THE COMMERCIAL NOMENCLATURE OF THE EARTH COLOURS
Mention has already been made of the great confusion prevailing in the
nomenclature of pigments, and that many of these are put on the market
under a variety of names taken from different languages.
Although the number of the earth colours is far smaller than that of
the artificial colouring matters, the nomenclature is in a no less
confused condition.
Most frequently, earth colours are named after the localities where
they are either discovered or prepared, in combination with the word
indicating the colour of the product--for example: Cologne white,
Vienna white--or the term “earth” (Verona earth, Veronese green, etc.).
Whilst these names give, to some extent, an indication of the nature of
the pigment, others have no reference to it at all; such as colcothar,
bole, umber, etc. Finally, a number of other names in use are
calculated to produce the impression that the earth colours in question
are of an entirely different nature to their real one. As an example,
we may cite the name “French chalk,” which is not a chalk at all, but
consists of the mineral talc. Black chalk, again, is not chalk (calcium
carbonate), but a black shale; and graphite is often termed blacklead,
although it contains no lead at all, and the name is merely a survival
from the time when pencils of metallic lead were used for drawing.
In order to bring some kind of order into the various names which
are applied to the earth colours, a list of those in current use is
appended. Many of these names, it may be stated, have been selected in
a purely arbitrary manner, some manufacturers, for instance, selling
ordinary chalk under a variety of foreign names, for the purpose of
thereby obtaining higher prices. These borrowed names would seem to be
superfluous, to say the least. Pure and properly levigated chalk is
the same article everywhere, whether prepared from English, French or
German limestone; and in all cases the simple name, “chalk,” with an
explanatory “single,” “double,” or “triple” levigated, should be quite
sufficient.
In the case of earth colours that are really obtained of special
quality in certain localities, such as terra di Siena, green earth
from Verona, or the like, the corresponding name might be retained,
even if the pigment did not originate from the locality in question,
as a generic term for a pigment possessing certain properties and of a
certain composition.
In the following classification, the names of the earth colours are
given in accordance with their colour and chemical composition.
WHITE EARTH COLOURS
_Carbonate of Lime_:
Chalk; levigated chalk; Vienna white; Spanish white; marble white;
artists’ white; Bougival white; Champagne chalk; Paris chalk; Cologne
chalk; Mountain chalk; craie; blanc minéral; Blanc de Champagne; Blanc
de Meudon; Blanc de Bougival; Blanc de Troyes; Blanc d’Orleans; Blanc
de Rouen; Blanc de Briançon.
_Basic Carbonate of Lime_:
Vienna white; Vienna lime; pearl white; whiting; Blanc de chaux; Blanc
de Vienne.
_Note._--The calcareous marls, consisting of carbonate of lime and
clay, are also frequently sold under the above names, the same being
the case with gypsum.
_Silicate of Alumina_:
White earth; pipeclay; Dutch white; Cologne earth; terre d’Argile;
Argile blanc; Terre blanche.
_Silicate of Magnesia_ (mineralogically, talc and soapstone):
Talc; Venetian earth; French chalk; Venetian white; glossy white;
feather white; shale white; face-powder white; Blanc de Venise; Blanc
d’Espagne; Blanc de fard.
_Note._--Fine grades of white lead are also sold as Venetian white,
Spanish white and shale white; but can easily be recognised by their
weight. The term “prepared” white, frequently applied to earth colours
in the trade, usually indicates that the material in question has been
either levigated, ground or burnt--in short, put through some kind of
preparatory treatment--and is therefore in frequent use for all the
colours.
_Barium sulphate_:
Heavy spar; barytes; heavy earth; mineral white.
_Precipitated colours_:
Permanent white; blanc fixe.
YELLOW EARTH COLOURS
_Ferric hydroxide_, with admixtures of ferric oxide, clay, lime, ferric
silicate, basic ferric sulphate, etc.
Ochre; iron ochre; golden ochre; satin ochre (satinober); pit ochre;
vitriol ochre; Mars yellow; Chinese yellow; Imperial yellow; permanent
yellow; terra di Siena; umber; Italian earth; Roman earth; bronze
ochre; oxide yellow, etc.
