_STOPPAGES._—There shall be stopped out of the pay of an artillery
soldier, (beer money included,) the sum of 5 shillings and one penny
_per_ week, to be applied towards the expense of his mess, (including
vegetables, &c.) A sum not exceeding one shilling and six-pence _per_
week shall be retained for necessaries to be accounted for, as usual,
monthly. The remainder amounting to 3_s._ 10¾_d._ _per_ week, shall be
paid to the soldier, subject to the accustomed deductions for washing,
&c. or articles for cleaning his cloaths and appointments. Stoppages
for rations for man and horse. See the word _Ration_.
_TANGENT._—See the table of natural tangents at the end of the word
_Gunnery_.
_Tangent Scale._—.21 of an inch is the tangent of 1 degree to every
foot of a gun’s length, from the base ring to the swell of the
muzzle: Therefore if the distance in feet, between these two points
be multiplied by .21, the product will be the tangent of 1 degree;
from which the dispart being subtracted, will give the length of the
tangent scale above the base ring for one degree of elevation for that
particular gun. If the scale is to be applied to the quarter sight of
the gun, of course the dispart need not be subtracted.
_Tangent of 1 Degree to the following Ordnance._
+-------------------+------------+-----------+--------+
| | Length. |Tangent, 1°|Dispart.|
+-------------------+------------+-----------+--------+
| |Feet. In. | Inches. | Inches.|
|12 Pr. Medium | 6 6 | 1.365 | 1.475 |
|12 Pr. Light | 5 — | 1.05 | 1. |
| 6 Pr. Heavy | 7 — | 1.47 | 1.32 |
| 6 Pr. Light | 5 — | 1.05 | 1. |
| 3 Pr. Heavy | 6 — | 1.26 | 1.08 |
|10 Inch Howitzer | 3 11½ | .84 | — |
| 8 ” ” | 3 1 | .64 | — |
| 5½ ” Light | 2 2¾ | .47 | — |
| 4⅖ ” ” | 1 10 | .384 | — |
+-------------------+------------+-----------+--------+
_Tangent of 1 Degree to the following French Guns._
+-------------+---------------------+---------------------+
| Nature | Siege. | Field. |
| of +----------+----------+----------+----------+
| Ordnance. | Tangent | Dispart. | Tangent | Dispart. |
| | of 1° | | of 1° | |
+-------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
| |In. Li. P.|In. Li. P.|In. Li. P.|In. Li. P.|
|24 Pounder | 2 1 5 | 1 2 4 | — | — |
|16 ” | 2 — — | 1 1 — | — | — |
|12 ” | 1 10 6 | 1 — — | 1 4 — | 1 3 2 |
| 8 ” | 1 8 3 | 1 — — | 1 2 — | 1 2 — |
| 4 ” | — | — | 1 — — | 1 — — |
| 6 In. How’r.| — | — | 0 5 6 | — |
+-------------+----------+----------+----------+----------+
As the French tangent scales are marked off in inches and lines, the
above dimensions are given in the same, for the more ready turning the
French elevations into degrees, and thereby comparing their ranges with
the English.
_TENT for Laboratory Works._—Weight complete with poles, pins, &c. 3
cwt. 24 lbs. length of ridge pole, 18 feet; length of poles, 14½ feet.
_Bell Tent_, now used for infantry or cavalry; weight, complete with
poles, 43 lbs. length of pole, 9 feet, contain 12 men each, require 40
pegs.
_Common Infantry Tent._—Length of ridge pole 7 feet; length of
standards 6 feet. They hold only 5 men each. Weight complete 27 lbs.
_Marquee._—Weight complete,1 cwt. 17 lbs. ridge pole, 7 feet; standard,
8 feet.
_TONNAGE._—The usual method of finding the tonnage of any ship is by
the following rule: Multiply the length of the keel by the breadth of
the beam, and that product by half the breadth of the beam; and divide
the last product by 94, and the quotient will be the tonnage.
Ship’s keel 72 feet: breadth of beam 24 feet.
(72 × 24 × 12)
------------- = 220.6 tonnage.
94
The tonnage of goods and stores is taken sometimes by weight and
sometimes by measurement; and that method is allowed to the vessel,
which yields the most tonnage. In tonnage by weight, 20 cwt. make
1 ton. In tonnage by measurement 40 cubic feet equal 1 ton. All
carriages, or other stores to be; measured for tonnage, are taken to
pieces, and packed in the manner which will occupy the least room on
board ship. All ordnance, whether brass or iron, is taken in tonnage
by its actual weight. Musquet cartridges in barrels or boxes; all
ammunition in boxes; and other articles of great weight are taken
in tonnage, according to their actual weight.—See also the word
_Embarkation_.
