

plant that each division will have a share of them. Sometimes a rather

large specimen will have but few of such roots, in which case it will

prove the better and safer plan to make only a corresponding number of

divisions, so making sure of each. A further help to such newly planted

stock is gained by placing small stones about the collars; this keeps

the plants moist and cool during the dry season, when (after flowering)

the divisions should be made.

Flowering period, May and June.

Saxifraga Ceratophylla.

HORN-LEAVED SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.

For the most part, this numerous genus flowers in spring and early

summer, the species now under notice being one of the late bloomers; its

flowers however, like most of the Saxifrages, are small and

insignificant; on the other hand, its foliage, as may be seen by the

illustration (Fig. 83) is highly ornamental. In November, the grand

half-globular tufts of rigid dark green foliage are delicately furnished

with a whitish exudation, which, seen through a magnifying glass,

resembles scales, but seen by the naked eye--and it can be clearly seen

without stooping--it gives the idea of hoar frost. We have here, then,

an interesting and ornamental subject, which, when grown in collections

of considerable variety, proves attractive; and as even after many

degrees of frost, it retains its beauty, and, I may add, its finest

form, it may be confidently recommended as a suitable winter garden

subject. This species proves evergreen in our climate, though a native

of Spain, from which country it was imported about eighty years ago. It

is sometimes called _S. cornutum_, a name quite applicable, and it is

frequently confounded with _S. pentadactylis_ (the Five-fingered-leaved

Saxifrage), which it much resembles, from which, however, it is distinct

in several respects.

[Illustration: FIG. 83. SAXIFRAGA CERATOPHYLLA.

(Leaf, one-half natural size.)]

Its flowers are small, white, and numerous, produced on slender stalks

in summer; they are of the general type of the flowers of the mossy

section, and need not be further described. The foliage forms rigid

cushions, dense, rounded, and of a dark green colour in the early

season; later it becomes grey, with an exudation; the leaves are

arranged in rosette form, having stout stalks, channelled or folded on

the upper surface; there are three deep divisions, and others less cut;

the segments are subulate, bent back and tipped with horny mucrones,

whence its specific name; these horn-like points are bent under, which,

together with their transparency, renders them all but invisible; they

can, however, be clearly seen if brought near the eye and looked for on

the under side of the foliage. The leaves are of good substance, 1in. to

2in. long, having broad stipules; the stems are exceedingly slender in

the older parts, and somewhat woody, having the appearance of being

dried up and dead.

On rockwork it is seen in its best form, as the slope not only shows it

off better, but is conducive to a finer growth. In flat places, the

dense cushions, which are 6in. or 8in. high, often rot from too much

moisture. I have never seen this occur in the drier positions afforded

by the slopes of a rockery. If planted between large stones it has a

happy way of adapting itself to them, and few plants are more effective.

It thrives equally well in soil of a loamy or vegetable character, but

it seems to enjoy a little limestone, small pieces of which I place

round the specimens; they also serve to hold up the lower foliage and

favour the admission of air. Where alpines are grown in pots this should

form one, as it makes a charming specimen; the drainage should be

perfect. It also makes a capital edging plant, especially for raised

beds, as then it is accommodated in the same way as on rockwork.

It may be propagated by taking the slips nearest the earth, which will

often be found to have a few rootlets, but if not they will still prove

the more suitable; if taken in summer and dibbled into sand, they will

make good roots in a week or two, when they may be transplanted to their

permanent quarters, so as to become established before winter.

Saxifraga Ciliata.

HAIRY-MARGINED SAXIFRAGE; _Syn._ MEGASEA CILIATA;

_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.

This is a peculiar, distinct, and beautiful form of Saxifrage; there

seems, however, to be some confusion in reference to its nomenclature.

That it belongs to the _Megasea_ section there can be little doubt, so

that its synonym (_M. ciliata_) is fairly descriptive; but when it is

said to be _identical_ with _S. ligulata_, also of the _Megasea_

section, the difficulty of recognising the form illustrated as such is

very great indeed. It is also supposed to be a _variety_ of _S.

ligulata_, and though it has many important dissimilarities, it has also

many affinities. So much does it differ from _S. ligulata_ that it seems

to be fully entitled to the specific honours which some authorities have

given to it. It differs from _S. ligulata_, described by Don, in being

rough and hairy on both sides of the leaves; in other respects it

agrees, more especially in the colour of the flowers, which is uncommon.

