OLD-FASHIONED GARDEN FLOWERS.

Acæna Novæ Zealandiæ.

_Otherwise_ A. MICROPHYLLA; _Nat. Ord._ SANGUISORBEÆ,

_or_ ROSE FAMILY.

The plant, as may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 1), is small, and

its flowers are microscopic, hardly having the appearance of flowers,

even when minutely examined, but when the bloom has faded there is a

rapid growth, the calyces forming a stout set of long spines; these,

springing from the globular head in considerable numbers, soon become

pleasingly conspicuous, and this is by far the more ornamental stage of

the plant. It is hardy, evergreen, and creeping. It seldom rises more

than one or two inches from the ground, and only when it approaches a

wall, stones, or some such fixed body, does it show an inclination to

climb; it is, therefore, a capital rock plant. As implied by its

specific name, it comes from New Zealand, and has not long been

acclimatised in this country.

The flowers are produced on fine wiry stems an inch or more long, being

nearly erect; they are arranged in round heads, at first about the size

of a small pea; these, when bruised, have an ammoniacal smell. Each

minute flower has four green petals and brownish seed organs, which

cause the knob of flowers to have a rather grimy look, and a calyx which

is very hard and stout, having two scales and four sepals. These sepals

are the parts which, after the seed organs have performed their

functions, become elongated and of a fine rosy-crimson colour; they form

stiff and rather stout spines, often ¾in. long; they bristle evenly from

every part of the little globe of seed vessels, and are very pretty. The

spines are produced in great abundance, and they may be cut freely;

their effect is unique when used for table decoration, stuck in tufts of

dark green selaginella. On the plant they keep in good form for two

months. The leaves are 1in. to 2in. long, pinnate; the leaflets are of a

dark bronzy colour on the upper side and a pale green underneath, like

maidenhair, which they also resemble in form, being nearly round and

toothed. They are in pairs, with a terminal odd one; they are largest at

the extremity, and gradually lessen to rudimentary leaflets; the foliage

is but sparingly produced on the creeping stems, which root as they

creep on the surface.

[Illustration: FIG. 1. ACÆNA NOVÆ ZEALANDIÆ.

(One half natural size.)]

The habit of the plant is compact and cushion-like, and the brilliant

spiny balls are well set off on the bed of fern-like but sombre foliage.

During August it is one of the most effective plants in the rock garden,

where I find it to do well in either moist or dry situations; it grows

fast, and, being evergreen, it is one of the more useful creepers for

all-the-year-round effect; for covering dormant bulbs or bare places it

is at once efficient and beautiful. It requires light soil, and seems to

enjoy grit; nowhere does it appear in better health or more at home

than when carpeting the walk or track of the rock garden.

It is self-propagating, but when it is desirable to move a tuft of it,

it should be done during the growing season, so that it may begin to

root at once and get established, otherwise the wind and frosts will

displace it.

It blooms from June to September, more or less, but only the earliest

flowers produce well-coloured spines.

Achillea Ægyptica.

EGYPTIAN YARROW; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.

This is an evergreen (though herb-like) species. It has been grown for

more than 200 years in English gardens, and originally came, as its name

implies, from Egypt. Notwithstanding the much warmer climate of its

native country, it proves to be one of the hardiest plants in our

gardens. I dare say many will think the Yarrows are not worthy of a

place in the garden; but it should not be forgotten that not only are

fine and useful flowers included in this work, but also the good

"old-fashioned" kinds, and that a few such are to be found amongst the

Yarrows is without doubt. Could the reader see the collection now before

me, cut with a good piece of stem and some foliage, and pushed into a

deep vase, he would not only own that they were a pleasing contrast, but

quaintly grand for indoor decoration.

_A. Ægyptica_ not only produces a rich yellow flower, but the whole

plant is ornamental, having an abundance of finely-cut foliage, which,

from a downy or nappy covering, has a pleasing grey or silvery

appearance. The flowers are produced on long stems nearly 2ft. high,

furnished at the nodes with clean grey tufts of smaller-sized leaves;

near the top the stems are all but naked, and are terminated by the flat

heads or corymbs of closely-packed flowers. They are individually small,

but the corymbs will be from 2in. to 3in. across. Their form is that of

the common Yarrow, but the colour is a bright light yellow. The leaves

are 6in. to 8in. long, narrow and pinnate, the leaflets of irregular

form, variously toothed and lobed; the whole foliage is soft to the

touch, from the nappy covering, as already mentioned. Its flowers, from

their extra fine colour, are very telling in a cut state. The plant is

suitable for the borders, more especially amongst other old kinds.

Ordinary garden loam suits it, and its propagation may be carried out at

any time by root division.

Flowering period, June to September.

Achillea Filipendula.

_Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.

This grows 4ft. high, and the foliage, though fern-like, has an untidy

appearance, from the irregular way in which it is disposed. It is

herbaceous, and comes from the Caucasus. The flowers are somewhat

singular, arranged in corymbs of a multiplex character; they are very

large, often 5in. across. The smaller corymbs are arched or convex,

causing the cluster or compound corymb to present an uneven surface; the

small flowers are of rich old gold colour, and have the appearance of

knotted gold cord; they are very rigid, almost hard. The leaves are

linear, pinnate, lobed and serrated, hairy, rough, and numerously

produced. From the untidy and tall habit of this subject, it should be

planted in the background; its flowers, however, will claim a prominent

position in a cut state; they are truly rich, the undulating corymbs

have the appearance of embossed gold plate, and their antique colour and

form are compared to gold braid by a lady who admires "old-fashioned"

flowers. It will last for several weeks after being cut, and even out of

water for many days. A few heads placed in an old vase, without any

other flowers, are rich and characteristic, whilst on bronze figures and

ewers in a dry state, and more especially on ebony or other black

decorations, it may be placed with a more than floral effect. In short,

rough as the plant is, it is worth growing for its quaint and rich

flowers alone; it is seldom met with. Soil and propagation, the same as

for _A. Ægyptica_.

Flowering period, June to September.

Achillea Millefolium.

COMMON MILFOIL; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.

This is the well-known wild Yarrow; it is, however, the typical form of

a fine variety, called _A. m. roseum_, having very bright rose-coloured

flowers, which in all other respects resembles the wild form. Both as a

border subject and for cutting purposes, I have found it useful; it

flowers for several months, but the individual blooms fade in four or

six days; these should be regularly removed. The freshly-opened corymbs

are much admired. Soil and mode of propagation, the same as for previous

kinds.

Flowering period, June to November.

Achillea Ptarmica.

_Syns._ A. SYLVESTRIS _and_ PTARMICA VULGARIS; _Common

Names_, WILD YARROW, SNEEZEWORT, GOOSE-TONGUE, _and_ WILD

PELLITORY; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.

A very common British plant, or, I may say, weed, which can live in the

most reeky towns, only mentioned here to introduce _A. P. fl.-pl._,

which is one of the most useful of border flowers. I am bound to

add, however, that only when in flower is it more presentable than the

weedy and typical form; but the grand masses of pure white

bachelors'-button-like flowers, which are produced for many weeks in

succession, render this plant deserving of a place in every garden. It

is a very old flower in English gardens. Some 250 years ago Parkinson

referred to the double flowering kind, in his "Paradise of Pleasant

Flowers," as a then common plant; and I may as well produce Gerarde's

description of the typical form, which answers, in all respects, for the

double one, with the exception of the flowers themselves: "The small

Sneesewoort hath many rounde and brittle braunches, beset with long and

narrowe leaues, hackt about the edges like a sawe; at the top of the

stalkes do grow smal single flowers like the fielde Daisie. The roote is

tender and full of strings, creeping farre abroade in the earth, and in

short time occupieth very much grounde." The flowers of this plant are

often, but wrongly, called "bachelors' buttons," which they much

resemble.

For cutting purposes, this plant is one of the most useful; not only are

the blooms a good white, but they have the quality of keeping clean, and

are produced in greater numbers than ever I saw them on the single form.

Those requiring large quantities of white flowers could not do better

than give the plant a few square yards in some unfrequented part of the

garden; any kind of soil will suit it, but if enriched the bloom will be

all the better for it. The roots run freely just under the surface, so

that a large stock may soon be had; yet, fine as are its flowers, hardy

and spreading as the plant proves, it is but seldom met with. Even in

small gardens this fine old flower should be allowed a little space.

Transplant any time.

Flowering period, June to August.

Aconitum Autumnale.

AUTUMN MONK'S-HOOD; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.

Hardy, perennial, and herbaceous. This is one of the finest subjects for

autumn flowering. The whole plant, which stands nearly 3ft. high, is

stately and distinct (Fig. 2); the leaves are dark green, large, deeply

cut and veined, of good substance, and slightly drooping. The flowers

are a fine blue (a colour somewhat scarce in our gardens at that

season), irregularly arranged on very stout stems; in form they exactly

resemble a monk's hood, and the manner in which they are held from the

stems further accords with that likeness. These rich flowers are

numerously produced; a three-year-old plant will have as many as six

stout stems all well furnished, rendering the specimen very

conspicuous.

This is one form of the Monk's-hood long grown in English gardens, and

is called "old-fashioned." _A. japonicum_, according to some, is

identical with it, but whether that is so or not, there is but a slight

difference, and both, of course, are good.

I find it likes a rich deep soil. It is propagated by division of the

roots after the tops have turned yellow in autumn or winter.

It flowers from August until cut down by frosts.

[Illustration: FIG. 2. ACONITUM AUTUMNALE.

(About one-tenth natural size.)]

Allium Moly.

LARGE YELLOW GARLIC; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ.

A hardy bulbous perennial, of neat habit, with bright golden flowers,

produced in large heads; they endure a long time and are very effective;

it is by far the best yellow species. Where bold clumps of yellow are

desirable, especially if somewhat in the background, there can be few

subjects more suitable for the purpose than this plant; both leaves and

flowers, however, have a disagreeable odour, if in the least bruised. It

is a very old plant in English gardens, and is a native of the South of

Europe. Its chief merits are fine colour, large head, neat habit, and

easy culture. The flowers are 1in. across, borne in close heads, having

stalks over an inch long springing from stout scapes; the six long oval

petals are of a shining yellow colour; the seed organs also are all

yellow and half the length of petals; the scape is about a foot high,

naked, round, and very stout; the leaves are nearly as broad as tulip

leaves, and otherwise much resemble them.

Flowering period, June to August.

Allium Neapolitanum.

NEAPOLITAN ALLIUM; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ.

This has pure white flowers arranged in neat and effective umbels, and

though not so useful in colour as the flowers of _A. Moly_, they are

much superior to those of many of the genus.

Flowering period, June to August.

Both of the above Alliums may be grown in any odd parts which need

decorating with subjects requiring little care; any kind of soil will do

for them, but if planted too near the walks the flowers are liable to be

cut by persons who may not be aware of their evil odour. The bulbs may

be divided every three years with advantage, and may be usefully planted

in lines in front of shrubs, or mixed with other strong-growing flowers,

such as alkanets, lupins, and foxgloves.

Alyssum Saxatile.

ROCK MADWORT, _or_ GOLDEN TUFT; _Nat. Ord._

CRUCIFERÆ.

[Illustration: FIG. 3. ALYSSUM SAXATILE.

(One-third natural size.)]

This pleasing and well-known hardy, evergreen, half-woody shrub is

always a welcome flower. From its quantity of bloom all its other parts

are literally smothered (see Fig. 3). When passing large pieces of it in

full blow, its fragrant honey smell reminds one of summer clover

fields.

Its golden yellow flowers are densely produced in panicles on procumbent

stems, 12in. to 18in. long. The little flowers, from distinct notches in

the petals, have a different appearance from many of the order

_Cruciferæ_, as, unless they are well expanded, there seem to be eight

instead of four petals. The leaves are inversely ovate, lanceolate,

villose, and slightly toothed. A specimen will continue in good form

during average weather for about three weeks. It is not only seen to

most advantage on rockwork, where its prostrate stems can fall over the

stones, but the dry situation is in accordance with its requirements;

still, it is not at all particular, but does well in any sunny

situation, in any soil that is not over moist or ill drained. It is

easily and quickly propagated by cuttings in early summer.

