THE NUMERALS.
18. Cardinals:
1 ༡ གཅིག་ c̀ig
2 ༢ གཉིས་ ñi(s)
3 ༣ གསུམ་ sum
4 ༤ བཞི་ z̀i
5 ༥ ལྔ་ ṅa
6 ༦ དྲུག་ W: ḍug, C: ḍhug
7 ༧ བདུན་ W: dun, C: dhṳn
8 ༨ བརྒྱད་ W: gyad, C: gyäʼ
9 ༩ དགུ་ gu
10 ༡༠ བཅུ་ c̀u, or བཅུ་ཐམ་པ་ c̀u-tʽam-pa
11 ༡༡ བཅུ་གཅིག་ c̀u-c̀ig
12 ༡༢ བཅུ་གཉིས་ c̀u-ñí, vulg: c̀ug-ñí(s)
13 ༡༣ བཅུ་གསུམ་ c̀u-súm, vulg: c̀ug-súm
14 ༡༤ བཅུ་བཞི་ c̀u-z̀í, vulg: c̀ub-z̀í
15 ༡༥ བཅོ་ལྔ་ c̀o-ṅá
16 ༡༦ བཅུ་དྲུག་ c̀u-ḍúg, C: -ḍhúg
17 ༡༧ བཅུ་བདུན་ c̀u-dún, C: -dṳ́n, vulg: c̀ub-d°
18 ༡༨ བཅོ་བརྒྱད་ c̀o-gyád, C: -gyäʼ, vulg: c̀ob-g°
19 ༡༩ བཅུ་དགུ་ c̀u-gú
20 ༢༠ ཉི་ཤུ་ ñi-s̀u
21 ༢༡ ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་གཅིག་ ñi-s̀u-sa-c̀íg, or ཉེར་གཅིག་
ñer-c̀íg
30 ༣༠ སུམ་ཅུ་ súm-c̀u
31 ༣༡ སུམ་ཅུ་རྩ་གཅིག་ sum-c̀u-sa-c̀íg, སོ་གཅིག་
so-c̀ig
40 ༤༠ བཞི་བཅུ་ z̀i-c̀u, vulg: z̀ib-c̀u
41 ༤༡ བཞི་བཅུ་རྩ་གཅིག་ z̀i-c̀u-sa-c̀íg, ཞེ་གཅིག་
z̀e-c̀íg
50 ༥༠ ལྔ་བཅུ་ ṅa-c̀u, vulg: ṅab-c̀u
51 ༥༡ ལྔ་བཅུ་རྩ་གཅིག་ ṅa-c̀u-sa-c̀íg, ང་གཅིག་
ṅa-c̀ig
60 ༦༠ དྲུག་ཅུ་ ḍug-c̀u, C: ḍhug-c̀u
61 ༦༡ དྲུག་ཅུ་རྩ་གཅིག་ ḍug-c̀u-sa-c̀íg, རེ་གཅིག་
re-c̀íg
70 ༧༠ བདུན་ཅུ་ dun-c̀u, C: dṳn-c̀u
71 ༧༡ བདུན་ཅུ་རྩ་གཅིག་ dun-c̀u-sa-c̀íg, དོན་གཅིག་
don-c̀íg
80 ༨༠ བརྒྱད་ཅུ་ gyád-c̀u, C: gyäʼ-c̀u
81 ༨༡ བརྒྱད་ཅུ་རྩ་གཅིག་ gyad-c̀u-sa-c̀íg, གྱ་གཅིག་
gya-c̀íg
90 ༩༠ དགུ་བཅུ་ gú-c̀u, vulg: gúb-c̀u
91 ༩༡ དགུ་བཅུ་རྩ་གཅིག་ gu-c̀u-sa-c̀ig, གོ་གཅིག་
go-c̀íg (C: gʽo-c̀íg)
100 ༡༠༠ བརྒྱ་(ཐམ་པ་) gya (tʽám-pa)
101 ༡༠༡ བརྒྱ་དང་གཅིག་ or བརྒྱ་རྩ་གཅིག་ gya daṅ (or
sa) c̀íg
200 ༢༠༠ ཉི་བརྒྱ་ ñi-gya, vulg: ñib-gya
300 ༣༠༠ སུམ་བརྒྱ་ sum-gya
400 ༤༠༠ བཞི་བརྒྱ་ z̀i-gya, vulg: z̀ib-gya etc.