It may be the _Megasea ciliata_ of Haworth, which Don refers to under

_S. ligulata_, or it may be a distinct form of the latter, as, on the

authority of Dr. Wallich, of the Botanical Gardens of Calcutta, the

species has varieties. Wherever its proper place may be in its numerous

genus, the name at the head hereof is a good descriptive one. It is an

Indian contribution, hailing from the mountains east of Bengal. In this

climate it endures our winters, though it is not one of the hardiest of

its tribe. It has not long been cultivated in this country, and is

rarely met with. Its distinct habit and fine flowers render it

desirable, and it will with many be more so on the score of its

peculiarities. A few of the latter may be mentioned here. Anthers very

large, and brick-red before becoming pollenized; scapes and

scape-sheaths nearly smooth, though all other foliar parts are hairy;

stipules very large and fully developed whilst the leaves are in their

rudimentary stage. When not in flower the plant has a strong resemblance

to _S. sarmentosa_, which belongs to another section, but _S. ciliata_

has features belonging to both sections. The habit, however, is more

flat, and leaves more oval, and if, as has been hinted, this is a

hybrid, it may not be without some relationship to that species, which

is also of Asian origin. Further, on the authority of Murray, _Sax.

sarmentosa_ is identical with _S. ligulata_; so that, if we may suppose

_S. ciliata_ to be a distinct variety of _S. ligulata_, and the latter

to have such affinity to _S. sarmentosa_ that Murray puts it as

identical, the chief difference between our subject and the form

generally accepted as _S. ligulata_ is accounted for, viz., the hairy

and rougher surfaces of the leaves, which are traits of the well-known

_S. sarmentosa_. If these remarks prove nothing, they may serve to show

the difficulty of recognising the various forms and species of so

popular a genus from reading alone, it having been so extensively

treated of, and the classifications being so varied. Its study, when the

species are being cultivated, is simply delightful, compared with the

confusion of book study alone; and yet it is no uncommon thing, when

forming a collection of Saxifrages, to receive three or four different

forms from different sources under the same name, and each perhaps more

or less authorised. The student by growing this genus of plants will

reap other pleasures than that of identification, and in a few years

time will find in his own garden (as the outcome of growing allied

species) new forms springing from seed, and scattered about the beds and

walks in a pleasing and suggestive manner. (See Fig. 84.)

[Illustration: FIG. 84. SAXIFRAGA CILIATA.

(One-fourth natural size; (1) two-thirds natural size.)]

The present subject has bell-shaped flowers, arranged in short-branched

panicles, each flower ¾in. across, and sometimes, when well expanded,

quite an inch; the colour is a delicate pink-tinted white; petals

obovate and concave, inserted in the calyx, clawed, sometimes notched

and even lobed; stamens long as petals, inserted in throat of calyx,

stout, green changing to pink; anthers large and brick red when young;

styles massive, joining close together, turgid, nearly long as stamens,

and pale green; stigmas, simple, beardless, turning to a red colour;

calyx bell-shaped, five-parted, wrinkled; segments slightly reflexed and

conniving or joining; scapes 4in. to 6in. high, stout and smooth,

excepting solitary hairs; bracts, leaf-like; leaves oval or cordate,

2in. to 4in. long, wrinkled, slightly waved, and toothed, conspicuously

ciliated or haired on the margin, whence the specific name "_ciliata_."

Both surfaces are also furnished with short stiff hairs, the whole leaf

being stout and flatly arranged; leaf stalks short, thick, and furnished

with numerous long hairs, and ample stipules, which are glabrous, but

beautifully ciliated. Roots, woody, and slightly creeping on the

surface. Habit of foliage reflexing, forming flat masses; smaller or

supplementary scapes are sent up later than the main scape, from the

midst of the stipules, bearing flowers in ones and twos. The blossom,

which is effective and very beautiful, is also sweetly scented, like the

hawthorn.