Flowering period, April and May.

Anchusa Italica.

ITALIAN ALKANET; _Nat. Ord._ BORAGINACEÆ.

[Illustration: FIG. 4. ANCHUSA ITALICA (Flower Spray).

(One-third natural size.)]

A hardy herbaceous perennial of first-class merit for gardens where

there is plenty of room; amongst shrubs it will not only prove worthy of

the situation, but, being a ceaseless bloomer, its tall and leafy stems

decked with brilliant flowers may always be relied upon for cutting

purposes; and let me add, as, perhaps, many have never tried this fine

but common flower in a large vase, the stems, if cut to the length of

18in., and loosely placed in an old-fashioned vase, without any other

flowers, are more than ornamental--they are fine.

Its main features are seen in its bold leafy stems, furnished with

large, dark blue, forget-me-not-like flowers, nearly all their length.

The little white eyes of the blossoms are very telling (see Fig. 4). The

flowers are held well out from the large leaves of the main stem by

smaller ones (from 1in. to 8in. long), at the ends of which the buds and

flowers are clustered, backed by a pair of small leaflets, like wings.

Just before the buds open they are of a bright rose colour, and when the

flowers fade the leafy calyx completely hides the withered parts, and

other blooms take their places between the wing-like pair of leaflets;

so the succession of bloom is kept up through the whole summer. The

leaves of the root are very large when fully grown during summer--over a

foot long--those of the stems are much less; all are lance-shaped and

pointed, plain at the edges, very hairy, and of a dark green colour. The

stems are numerous, upright, and, as before hinted, branched; also, like

the leaves, they are covered with stiff hairs, a characteristic common

to the order. Well-established plants will grow to the height of 3ft. to

5ft.

Flowering period, May to September.

Anchusa Sempervirens.

_Nat. Ord._ BORAGINACEÆ.

This is a British species, and, as its name denotes, is evergreen; not,

let me add, as a tall plant, for the stems wither or at least become

very sere, only the large leaves of the root remaining fresh; and though

it has many points of difference from _A. Italica_, such as shorter

growth, darker flowers and foliage, and more oval leaves--these form the

distinctions most observable. By its evergreen quality it is easily

identified in winter. There is also an important difference from the

axillary character of the flower stems. With these exceptions the

description of _A. Italica_ will fairly hold good for this native

species.

This Alkanet has various other names, as _Borago sempervirens_,

_Buglossum s._, and with old writers it, together with allied species,

was much esteemed, not only for the flowers, but for its reputed

medicinal properties. To those who care to grow these good old plants I

would say, well enrich the soil; when so treated, the results are very

different from those where the plants have been put in hungry and

otherwise neglected situations; this favourable condition may be easily

afforded, and will be more than repaid. Strong roots may be transplanted

at any time, and propagation is more quickly carried out by division of

the woody roots, which should be cut or split so that each piece has a

share of bark and a crown. Just before new growth has begun, as in

January, is the best time for this operation, so that there is no chance

of rot from dormancy.

Flowering period, May to September.

Andromeda Tetragona.

_Syn._ CASSIOPE TETRAGONA; _Nat. Ord._ ERICACEÆ.

A dwarf hardy evergreen shrub, which comes to us from Lapland and North

America; though a very beautiful subject for either rockwork or border,

it is rarely seen. It is not one of the easiest plants to grow, which

may, to some extent, account for its rarity. Still, when it can have its

requirements, it not only thrives well, but its handsome form and

flowers repay any extra trouble it may have given. In the culture of

this, as of most plants of the order _Ericaceæ_, there is decidedly a

right way and a wrong one, and if the species now under consideration

has one or two special requirements it deserves them.

[Illustration: FIG. 5. ANDROMEDA TETRAGONA.

(One-half natural size.)]

With me it never exceeds a height of 6in. or 7in., is much branched, and

of a fine apple green colour; the flowers are small but very beautiful,

bell-shaped, pendent, and springing from the leafy stems of the previous

year's growth. The leaves are small as well as curious, both in form and

arrangement, completely hiding their stems; their roundish grain-shaped

forms are evenly arranged in four rows extending throughout the whole

length of the branches (whence the name _tetragona_), giving them a

square appearance resembling an ear of wheat, but much less stout (see

Fig. 5); the little leaves, too, are frosted somewhat in the way of many

of the saxifrages. It is next to impossible to describe this pretty

shrub; fortunately, the cut will convey a proper idea at a glance. All

who possess more select collections of hardy plants and shrubs should

not fail to include this; it is fit for any collection of fifty choice

species.

I struggled long before finding out the right treatment, as presumably I

now have, yet it is very simple, in fact, only such as many other plants

should have; but, unlike them, _A. tetragona_ will take no alternative;

it must have partial shade, sandy peat or leaf soil, and be planted in a

moist or semi-bog situation. On the raised parts of rockwork it became

burnt up; planted in loam, though light, it was dormant as a stone; in

pots, it withered at the tips; but, with the above treatment, I have

flowers and numerous branchlets. Many little schemes may be improvised

for the accommodation of this and similar subjects. Something of the bog

character would appear to be the difficulty here; a miniature one may be

made in less than half an hour. Next the walk dig a hole 18in. all ways,

fill in with sandy peat, make it firm; so form the surface of the walk

that the water from it will eddy or turn in. In a week it will have

settled; do not fill it up, but leave it dished and put in the plant.

Gentians, _pyrolas_, calthas, and even the bog pimpernel I have long

grown so.

_A. tetragona_ can be propagated by division of the roots, but such

division should not be attempted with other than a perfectly healthy

plant. It should be done in spring, just as it begins to push, which may

be readily seen by the bright green tips of the branchlets; and it is

desirable, when replanting, to put the parts a little deeper, so as to

cover the dead but persistent leaves about the bottoms of the stems

which occur on the parts four or more years old. After a year, when so

planted, I have found good roots emitted from these parts, and,

doubtless, such deeper planting will, in some way, meet its

requirements, as in this respect they are provided for in its habitats

by the annual and heavy fall of leaves from other trees which shade it.

Flowering period, April and May.

Anemone Alpina.

ALPINE WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.

From Austria, the foliage closely resembling that of _A. sulphurea_, but

the flowers are larger and of various colours. It is said to be the

parent of _A. sulphurea_.

It flowers in June. See _A. sulphurea_.

Anemone Apennina.

MOUNTAIN WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.

This is one of the "old-fashioned" flowers of our gardens--in fact, a

native species, having a black tuberous root, which forms a distinct,

though invisible characteristic of the species. As the old names are

somewhat descriptive, I give them--viz., Geranium-leaved Anemone, and

Stork's-bill Windflower.

The appearance of a bold piece of this plant when in flower is

exceedingly cheerful; the soft-looking feathery foliage forms a rich

groundwork for the lavish number of flowers, which vary much in colour,

from sky-blue to nearly white, according to the number of days they may

have been in blow, blue being the opening colour. The flowers are

produced singly on stems, 6in. high, and ornamented with a whorl of

finely-cut leaflets, stalked, lobed, and toothed; above this whorl the

ruddy flower stem is much more slender. During sunshine the flowers are

1½in. across the tips of sepals, becoming reflexed. The foliage, as

before hinted, is in the form of a whorl, there being no root leaf, and

the soft appearance of the whole plant is due to its downiness, which

extends to and includes the calyx. The lobes of the leaves are cupped,

but the leaves themselves reflex until their tips touch the ground,

whence their distinct and pleasing form.

This plant is most at home in the half shade of trees, where its flowers

retain their blue colour longer. It should be grown in bold patches, and

in free or sandy soil. The tubers may be transplanted soon after the

tops have died off in late summer.

Flowering period, April and May.

Anemone Blanda.

FAIR WINDFLOWER, _or_ BLUE GRECIAN ANEMONE; _Nat.

Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.

This is a lovely winter flower, of great value in our gardens, from its

showiness. It is a recent introduction from the warmer climes of the

South of Europe and Asia Minor; and though it is not so vigorous under

cultivation in our climate as most Windflowers, it proves perfectly

hardy. A little extra care should be taken in planting it as regards

soil and position, in order to grow it well. It belongs to that section

of its numerous genus having an involucrum of stalked leaflets.

The flowers are produced on stalks, 4in. to 6in. high; they are nearly

2in. across, of a fine deep blue colour; the sepals are numerous and

narrow, in the way of _A. stellata_, or star anemone. The leaves are

triternate, divisions deeply cut and acute; the leaves of the involucrum

are stalked, trifid, and deeply cut. The whole plant much resembles _A.

Apennina_. Where it can be established, it must prove one of the most

useful flowers, and to possess such charming winter blossom is worth

much effort in affording it suitable conditions. The soil should be

rich, light, and well drained, as sandy loam, and if mixed with plenty

of leaf soil all the better. The position should be sheltered, otherwise

this native of warm countries will have its early leaves and flowers

damaged by the wintry blast, and the evil does not stop there, for the

check at such a period interferes with the root development, and

repetitions of such damage drive the plants into a state of "dwindling,"

and I may add, this is the condition in which this plant may frequently

be seen. Many of the Anemones may be planted without much care, other

than that of giving them a little shade from sunshine. The present

subject, however, being so early, is not likely to obtain too much

bright weather, but rather the reverse. If, then, it is planted in warm

quarters, it may be expected to yield its desirable flowers in average

quantity compared with other Windflowers, and in such proportion will

its roots increase. The latter may be divided (providing they are of

good size and healthy) when the leaves have died off.

Flowering period, February and March.

Anemone Coronaria.

POPPY-LIKE WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.

Hardy and tuberous. The illustration (Fig. 6) is of the double form, in

which it may frequently be seen; also in many colours, as blue, purple,

white, scarlet, and striped; the same colours may be found in the single

and semi-double forms. There are many shades or half colours, which are

anything but pleasing, and where such have established themselves,

either as seedlings or otherwise, they should be weeded out, as there

are numerous distinct hues, which may just as easily be cultivated. The

great variety in colour and form of this Anemone is perhaps its most

peculiar characteristic; for nearly 300 years it has had a place in

English gardens, and came originally from the Levant. Its habit is neat;

seldom does it reach a foot in height, the flowers being produced

terminally; they are poppy-like, and 2in. to 3in. across, having six

sepals. The leaves are ternate, segments numerous; each leaf springs

from the tuber, with the exception of those of the involucre.

In planting this species, it should be kept in mind that it neither

likes too much sunshine nor a light soil; under such conditions it may

exist, but it will not thrive and scarcely ever flower. When the

tuberous roots have become devoid of foliage they may be lifted, and if

they have grown to a size exceeding 3in. long and 1in. in diameter, they

may be broken in halves with advantage; the sooner they are put back

into the ground the better; slight shade from the mid-day sun and good

loam will be found to suit them best. When the various colours are kept

separate, bold clumps of a score or so of each are very effective; mixed

beds are gay, almost gaudy; but the grouping plan is so much better,

that, during the blooming period, it is worth the trouble to mark the

different colours, with a view to sorting them at the proper time.

[Illustration: FIG. 6. ANEMONE CORONARIA FLORE-PLENO.

(One-third natural size.)]

The nutty roots are often eaten by earth vermin, especially wireworm.

Whenever there is occasion to lift the roots it is a good plan to dress

them, by repeated dips in a mixture of clay and soot, until they are

well coated; they should be allowed to dry for a short time between each

dip; this will not only be found useful in keeping off wireworm and

similar pests, but will otherwise benefit the plants as a manure.

Flowering period, May and June.

Anemone Decapetala.

_Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.

New, from North America; has a deteriorated resemblance to _A. alpina_

and _A. sulphurea_ (which see). The foliage is much less; the flower

stems are numerous, close together, stout, and 9in. to 12in. high; they

are also branched, but not spreading. The flowers have seven to ten

sepals, are an inch across, and of a creamy white colour. The heads of

seed are more interesting than their flowers; they form cotton-like

globes, 1½in. diameter, and endure in that state for a fortnight. I was

inclined to discard this species when I first saw its dumpy and

badly-coloured flowers, but the specimen was left in the ground, and

time, which has allowed the plant to become more naturally established,

has also caused it to produce finer bloom, and it is now a pleasing and

distinct species of an interesting character.