The following is the tonnage required for some of the most material
ordnance stores.
_Tonnage of Ordnance._
Nature. Nᵒ. | T. ct. qr.
-----------------------------------------+--------------
Pole 264 | — 10 0
Axes, complete with Pick 100 | — 9 0
handles Felling 176 | — 14 0
-----------------------------------------+--------------
Barrows—Wheel packed 20 | 2 2 0
” unpacked 7 | 1 0 0
Hand, single 20 | 0 18 0
Budge barrels 32 | 1 0 0
Bricks 1000 | 2 5 0
Buckets of leather 20 | 0 2 0
-----------------------------------------+--------------
Pontoon and carriage complete, | 11 0 0
with its appurtenances |
-----------------------------------------+--------------
Carbines.—A chest with 25 stand |
is 11 feet cubic |
-----------------------------------------+--------------
Carriages.—Standing 42 Prs. | 1 13 0
32 Prs. | 1 10 0
Howitzer 10 Inch. | 1 10 0
24 Prs. | 1 9 8
-----------------------------------------+--------------
18 Prs. | 1 7 0
Howitzer 8 Inch. |
-----------------------------------------+--------------
12 Prs. | 1 4 0
9 Prs. | 1 3 0
6 Prs. | 1 0 0
4 Prs. | 0 17 0
-----------------------------------------+--------------
Carriages.—Travelling, 24 Prs. | 5 10 0
complete with limber 12 Prs. | 4 10 2
boxes, ladles, sponges 9 Prs. | 4 7 2
and rammers 6 Prs. | 3 7 2
3 Prs. | 2 19 0
-----------------------------------------+--------------
Medium 24 Prs. | 2 9 2
12 Prs. |
-----------------------------------------+--------------
6 Pr. light, with ammunition boxes |
5½ Inch howitzer, ” ” | 2 3 0
-----------------------------------------+--------------
5½ Howitzer of 10 cwt. | 3 2 0
8 Inch Howitzer Carriages | 3 7 2
-----------------------------------------+--------------
Sling cart, complete | 3 0 2
Forge cart, with limber | 4 0 0
Ammunition waggon | 4 18 1
Gravel cart | 2 16 2
Duke of Richmond’s close bodied waggon | 5 0 0
Road waggon, with upright sides | 7 10 0
Gin; triangle | 0 14 0
Grate for heating shot | 0 4 2
Handspikes 120 | 1 0 0
Handcrow levers, of 5 feet 120 | 1 0 0
Handscrews, large 15 | 1 0 0
small 17 | 1 0 6
Helves, pick or felling 300 | 0 14 0
” sledge 300 | 1 0 0
” pinmaul 360 | 1 0 0
Junk 20 cwt. | 1 5 0
Linstocks, with cocks 600 | 1 0 0
without cocks 1000 | 1 0 0
Musquets.—A chest with 25 is 16 feet. |
” ” with 20 is 11 feet. |
Match 6 cwt. | 1 14 0
-----------------------------------------+--------------
Powder { 11 whole barrels | 1 0 0
{ 22 half ” | 1 0 0
-----------------------------------------+--------------
Pitch or tar.—1 barrel is 7 feet. |
Pistols.—A chest with 50 or 60 = 10 feet.|
Park pickets 40 | 0 9 1
Pikes 280 | 1 0 0
Sheep Skins 12 dozen | 1 1 0
Shovels of iron 100 | 1 0 0
Spades 180 | 1 0 0
Shovels, shod with iron 138 | 1 0 0
-----------------------------------------+--------------
Bushel 500 | 0 12 0
Sand bags ½ ” 500 | 0 7 1
Bales 2 Bushel 250 | 0 8 1
-----------------------------------------+--------------
The following is the tonnage allowed to the military officers of the
ordnance embarked for foreign service, for their camp equipage and
baggage:
For a field officer 5 tons.
For a captain 3 ”
For a subaltern 1½ ”
_12th June, 1799._
_TRANSPORTS._—See the word _Embarkation_.
_TRENCHES._—A general term for all the approaches at a siege of a
fortified place.
The approaches at a siege are generally carried on upon the capitals
of the works attached; because the capitals produced are of all other
situations in the front of a work the lead exposed to the fire of
either the cannon or musquetry; and are the least in the line of fire
between the besieged and besieger’s batteries. But if, from particular
circumstances, these, or other advantages do not attend the approaches
upon the capitals, they are by no means to be preferred to other
positions.