As already hinted, this is not one of the most hardy Saxifrages, but I

have twice wintered it out on gritty beds, well raised, also on

rockwork, under a warm south wall; and, as such positions can be found

or made in most gardens, it would be advisable to try and establish this

distinct and lovely spring bloomer. Lime and sandstone grit mixed with

loam and leaf soil I find to be the best compost I have yet tried for

it; in fact, until a dry situation and a little lime were given, it

proved a shy bloomer. It is now quite the reverse, notwithstanding that

the roots were divided during the previous autumn. Fogs and rain are its

greatest plagues, owing to its hairy nature; the glass and wire

shelters should be used for this most deserving subject. Propagated by

division of the woody semi-creeping roots during early autumn; each

division should have a crown and some roots, when they may be planted in

their permanent quarters.

Flowering period, March to May.

Saxifraga (Megasea) Cordifolia.

_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.

A first-class herbaceous perennial, grown for over a hundred years in

English gardens; it comes from Siberia, and consequently, it is very

hardy in this climate. The _Megasea_ section of the Saxifraga is a very

distinct genus; there are several forms with but slight distinctions in

the section, but the species now under notice may be readily

distinguished from its nearest known relatives, first by its extra size

in all its parts, next by its wrinkled heart-shaped leaves.

The flowers are produced on stout stems nearly a foot high, a section of

which will cut the size of a sixpenny piece; the rose-coloured flowers

are perfectly developed before they push through the many-times

over-lapped foliage; they are neatly arranged, the branching stems

sometimes giving the panicle of blossom the form and also the size of a

moderate bunch of grapes. Just at this stage the flowers, to be most

enjoyed, should be cut before the weather spoils their delicate colour.

The fine pale green calyx, which is also conspicuous by its handsome

form and extra length, is far from the least important feature of this

flower, especially at the above-mentioned stage. The leaves are 6in. to

10in. across.

Of the use of its flowers in a cut state, a few words may be said. The

weather soon destroys their beauty, but when cut they may be preserved

for fully a fortnight. On one occasion I took a blossom and placed it in

a flower stand for single specimen blooms; in this instance all the

other glasses held such fine roses as Baroness Rothschild, Madame

Lacharme, and Edouard Morren, but so richly did it compare with these

roses that it was given the place of honour--the top centre glass; this

flower I should say had never seen the full light in the open. After

that others pushed out of the leaves and were speedily damaged, and not

fit to cut.

Flowering period, March to May.

Saxifraga Coriophylla.

_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.

This is a rather recently discovered alpine species, very dwarf, but

beautiful. The specific name would appear to be in allusion to its

flowers as pink-shaped; they are very small, but the reader, by

referring to the cut (Fig. 85), may form his own opinion of such

likeness; however well founded or otherwise the name may be, we have in

this subject a gem for the rock garden. It is a native of Albania, and

belongs to that section of its extensive genus having triquetrous and

obtuse leaves, or blunt three-sided foliage, as formed by a well

developed keel. It is in flower in the middle of March, at the height of

2in. All its parts are of miniature dimensions, and yet when grown in a

suitable position it is effective.

[Illustration: FIG. 85. SAXIFRAGA CORIOPHYLLA.

(One-half natural size.)]

The flowers are pure white, produced on leafy stems an inch or more

high; they are few, and open in succession; petals round and

overlapping; calyx large for the size of flower, and covered with down;

sepals obtuse and tipped with a brown, almost red-tint; stamens short,

having rather large yellow anthers, which fill the throat of the

corolla. The leaves are evergreen or silvery grey, arranged in small

rosettes, and ¼in. long, of good substance, rigid and smooth; their

shape is obtuse, concave, and keeled; they are furnished with marginal

excavations, which present themselves as dots; the habit is compact, the

rosettes being crowded and forming cushioned-shaped specimens; the

flowers last for a fortnight in average weather.

Between large stones in vegetable mould and grit, it both thrives and

shows to advantage; it is also a charming subject for the pot culture of

alpines. In company with the red-stalked and white-flowered _S.