The same treatment will answer for this species as for _A. sulphurea_.

All the Anemones may be propagated by seeds or division of the roots.

The latter method should only be adopted in the case of strong roots,

and their division will be more safely effected in early spring, when

they can start into growth at once.

Flowering period, May to June.

Anemone Fulgens.

SHINING WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.

[Illustration: FIG. 7. ANEMONE FULGENS.

(Plant, one-eighth natural size.)]

This is a variety of _A. hortensis_ or _A. pavonina_, all of which much

resemble each other. This very showy flower is much and deservedly

admired. In sheltered quarters or during mild seasons it will flower at

Christmas and continue to bloom for several months. It will be seen by

the illustration (Fig. 7) to be a plant of neat habit, and for effect

and usefulness it is one of the very best flowers that can be introduced

into the garden, especially the spring garden, as there is scarcely

another of its colour, and certainly not one so floriferous and durable.

Though it has been in English gardens over fifty years, it seems as if

only recently its real worth has been discovered. It is now fast

becoming a universal favourite. The flowers are 2in. across, and of a

most brilliant scarlet colour, produced singly on tall naked stems,

nearly a foot high. They vary in number of sepals, some being

semi-double. The foliage is bright and compact, more freely produced

than that of most Windflowers; it is also richly cut.

It may be grown in pots for conservatory or indoor decoration. It needs

no forcing for such purposes; a cold frame will prove sufficient to

bring out the flowers in winter. Borders or the moist parts of rockwork

are suitable for it; but perhaps it is seen to greatest advantage in

irregular masses in the half shade of trees in front of a shrubbery,

and, after all, it is impossible to plant this flower wrong, as regards

effect. To grow it well, however, it must have a moist situation, and

good loam to grow in. It is easily propagated by division of strong

healthy roots in autumn.

Flowering period, January to June, according to position and time of

planting.

Anemone Japonica.

JAPAN WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.

This and its varieties are hardy perennials of the most reliable kinds;

the typical form has flowers of a clear rose colour. _A. j. vitifolia_

has larger flowers of a fine bluish tint, and seems to be the hybrid

between the type and the most popular variety, viz., _A. j.

alba_--Honorine Jobert--(see Fig. 8). So much has this grown in favour

that it has nearly monopolised the name of the species, of which it is

but a variety; hence the necessity of pointing out the distinctions.

Frequently the beautiful white kind is sought for by the typical name

only, so that if a plant were supplied accordingly there would be

disappointment at seeing a somewhat coarse specimen, with small rosy

flowers, instead of a bold and beautiful plant with a base of large

vine-shaped foliage and strong stems, numerously furnished with large

white flowers, quite 2in. across, and centered by a dense arrangement of

lemon-coloured stamens, somewhat like a large single white rose. This

more desirable white variety sometimes grows 3ft. high, and is eminently

a plant for the border in front of shrubs, though it is very effective

in any position. I grow it in the border, on rockwork, and in a half

shady place, and it seems at home in all. It will continue in bloom

until stopped by frosts. The flowers are among the most useful in a cut

state, especially when mingled with the now fashionable and handsome

leaves of heucheras and tiarellas; they form a chaste embellishment for

the table or fruit dishes.

The plant is sometimes much eaten by caterpillars; for this the remedy

is soapy water syringed on the under side of the leaves. Earwigs also

attack the flowers; they should be trapped by a similar plan to that

usually adopted for dahlias.

To those wishing to grow this choice Anemone, let me say, begin with the

young underground runners; plant them in the autumn anywhere you like,

but see that the soil is deep, and if it is not rich, make it so with

well-decayed leaves or manure, and you will have your reward.

[Illustration: FIG. 8. ANEMONE JAPONICA ALBA (A. HONORINE JOBERT).

(About one-twelfth natural size.)]

Flowering period, August to November.

Anemone Nemorosa Flore-pleno.

DOUBLE WOOD ANEMONE, _or_ WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._

RANUNCULACEÆ.

This is the double form of the common British species; in every part but

the flower it resembles the type. The flower, from being double, and

perhaps from being grown in more exposed situations than the common form

in the shaded woods, is much more durable; an established clump has kept

in good form for three weeks.

The petals (if they may be so called), which render this flower so

pleasingly distinct, are arranged in an even tuft, being much shorter

than the outer or normal sepals, the size and form of which remain true

to the type. The pure white flower--more than an inch across--is

somewhat distant from the handsome three-leaved involucrum, and is

supported by a wiry flower stalk, 3in. to 5in. long; it is about the

same length from the root, otherwise the plant is stemless. The flowers

are produced singly, and have six to eight petal-like sepals; the leaves

are ternately cut; leaflets or segments three-cut, lanceolate, and

deeply toothed; petioles channelled; the roots are long and round, of

about the thickness of a pen-holder. This plant grown in bold clumps is

indispensable for the choice spring garden; its quiet beauty is much

admired.

It enjoys a strongish loam, and a slightly shaded situation will conduce

to its lengthened flowering, and also tend to luxuriance. Soon after the

flowers fade the foliage begins to dry up; care should, therefore, be

taken to have some other suitable flower growing near it, so as to avoid

dead or blank spaces. Pentstemons, rooted cuttings of which are very

handy at this season for transplanting, are well adapted for such use

and situations, and as their flowers cannot endure hot sunshine without

suffering more or less, such half-shady quarters will be just the places

for them.

The double white Wood Anemone may be propagated by divisions of the

tubers, after the foliage has completely withered.

Flowering period, May.

Anemone Pulsatilla.

PASQUE FLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.

A British species. This beautiful flower has long been cultivated in our

gardens, and is deservedly a great favourite. It may not be

uninteresting to give the other common and ancient names of the Easter

Flower, as in every way this is not only an old plant, but an

old-fashioned flower. "Passe Flower" and "Flaw Flower" come from the

above common names, being only derivations, but in Cambridgeshire, where

it grows wild, it is called "Coventry Bells" and "Hill Tulip." Three

hundred years ago Gerarde gave the following description of it, which,

together with the illustration (Fig. 9), will, I trust, be found ample:

"These Passe flowers hath many small leaues, finely cut or iagged, like

those of carrots, among which rise up naked stalks, rough and hairie;

whereupon do growe beautiful flowers bell fashion, of a bright delaied

purple colour; in the bottome whereof groweth a tuft of yellow thrums,

and in the middle of the thrums thrusteth foorth a small purple

pointell; when the whole flower is past, there succeedeth an head or

knoppe, compact of many graie hairie lockes, and in the solide parts of

the knops lieth the seede flat and hoarie, euery seed having his own

small haire hanging at it. The roote is thick and knobbie of a finger

long, and like vnto those of the anemones (as it doth in all other parts

verie notablie resemble) whereof no doubt this is a kinde."

[Illustration: FIG. 9. ANEMONE PULSATILLA.

(One-half natural size.)]

This flower in olden times was used for making garlands, and even now

there are few flowers more suitable for such purpose; it varies much in

colour, being also sometimes double. It may be grown in pots for window

decoration or in the open garden; it likes a dry situation and

well-drained soil of a calcareous nature. In these respects it differs

widely from many of the other species of Windflower, yet I find it to do

well in a collection bed where nearly twenty other species are grown,

and where there are both shade and more moisture than in the open parts

of the garden. It may be propagated by division of the strong

root-limbs, each of which should have a portion of the smaller roots on

them. Soon after flowering is a good time to divide it.

Flowering period, March to May.

Anemone Stellata.

STAR WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.

[Illustration: FIG. 10. ANEMONE STELLATA.

(One-half natural size.)]

This gay spring flower (Fig. 10) comes to us from Italy, but that it

loves our dull climate is beyond doubt, as it not only flowers early,

but continues for a long time in beauty. _A. hortensis_ is another name

for it, and there are several varieties of the species, which mostly

vary only in the colours of the flowers, as striped, white and purple.

The typical form, as illustrated, is seen to be a quaint little plant;

its flowers are large, of a shining light purple colour, and

star-shaped; the dwarf foliage is of the well-known crowfoot kind. When

grown in bold clumps it is richly effective, and, like most other

Anemones, is sure to be admired.

It thrives well in a light loam and in slight shade; I have tried it in

pots kept in cold frames, where it flowers in mid-winter. It would

doubtless make a showy appearance in a cool greenhouse. To propagate it,

the roots should be divided after the tops have died down in summer.

Flowering period, February to June, according to position and time of

planting.

Anemone Sulphurea.

SULPHUR-COLOURED WINDFLOWER; _Syn._ A. APIIFOLIA;

_Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.

[Illustration: FIG. 11. ANEMONE SULPHUREA.

(One-fourth natural size.)]

This is a grandly beautiful Windflower from Central Europe. The names,

combined with the illustration (Fig. 11), must fail to give the reader a

proper idea of its beauty; the specific name in reference to the colour

falls far short, and cannot give a hint of its handsome form and

numerous finely-coloured stamens; and the drawing can in no way

illustrate the hues and shell-like substance of the sepals; there is

also a softness and graceful habit about the foliage, that the name,

_apiifolia_ (parsley-leaved), does not much help the reader to realise.

It may be parsley-like foliage in the comparative sense and in relation

to that of other Anemones, but otherwise it can hardly be said to be

like parsley. It is said by some to be only a variety of _A. alpina_; if

so, it is not only a distinct but an unvarying form, so much so that by

others it is held to be a species; the line of difference in many

respects seems so far removed, even granting it to be a variety (as in

hundreds of similar cases), as to warrant a specific title. It may be

more interesting to state that it is a lovely and showy flower, and that

the shortest cut to an enjoyment of its beauties is to grow it.

The flowers are 2in. to 2½in. across when expanded, but usually they are

cup-shaped. The six sepals are egg-shaped but pointed, of much

substance, and covered with a silky down on the outside, causing them to

have changeable hues according to the play of wind and light. The

stamens are very numerous, the anthers being closely arranged and of a

rich golden colour; the flower stems grow from 9in. to 18in. high, being

terminated by one flower; it carries a large and handsome involucre of

three leaves, a little higher than the middle of the stem, and just

overtopping the radical leaves, umbrella fashion; the leaves of the

involucre are like those of the root, but stalkless. The radical leaves

are stalked, well thrown out, drooping, and over 1ft. long, ternate and

villous; the leaflets are pinnatifid and deeply toothed.

This desirable plant is of the easiest culture, thriving in common

garden soil, but it prefers that of a rich vegetable character and a

situation not over dry. The flowers are persistent under any conditions,

and they are further preserved when grown under a little shade, but it

should only be a little.

For propagation see _A. decapetala_.

Flowering period, May and June.

There are two other allied kinds which not only much resemble this, but

which flower at or near the same time--viz., _A. alpina_ and _A.

decapetala_, which see.

Anemone Sylvestris.

SNOWDROP A.; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.

This hardy herbaceous species comes from Germany, but it has been grown

nearly 300 years in this country, It is distinct, showy, and beautiful;

it ranks with "old-fashioned" flowers. Of late this Windflower has come

into great favour, as if for a time it had been forgotten; still, it is

hard to make out how such a fine border plant could be overlooked.

However, it is well and deservedly esteemed at the present time; and,

although many have proved the plant and flowers to be contrary to their

expectations in reference to its common name, "Snowdrop Anemone," the

disappointment has been, otherwise, an agreeable one. It only resembles

the snowdrop as regards the purity and drooping habit of its flowers.

Well-grown specimens have an exceedingly neat habit--the foliage spreads

and touches the ground, rounding up to the flower stems (which are about

a foot high) in a pleasing manner. The earliest flowers are very

large--when fully open quite 1½in. across--but they are more often seen

in the unopen state, when they resemble a nutmeg in shape. Whether open

or shut, they are a pure white, and their pendent habit adds not a

little to their beauty, as also does the leafy involucre. The leaves are

three-parted, the two lower lobes being deeply divided, so that at a

first glance the leaves appear to be five-parted; each of the five lobes

are three-cleft, and also dentate, downy, and veined; the leaf stalks

are radical, red, long, slightly channelled, and wiry; in all respects

the leaves of the involucre resemble those of the root, excepting the

size, which is smaller, and the stalks are green, like the flower stems.

