Shells are likewise sometimes quilted into grape. See the word _Shot_.
For the method of proving shells. See _Proof_.
_To find the Weight of a Shell of Iron._
Take ⁹/₆₄ of the difference of the cubes of the external and internal
diameters for the weight of the shell.
_To find how much Powder will fill a Shell._
Divide the cube of the internal diameter of the shell in inches by
57.3, for the pounds of powder.
_To find the size of a Shell to contain a given Weight of Powder._
Multiply the pounds of powder by 57.3, and the cube root of the product
will be the diameter in inches.
The Germans do not name their shells from the diameter of the bore
which receives them, but from the weight of a stone ball that fits
the same bore as the shell. Thus a 7 lbs. howitzer admits a stone
ball of that weight; the shell for this weighs 15 lbs. and answers to
the English 5½ inch. The 30 lbs. howitzer shell weighs 60 lbs. and is
rather more than 8 inches in diameter.
NOTE.—Shells were till lately made thicker at the bottom than at the
fuze hole; but are now cast of the same thickness throughout, and are
found to burst into a greater number of pieces in consequence.
_SHOT._—_Rules for finding the Number in any Pile._
_Triangular Pile._
Multiply the base by the base + 1, this product by the base + 2, and
divide by 6.
_Square Pile._
Multiply the bottom row by the bottom row + 1, and this product by
twice the bottom row + 2, and divide by 6.
_Rectangular Piles._
Multiply the breadth of the base by itself + 1, and this product by 3
times the difference between the length and breadth of the base, added
to twice the breadth + 1 and divide by 6.
_Incomplete Piles._
Incomplete piles being only frustrums, wanting a similar small pile
on the top, compute first the whole pile as if complete, and also the
small pile wanting at top; and then subtract the one number from the
other.
_Rules for finding the Dimensions and Weight of Shot._
The weight and dimensions of shot or shells might be found by means of
their specific gravities; (see the word _Gravity_;) but they may be
found still easier, by means of the experimented weight of a ball of a
given size, from the known proportion of similar figures, namely as the
cubes of their diameters.
1st. _To find the Weight of an Iron Ball from its Diameter_—An iron
ball of 4 inches diameter weighs 9 lbs. and the weights being as the
cubes of their diameters, it will be as 64, (the cube of 4,) is to 9,
so is the cube of the diameter of any other ball to its weight.
2d, _To find the Weight of a Leaden Ball_.—A leaden ball of 4¼ inches
diameter weighs 17 lbs. Therefore, as the cube of 4¼ is to 17, (as 9
to 2 nearly,) so is the cube of the diameter of any leaden ball to its
weight.
3d, _To find the Diameter of an Iron Ball_.—Multiply the weight by 7¹/₉
and the cube root of the product will be the diameter.
4th, _To find the Diameter of a Leaden Ball_.—Multiply the weight by 9,
and divide the product by 2; and take the cube root of the quotient for
the diameter.
_Table of Diameters of English Iron Round Shot._
+-------+---+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+
|Nature.| 68| 42 | 32 | 24 | 18 | 12 | 9 | 6 | 3 | 1 |
+-------+---+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+
|Inches.| 8.|6.684|6.105|5.547|5.040|4.403|4.000|3.498|2.775|1.92|
+-------+---+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+----+
_Diameters of French Iron Round Shot in English Inches._
+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|Nature.| 36 | 24 | 16 | 12 | 8 | 4 |
+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