Burseriana_, the purple _S. oppositifolia_, and the many other forms of

the mossy section, all, or nearly all in bloom about the same time, it

offers a pleasing variety, as being distinct in every way from its

contemporaries, more especially in the foliage. It is rather a slow

grower, and not so readily increased as most Saxifrages; it is greatly

benefited by having pebbles or small stones about the collar. These keep

it moist at the roots during the growing season. If a little dry cow

manure or guano is dusted amongst the stones during early summer, the

results will soon be seen; such growth, however, should not be

stimulated during the latter half of the year, or from its want of

ripeness it will be liable to damage during winter. This practice of top

dressing greatly assists the parts touching the earth to root, and so

either an increased stock or larger specimens may sooner be obtained.

Flowering period, March.

Saxifraga Fortunei.

FORTUNE'S SAXIFRAGE; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.

This, as may at once be seen by a glance at Fig. 86, belongs to the

lobed-leafed section. It is as yet new in English gardens, and is often

grown in pots in warm glasshouses. It is, however, perfectly hardy,

having stood out with me in the open for the past three years. It is

nearly related to _S. japonica_ and its varieties, but is without the

stolons or runners. In this climate, with outdoor treatment, it flowers

in October until cut down by frost, which sometimes happens before the

flowers get well out. It has been stated not only that it is not hardy,

but that its flowering period is May. With me it has proved otherwise,

and others have proved it to flower naturally in October. I also

observed it in bloom in the Hull Botanic Gardens on the open rockwork in

November, 1882. I have no doubt that autumn is the natural season for

well-established plants to flower; weaker specimens may fail to push

forth ere the frost cuts down their leaves, when the dormant buds must

remain sealed for the winter, but ready to develope with the return of

longer and warmer days.

The flowers are arranged in panicles on scapes nearly a foot high, the

panicles being 6in. long and 3in. in diameter. The petals are long and

narrow, of uneven length, and notched; colour pure white. The calyx is

well developed; segments oval, notched at the ends; colour, pale apple

green. Stamens, long and tipped with beautifully orange-coloured

anthers. The ovary is prominent, and of a pale yellow. Besides the above

features, the flowers, which mostly look sideways and are quite an inch

across their broadest parts, have one very long petal at the low side,

and the two next are at right angles with it, less than half its size,

the two upper ones being still less; the effect is both unusual and

pleasing. The leaf stalks are long, stout, and of a succulent nature,

semi-transparent, and slightly furnished with longish hairs; the

stipules are ample, and of a bright red, which colour extends for a

short length up the stalk. The leaves are kidney-shaped, 2in. to 5in.

across, eight or ten lobed, toothed and reflexed; they are furnished

with solitary stiff hairs, are of good substance, and a very dark green

colour, but herbaceous. The habit of this species is neat and very

floriferous; therefore it is a valuable plant for in or outdoor

gardening; but owing to its late season of flowering outside, the

blossom is liable to injury. A bell glass, however, will meet the case;

it should be placed over the plant, but tilted slightly, when there are

signs of frost--the flowers will amply reward such care. If the bloom

can be cut clean, a good cluster will vie with many orchids for delicacy

and effect.

[Illustration: FIG. 86. SAXIFRAGA FORTUNEI.

(One-fifth natural size; 1 and 2, full size.)]

I find it to do well in fat loam, and with the same kind of soil in

pots, which comes in for placing in cold frames when frost threatens. I

find it one of the easiest plants possible to manage--in fact, it needs

no care to grow it; still, many amateurs fail to keep it, I suppose from

taking it into a warm greenhouse, where it is sure to dwindle. It is

readily propagated by division of the crowns, which should be done in

spring.

Flowering period, October until strong frosts.

Saxifraga (Megasea) Ligulata.

_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.

One of the large-leaved species (see Fig. 87) compared with others of

the _Megasea_ section, its leaves are strap-like, as implied by the

specific name. It is sometimes called _Megasea ciliata_, but there is a

large-leaved species, commonly called _S. ciliata_, which is very

distinct from this one, and it is all the more important that they

should not be confounded with each other, as _S. ciliata_ is not very

hardy, whilst this is perfectly so, being also one of our finest

herbaceous perennials. It comes to us from Nepaul, and has not long been

cultivated in this country.