The trenches of communication, or zig-zags, are 3 feet deep, 10 feet
wide at bottom, and 13 feet at top, having a berm of one foot, beyond
which the earth is thrown to form a parapet.
The parallels or places of arms of the trenches are 3 feet deep, 12
feet wide at bottom, and 17 or 18 feet wide at top, having a banquette
of about 3 feet wide, with a slope of nearly as much. See the word
_Sap_.
The first night of opening the trenches, the greatest exertions are
made to take advantage of the enemy’s ignorance as to the side of
attack; and they are generally carried on as far in advance as the
first parallel, and even sometimes to the completion of that work. The
workmen set out on this duty, each with a fascine of 6 feet, a pick ax,
and a shovel; and the fascines being laid so as to lap one foot over
each other, leaves 5 feet of trench for each man to dig.
The usual method of directing the trenches or zig-zags, is by observing
during the day some near object in a line with the salient parts of
the work, and which may serve as a direction in the night; or if the
night be not very dark, the angles of the works maybe seen above the
horizon; but as both these methods are subject to uncertainty, the
following is proposed, to answer every case: having laid down the plan
of attack, the exact positions of the flanked angles of the works of
the front attacked, and particularly of those most extended to the
right and left, mark on the plan the point of commencement for the
first portions of zig-zag; the point where it crosses the capital; and
the point to which it extends on the other side of the capital: this
last point will be the commencement of the second branch; then mark off
the point where this branch crosses the capital and its extent on the
other side; and this will give the commencement of the third branch;
and so on for the others. Thus provided with a plan ready marked off,
it will be very easy, even in the darkest night, to lay down the points
where the zig-zags are to cross the capital, and the points to which
they are to be produced beyond them. The first parallel is generally
run about 600 yards from the place, and of such extent as to embrace
the prolongations of the faces of all the works which fire upon the
trenches; and each end has a return of about 30 or 40 yards.
The second parallel is constructed upon the same principles, and of
the same extent as the first; at the distance of about 300 yards from
the salient angles of the covert way. This parallel is usually formed
of gabions, each workman carrying a gabion, a fascine, a shovel, and
a pick ax. After this the trenches are usually carried on by sap.—See
that word.
The half parallels are about 140 or 150 yards from the covert way,
and extend on each side sufficient to embrace the prolongation of the
branches of the covert way.
The third parallel must not be nearer than the foot of the glacis, or
it will mask the ricochet batteries. It is generally made rather wider
than the other parallels.
Cavaliers of the trenches must not be nearer than 28 yards from the
covert way, or they will be liable to be annoyed by hand grenades.
See likewise the words _Approaches_, _Sap_, and _Battery_.
_TROU DE LOUP_—A cone reversed. Diameter of the base 4 feet 6 inches;
depth 6 feet; picket 6 feet long, and from 4 to 5 inches square;
contain ¾ of a cubic fathom of earth, and are usually placed 2 in 3
fathoms.
_TUBES_—of tin plates are the best for service. Tubes must pass through
a gauge of ²/₁₀ of an inch diameter. The composition is mealed powder,
mixt up stiff with spirits of wine. They are made up in bundles of 100
each.
_Length of Tin Tubes._
+-------+----------------------------------------------------------+
| | Nature of Ordnance. |
|Length.+------+-------+------+---------+-------------+------------+
| |Heavy.|Medium.|Light.|Howitzer.|Land Mortars.|Sea Mortars.|
+-------+------+-------+------+---------+-------------+------------+
|Inches.| Pr. | Pr. | Pr. | Inch. | Inch. | Inch. |
| 12.2 | — | — | — | — | — | 13 |
| 8.8 | 24 | 24 | — | — | — | — |
| 8.2 | 18 | 18 | — | — | — | — |
| 7.75 | 12 | 12 | — | — | 13 | 10 |
| 6.8 | 9 | 9 | — | — | — | — |
| 6.5 | 6 | — | 24 | 8 | 10 | — |
| 5.9 | 3 | 6 | 12 | 5½ | — | — |
| 5.0 | — | — | — | — | 8 | — |
| 4.75 | 1½ | 1½ | 6 | — | — | — |
| 4.2 | — | — | — | 4⅖ | 5½ | — |
| 3.6 | — | — | — | — | 4⅖ | — |
+-------+------+-------+------+---------+-------------+------------+
=Note.=—If tin tubes get damaged by wet, the composition may be cleared
out of them, and they may be fresh filled. If spirits of wine cannot be
had, good rum or brandy will answer the purpose.