Yellow ochre; Jaune de Mars; Terre d’Italie.
_Ferric Silicate_:
Yellow earth; Argile jaune; yellow wash.
RED EARTH COLOURS
_Ferric oxide_ (with alumina and silica).
Bolus; bole; Terra sigillata; Lemnos earth; red chalk; raddle; Striegau
earth.
_Ferric oxide_:
Colcothar; English red; angel red; Pompeii red; Persian red; Indian
red; Berlin red; Naples red; Nuremberg red; crocus; chemical red;
Crocus Martis iron saffron; caput mortuum; raddle; rouge de fer; Rouge
de Perse; Rouge des Indes; Rouge de Mars; Rouge d’Angleterre.
BROWN EARTH COLOURS
_Ferric oxide_:
Ferric hydroxide; Ferric silicate (conf. Yellow Earth Colours, which
are often sold under the same names as the browns. The paler kinds are
usually called “pale” or “golden,” such as pale ochre, golden ochre,
etc.). Terra di Siena; burnt Siena; satinober; mahogany brown; Vandyke
brown.
_Ferric silicate, Clay_:
Umber; umber brown; Roman earth; Roman umber; Turkish brown; Sicilian
brown; Cyprus earth; chestnut brown; burnt umber; ombre; Terre d’ombre;
Ombre brulée.
_Organic decomposition products_:
Cologne umber; Cologne earth; Cassel brown; Spanish brown; mahogany
brown; Vandyke brown; brown carmine; Terre brun de Cologne; Brun de
Cologne; Brun d’Espagne; Ombre de Cologne; Brun de Cassel; Terre
d’Ombre; Cologne brown.
_Asphaltum_ (_mineral rosin_):
Asphaltum brown; bistre; earth brown; bitumen; pitch brown; Asphalte;
Brun de bitume; Bitume.
GREEN EARTH COLOURS
_Ferrous oxide with silica, alumina, lime, etc._:
Green earth; Verona green; Celadon green; Verona earth; Italian green;
stone green; Bohemian earth; Cyprus earth; Tyrol green; permanent
green; green ochre; Terre verte; Terre de Vérone; Vert d’Italie.
_Cupric carbonate_:
Malachite green; mountain green; Hungarian green; copper green; mineral
green; Tyrolese green; shale green; Vert de montagne; Vert d’Hongrie.
BLUE EARTH COLOURS
_Cupric carbonate_:
Malachite blue; mountain blue; lazulite blue; azure blue; mineral blue;
copper blue; Hamburg blue; English blue; Cendres bleues; Bleu d’azure;
Bleu de cuivre; Vert-de-gris bleu; blue verditer.
GREY EARTH COLOURS
_Grey clay shale_:
Mineral grey; silver grey; stone grey; slate grey.
BLACK EARTH COLOURS
_Carbon_:
Graphite; blacklead; plumbago; iron black.
_Clay shale_:
Black chalk; slate black; Spanish black; Spanish chalk; oil black;
Schiste noir; Noir d’Espagne.
INDEX
Alabaster. _See_ Gypsum.
Alumina, silicate of, 21, 22
Aluminium-potassium silicate, 21
Alum sludge, 32
----, artificial ochre from, 148
----, ferric oxide pigments from, 164–167
Ammonium salts, artificial ochre from, 145, 146
Anhydrite, 19
Anthracolite, 13
Arragonite, 13
Asphaltum, 37, 38.
_See also_ Bitumen.
----, brown, 174, 175
Augite, 179
Azurite, 33
Ball Mills, 55–56
Barium carbonate, 20
---- sulphate.
_See_ Barytes.