In a cut state, the pure satin-white blossoms are fit for the most

delicate wreath or bouquet; they have, morever, a delicious

clover-scent. It enjoys a light vegetable soil in a slightly shaded and

moist situation; if it could be allowed to ramble in the small openings

of a front shrubbery, such positions would answer admirably.

The roots are underground-creeping, which renders this species somewhat

awkward to manage when grown with others in a collection of less rampant

habit. On the other hand, the disposition it has to spread might very

well be taken advantage of by providing it with a good broad space, than

which nothing could be more lovely for two months of the year.

It is needless to give directions for its propagation, as the runners

spring up all round the parent plant. Slugs are very fond of it, and in

early spring, especially when the new growths are appearing, they should

be kept in check, otherwise they will eat down into the heart of the

strongest plant; a dose of clear lime water will be found effective and

will not hurt the new leaves; if this is followed up with a few

sprinklings of sand, the slugs will not care to occupy such unpleasant

quarters.

Flowering period, May and June.

Anemone Vernalis.

SHAGGY WINDFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.

A curious but pretty alpine species, from the Swiss Alps, consequently

very hardy. It is not a showy subject, but its distinctions are really

beautiful, and commend it to those who love to grow plants of a

_recherché_ character.

The illustration (Fig. 12) will give some idea of it, but no description

can convey even an approximate notion of its flowers, which are produced

singly, on short, stout, hairy stems, about 5in. high. For so small a

plant the flower is large, more than an inch across when expanded, but

usually it keeps of a roundish, bell-shaped form. Its colour is a

bluish-white inside, the outside being much darker. It would be violet,

were not the hairs so long and numerous that they form a brownish coat

which is, perhaps, the most remarkable trait of this species. The

leaves, too, are very hairy--twice, and sometimes thrice, divided,

rather small, and also few.

[Illustration: FIG. 12. ANEMONE VERNALIS (SHAGGY

ANEMONE).

(One-half natural size.)]

This little plant is most enjoyed when grown in pots. It may be plunged

in sand or ashes in an open space, but it should never be allowed to

suffer for moisture. When so grown, and just before the flowers open, it

should be removed to a cool, airy frame, where it should also be plunged

to keep its roots cool and moist; it will require to be very near the

glass, so as to get perfect flowers. Such a method of growing this

flower affords the best opportunity for its close examination; besides,

it is so preserved in finer and more enduring form. It thrives well in

lumpy peat and loam, but I have found charcoal, in very small lumps, to

improve it, as it does most plants grown in pots, especially such as

require frequent supplies of water. The slugs are very fond of it; a

look-out for them should be kept when the plants are growing, and

frequent sprinklings of sharp ashes will be found useful.

Flowering period, April and May.

Anthericum Liliago.

ST. BERNARD'S LILY; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ.

This may be grown as a companion to St. Bruno's Lily, though not so neat

in habit or rich in bloom. In all respects it is very different. It is

taller, the flowers not half the size, and more star-shaped, foliage

more grassy, and the roots creeping and jointed.

All the Anthericums named by me will do in ordinary soil, but prefer a

fat loam of considerable depth. If, therefore, such conditions do not

exist, there should be a good dressing of well-rotted stable manure

turned in, and a mulching given in early spring.

Anthericums are propagated by division of the roots, which should be

carefully performed during the autumn. After such mutilation they should

not be disturbed again for three years, or they will deteriorate in

vigour and beauty.

Flowering period, June and July.

Anthericum Liliastrum.

ST. BRUNO'S LILY; _Nat. Ord._ LILIACEÆ.

This charming plant is a native of Alpine meadows, and is known by other

names, as _Paradisia_ and _Cyackia_, but is more commonly called St.

Bruno's Lily. It is emphatically one of the most useful and handsome

flowers that can be grown in English gardens, where, as yet, it is

anything but as plentiful as it ought to be. Not only is it perfectly

hardy in our climate, but it seems to thrive and flower abundantly. It

is fast becoming a favourite, and it is probable that before long it

will be very common, from the facts, firstly, of its own value and

beauty, and, secondly, because the Dutch bulb-growers have taken it in

hand. Not long ago they were said to be buying stock wherever they could

find it. The illustration (Fig. 13) shows it in a small-sized clump.

Three or four such specimens are very effective when grown near

together; the satin-like or shining pure white flowers show to greater

advantage when there is plenty of foliage. A number planted in strong

single roots, but near together, forming a clump several feet in

diameter, represent also a good style; but a single massive specimen,

with at least fifty crowns, and nearly as many spikes of bloom just

beginning to unfold, is one of the most lovely objects in my own garden.

The chaste flowers are 2in. long, six sepalled, lily-shaped, of a

transparent whiteness, and sweetly perfumed; filaments white, and long

as the sepals; anthers large, and thickly furnished with bright

orange-yellow pollen; the stems are round, stout, 18in. high, and

produce from six to twelve flowers, two or three of which are open at

one and the same time. The leaves are long, thick, with membranous

sheaths, alternate and stem-clasping, or semi-cylindrical; the upper

parts are lanceolate, dilated, subulate, and of a pale green colour. The

roots are long, fleshy, brittle, and fasciculate.

[Illustration: FIG. 13. ANTHERICUM LILIASTRUM.

(Plant, one-sixth natural size; blossom, one-fourth natural size.)]

This plant for three or four weeks is one of the most decorative; no

matter whether in partial shade or full sunshine, it not only flowers

well, but adorns its situation most richly; the flowers, in a cut state,

are amongst the most useful and effective of hardy kinds--indeed, they

vie with the tender exotics.

Flowering period, June and July.

_A. l. major_ is a new variety in all its parts like the type, with the

exception of size, the flowers being larger by nearly an inch. The

variety is said to grow to the height of 8ft.

Anthyllis Montana.

MOUNTAIN KIDNEY VETCH; _Nat. Ord._ LEGUMINOSÆ.

For rockwork this is one of the most lovely subjects. It is seldom seen,

though easy to grow, perfectly hardy, and perennial. It is classed as an

herbaceous plant, but it is shrubby, and on old specimens there is more

wood than on many dwarf shrubs. It is of a procumbent habit, and only

4in. to 6in. high in this climate. It comes from the South of Europe,

where it probably grows larger.

In early spring the woody tips begin to send out the hoary leaves; they

are 3in. to 6in. long, and from their dense habit, and the way in which

they intersect each other, they present a pleasing and distinct mass of

woolly foliage.

The leaves are pinnatifid, leaflets numerous, oval, oblong, and very

grey, nearly white, with long silky hairs.

The flowers are of a purple-pink colour, very small, and in close

drumstick-like heads. The long and numerous hairs of the involucre and

calyx almost cover over the flowers and render them inconspicuous;

still, they are a pretty feature of the plant; the bloom stands well

above the foliage on very downy, but otherwise naked stalks.

When planted in such a position that it can rest on the edge of or droop

over a stone, strong specimens are very effective. It seems to enjoy

soil of a vegetable character, with its roots near large stones. I have

heard that it has been found difficult to grow, but that I cannot

understand. I fear the fault has been in having badly-rooted plants to

start with, as cuttings are very slow in making an ample set of roots

for safe transplanting. Its increase by division is no easy matter, as

the woody stems are all joined in one, and the roots are of a tap

character. Seed seldom ripens; by cuttings appears to be the readier

mode of propagation; if these are taken off in early spring, put in a

shady position, and in leaf soil, they will probably root as the seasons

get warmer.

Flowering period, June and July.

Apios Tuberosa.

_Syn._ GLYCINE APIOS; _Nat. Ord._ LEGUMINOSÆ.

This is a pretty climber, or, more strictly speaking, a twiner; it is

hardy, tuberous, and perennial. The tubers resemble potatoes, but

incline to pear-shape, as implied by the generic name. 240 years ago it

was introduced from North America; still, it is seldom met with,

notwithstanding its good habit and colour. It is one of those happy

subjects which most conduce to the freshness and wild beauty of our

gardens; the dark and glossy verdure is charmingly disposed in

embowerments by means of the delicate twining stems; and though it grows

apace, there is never an unsightly dense or dark mass, so commonly seen

in many climbers, but, instead, it elegantly adorns its station, and the

outlines of its pretty pinnate leaves may easily be traced against the

light.

[Illustration: FIG. 14. APIOS TUBEROSA.

(One-twelfth natural size; _a_, flower, natural size.)]

As may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 14), it is in the way of a

climbing bean. The flowers are purple and borne in small clusters from

the axils of the leaves, and, of course, as indicated by the order to

which it belongs, they are like pea flowers; they are produced a long

time in succession, providing the frosts do not occur; they have the

scent of violets. The leaves are distantly produced on fine wiry stems,

which grow to the length of 12ft.; they are pinnate, the leaflets being

of various sizes, oval, smooth, and of a dark shining green colour.

The roots are not only peculiar in the way already mentioned, but the

tubers have the appearance of being strung together by their ends. They

are edible, and where they grow wild they are called "ground nuts." From

the description given it will be easy to decide how and where it should

be planted.

There should be provision made for its twining habit, and it may have

the liberty of mixing its foliage with that of less beautiful things

during autumn, such, for instance, as the bare _Jasmine nudiflora_; its

spare but effective leaves and flowers will do little or no harm to such

trees, and after the frosts come the jasmine will be clear again. It may

also be grown with happy results as shown in the illustration, needing

only a well-secured twiggy bush. Cut as sprays it is very serviceable

for hanging or twining purposes.

It most enjoys a light soil, also a sunny situation. Sometimes it has

been found slow at starting into growth when newly planted; this,

however, can hardly be the case with newly lifted tubers. I may add that

it is no uncommon thing for these to be out of the ground for weeks and

months together, when they not only become hard and woody, but when

suddenly brought in contact with the damp earth rot overtakes them.

There is no difficulty whatever with fresh tubers, which may be lifted

after the tops have died off. Beyond securing fresh roots, there is

nothing special about the culture of this desirable climber.

Flowering period, August to October.

Arabis Lucida.

SHINING ROCK CRESS; _Nat. Ord._ CRUCIFERÆ.

This member of a well-known family of early spring flowers is desirable,

for its neat habit and verdancy. There is not a particle of sere foliage

to be seen, and it has, moreover, a glossy appearance, whence the

specific name. The flowers are not of much effect, though, from their

earliness, not without value; they are in the way of the flowers of the

more common species, _A. alpina_, but less in size; they are also more

straggling in the raceme; these two features render it inferior as a

flower; the stalks are 3in. to 6in. high. The leaves are arranged in lax

flattened rosettes, are 1in. to 3in. long, somewhat spathulate, notched,

fleshy, of a very dark green colour, and shining. The habit is dense and

spreading, established tufts having a fresh effect. Though an Hungarian

species, it can hardly have a more happy home in its habitat than in our

climate. Where verdant dwarf subjects are in request, either for

edgings, borders, or rockwork, this is to be commended as one of the

most reliable, both for effect and vigour. In the last-named situation

it proves useful all the year round, but care should be taken that it

does not overgrow less rampant rock plants.

_A. l. variegata_ is a variety with finely-marked leaves. The bloom

resembles that of the type, but is rather weaker. It is better to remove

the flowers of this kind, as then the rather slow habit of growth is

much improved, as also is the colour of the foliage. The leaves being

more serviceable and effective than the bloom, the uses should be made

of it accordingly. They are broadly edged with yellow, the green being

lighter than that of the type, but equally bright; the ends of the

leaves are curled backwards, but, with the exception of being a little

smaller, they are similar in shape to the parent form. This is a gem for

rockwork, and, if it did not belong to a rather ordinary race of plants,

it would, perhaps, be more often seen in choice collections. This,

however, does not alter its worth. Seen in crevices of dark stone on

rockwork, or in bold tufts near the walks, or planted with judgment near

other dwarf foliaged subjects, it ever proves attractive. It is much

less rampant, and, perhaps, less hardy than the type. It has only been

during the recent very severe winters, however, that it has been killed.

The Arabis is easily propagated by slips or rootlets, which should be

taken after flowering. The variegated form is better for being so

propagated every year. If bold patches are desired, they should be

formed by planting a number together, 3in. or 4in. apart.