[Illustration: FIG. 87. SAXIFRAGA (MEGASEA) LIGULATA.]

Its flowers are produced numerously on bold stout stems 10in. high.

Sometimes the flower-stem is branched. The pale but clear rosy flowers

are not only showy, but very enduring, lasting several weeks. The leaves

are six to ten inches long, of irregular form, but handsomely ribbed and

wavy; the new growths are bright yellowish-green, and tinted from the

edges with a reddish bronze, so that, during spring, besides being

finely in flower, it is otherwise a pleasing plant to look upon.

Moreover, it is one of the few bold kinds of plants which flower so

early and therefore a most valuable subject for the spring flower-beds.

It looks well in any position, either near or back from the walks, in

shrubs, or as a centre specimen for beds; it is also a plant that may be

moved easily, as it carries plenty of root and earth, consequently it

may be used in such designs as necessitate frequent transplantings. It

is not particular as to soil or position, but in light earth, well

enriched with stable manure, I have found it to thrive, so as to be

equal to many of the so-called "fine foliage" plants during summer;

therefore, I should say, give it rich food. To propagate it, a strong

specimen with branched crowns should be selected. These branches or

stems are ½in. to 1in. thick. They should be cut off with as much length

as possible; if they have a bit of root, all the better; if not, it does

not much matter. Let the cut end dry for a little time, take off half,

or even the whole, of the largest leaves, or the action of the wind will

prevent their remaining firm. When so prepared, the cuttings may be

deeply planted in sandy loam, which has previously been deeply stirred.

This may be done as soon as the flowers are past, and by the end of the

year the cuttings should be well rooted and suitable for moving into the

ornamental part of the garden.

Flowering period, March to May.

Saxifraga Longifolia.

LONG-LEAVED SAXIFRAGE; QUEEN OF SAXIFRAGES; _Nat.

Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.

Numerous and beautiful as are the species and varieties of this genus,

this is the most admired of them all, from which fact it derives its

proud name of "Queen." It is of recent introduction; habitat, the

Pyrenees; but though of alpine origin, it thrives in lower, I may say

the lowest, situations even in our wet climate. As will be seen by the

illustration (Fig. 88), it belongs to the rosette section, and may

indeed be said, for size and symmetry, to head the list. There are many

forms of it, differing more or less in shape of leaves, colour, habit,

and size of rosette. The original or reputed type is but an indifferent

form compared with the one now generally accepted as the representative

of the species. So readily do the various Saxifrages become crossed,

that it is hard to distinguish them; and when a distinct form is evolved

the question occurs, What constitutes or entitles it to specific

honours? Surely the form of which we are speaking must be fully entitled

to a name all its own, as it is not possible to find another Saxifrage

that can so widely contrast with the whole genus.

It may be as well, in a few words, to refer to one or two varieties; and

it shall only be from an amateur's point of view, whose estimate of

their worth or importance is based entirely on their ornamental

qualities under cultivation. Such varieties, as far as I know, have not

had any name given them, descriptive or otherwise, and I for one have no

desire to see any, as the genus is already overloaded with names.

[Illustration: FIG. 88. SAXIFRAGA LONGIFOLIA.

(One-fourth natural size.)]

There is, first, a form whose main distinction is its dark olive-green

leaves; the ends are rather inclined to be spathulate, they are long,

narrow, and arch well, rather nearer the centre of the rosette; this

causes the end of the outer circle of leaves to come flat on the ground.