_UNIFORMS._—
_Principal Colour of the Military Uniforms of the different Powers of
Europe._
---------------+--------+----------+----------+------------------
NATIONS. |Cavalry.|Infantry. |Artillery.| Remarks.
---------------+--------+----------+----------+------------------
Imperial |White |White |Grey |
---------------+--------+----------+----------+------------------
Russian |Blue |Green |Green | Black cockades.
Danes | — |Red | — |
---------------+--------+----------+----------+---------------
English |Blue |Red |Blue |
French |Blue |White |Blue | Nati’l. cockades.
Poland |Blue |Blue |Blue |
Prussian |White |Blue |Blue | Drag. light blue.
Sardinian |Blue |Blue |Blue |
Sweden | — |Blue | — | Yellow cockades.
Bavaria | — |White |Grey |
Hanover |Blue |Red |mixt Blue | Green cockades.
Mayence | — |White | ” |
Palatine |Crimson |clear Blue| — |
---------------+--------+----------+----------+------------------
Saxon |White |White |Green | Dragoons red;
| | | | white cock.
---------------+--------+----------+----------+------------------
Anspach |Blue |Blue |Blue |
Bade | — |Blue | — |
Brunswick | — |Blue | — |
Hesse |White |Blue |Blue |
Nassau Sarlz | — |Blue | — |
Saxe Cobourg | — |Blue | — |
Saxe Gotha |Blue |Blue |Blue |
Saxe Hildburg | — |Blue | — |
Saxe Meemingen | — |Blue | — |
Saxe Weimer |Blue |Green |Green |
Wurtemburg | — |Blue |Blue |
Holland |White |Blue |Blue |
---------------+--------+----------+----------+------------------
| | | | Black and red
Berne |Red |Blue |Blue | cockades.
---------------+--------+----------+----------+------------------
Mecklenburg |Blue |Blue |Blue. |
---------------+--------+----------+----------+------------------
_VELOCITY._—Initial velocity of military projectiles, as ascertained by
the experiments with the Ballistic pendulum at Woolwich, in 1788, 1789,
and 1790. These experiments were made with shot of equal diameters,
powder of equal strength, and under a mean height of the barometer; and
shew,
1. That there is very little difference in the velocities of shot fired
from guns of the same length, but of unequal weights; the advantage
being sometimes in favour of one and sometimes of the other.
2. That velocities arising from firing with different quantities
of powder, are nearly in the proportion of the square roots of the
quantities or weights of powder.
3. That the velocities decrease as the distances increase, arising from
the resistance of the air, which opposes the progress of the shot,
in a proportion somewhat higher than the squares of the velocities
throughout; and only to a small variation.
4. That very little advantage is gained in point of range, by
increasing the charge more than is necessary to attain the object, the
velocities given by large charges being very soon reduced to those by
moderate charges: those for instance given by half the shot’s weight
are reduced to an equality with those by one third, after passing
through a space of only 200 feet.
5. That very little advantage is also gained by increasing the length
of guns; the velocity given by long guns of 22 calibers length of
bore, being reduced to an equality with those of the short guns of 15½
calibers with similar charges, after passing through the spaces as
follows:
With ½ the shot’s weight 285 feet.
⅓ ” ” 200
¼ ” ” 150
⅙ ” ” 115
6. That the resistance of the air against balls of different diameters
with equal velocities, is very nearly in the proportion of the squares
of their diameters; or as their surfaces.
7. That the velocity is not affected by compressing the charge more or
less; or by heating the piece in different degrees.
8. That a very great increase of velocity arises from a decrease of
windage; it appearing, that with the established windage; of ¹/₂₀
between ⅓ and ¼ of the force is lost.
9. It also appeared, that by firing the charge in different parts; by
varying the weight of the gun to lessen the recoil; or even by stopping
the recoil entirely, no sensible change is produced in the velocity of
the ball.
10. That though the velocity of the shot is increased only to a certain
point peculiar to each gun, (a further increase of powder producing a
diminished velocity,) yet the recoil of the gun is always increased by
an increase of charge.
11. Velocity of a light 6 Pr.—length, 4 feet 8 inches; charge, ⅓ the
weight of the shot; 1558 feet _per_ second.—6 Prs. heavy; 6 feet 8
inches; charge ⅓ = 1673 feet.
Velocity of a light 3 Pr. length, 3 feet 4 inches, charge ⅓—1371 feet
_per_ second.
Do. Heavy 3 Pr. length, 5 feet 9½ inches, charge ⅓ the shot—1584 feet.