Flowering period, February to June.

Aralia Sieboldi.

SIEBOLD'S ARALIA; _Nat. Ord._ ARALIACEÆ.

The present subject (see Fig. 15)--beautiful, hardy, and evergreen--is a

species of recent introduction; still, it has already become well known

and distributed, so much so that it scarcely needs description; but

there are facts in reference to it which would seem to be less known. It

is seldom seen in the open garden, and many amateurs, who otherwise are

well acquainted with it, when they see it fresh and glossy in the open

garden in the earliest months of the year, ask, "Is it really hardy?"

Not only is such the case, but the foliage, and especially the deep

green colour, are rarely so fine when the specimens have indoor

treatment, and, on this account, the shrub is eminently suitable for

notice here.

[Illustration: FIG. 15. ARALIA SIEBOLDI.

(One-tenth natural size.)]

The order _Araliaceæ_ is nearly related to _Umbelliferæ_, from which

fact an idea may be had of the kind and arrangement of the flowers. Many

of the genera of the order _Araliaceæ_ are little known; perhaps the

genus _Hedera_ (ivy) is the only one that is popular, and it so happens

to immediately follow the genus _Aralia_. To remember this will further

assist in gleaning an idea of the form of blossom, as that of ivy is

well known. _Aralia Sieboldi_, however, seldom flowers in this climate,

either in or out of doors. When it does, the white flowers are not of

much value; they are small, like ivy blossom in form, but more spread

in the arrangement. There are five sepals, five petals, five styles, and

five cells in the berries. The flowers are produced on specimens 2ft. to

5ft. high during winter, when favourable. The leaves, when well grown,

are the main feature of the shrub, and are 12in. or more across. This

size is not usual, but a leaf now before me, and taken from an outside

specimen, measures over a foot, with a stout round stalk, 13in. long;

the form of leaf is fan-shaped, having generally seven lobes, each

supported by a strong mid-rib; the lobes are formed by divisions rather

more than half the diameter of the leaf; they are slightly distant,

broadly lance-shaped, waved at the edges, toothed near the ends, the

teeth being somewhat spiny; the substance is very stout and leather-like

to the touch; the upper surface is a dark shining bronzy-green,

beautifully netted or veined; the under surface is a pale green, and

richly ornamented by the risen mid-ribs and nerves of the whole leaf;

the leaf-stalks are thick, round, bending downwards, and 6in. to 18in.

long, springing from the half woody stem.

The habit of the shrub is bushy, somewhat spreading, causing the

specimens to have a fine effect from their roundness, the leaf

arrangement also being perfect. Without doubt this is one of the most

distinct and charming evergreens for the ornamental garden, sub-tropical

in appearance, and only inferior to palms as regards size; it is

effective anywhere. It need not be stated that as a vase or table

decoration it ranks with the best for effect and service, as it is

already well-known as such. In planting this subject outside, young but

well-rooted examples should be selected and gradually hardened off. At

the latter end of May they should be turned out of the pots into a rich

but sandy loam. The position should be sunny, and sheltered from the

north. Some have advised that it should be grown under trees, but I have

proved that when so treated the less ripened foliage has suffered with

frost, whilst the specimens fully exposed to the sun have not suffered

in the least; they would droop and shrivel as long as the frost

remained, but as soon as the temperature rose they became normal,

without a trace of injury. When planted as above, young specimens will

soon become so established and inured to open-air conditions, that

little concern need be felt as regards winter; even such as were under

trees, where they continued to grow too long, and whose tender tops were

cut away by frost, have, the following summer, made a number of fresh

growths lower down the stems. I should like to say that on rockwork this

shrub has a superb effect, and I imagine the better drained condition of

such a structure is greatly in favour of its health and hardiness. The

propagation is by means of cuttings; slips of half-ripened wood, taken

during the warmest months, if put in sandy loam in a cucumber frame,

will root like willow. As soon as roots have formed, pot them separately

and plunge the pots in the same frame for a week or two, then harden

off. For the first winter the young stock ought to be kept either in a

greenhouse or a cold frame, and by the end of the following May they

will be ready to plant out. A well-drained position is important.

Flowering period, November to March, in favourable or mild seasons.

Arisæma Triphyllum.

_Syns._ A. ZEBRINUM _and_ ARUM TRIPHYLLUM; _Common

Names_, THREE-LEAVED ARUM _and_ JACK-IN-THE-PULPIT;

_Nat. Ord._ ARACEÆ.

A hardy tuberous-rooted perennial from North America. I will at once

explain that the above leading name is not the one generally used here,

but in America, where the species is common, botanists have adopted it;

besides, it is, as will be seen from the following description, very

distinct from other Arums. The Syn. _Arisæma zebrinum_, as given,

belongs really to a variety of _A. triphyllum_, but the type is marked

in its flowers zebra-like, and there are many shades and colours of it,

therefore both or either of the names may be used for the different

forms, with a fair degree of propriety, as in fact they are.

There is a doubt with some as to the hardiness of this plant; in my mind

there is none whatever. It is no stranger to frosts in its habitats, but

I do not found my conviction on anything but my experience of it. It has

been grown fully exposed for two winters, and sometimes the frosts must

have gone as far down as the roots.

There is nothing showy about this plant, but there is something which

stamps it as a fitting subject for a garden of choice plants; its bold,

dark green foliage and quaint-looking flowers render it desirable on the

score of distinctness. It has, moreover, a freshness upon which the eye

can always linger. The flowers are in general form like the calla-lily;

the upper part of the spathe, or sheathing leaf, which is really the

calyx, is, however, more elongated, pointed, and hooked; otherwise the

spathe is erect, slightly reflexed just above the folded part, giving

the appearance of a pair of small lobes; this--the calyx--is really the

most conspicuous part of the flower; in the belly it is beautifully

striped with broad lines of a purplish-brown colour, which shade off to

an inch of green in the middle, when they form again, and continue to

the tip of the spathe, which will be 4in. to 6in. long, and nearly 2in.

broad at the widest part; these lines run between the ribs, and, as

before hinted, they are of various colours, such as brown, purple, pink,

and green. The ribs are nearly white, and the green parts are very pale.

The spadix is over 3in. long, club-shaped, spotted with brown, very much

so near the end. The anthers at the base of the spadix are curious, and

should be examined. They are invisible until the folded part of the

spathe is opened; they are numerous, arranged in a dense broad ring,

sessile, and nearly black. This curious flower is produced on a stout,

round scape, a foot or more in height. The leaves are radical, having a

stalk a foot long. They are, as the specific name implies, divided into

three parts, each being of equal length, entire, wavy, and pointed. The

whole plant has a somewhat top-heavy appearance (see Fig. 16), but I

never saw it broken down by the weather. It makes quick growth in

spring, the scape appearing with the leaves; in late summer it dies

down. It looks well in quiet nooks, but it also forms a good companion

to showy flowers in more open situations; in a cut state, for dressing

"old-fashioned" vases, nothing could be in better character, a few

leaves of yarrow, day lily, flag, or similar foliage being all it will

require.

[Illustration: FIG. 16. ARISÆMA TRIPHYLLUM.

(One-fourth natural size.)]

It may be transplanted, any time from September to the end of January,

into good light loam or leaf soil, 4in. or 6in. deep; if there should be

a dry season during the period of growth, the plant should be well

watered. To increase it, the tubers may be divided every third year,

providing the growth has been of a vigorous tone. I may add, that, from

its tall and not over-dense habit, there may with advantage, both to it

and the plants used, be a carpet grown underneath--ivy, vincas, or sweet

woodruff for some situations, and brighter subjects for more conspicuous

parts of the garden, such as the finer kinds of mimulus, ourisia, alpine

aster, and dwarf iris.

Flowering period, June and July.

Arum Crinitum.

HAIRY ARUM, _or_ DRAGON'S MOUTH; _Nat. Ord._

ARACEÆ.

As may be seen by the illustration (Fig. 17), this is a most singular

plant. It proves hardy in this climate if its position is selected; in

other words, it is not hardy in all kinds of soils and situations, but

if planted four or five inches deep, in sandy or half decayed vegetable

mould, facing the south, there is little to fear either as regards

hardiness or its thriving. I think, therefore, it may be called hardy.

It is far more interesting than handsome, but there is at the present

time an evident desire amongst amateurs to grow the various Arums, and

more especially has this one been sought after; I have, therefore,

introduced it amongst more beautiful flowers, and given an enlarged

drawing of the entire plant, together with the spathe in its unopened

state.

The plant is a native of Minorca, and was imported in 1777. In this

climate it grows to the height of 18in., developing the flower with the

foliage. It is produced on a stout scape nearly 1ft. high, of a pale

green colour, marked with dark short lines and spotted with delicate

pink dots. The folded spathe is of leather-like substance, rough, almost

corky in texture; also variously marked and tinted. At the base there

are a number of green lines arranged evenly and longitudinally on a

nearly white ground. A little higher--the belly part--the lines are less

frequent, irregular, and mixed with pink dots. Still higher, the ground

colour becomes pale green, the lines dark green, and the pink spots are

changed to clouded tints; the remainder of the folded spathe--to the

tip--is a mixture of brown and green dots, the total length being fully

9in. When the spathe opens, it does so quickly, bending more than half

its length outwards, the division looking upwards. To those who have not

before seen the plant at this stage, it will prove an interesting

surprise; the odour, however, is repulsive. The spathe at its widest

part is 6in. broad, and tapers off to a blunt point. It is of a dark

purple colour and covered with long bent dark hairs, whence the specific

name. They are curiously disposed, and remind one of some hairy animal

that has been lifted out of the water the wrong way as regards the

direction of the hair. The spadix is comparatively small, black, and

also covered with hairs. The flower should be closely watched if its

peculiarities are to be fully noted, as it not only opens quickly but

soon begins to wither. During the short period that the flower is open

the lower part of the spathe or belly becomes filled with all kinds of

flies, being held by the spear-like hairs.

[Illustration: FIG. 17. ARUM CRINITUM.

(One-fourth natural size.)]

The leaves have long stalks, marked and tinted in a similar manner to

that of the scape. They are curiously formed and twisted, pedate or

bird-foot shaped, the outer segments twice cut, lance-shaped, and

turned inwards or over the main part of the leaf; the leaves are of a

deep green colour, and of good substance; they seldom exceed four in

number to each plant or tuber.

This curious species should, as above indicated, have a warm situation,

where it will also be comparatively dry in winter. Its propagation may

be effected by division of the roots of strong specimens.

Flowering period, June and July.

Asters.

MICHAELMAS DAISIES, _or_ STARWORTS; _Nat. Ord._

COMPOSITÆ.

Hardy, perennial, and herbaceous. These are a numerous family, and many

of them have an ungainly habit and insignificant flowers--in fact, are

not worth growing, save as wild flowers in unfrequented places. I will

mention a few of the finer sorts, which are mostly species: _A.

diversifolius_, _A. ericoides_, _A. grandiflorus_, _A. pendulus_, and

_A. Dumosus_, these are all good, both in habit and flowers; _ericoides_

and _pendulus_ make really handsome bushes, but the very beautiful _A.

amellus_, and its more dwarf variety (_A. Mdme. Soyance_), have tempted

me to write of these old-fashioned plants, which may be said to be

wholly distinct, as their flowers are so very much brighter (dark

purple, with a clear yellow centre), and the rays so much more evenly

and compactly furnished. Their stems are 2ft. to 3ft. high, and flowered

half their length with clusters of bloom about the size and form of

full-grown field daisies. These wand-like spikes in a cut state are

bright and appropriate decorations. In vases they are very effective,

even when used alone. The flowers are very lasting, either cut or

otherwise; the plants will bloom six or eight weeks.

These subjects will thrive in almost any kind of soil or position,

opening their flowers during the dullest weather, and though they like

sunshine, they will not wait for it. It is scarcely needful to further

describe these well-known flowers, but, as well as the species, there

are some bright and beautiful varieties which merit further notice. All

the Starworts are easily increased by root division any time.

Flowering period, August to November.

Aster Alpinus.

ALPINE STARWORT, _or_ BLUE DAISY; _Nat. Ord._

COMPOSITÆ.