|Inches.|6.648|5.808|5.074|4.610|4.027|3.196|
+-------+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+-----+
_Table of English Case Shot for different Services._
+------+--------------------------++-------------------------------+
| | Sea Service. || Carronades. |
| +-------+-------+----------++------+-------+-------+--------+
|Nature|Weight |Number | Weight ||Nature|Weight |Number | Weight |
| |of each|in each| of each || |of each|in each|of each |
| | Shot. | Case. | Case || | Shot. | Case. | Case |
| | | | filled. || | | | filled.|
+------+-------+-------+----------++------+-------+-------+--------+
| Prs. | oz. | Nᵒ. |lbs. oz. || Prs. | oz. | Nᵒ. |lbs. oz.|
| 32 | 8 | 70 | 33 8 || 68 | 8 | 90 | 46 2 |
| 24 | 8 | 42 | 22 15 || 42 | 8 | 66 | 32 8 |
| 18 | 6 | 42 | 16 8 || 32 | 8 | 40 | 21 4 |
| 12 | 4 | 42 | 11 5 || 24 | 8 | 32 | 16 1 |
| 9 | 3 | 44 | 8 9 || 18 | 6 | 31 | 12 2 |
| 6 | 2 | 40 | 5 2 || 12 | 4 | 32 | 8 2 |
| 4 | 2 | 28 | 4 — ++------+-------+-------+--------+
| 3 | 2 | 20 | 2 15 || Tier Shot for Field |
| 1 | 1¼ | 12 | 1 2¼ || Service. |
+------+-------+-------+----------++------+-------+-------+--------+
| Common Land Service. || | oz. | Nᵒ. |lbs. oz.|
| ||12 Pr.| 18 | 15 | 18 8 |
+------+-------+-------+----------++Med. | 6½ | 42 | 17 11 |
| Prs. | oz. | Nᵒ. |lbs. oz. ||------+-------+-------+--------+
| 24 | 4 | 84 | 21 11 ||6 Pr. | 8½ | 15 | 9 — |
| 12 | 2 | 84 | 12 1 ||Med. | 3½ | 42 | 8 14 |
| 6 | 1½ | 55 | 5 10½ ++------+-------+-------+--------+
| 3 | 1¼ | 52 | 2 14 ||3 Pr. | 4½ | 15 | 4 10 |
| | | | ||Med. | 1½ | 42 | 4 6 |
| | | | ++------+-------+-------+--------+
| | | | ||12 Pr.| 14 | 12 | 14 14 |
| | | | ||Light | 6½ | 34 | 14 11 |
| | | | ++------+-------+-------+--------+
| | | | ||6 Pr. | 8½ | 12 | 7 3 |
| | | | ||Light | 3½ | 34 | 7 7 |
| | | | ++------+-------+-------+--------+
| | | | ||3 Pr. | 4½ | 12 | 3 10 |
| | | | ||Light | 1½ | 34 | 3 11 |
+------+-------+-------+----------++------+-------+-------+--------+
+-----------------------------------++-------------------------+
| For Mortars. || Howitzers. |
+--------+-------+--------+---------++-------+--------+--------+
| Nature.|Weight | Number | Weight ||Weight | Number | Weight |
| |of each|of Shot | of Case ||of each|of Shot |of Case |
| | Shot. |in each.| filled. || Shot. |in each.| filled.|
+--------+-------+--------+---------++-------+--------+--------+
| Inch. | oz. | Nᵒ. |lbs. oz.|| oz. | Nᵒ. |lbs. oz.|
| 10 | 8 | 170 | 91 8 || — | — | — — |
| 8 | 6 | 90 | 38 4 || 6 | 90 | 33 8 |
| 5½ | 3 | 55 | 12 6 || 3 | 55 | 12 8 |
| 4⅖ | 2 | 55 | 8 1¼ || 2 | 55 | 8 2 |
+--------+-------+--------+---------++-------+--------+--------+
_Table of Grape Shot, for Sea and Land Service._
+-------------+----------------+-------------------+
| Nature. | Weight of each | Total Weight of |
| | Shot. |the grape complete.|
+-------------+----------------+-------------------+
| | lbs. oz. | lbs. oz. |
| 42 Pounders.| 4 0 | 46 6 |
| 32 ” | 3 0 | 34 1 |
| 24 ” | 2 0 | 25 5 |
| 18 ” | 1 8 | 19 15½ |
| 12 ” | 1 0 | 10 15 |
| 9 ” | 0 13 | 7 6 |
| 6 ” | 0 8 | 5 8½ |
| 4 ” | 0 6 | 3 14½ |
| 3 ” | 0 4 | 2 10½ |
| ½ ” | 0 ⅗ lead | 8¾ |
+-------------+----------------+-------------------+
Small shells, as 4⅖ inches, and hand grenades were quilted into grape
for 13 inch mortars at Gibraltar. The fuzes were turned inwards next
the iron tampion, and leaders of quick match for communicating fire to
the fuzes were introduced through holes made in the wood bottom, and
placed as near the fuzes as possible in the center of the grape. These
answered very well for short ranges.