The whole specimen has a sombre appearance compared with the more

silvery kinds. The second form has broader leaves, is more distinctly

toothed and spotted; as a consequence of their width, the leaves are

fewer, and though all the varieties are very formal, this is the most

so. When by the side of what we may term the true form, which has

sometimes _vera_ added to its name, this one has a plain and somewhat

"dumpy" appearance, and frequently the tips of the leaves curl back,

which further detracts from its ornamental quality. A third form has

small rosettes, pale green foliage, indistinct silvery dots, and, worse

than all, the habit of throwing out a progeny of young growths all round

the collar, furnishing itself as with a ruff, when the parent rosette

turns to a yellowish-green. Of all the forms this is the most constant

bloomer. The favourite variety, to which an engraving can do but scant

justice, is superior to the above kinds in all its parts. Its blooming

period is in early summer, but specimens often grow in size and beauty

for three or five years without producing flowers. The foliage is the

more admired feature, and is at its greatest beauty in December.

The flowers are borne in handsome panicles, in the style of those of _S.

pyramidalis_, which are about 18in. high. The blossom is of the kind

common to this section. The leaves are long, narrow, toothed bluntly,

and spotted with silvery dots; the whole leaf is greyish; the habit is

rigid and of even arrangement; the rosettes are of all sizes, from 2in.

to 10in. in diameter. At 3in. to 6in. they are attractive, and as they

grow larger, they become conspicuous in their beauty. It is not

desirable to have them flower, inasmuch as the rosettes are then

destroyed, though the plants do not die. Of course, if a specimen "shows

bloom" it cannot be helped, but rather than lose a season's produce of

young stock I would nip out the "lead," and so cause offsets to be

produced instead of flowers.

In the rock garden this is one of the most telling subjects that can be

introduced; not only does it love to have its roots amongst the stones,

but it is a form which harmonises and yet contrasts finely with such

shapeless material, and, further, relieves the sameness of verdure of

other plants in a more than ordinary degree. It will grow in borders or

beds, but looks nowhere so well as on rockwork. True, its uses are

limited, but then they are exceedingly effective. I have grown this

subject in almost every kind of soil and compost, and it has done well

in most; stiff clay-like loam appears too cold or wet for it; on the

other hand, a sandy loam, mixed with leaf soil, grows it finely; perfect

drainage is the desideratum, in no matter what position it is planted.

It may be increased in various ways--1st, By seeds, which may be bought,

as it is carefully harvested abroad; 2nd, from offsets, as already

stated; and, 3rd, from offsets produced by cutting out the leaves in two

or more parts, so as to let the light in at the collar. This method may

seem heartless, and it certainly spoils the specimen; it is a mode to be

followed only where there are spare old plants and young stock is

needed.

Flowering period, June and July.

Saxifraga Macnabiana.

MACNAB'S SAXIFRAGA; _Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.

This is a new and very beautiful variety, called after Mr. MacNab, who

raised it in 1877. Of the several hundreds of species and varieties of

this genus, it is doubtless one of the best and most distinct as regards

its habit and rich flowers. So pronounced are its merit that, although I

have not grown it for more than four years or so, I can have no

hesitation in sounding its praise. It is possible that when it has

become better established in the collections of amateurs and others, and

when it has regained what may be termed its natural vigour, lost by the

too rapid propagation common to new plants, it may prove to be even

better than I have yet proved it. However that may be, there can at

present be only one opinion respecting it.

The rosette foliage is in the style of _S. longifolia_ and _S.

pyramidalis_, intermediate; the flowers are quite distinct, but they

remind one of the charming _S. mutata_, which is also a rosette form,

having a fine panicle of blossom. It is said to be a seedling from _S.

Nepalensis_ crossed by _S. cotyledon_ or _S. pyramidalis_, but, as the

cross was accidental, there must be some uncertainty; both parents are

evidently incrusted forms.

The flowers are ½in. across, corolla flat, petals richly spotted with

numerous bright red spots; they are much shorter than the petals of most

of the other incrusted varieties; they are also slightly reflexed in the

more matured flowers; the calyx, too, is less hairy and the segments

shorter than those of its reputed parents. The stem of my tallest

specimen is not more than 15in. high; the panicle is large, beginning

about four inches above the rosette. It is well branched, the flowers

being clustered at the ends of the branchlets. The whole panicle will be

about 10in. long and 6in. or 8in. through. As regards the foliage, I

only need add to what has already been stated, that the leaves are

arranged in somewhat lax rosettes, are strap, or tongue-shaped, evenly

serrated, and, in the winter bright at the edges, with frosted or

silvery markings; the flowers are so very attractive that casual

observers readily recognise their beauties amongst hundreds of other

Saxifrages, and they have not inaptly been compared with fine old china.