An exceedingly beautiful and very much admired alpine plant, which does

not die down like most of the Starworts, but has woody stems; it is

seldom seen more than a foot high, and its large bright purple flowers

seem disproportionate. This is one of the plants which should have a

place in every garden, and more especially in rock gardens. There cannot

well be a more neat and telling subject; the form and size of its

flowers are not often seen on such dwarf plants, and it also has the

merit of being a "tidy" subject when not in bloom. The illustration

(Fig. 18) will give a fair idea of its main features. Its purple

flowers, which are fully 2in. across, have for many days an even and

well-expanded ray, when the florets curl or reflex; the disk is large,

and numerously set with lemon-yellow florets; the flowers are well

lifted up on stout round stems, covered with short stiff hairs, and

furnished with five or six small leaves; the main foliage is of compact

growth, lance-shaped, entire, spathulate and covered with short hairs.

[Illustration: FIG 18 ASTER ALPINUS.

(One-third natural size.)]

Considering that this plant has been in English gardens for 220 years,

and that its merits must be seen by anyone at a glance, it is hard to

say why it is not better known; even in choice and large collections it

always proves attractive when in flower. The blooms in a cut state are

very durable; they not only hold together, but also keep a good colour.

Under cultivation it is in no way particular; it will endure anything

but being deprived of light; from its dwarf, stout, and shrubby

character, it would form a useful and a handsome edging to the larger

walks; and by growing it so extensively an enviable supply of flowers

for cutting would be at hand.

A stock of young plants may soon be got up by division of strong roots

after the flowering season; such pieces as have roots may be planted at

once in their permanent quarters; the rootless parts should be dibbled

into light sandy loam and shaded with branches for a week or two.

Flowering period, June and July.

_A. a. albus_ is a white-flowered variety, blooming about the same time.

There does not appear to be that vigour about it which characterises the

type; this, however, is not the only shortcoming; when compared with the

rich purple flower, the white one, with its large yellow disk, appears,

to say the least, a questionable improvement.

Aster Ptarmicoides.

BOUQUET STARWORT; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.

This Starwort is a very recently-imported species from North America.

Like many other things which have proved worthless as decorative

flowers, this was highly praised, but for a while its weedy-looking

foliage caused suspicion; after becoming well established, it flowered,

and, I am glad to say, proves a most distinct and useful Starwort. Its

small white flowers much resemble the field daisy, but they are borne on

densely-branched stems in hundreds; in fact, the plant, which grows

nearly 2ft. high, seems to be nearly all flowers. Each one has a single

ray of shining white florets, narrow and separate. Those of the disk are

of a canary-yellow colour; the imbricated calyx is pear-shaped; pedicels

slender, bent, wiry, and furnished with very small leaves; main stems

hispid, woody, and brittle. The leaves of the root are 2in. to 4in.

long, smooth, entire, linear, almost grass-like; those of the stems much

less, becoming smaller as they near the flowers; they are somewhat

rough, partaking of the quality of the stems. The habit of the plant is

much branched, the spreading clusters of flowers being six or ten times

the size of the plant, so that it becomes top-heavy; it blooms for many

weeks, and is not damaged by coarse weather. Amongst other Asters it

shows to advantage, flowering earlier than most of them, but lasting

well into their period of bloom. It is sure to prove a useful white

autumnal flower; small sprays when cut look better than on the plant, as

they are then seen to be well spread and rigidly held by means of their

wiry stalks; they have the scent of Southernwood. It grows well with me

in ordinary garden loam, the situation being well exposed to the sun. It

may be readily propagated by root division.

Flowering period, August to October.

Bellis Perennis.

COMMON PERENNIAL DAISY; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.

This native plant, the commonest flower of the field and wayside, and

the weed of our grass-plots, is the parent form of the handsome and

popular double kinds seen in almost every garden. Well known as these

flowers are, it may prove interesting to learn a little more about the

fine large double crimson and white kinds--their treatment, for

instance--in order to have abundance of flowers during the earliest

months of the year; and the uses to which they may be most

advantageously put; for, common as are the Daisies, they are, without

doubt, amongst the most useful flowers we possess. First, I will briefly

give the names and descriptions of the more distinct varieties.

_B. p. aucubifolia_ is the Double Daisy, having a beautifully variegated

foliage, mottled with golden-yellow in the way of the aucuba.

_B. p. fistulosa._--This is the double crimson or pink Daisy, having its

florets piped or quilled (see Fig. 19).

_B. p. hortensis_ embraces all the double forms raised and cultivated in

gardens, no matter what colour, and so distinguished from the typical

form of the fields.

_B. p. prolifera_ is that curious and favourite kind called "Hen and

Chickens." The flowers are double, and from the imbricate calyx of the

normal flower there issue a number of smaller Daisies having straggling

florets; the whole on one main stalk presenting a bouquet-like effect.

These kinds, the specific names of which are not only descriptive, but

amply embrace the group, are much added to by flowers having other names

and minor distinctions, the latter, for the most part, being only shades

or mixtures of colour--as crimson, pink, white, and bicolours. The

florets in many kinds are exceedingly pretty, from the way in which they

are tipped and shaded; notably, a new variety that was sent me under the

name of Dresden China. These sorts having different tints are usefully

named with "florists'" names--as Pearl, Snowball, Rob Roy, Sweep, Bride,

&c. I may say that I have long grown the Daisy largely, Bride and Sweep

being the favourite kinds; both are robust growers, very hardy and

early. Bride is the purest white, with florets full, shining, and well

reflexed; rather larger than a florin, and when fully developed has a

half globular appearance; another good point is its flower stalks being

4in. to 5in. long, which renders it serviceable as cut bloom. Sweep is

not quite so large, though a good-sized Daisy, it also opens more flat;

its colour, however, is first rate, it is the darkest crimson Daisy I

ever saw, is of a quilled form and very full. Its chief point is its

constant colour; if the florets are examined, they are the same deep

crimson underneath as on the face of the flower; this, together with its

long stalks, renders it useful, too, in a cut state.

[Illustration: FIG. 19. BELLIS PERENNIS FISTULOSA.

(One-third natural size.)]

To grow this useful flower well and render it doubly valuable by having

it in bloom in mid-winter, requires three things: First, timely

transplanting; secondly, rich soil; thirdly, partial shade; these

conditions will be more briefly and, perhaps, clearly explained, if I

state my method. At the end of May or fore part of June, plenty of good

rotten stable manure is wheeled into the bush-fruit quarters; it is

worked in with a fork, so as to do as little damage as possible to the

bush roots. A line is drawn, and the old Daisy roots which have just

been taken up are trimmed by shortening both tops and roots. They are

severely divided, and the pieces planted 6in. apart in rows 8in.

asunder. In such a cool, moist situation they soon form good tufts, and

I need scarcely say that the dressing of manure has also a marked effect

on the fruit crop. A planting so made is not only a cheerful carpet of

greenery during winter, but is well dotted over with bloom. The plants

being well established in rich soil, and having the shelter of the

bushes during summer and winter, are the conditions which have conduced

to such early flowers. This is the method I have adopted for years, and

both Daisies and fruit have been invariably good crops. I ought,

however, to say that beds more exposed, together with the fact that the

Daisy roots have to be transplanted in October or November, never flower

so early, from which it will be seen that the treatment explained hardly

applies to such bedding; but where a breadth of bloom is required, say,

for cutting purposes, I know no better plan. As cut bloom the daisy is

charming in glass trays on a bed of moss, or even in small bouquets,

mixed with the foliage of pinks, carnations, and rosemary. Such an

arrangement has at least the merit of sweet simplicity, and somehow has

also the effect of carrying our thoughts with a bound to spring-time.

The ancient names for this "old-fashioned" flower were "Little Daisies"

and "Bruisewoorte." The latter name, according to Gerarde, was applied

for the following reasons: "The leaues stamped, taketh away bruses and

swellings proceeding of some stroke, if they be stamped and laide

thereon, whereupon it was called in olde time Bruisewoorte. The iuice

put into the eies cleereth them, and taketh away the watering;" and here

is a dog note: "The same given to little dogs with milke, keepeth them

from growing great."

Flowering period, February to July.

Bocconia Cordata.

_Syn._ MACLEAYA CORDATA; _Nat. Ord._ PAPAVERACEÆ.

A hardy herbaceous perennial from China. It is a tall and handsome

plant; its fine features are its stately habit, finely-cut foliage, and

noble panicles of buds and flowers; during the whole progress of its

growth it is a pleasing object, but in the autumn, when at the height of

7ft. it has become topped with lax clusters of flowers, over 2ft. long,

it is simply grand. There are other names in trade lists, as _B.

japonica_ and _B. alba_, but they are identical with _B. cordata_;

possibly there may be a little difference in the shades of the flowers,

but nothing to warrant another name. Having grown the so-called species

or varieties, I have hitherto found no difference whatever; and of the

hardy species of this genus, I believe _B. cordata_ is the only one at

present grown in English gardens. During spring and early summer this

subject makes rapid growth, pushing forth its thick leafy stems, which

are attractive, not only by reason of their somewhat unusual form, but

also because of their tender and unseasonable appearance, especially

during spring; it is rare, however, that the late frosts do any damage

to its foliage. It continues to grow with remarkable vigour until, at

the height of 5ft. or more, the flower panicles begin to develop; these

usually add 2ft. or more to its tallness.

The flowers are very small but numerous, of an ivory-white colour; they

are more beautiful in the unopened state, when the two-sepalled calyx

for many days compresses the tassel-like cluster of stamens. Each half

of the calyx is boat-shaped, and before they burst they have the form

and colour of clean plump groats; as already hinted, the stamens are

numerous, and the anthers large for so small a flower, being spathulate.

As soon as the stamens become exposed, the calyx falls, and in a short

time--a few hours--the fugacious anthers disappear, to be followed only

a little later by the fall of the filaments; there is then left a naked

but headed capsule, half the size of the buds, and of the same colour;

they may be traced on the panicle in the illustration (Fig. 20). From

the fading quality of the above-named parts, the buds and capsules

chiefly form the ornamental portion of the compound racemes.

[Illustration: FIG. 20. BOCCONIA CORDATA.

(About one-twentieth natural size; blossom, one-half natural size.)]

The leaves are from 8in. to 10in. in diameter, the largest being at the

base of the tall stems; their outline, as the specific name implies, is

heart-shaped, but they are deeply lobed and dentate, in the way of the

fig leaf, but more profusely so; they are stalked, of good substance,

glaucous, nearly white underneath, which part is also furnished with

short stiff hairs. The glaucous hue or farina which covers the

leaf-stalks and main stems has a metallic appearance, and is one of its

pleasing features as a decorative plant. For many weeks the flowers

continue to be developed, and from the deciduous quality of the fading

parts, the panicles have a neat appearance to the last. In a cut state

the long side branches of flowers, more than a foot long, are very

effective, either alone or when mixed with other kinds, the little

clusters of white drop-like buds being suitable for combination with the

choicest flowers.

As a decorative specimen for the more ornamental parts of the garden,

and where bold subjects are desired, there are few herbaceous things

that can be named as more suitable; from the day it appears above the

ground, to and throughout its fading days in the autumn, when it has

pleasing tints, it is not only a handsome but distinct form of plant; as

an isolated specimen on the lawn, or by frequented walks, it may be

grown with marked effect; if too nearly surrounded with other tall

things, its beauty is somewhat marred; but wherever it is planted it

should have a good fat loam of considerable depth. I ought not to omit

saying that it forms a capital subject for pot culture; plants so

treated, when 12in. or 18in. high, no matter if not then in flower, are

very useful as window or table plants; but of course, being herbaceous,

they are serviceable only during their growing season; they need not,

however, be a source of care during winter, for they may with safety be

plunged outside in a bed of ashes or sand, where they will take care of

themselves during the severest weather.

It may be propagated by cuttings taken from the axils of the larger

leaves during early summer; if this method is followed, the cuttings

should be pushed on, so that there are plenty of roots before the winter

sets in. I have found it by far the better plan to take young suckers

from established plants; in good rich soil these are freely produced

from the slightly running roots; they may be separated and transplanted

any time, but if it is done during summer they will flower the following

season. Tall as this subject grows, it needs no supports; neither have I

noticed it to be troubled by any of the garden pests.