Barytes, 19, 20, 119–122
----, artificial, 133
----, correcting colour of, 121
----, detecting, in white lead, 120
----, low covering power of, 121
Black chalk, 38
---- earth colours, 185–196
---- ----, trade names of, 202
---- earths, 6, 38–39
---- schist, 38
Bitumen, 174, 175
Blanc fixe, 19
Blue earth colours, 183–184
---- ----, trade names of, 202
---- earths, 4, 33–36
Bole, 31, 32, 152–154
Bone breccia, 13
Brown coal, pigments from, 175
---- earth colours, 168–175
---- ----, trade names of, 200
---- earths, 5, 36–38
Calcareous marl, 110, 111
---- tuff, 12
Calcining, 81
---- Ferric oxide, 161–164
---- furnaces.
_See_ Furnaces.
---- lime, 88–90
---- ochre, 132–136
Calcite, 11, 12, 14, 15
Calcium carbonate, 12, 14, 15, 16
---- ----, action of acids on, 15
---- hydroxide, 16
---- sulphate.
_See_ Gypsum.
Calc sinter, 12
---- spar.
_See_ Calcite.
Caledonian brown, 36
Cappagh brown, 36
Caput mortuum. _See_ Colcothar.
Carbon brown, 37
---- in limestone, 16
Cassel brown, 37, 38, 174
Celadon green. _See_ Green earth.
Chalk, 13
----, black, 194–196
----, colour of, 103
----, correcting colour of, 104, 105, 106
----, covering power of, 106
----, grinding, 101
----, impurities in, 103, 104
----, precipitated, 107–109
----, preparation and properties of, 98–106
Classification of earth colours, 4–8
Clay, 21–23
Clay, formation of, 113
----, impurities in, 114–119
---- in ochre, 128
----, levigating, 114–117
Colcothar, 160, 161, 162
Cologne earth, 173, 174
Commercial nomenclature of earth colours, 197–202
Crushers and Breakers, 43–45
Crushing, 77–80
---- machinery, 43–60
Disintegrators, 58–60
Distemper, weatherproof, 94
Dolomite, 18
Draining and Drying, 66–77
Drying appliances, 73–77
Dyestuffs for improving earth colours, 85
Edge runners, 48–55
English red, 160
Ferric hydroxide in ochre, 128–132
---- oxide, artificial ochre from, 143–144
---- ---- as by-product, 30
---- ----, burnt, 158–164
---- ----, calcining, 161–164
---- ---- in lime, detection of, 91
---- ----, native, as pigment, 154
---- ---- pigments from alum sludge, 164–167
---- ----, range of colours, 29
---- ---- shading, 28
---- ----, violet shades from, 164
Ferrous sulphate, artificial ochre from, 139–143, 146–148
Filter-cloths, cleaning, 72
Filter-presses, 70–73
Furnaces, calcining, 158, 162, 163, 166
Granulator, 43
Graphite, 38, 39, 185–194
---- as a lubricant, 194
---- as anticorrosive, 194
Graphite in the manufacture of lead pencils, 191–193
---- for crucibles, 193
----, refining, 189–192
Green earth, 176–180
---- ----, artificial, 180
---- ----, improving, 178
---- ---- colours, 176–184
---- ----, trade names of, 201
---- earths, 5
Grey earth colours, trade names of, 202
Grey earths, 38
Gypsum, 18, 19, 111, 112
Heavy spar. _See_ Barytes.
Hematite, 155
----, brown, 23, 30, 31
----, red, 28, 30
Hydro-extractor, 66–70
Improving earth colours, 84, 85
Indian red, 29, 160
Iron cream, 29
---- glance, 154
---- in limestone, 17
---- ore, bog, 25, 31
---- ----, micaceous, 28
Ironstone, brown, 23, 24, 25
----, clay, 24
----, red, 28–30
Kaolin, 21, 22, 112–119
Lazulite, 183
Lemnos earth. _See_ Bole.