I ought not to omit mention of that rare quality possessed by this

Saxifrage, viz., a rich perfume.

Though it is perfectly hardy, it may be grown in pots with great

advantage, as then it can be the more closely examined; but if it is not

convenient to grow it in that manner, it may be planted either on

rockwork or in borders amongst choice things, where its flowers will not

fail to command admiring notice. As to the kind of soil, it seems in no

way particular. Sandy loam, mixed with peat, however, suits it well. It

is propagated by offsets, but these are rarely produced in numbers, as

is common with most of the incrusted Saxifrages. I may say that I have

only met with one specimen which has thus proved useful in any degree

worth notice, and it produced nearly a score of offsets during one

season; it ripens much seed, which may, or may not come true.

Flowering period, June and July.

Saxifraga Mutata.

_Nat. Ord._ SAXIFRAGACEÆ.

A somewhat rare alpine species, evergreen, hardy, very distinct and

beautiful. It is one of the rosette forms, after the style of _S.

pyramidalis_, but there are several important variations about the

plant, other than in the flowers, which are totally different. There are

many peculiarities about this species, but they would hardly require to

be noticed here were not the plant otherwise of great merit. When in

bloom it is highly decorative, and the flowers in a cut state are

unique.

The flower stem is 12in. to 18in. high, furnished with supplementary

ones all its length; the lower ones are 8in. long, and spreading; they

become shorter as they near the top, the whole forming a fine

symmetrical panicle. The flowers are over ½in. across, petals

awl-shaped, and, when first open, are nearly red; they change to dark

orange and again to pale yellow; the calyx is very large, the sepals

four times as broad as the petals and bluntly pointed; the stamens and

anthers are coloured, and change like the petals; the ovary, which is

very conspicuous, is a fine purple, but later, it, too, changes to a

pink colour; the outer parts of the calyx and all the shorter

flower-stalks, which are clustered at the ends of the supplementary

stems, are greenish-yellow, and this feature of the plant adds much to

its beauty. Calyx, stems, and stem-leaves are densely furnished with

stiff gland-tipped hairs, rendering them clammy to the touch. The leaves

of the rosettes are tongue-shaped, rough at the edges, fleshy, covered

with glandular hairs, of a shining green colour, and slightly reflexed.

The changeable nature of the flowers doubtless gives rise to the

specific name. A well-flowered specimen is very effective on rockwork,

but the panicles have a fault of heading over, from their weight, and

also because, unlike _S. longifolia_ and _S. cotyledon_, which have

large and firm rosettes close to the ground to stay them, this species

has a somewhat "leggy" rosette or a foot stalk, which is more or less

furnished with browned and very persistent foliage. The flowers last a

long time in good form, and, if grown clean, their yellow--nearly

golden--stalks render them very useful in a cut state.

The propagation of this Saxifraga is more difficult than any other

according to my experience, and I have heard of many who have found it

the same. The offsets are not produced close to the ground, consequently

have no rootlets; neither, from their hairy character, can they resist

rot from moisture so well when planted as if they were bald, like the

stolons of other species. I have found the best plan to be as follows:

Take offsets before the plants flower; if there are none, which will

often be the case, the bloom must be sacrificed by pinching out the

stem. As soon as there are nice sized shoots ready, cut them off with

all possible length of stalk; prepare a sandy patch of soil in a warm

situation, lay them in a row on the surface, heads to the north, and

then place a brick on them so as to hold all the cuttings in position;

gently press on the brick, to cause the cuttings to assume a more

natural position, and they will need no other attention until they

become rooted; the brick will act as a screen from the hot sunshine,

absorbing the heat to the benefit of the cuttings, as it will also

absorb superfluous moisture. During the summer I have rooted many

offsets in this way. That contact with the brick is favourable to the

roots is evidenced by their clinging to it; no water should be given,

however droughty the season may be--excessive moisture is the main thing

to guard against.

Flowering period, June to August.