Flowering period, September to August.

Bulbocodium Trigynum.

_Syns._ COLCHICUM CAUCASICUM _and_ MERENDERA

CAUCASICUM; _Nat. Ord._ MELANTHACEÆ.

This pretty miniature bulbous plant is very hardy, flowering in winter.

It is a scarce flower, and has recently been represented as a new plant.

As a matter of fact, it is not new, but has been known under the above

synonymous names since 1823, when it was brought from the Caucasus. In

general appearance it is very different from the _Colchicum_ (Sprengle),

as may be seen by the drawing (Fig. 21), and _Merendera_ (Bieberstein)

is only another Spanish name for _Colchicum_. The new name, authorised

by Adams, may have been the cause, all or in part, of its being taken

for a new species. The specific name may be presumed to be in reference

to either its deeply-channelled, almost keeled leaves, which have the

appearance of three corners, or in allusion to the triangular way in

which they are disposed. It is a desirable flower for several

reasons--its earliness, durability, rich perfume, and intrinsic beauty.

[Illustration: FIG. 21. BULBOCODIUM TRIGYNUM.

(Full size.)]

The little plant, at the height of 2in., produces its rather large

flowers in ones and twos in February, and they last for many days in

perfect form. The scent reminds one of the sweet honey smell of a white

clover field during summer. The colour is very pale lilac, nearly white;

the tube takes on a little greenness; it is also divided, though the

slits are invisible until the bloom begins to fade. The corolla, of

irregular segments, is 1½in. across when expanded; the stamens are half

the length of the petal-like segments, and carry anthers of exquisite

beauty, especially when young, then they are orange colour, divided like

a pair of half-opened shells, and edged with chocolate; the styles are a

delicate pale green, and rather longer than the stamens. The leaves, as

already stated, are channelled, broadest at the base, tapering to a

point, which is rather twisted; they are 2in. long during the blooming

period, of a deep green colour, stiff, but spreading, forming a pretty

accurate triangle. This description, together with the cut, will suggest

both the uses and positions in which it should be planted; if a single

blossom, when brought indoors, proves strongly fragrant, it is easy to

imagine what a clump must be in the garden. Like those of the colchicum,

its flowers are quickly developed; the leaves grow longer afterwards,

and die off in summer.

It thrives in a sandy loam or leaf soil, in a sunny part, and increases

itself at the roots like the saffrons.

Flowering period, February and March.

Bulbocodium Vernum.

SPRING BULBOCODIUM, _or_ SPRING SAFFRON; _Nat. Ord._

MELANTHACEÆ.

In mild winters, sheltered positions, and light vegetable soil, this

bulbous plant may be seen in blossom from January to March. The flowers

appear before the leaves, and may, at the first glance, be taken for

lilac-coloured croci. Up to a certain stage, however, the colour

gradually improves in the direction of purple, and where there are

established patches it is no inconsiderable part of the effect caused by

this desirable winter flower to see it a mass of bloom in many shades,

ranging from white (as in the bud state) to a lively purple. It is an

old plant in English gardens, and is largely found wild in mid-Europe.

It came from Spain as early as 1629. Still, it is not generally known or

grown; but within the last few years it has come to the fore, with a

host of other hardy and early-flowering subjects. The natural order in

which it is classed includes many beautiful genera, both as regards

their floral effect and anatomical structures. _Veratrum_, _Uvularia_,

and _Colchicum_ are, perhaps, the more familiar, and the last-mentioned

genus is a very nearly allied one. A feature of the genus _Bulbocodium_

is implied by the name itself, which means "a wool-covered bulb." This

quality, however, will be more observable when the bulb is in a dormant

state; it exists under the envelope. The crocus or saffron-like flowers

are aptly named "Spring Saffron," though there is a great botanical

difference to be seen between this genus and that of _Colchicum_ when

the flower is dissected. The bloom is produced from the midst of an

ample sheath, and overlapping leaves, which are only just visible in the

early season of this year; the corolla of six petal-like divisions is

2in. to 3in. across when expanded, and of various shades and colours, as

already stated; the segments are completely divided, being continued

from the throat of the corolla to the ovary by long tapering bases,

called nails, claws, or ungues. The leaves are stout, broadly

strap-shaped, channelled, and of a deep green colour. The bulb is rather

small; its form resembles that of the autumn crocus, as also does its

mode of growth and reproduction.

The early blossoms of this bulb soon disappear, and though the roots are

all the better for being well ripened, a thin patch of some of the finer

annuals sown in spring amongst their withering leaves will not do much

harm, and will prove useful as gap-stoppers. Another good way is to grow

these dwarf bulbous flowers with a carpet of creepers, of which there

are scores in every way suitable; and where nothing else is available or

to be grown with success, the small-leaved ivy will answer well. The

dwarf phloxes, however, are more useful; their browned spreading

branches form a neutral but warm-looking ground to the purple blossoms;

besides, by the time all trace of the Bulbocodium has shrivelled up,

they begin to produce their sheets of bloom. All such prostrate forms

not only preserve dwarf winter flowers from the mud, but otherwise give

effect to the borders. This bulb thrives best in light soil, well

drained; in sheltered nooks it may be had in flower a month earlier than

in exposed parts. Under such conditions it increases very fast, and the

bulbs may be transplanted with advantage every other year after the tops

have died off. In stiff or clay-like soil it dwindles and dies.

Flowering period, January to March.

Calthus Palustris Flore-pleno.

DOUBLE MARSH MARIGOLD; _Old Common Name_, "MEADOW

BOOTES"; _Nat. Ord._ RANUNCULACEÆ.

The typical, or single-flowering variety of this plant is a British

species, and a rather common one; but the pleasing habit and bright,

finely-formed, orange-yellow flower of this double kind renders it a

suitable plant for any garden. It is herbaceous and perennial, and loves

boggy situations. It is, however, very accommodating, and will be found

to do well in ordinary garden soil, especially if it be a stiffish loam;

clayey land is well adapted for it. No matter what kind of weather

prevails, it has always a neat and fresh appearance. By the illustration

(Fig. 22) the reader will doubtless recognise its familiar form. As

already stated, its flowers are orange-yellow, very full, with petals

evenly arranged; they are 1in. across, and produced on round, short,

hollow stems, seldom more than 9in. high. The forked flower stalks are

furnished with embracing leaves, differing very much from the others,

which are stalked, heart-shaped, nearly round, and evenly-toothed. All

the foliage is of a rich dark shining green colour. Strong specimens

produce flowers for a long time, fully two months, and frequently they

burst into blossom again in the autumn. Individual flowers are very

lasting, and, moreover, are very effective in a cut state. It is a

robust grower, providing it is not in light dry soil; it seems with me

to do equally well fully exposed to sunshine and in partial shade, but

both positions are of a moist character.

[Illustration: FIG. 22. CALTHUS PALUSTRIS FLORE-PLENO.

(One-half natural size.)]

It has long fleshy roots, which allows of its being transplanted at any

time, early spring being the best, to increase it. The crowns should be

divided every three years, when there will be found to be ample roots to

each one.

Flowering period, April to June.

Calystegia Pubescens Flore-pleno.

_Nat. Ord._ CONVOLVULACEÆ.

This double Convolvulus is a somewhat recent introduction from China; it

is hardy and perennial. So distinct are its large flesh-coloured flowers

that they are often taken at the first glance, when cut, for double

pyrethrums or chrysanthemums, but, seen in connection with the plant,

the form of foliage and climbing or twining habit of the bindweed soon

enable the most casual observer of flowers to recognise its genus.

The flowers are 2in. to 3in. across, petals long, narrow, wavy, and

reflexed; these are well held together by the five-parted calyx, further

supported by a bract of two small but stout leaves. The flower stalks

are round and wiry, 3in. or 4in. long; they are produced all along the

twining stems, which are only of the moderate length of 5ft. or 6ft. The

leaves are of the well-known Convolvulus form.

I find it a good plan to grow this subject amongst tall and early

flowering plants, such as lupins, foxgloves, and lilies, the old stems

of which form ample supports for the climber; moreover, they are

rendered less unsightly from being thus furnished anew with leaf and

flower, even though not their own. Another method is in early summer to

place a short twiggy branch over the pushing growths; it will soon

become covered, and if not too large, the ends of the shoots will

slightly outgrow the twigs and hang down in a pleasing manner. The plant

should be started in light sandy loam and have a warm situation,

otherwise flowers will be scarce and the whole specimen have a weedy

appearance. When once it becomes established, it will be found to spread

rapidly by means of its running roots, which, unless checked, will soon

become a pest. I simply pull out all growths except such as shoot up in

the desired position, and so continue to treat them as weeds throughout

the growing season. Stems furnished with flowers a yard or more long, in

a cut state, make rich festoons; single blooms (the smaller ones) look

well as "buttonholes," being neat and effective, without gaudiness. I

ought to state that a succession of flowers is kept up for fully three

months; this fact adds not a little to the value of this handsome

flesh-coloured bloomer. Roots may be transplanted at any time; the

smallest piece will produce a blooming plant the first season, if put

into a proper soil and situation.

Flowering period, July to September.

Campanula Grandis.

GREAT BELLFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ CAMPANULACEÆ.

A hardy herbaceous perennial from Siberia, growing to a height of 3ft.

Its flowers are large, bright, and numerous; well-established clumps

will present masses of bloom for more than a month with average weather.

As a large showy subject there are few plants more reliable, or that can

in any way excel it, more especially for town gardens. It is a rampant

grower, quickly covering large spaces by means of its progressive roots;

in gardens or collections where it can only be allowed a limited space,

the running habit of the roots will doubtless prove troublesome, and

often such free growers, however handsome they may be otherwise, are

esteemed common, which should not be. The proper thing to do would be to

give these vigorous and fine flowering subjects such quarters as will

allow them their natural and unrestrained development.

The flowers of _C. grandis_ are more than 1in. across the corolla, the

five segments being large and bluntly pointed, of a transparent

purple-blue colour, and very enduring; they are arranged on short

stalks, which issue from the strong upright stems. They form little

tufts of bloom at every joint for a length of nearly 2ft.; the

succession, too, is well kept up. Buds continue to form long after the

earliest have opened. The leaves are 4in. to 8in. long and ¾in. wide,

lance-shaped, stalkless, and finely toothed. They are arranged in round

tufts on the unproductive crowns, and they remain green throughout the

winter.

As regards soil, any kind will do; neither is the question of position

of any moment beyond the precaution which should be taken against its

encroachments on smaller subjects. In the partial shade of shrubs it not

only flowers well but proves very effective. Useful as this plant is in

the garden, it becomes far more so in a cut state. When it is needful to

make up a bold vase or basket of flowers for room decoration, it can be

quickly and effectively done by a liberal use of its long, leafy, but

well-bloomed spikes; five or six of them, 2ft. to 3ft. long, based with

a few large roses, pæonies, or sprays of thalictrum, make a noble

ornament for the table, hall, or sideboard, and it is not one of the

least useful flowers for trays or dishes when cut short. Propagated by

division at any time, the parts may be planted at once in their blooming

quarters.

Flowering period, June and July.

Campanula Latifolia.

BROAD-LEAVED BELLFLOWER; _Nat. Ord._ CAMPANULACEÆ.

A British species, very much resembling _C. grandis_, but somewhat

taller, and flowering a little earlier; the latter quality has induced

me to mention it, as it offers a fine spike for cutting purposes before

the above is ready.

Culture, uses, and propagation, the same as for _C. grandis_.

Flowering period, June and July.

Campanula Persicifolia.

PEACH-LEAVED BELLFLOWER; _Old Common Names_,

"PEACH-BELS" _and_ "STEEPLE-BELS"; _Nat. Ord._

CAMPANULACEÆ.

This good "old-fashioned" perennial has had a place in English gardens

for several hundred years; it is still justly and highly esteemed. It is

a well-known plant, and as the specific name is descriptive of the

leaves, I will only add a few words of Gerarde's respecting the flowers:

"Alongst the stalke growe many flowers like bels, sometime white, and

for the most part, of a faire blewe colour; but the bels are nothing so

deepe as they of the other kindes, and these also are more delated and

spred abroade then any of the reste." The varieties include single blue

(type) and white, double blue, and different forms of double white.

