THE CAUDINE FORKS
One of the chief events of the Second Samnite war took place in 321
B.C., at a gorge or pass called the Caudine Forks.
Gaius Pontius, the general of the Samnite army, was encamped at
Caudium. He had hoped to hold the passes which led from the plain of
Naples to the higher mountain valleys among the Apennines.
But one day he thought of a better plan. If he could but entice the
Roman army into the mountain passes, he would have them in a trap
before they were aware.
So he sent two countrymen to Rome, bidding them report to the Consuls
that the Samnite army had left Caudium and marched to Apulia, where
they were besieging the town of Luceria.
The Consuls had no reason to doubt the truth of the countrymen’s words,
and as Luceria was held by allies of Rome, they resolved to send an
army to her help, lest she should fall into the hands of the enemy.
So before long the Roman legions were marching toward Apulia. As the
shortest way lay through the pass of the Caudine Forks, and as the
Consul Postumius, who was at the head of the legions, believed that the
Samnite army was far away, he did not hesitate to enter the gorge.
It was a deep and gloomy pass, between rugged mountains. As the Romans
advanced, the gorge grew more narrow and precipitous, and they were
glad when at length they approached the end of the dangerous path. But
their pleasure was soon changed to anxiety, for the exit from the pass
was barricaded with trees and great masses of stone.
Postumius began to suspect treachery. It was plain that the trees had
but recently been cut down. Suppose the barricades were the work of the
Samnites! The Consul at once ordered the army to retreat.
But long before the weary legions reached the opening by which they had
entered the pass they felt sure that they were caught in a trap.
The Samnites were indeed guarding the entrance, and escape was
impossible.
Nevertheless, the Romans made a gallant attempt to scale the side of
the steep mountains that brooded over the gorge, and when they reached
the opening they even tried to make their way through the enemy. But
the Samnites killed or wounded all who tried to escape.
When night fell, Postumius ordered his army to encamp in the valley at
its broadest point, and here he awaited the will of Gaius Pontius.
But the Samnite general was in no haste to make terms with his
prisoners. Each day that he delayed, famine would stare the Roman army
more closely in the face. Before long it would be forced to agree to
whatever terms he chose to dictate.
And, indeed, before many days had passed, the Romans were compelled to
yield, crying to their foes: ‘Put us to the sword, sell us as slaves,
or keep us as prisoners until we be ransomed, only save our bodies,
whether living or dead, from all unworthy insult.’
It was plain that the Romans feared lest they should be treated in the
same way as they used their captives.
For the Romans dragged their prisoners in chains at the chariot wheels
of their victorious generals. Often, too, their captives were beheaded
in the common prison, and their bodies refused the rite of burial.
But Pontius used his power generously. If his terms were hard, yet they
were just, and had in them no trace of cruelty.
‘Restore to us,’ said the Samnite general, ‘the towns you have taken
from us, and recall the Roman colonists you have unjustly settled on
our soil. Then conclude with us a treaty, which shall own each nation
to be alike independent of the other. If you will swear to do this I
will spare your lives and let you go without ransom, each man of you
giving up your arms merely and keeping his clothes untouched, and you
shall pass in sight of our army as prisoners, whom we ... set free of
our own will, when we might have killed them, or sold them, or held
them to ransom.’
The Consuls and officers of the army vowed to observe this treaty, and
six hundred knights were given as hostages to the Samnites.
But Pontius, had he been wise, would have gained the consent of the
Senate and people of Rome to his terms, before he was content.
To the Romans, the demands of Pontius seemed severe, but yet deeper was
the humiliation they were to endure.
The entire army, along with the Consuls, were forced to pass beneath
the yoke, in the presence of, their foe. It was the only way of escape
from the pass of the Caudine Forks.
Giving up their arms, and wearing only a kilt which reached from their
waist to their knees, the vanquished army filed sullenly out of the
gorge beneath the yoke.
This was no unusual humiliation, but was the custom in those days, and
equal to our demand that arms should be laid down on the surrender of a
garrison.
Pontius was indeed strangely kind to his conquered foes, ordering
carriages for the wounded, and giving them food to eat on the march
back to Rome.
But nothing could comfort the Romans, whose pride had been gravely
wounded by being forced to pass beneath the yoke.
In silence, shame written clear upon their faces, they marched gloomily
along, with no desire to reach the end of their journey.
When they drew near to Rome, those who lived in the country slipped
away to their homes, hoping that none would notice them. Those who
lived in the city waited until it was dark that they might enter unseen.
The Consuls were not able to shun the attention of the crowd, for they
entered the city during the day. But they, too, were so ashamed that
they deemed themselves no longer fit to be Consuls, and escaping from
the people as soon as possible, they shut themselves up in their homes.
Rome was a gloomy city for days after the return of the disgraced army.
The senators laid aside their gold rings, and no longer wore on their
robes the red border which was the sign of their rank. In sombre
attire and with grave faces they sat in the Senate-house, or paced the
streets, thinking of the disgrace that had overtaken their people.
Shops were shut, business was laid aside, while the citizens mourned
alike for those who had returned as for those who had been slain.
Ere long new Consuls were elected, and they, with the Senate, agreed
that the treaty made with Pontius must not be kept.
Postumius then offered to go back to the Samnites, with his colleague
and officers, as a punishment for agreeing to so humiliating a treaty.
To this proposal the Senate gave its approval.
The Consuls and officers were then stripped of all save the kilt which
they had worn when they passed beneath the yoke, and thus, with their
hands tied behind them, they were sent back to the Samnites.’
‘These men are forfeited to you in atonement for the broken treaty,’
cried those who accompanied the miserable penitents, when at length
they stood in the presence of Pontius.
But the Samnite general refused to receive such atonement. ‘Either,’
said he, ‘you must put your army back in the Caudine Forks, or you must
keep the treaty to which your Consuls agreed.’
As the Romans refused to do this, the second Samnite war continued to
be waged.