Levigation, 60–65
Lime, absorption of carbon dioxide by, 93
----, action of, on casein, 94
----, ----, on colours, 93, 98
----, calcining, 88–90
----, caustic, preparation of, 87–94
----, double compound of oxide and carbonate, 93
---- from mussel shells, 98
----, impurities in, 91, 92
---- in clay, 22
---- ----, eliminating, 117–119
---- in ochre, 129
Lime in the preparation of artificial ochre, 140–144
----, moulding, 96–98
----, quick, 16
----, slaked, 16
Limestone, 11–18
----, suitability of, for colour-making, 92
Limonite, 25
Magnesia, carbonate of, 123, 124
---- in lime, 91
---- in limestone, 17
Magnesium silicate, 21
Malachite, 35
---- blue, 183
Marble, 11, 14, 15
Minerals, testing for suitability as pigments, 172
Mine sludge, 32
Mixing earth colours, 81–84
Moulding, 85, 86
Mountain chalk, 12
---- milk, 12
Muffle, burning ochre in the, 158–160
Muriacite, 19
Muschelkalk, 13
Ochre, 24, 25, 26
----, blue.
_See_ Vivianite.
----, calcining, 132–136
----, English, 138
----, green, 180
----, pit, 148–150
----, Roman, 137, 138
----, Siena, 137, 138
----, testing, 130–132
----, toning with chalk, 144
----, toning with clay, 144
----, vitriol, 146–148
Ochres, 128–150
----, artificial, 138–146
---- as by-products, 146–150
----, burnt, 158–164
---- from various deposits, 136–138
----, Italian, 137, 138
Oolithic limestone, 13
Organic matter in lime, 91
Pastel crayons, 126
Pearl white, 94
Permanent white, 19, 122
Pipeclay. _See_ Kaolin.
Preparation of colour earths, 40–86
Pulverisers, 56–58
Raddle, 29, 155–158
----, impurities in, 156
----, testing, 157
Raw materials for earth colours, 8–39
Red earth colours, 151–167
---- ----, trade names of, 200
Red earths, 4, 27–33
Sampling raw earths, 9
Selenite, 18
Shading pigments with permanent white, 19
Siena, Terra di, 25, 26, 27, 168–170
----, ----. _See also_ Italian ochre.
Siderosilicate, 171
Sifting, 77–80
Soapstone, 20, 21.
_See_ also Steatite.
Spanish brown, 174
Sprudelstein, 15
Steatite, 20, 21, 125, 126
Stamps, 45–48
Talc, 20, 21, 124, 125
Terra sigillata. _See_ Bole.
Testing purity of raw earths, 10
Trade names of earth colours, 197–202
Ultramarine, 33
Umber, 36, 170–174
----, Cologne, 173, 174
----, true, 170–173
Vandyke Brown, 38, 174
Vermilion, 151
Verona earth. _See_ Green earth.
Vienna white, 95–98
Vivianite, 33, 34, 184
White earth colours, 87–126
White earth, trade names of, 111, 198, 199
White earths, 4
White raw materials and pigmentary earths, 11–23
Witherite, 20
Working earth colour deposits, 9
Yellow earth colours, 127–150
---- ----, trade names of, 100
Yellow earth, 150
Yellow earths, 4, 23–27
PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY RICHARD CLAY & SONS, LIMITED,
PARIS GARDEN, STAMFORD ST., S.E., AND BUNGAY, SUFFOLK.
The Manufacture of Paint
THE PRACTICAL HANDBOOK FOR PAINT
MANUFACTURERS, MERCHANTS AND PAINTERS
BY
J. CRUICKSHANK SMITH, B.Sc.
Second Edition--Revised and Enlarged
DEMY 8VO. 73 ILLUSTRATIONS. 300 PAGES
CONTENTS
CHAP. PART I
I.--SCOPE OF SUBJECT AND DEFINITION OF TERMS.
II.--STORING AND HANDLING RAW MATERIAL.
III.--TESTING AND VALUATION OF RAW MATERIAL.
PART II
IV.--PLANT AND MACHINERY.
PART III
V.--THE GRINDING OF WHITE PIGMENTS.
VI.--THE GRINDING OF EARTH PIGMENTS.
VII.--THE OXIDE OF IRON PIGMENTS.
VIII.--THE GRINDING OF BLACK PAINTS.