In all cases the corolla is cup or broad bell shaped, and the flowers

are sparingly produced on slightly foliaged stems, 18in. to 3ft. high;

there are, however, such marked distinctions belonging to _C. p. alba

fl.-pl._ in two forms that they deserve special notice; they are very

desirable flowers, on the score of both quaintness and beauty. I will

first notice the kind with two corollas, the inner bell of which will be

more than an inch deep, and about the same in diameter. The outer

corolla is much shorter, crumpled, rolled back, and somewhat marked with

green, as if intermediate in its nature between the larger corolla and

the calyx. The whole flower has a droll but pleasing form, and I have

heard it not inaptly called "Grandmother's Frilled Cap." The other kind

has five or more corollas, which are neatly arranged, each growing less

as they approach the centre. In all, the segments are but slightly

divided, though neatly formed; this flower is of the purest white and

very beautiful, resembling a small double rose. It is one of the best

flowers to be found at its season in the borders, and for cutting

purposes I know none to surpass it; it is clean and durable. So much are

the flowers esteemed, that the plant is often grown in pots for forcing

and conservatory decoration, to which treatment it takes kindly.

In the open all the above varieties grow freely in any kind of garden

soil, but if transplanted in the autumn into newly-dug quarters they

will in every way prove more satisfactory; this is not necessary, but if

cultivation means anything, it means we should adopt the best-known

methods of treatment towards all the plants we grow, and certainly some

of the above Bellflowers are deserving of all the care that flowers are

worth.

Flowering period, July to September.

Campanula Pyramidalis.

PYRAMIDAL _or_ CHIMNEY CAMPANULA; _Nat. Ord._

CAMPANULACEÆ.

This herbaceous perennial is a very old flower in this country; it came

from Carniola in the year 1594. It is very hardy, and for several months

together it continues to produce its large lively blue flowers,

beginning in July and lasting until stopped by frosts. At no time is it

in finer form than in September; at the height of from 5ft. to 7ft. it

proves richly effective amongst the blooming hollyhocks, where, as

regards colour, it supplies the "missing link" (see Fig. 23).

The flowers are a light bright blue colour, and 1in. to 1½in. across.

The corolla is bell-shaped, the five divisions being deeply cut, which

allows the flower to expand well; the calyx is neat and smooth, the

segments long and awl-shaped; the flower stalks are short, causing the

numerous erect branches to be closely furnished with bloom during

favourable weather. The leaves of the root are very large and stalked,

of irregular shape, but for the most part broadly oval or lance-shaped.

The edges are slightly toothed, having minute glands; those of the stems

are much smaller, sessile, and long egg-shaped; all the foliage is

smooth, and of a dark green colour; the main stems are very stout, and

sometimes grow to the height of 7ft. Vigorous plants will send up

several of these, from which a great number of small ones issue, all

assuming an erect habit; blooming specimens are hardly anything else

than a wand-like set of flowered stems, and though it is advisable to

stake them, I have seen them bend and wave during high winds without

damage.

[Illustration: FIG. 23. CAMPANULA PYRAMIDALIS.

(One-twentieth natural size; _a_, one-half natural size.)]

In the borders and shrubbery this is a very effective subject; it is

amongst herbaceous plants what the Lombardy poplar is amongst forest

trees--tall, elegant, and distinct. Its use, however, is somewhat

limited, owing to the stiffness of the stems and the shortness of the

flower stalks; but when grown in pots--as it often is--for indoor

decoration, it proves useful for standing amongst orange and camellia

trees. It has very strong tap roots, and enjoys a deep rich loam. Not

only does it look well among trees, but otherwise the partial shade of

such quarters seems conducive to finer bloom.

Flowering period, July to October.

_C. p. alba_ is a white flowering variety of the above species; its

other points of distinction are its smaller-sized leaves and much paler

green colour, by which alone the plants may be easily recognised from

the type. This variety may be grown with good effect in pots or the

border; it scarcely gets so tall as the blue form, but looks well by the

side of it.

The readiest way to increase these plants is to take the young and dwarf

growths from the woody crown of the roots, paring off a little of the

bark with each. If these are put in sandy loam during the warm growing

season and kept shaded for a few days, they will very soon make plenty

of roots; this method in no way damages the flowers. Another way is by

seed, but seedlings are two years before they bloom.

Campanula Speciosa.

SHOWY HAREBELL; _Nat. Ord._ CAMPANULACEÆ.

A comparatively new species, brought from Siberia in 1825, and sometimes

called _C. glomerata dahurica_. It is a good hardy plant, perennial and

herbaceous, and one of the earliest to flower. It has a distinct

appearance; it nearly resembles _C. aggregata_, but the latter does not

flower until several weeks later. Apart from its likeness to other

species of the genus, it is a first-class border flower, having large

bells of a fine deep purple colour, and, unlike many of the Harebells,

is not over tall, but usually about a foot high, having a neat habit.

The flowers are arranged in dense heads, whorl fashion, having very

short stalks; they are nearly 2in. long and bell shaped. The leaves

(radical) are oval heart-shaped and stalked; those of the stems are

sessile; the whole plant is hairy and robust. This is one of the flowers

which can hardly be planted out of place in any garden, excepting

amongst the rare and very dwarf alpines; it is not only true to its

name, "showy," but handsome. It will grow and flower well in the worst

soil and needs no sort of care; it would be fine in lines by a

shrubbery, and is effective in bold clumps; and though a new kind, it

belongs to a race of "old-fashioned" flowers, amongst which it would mix

appropriately. Increased by division in autumn.

Flowering period, June and July.

Campanula Waldsteiniana.

_Nat. Ord._ CAMPANULACEÆ.

A rare and distinct alpine species from Carinthia. It proves perfectly

hardy in this climate. For the rock garden it is a gem of the first

water, its habit being dwarf, dense, and rigid; floriferous as many of

the Bellflowers are, I know none to excel this one. As may be observed

in the following description, there are not a few distinctive traits

about it, which, more or less, go to make it a desirable subject for

rare and choice collections.

The flowers are a glistening bluish-lilac, erect, and ¾in. across when

fully expanded. The corolla can hardly be said to be bell-shaped, as the

five divisions are two-thirds of its depth, which allows it, when full

blown, to become nearly flat, and as the segments are equal, sharply

cut, and pointed, the flower has a star-like appearance. The little

calyx is cup-shaped, angular, and has small, stout, horn-like segments,

which are bent downwards. Each flower has a pedicel about 1in. long,

which springs from the axils of the main stem leaves; the stems seldom

exceed the height of 4in. or 5in., and they are exceedingly fine,

thready, as also are the pedicels; they are, moreover, of zigzag form,

from node to node. The leaves are ¾in. long, and less than ½in. wide,

ovate or nearly cordate, partially folded, and sometimes reflexed at the

ends, nearly stalkless, slightly toothed, smooth, of good substance and

a peculiar grey-green colour. The foliage for two or three weeks is

completely hidden by the large number of flowers, during which time it

is a most attractive subject.

I grow it with other dwarf Campanulas in a collection bed, where it

compares well with the finest, such as _C. pulla_, _C. muralis_, and _C.

Zoysii_, for effectiveness. Having proved it to thrive well in light

sandy soil of a vegetable character, I have not tried it otherwise; it

enjoys a sunny situation. The site should be well drained; it will

endure nothing like stagnant moisture--its peculiar roots would indicate

this fact, they are not only tender and fleshy, but thick and of a

pith-like nature, and, as I have never been able to gather any seed, and

the propagation has to be carried out by root division, there requires

to be a careful manipulation of these parts, for not only do they split

and break with the least strain, but when so mutilated they are very

liable to rot. I have found it by far the better plan to divide this

plant after it has begun to grow in March or April, when its fine

shining black shoots, which resemble horse hairs in appearance, are

about ½in. high. Slugs are fond of this plant; a dressing once a week of

sand and soot, when it begins to grow, will keep them off.

Flowering period, July and August.

Centaurea Montana.

MOUNTAIN KNAPWEED; _Nat. Ord._ COMPOSITÆ.

This is an "old-fashioned" and favourite flower. Every one must be

familiar with its thistle-like formed flowers; it is sometimes called

the large or perennial Cornflower and also the Large Bluebottle. The

blue variety has been grown in English gardens since 1596. There are now

white and pink coloured varieties, all rampant growers, very hardy and

perennial. They are in every way superior to the annual kind, which is

so largely grown, the flowers being more than twice the size, and

produced two months earlier; the blooming period is maintained until

late autumn.

The flowers, as before hinted, are thistle-shaped; the pericline or knob

just under the florets is cone-shaped, covered with evenly set and

pointed scales, green, edged with a brown margin, set round with short

bristle-like teeth. The florets of the outer ring are 1½in. long,

tubular half their length, the wider portion being five to seven cut;

the centre florets are short and irregular, richly tinted with pink at

their bases; the whole flower or ray, when expanded, is 3in. across.

They are produced on stems over 2ft. long and of a somewhat procumbent

habit, angular and branched near the tops; the leaves are 3in. to 6in.

long, lance-shaped, entire and decurrent, giving the stems a winged

appearance. They are of a greyish colour--nappy--whence the name

Knapweed.

This vigorous species, with its white and pink varieties, may be grown

in any kind of soil. It requires plenty of room; a two-year-old plant

will form a specimen a yard in diameter under favourable conditions. The

effect is good when all the three colours are grown near each other in

bold pieces. They yield an unfailing supply of flowers, which are of a

very useful type; in fact, the more they are cut the more they seem to

bloom, and it is a good plan to cut short half the stems about June.

They will (in a week or two) produce new shoots and large flowers in

abundance, the gain being flowers of extra size during autumn.

Propagated by division of the roots any time.

Flowering period, June to September.

Centranthus Ruber.

_Syn._ VALERIANA RUBER--RED VALERIAN; _Nat. Ord._

VALERIANACEÆ.

This is a strong and vigorous garden plant, with a somewhat shrubby

appearance; it is herbaceous, perennial, and sometimes classed as a

British species, therefore hardy; but though its classification among

British plants is justifiable, it is only so on the ground of its being

a naturalised subject, its original habitats being in the South of

Europe. It is a favourite and "old-fashioned" flower, and it fully

justifies the estimation in which it is held, the flowers being produced

in large bunches of a fine rich colour, which are very durable. Its

shrubby habit is not one of its least recommendations; seen at a

distance--which it easily can be--it might be taken for a ruby-coloured

rhododendron, to which, of course, it has no resemblance when closely

inspected. It grows 2ft. high or more.

The flowers are a bright ruby colour, very small, but closely massed in

great numbers, borne in corymbs, terminal and much branched; "the

calyx-limb, at first revolute, afterwards expanded into a feather-like

pappus;" the corolla is tubular, long, slender, and spurred; the

segments or petals are small and uneven, both in form and arrangement;

the germen is long; anther prominent and large for so small a flower,

viz., ¾in. long and hardly ¼in. in diameter. The stems are stout, round,

hollow, and glaucous; they are furnished with leaves of various shapes

at the nodes, as lance-shaped, long oval, heart-shaped and plain,

elliptical and pointed, wavy and notched, and arrow-shaped, lobed, and

toothed. The root leaves are mostly ovate, lanceolate, and entire. The

whole plant is smooth and glaucous. From the description given, it may

readily be seen that when in flower it will be effective--massive heads

of ruby flowers topping a shrub-like plant of shining foliage and

glaucous hue. It is eminently fitted for lines or borders where other

strong growers are admitted. In a cut state the flowers are very useful;

they are strongly scented, something like the lilac, with just a

suspicion of Valerian in it. I ought not to omit mention of its extra

brightness as seen by gaslight--this fact adds much to its value for

indoor decoration.

It may be grown in any kind of garden soil, needing nothing at any time

in the way of special treatment; but if it is supplied with a little

manure it will pay back with interest, in the form of extra-sized

bunches and brighter flowers.

_C. r. albus_ is a white-flowering kind of the above; its main points of

difference are its paler green foliage, smaller sized corymbs, shorter

growth, and rather later season of bloom.