1000 ༡༠༠༠ སྟོང་ (s)toṅ
10 000 ༡༠ ༠༠༠ ཁྲི་ ṭʽi
100 000 ༡༠༠ ༠༠༠ འབུམ་ bum
1 000 000 ༡ ༠༠༠ ༠༠༠ ས་ཡ་ sa-ya
10 000 000 ༡༠ ༠༠༠ ༠༠༠ བྱེ་བ་ j̀e-wa
There are, as in Sanscrit, names for many more powers of 10, but they
are seldom used.
19. Ordinals. དང་པོ་ W: daṅ-po, C: dʽ° ‘the first’, the rest are simply
formed by adding པ་ to the cardinals, as: གཉིས་པ་, ‘the second’ etc.;
the 21st is ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་གཅིག་པ་ ‘the twenty-oneth’, not, as in English, ‘the
twenty first’.
20. Remarks. 1. The smaller number postponed indicates, as is seen in §
18, addition, the reverse—multiplication: བཅུ་གསུམ་ 13, སུམ་ཅུ་ 30; but in
the latter case the three first numerals are changed to ཆིག་, ཉི་, སུམ་;
and བཅུ་, as the second part of a compound after consonants, is spelled
ཅུ་. 2. The words ཐམ་པ་ (after full tens up to one hundred), ཕྲག་ (after
hundreds and thousands [7]), ཚོ་ (with still greater numbers), are
optional but frequent additions. རྩ་ is common instead of དང་ ‘and’, to
connect units with tens (s. § 18), but it occurs also with hundreds and
thousands, and not seldom together with དང་, e.g. སྟོང་དང་རྩ་གཉིས་, 1002.
It is used also instead of ཐམ་པ་, as: བཅུ་རྩ་ ten, ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་ twenty; often
it is standing alone for ཉི་ཤུ་རྩ་, as རྩ་གཉིས་, twenty two. This latter
custom may have caused the belief, common even among educated readers
in C and WT, that རྩ་ must mean twenty, even when connecting a hundred
or thousand to a unit, as they will usually understand the above
mentioned number in the sense of 1022 instead of 1002; but the
authority of printed books, wherever the exact number can be verified
from other circumstances, does not confirm this, which would indeed be
a sadly ambiguous phraseology. 3. ཀ་ added to a cardinal number means
conjunction: གཉིས་ཀ་, the two together, both; གསུམ་ཀ་, the three
together, all three etc. པོ་ means either the same, or represents the
definite article, indicating that the number has been already
mentioned, e.g. མི་ལྔ༌༌༌༌ བཏང་ངོ༌། །མི་ལྔ་པོ་བསླེབ་སྟེ༌༌༌༌, five men were
sent.... The five men arriving etc. 4. པ་ is used, besides forming
Ordinals, to express the notion of ‘containing’, e.g. ཡི་གེ་དྲུག་པ་ ‘that
containing six letters’, viz. the famous formula: ཨོཾ་མ་ཎི་པ་དྨེ་ཧཱུཾ་ om maṇi
padme hum; སུམ་ཅུ་པ་ ‘that containing thirty (letters)’, the Tibetan
alphabet. 5. Such combinations as གཉིས་གསུམ་ etc. are frequently used in
common life, to denote a number approximately, ‘two or three or so’
(cf. § 14 Note).
21. Distributive numerals. They are expressed by repetition as in
Hind.: དྲུག་དྲུག་ each time six, six for each etc. In composed numerals
only the last member is repeated, thus སུམ་ཅུ་རྩ་གཉིས་གཉིས་ each time thirty
two.
22. Adverbial numerals. 1. Firstly, secondly etc. are formed from the
ordinals as every Adverb is from an Adjective, viz. by adding the
letter ར་, དང་པོར་, གཉིས་པར་ etc. (s. § 41). 2. Multiplicative adverbs,
‘once’, ‘twice’ etc., are expressed by putting ལན་ ‘times’ before the
cardinal: ལན་གཅིག་, ལན་གཉིས་, W: lan-c̀ig, lan-ñi(s), C: län-c̀ig, län-ñī
‘once, twice’ etc.: seldom ཚེར་, ཚར་, ཐེངས་ with the same meaning as ལན་.
23. Fractional numerals are formed by adding ཆ་ ‘part’: thus, བརྒྱའི་ཆ་ ‘a
hundredth part’ etc., but also: བང་མཛོད་གསུམ་ཆ་ཞིག་ ‘one third of the
treasury’.