IX.--THE GRINDING OF CHEMICAL COLOURS.
X.--THE GRINDING OF PIGMENTS IN WATER.
XI.--THE GRINDING OF COLOURS IN TURPENTINE, GOLD
SIZE, AND SPECIAL MEDIUMS.
PART IV
XII.--MIXED OR PREPARED PAINTS.
XIII.--ENAMELS AND ENAMEL PAINTS.
PART V
XIV.--MODERN CONDITIONS WHICH AFFECT THE SELECTION
AND APPLICATION OF PAINT.
XV.--THE DESIGNING, TESTING AND MATCHING OF PAINTS.
XVI.--COST CHARGES--COST OF HANDLING--CARRIAGE AND
DELIVERY OF GOODS--COST OF MATERIALS--MACHINERY
AS AFFECTING MANUFACTURING COST--ELECTRICITY AS
MOTIVE POWER--MANUFACTURING ONCOST--PRICES--THE
FUTURE OF THE INDUSTRY.
Price 12s. 6d. net (Post Free, 13s. 3d. Home and Abroad).
PUBLISHED BY
SCOTT, GREENWOOD & SON,
8 Broadway, Ludgate, London, E.C. 4
The Chemistry of Pigments
BY ERNEST J. PARRY, B.Sc., (LOND.), F.I.C., F.C.S.
AND
JOHN H. COSTE, F.I.C., F.C.S.
_Demy 8vo._ _5 Illustrations._ _280 Pages_
CONTENTS
Chapter I.--Introductory
Light--White Light--The Spectrum--The Invisible Spectrum--Normal
Spectrum--Simple Nature of Pure Spectral Colour--The Recomposition
of White Light--Primary and Complementary Colours--Coloured
Bodies--Absorption Spectra.
Chapter II.--The Application of Pigments
Uses of Pigments: Artistic, Decorative, Protective--Methods of
Application of Pigments: Pastels and Crayons, Water Colour, Tempera
Painting, Fresco, Encaustic Painting, Oil-Colour Painting, Ceramic Art,
Enamel, Stained and Painted Glass, Mosaic.
Chapter III.--Inorganic Pigments
White Lead--Zinc White--Enamel White--Whitening--Red
Lead--Litharge--Vermilion--Royal Scarlet--The Chromium
Greens--Chromates of Lead, Zinc, Silver and Mercury--Brunswick
Green--The Ochres--Indian Red--Venetian Red--Siennas and
Umbers--Light Red--Cappagh Brown--Red Oxides--Mars Colours--Terre
Verte--Prussian Brown--Cobalt Colours--Cœruleum--Smalt--Copper
Pigments--Malachite--Bremen Green--Scheele’s Green--Emerald
Green--Verdigris--Brunswick Green--Non-arsenical Greens--Copper
Blues--Ultramarine--Carbon Pigments--Ivory Black--Lamp
Black--Bistre--Naples Yellow--Arsenic Sulphides: Orpiment,
Realgar--Cadmium Yellow--Vandyck Brown.
Chapter IV.--Organic Pigments
Prussian Blue--Natural Lakes--Cochineal--Carmine--Crimson--Lac
Dye--Scarlet--Madder--Alizarin--Campeachy--Quercitron--Rhamnus--Brazil
Wood--Alkanet--Santal Wood--Archil--Coal-tar Lakes--Red
Lakes--Alizarin Compounds--Orange and Yellow Lakes--Green and Blue
Lakes--Indigo--Dragon’s Blood--Gamboge--Sepia--Indian Yellow,
Puree--Bitumen, Asphaltum, Mummy--Index.
Price 12s. 6d. net (Post Free, 13s. 3d. Home and Abroad).
PUBLISHED BY
SCOTT, GREENWOOD & SON,
8 Broadway, Ludgate, London, E.C. 4
Transcriber’s Notes
Minor use of boldface in the advertisements is not shown in the Plain
Text version of this book.
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they
were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation
marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left
unbalanced.
Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs
and outside quotations.
The index was not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page
references.