THE AUTOMATIC PISTOL
Now that the pupil has learned how to handle the single-shot pistol with
safety to himself and others, he can be trusted to learn how to shoot the
automatic pistol. (See Plates 7 and 13.)
Before giving such instruction, it is necessary to explain what an
automatic pistol is, and in what it differs from a single-shot pistol.
The first pistol, as the first rifle, was naturally a single-shot one.
The pistol and rifle both proceeded in development along the same lines.
First the match-lock, wheel-lock, flint-lock, percussion lock. Then
through muzzle-loader to rim fire, pin fire, to central fire breechloader,
hammer, hammerless, and ejector.
The double barrel, and multi-barrel, and from smooth-bore to rifled bore,
were evolved at the same time.
Here the pistol and rifle parted company slightly; though the principle
was the same in each case, it was differently applied.
The rifle became a magazine loader, and it will next be an automatic
loader (though at present automatic loading is principally used in machine
guns and low-power rifles).
The pistol, instead of becoming a magazine loader (in the sense of being
loaded by cartridges brought up from a magazine by operating a bolt),
became a revolver--that is, the cartridges were fired out of the magazine
instead of being first inserted into the barrel from a magazine.
When cartridges are inserted into the barrel, there is no escape of gas at
the breech when they are fired, but when fired out of the cylinder of a
revolver, there is an escape of gas at the juncture of the cylinder and
barrel, which varies, and when such escape of gas occurs it causes weak
and low shots.
The cylinder cannot be made gas tight, as that would prevent its
revolving, or coincide absolutely with the calibre of the barrel,
consequently a revolver can never be as accurate as a single-shot pistol.
This defect in the revolver was its weak point in comparison with the
magazine-loading rifle.
Just before the war, I shot two makes of military full-charge automatic
rifles, which were very good, but the war has put an end to their
development for the present. Undoubtedly the rifle of the future will be
an automatic.
The principle of an automatic firearm can be best explained by the analogy
of the automobile.
The revolver, which is a magazine pistol, can be fired only after each
cartridge is placed in position by the action of cocking the hammer with
the thumb, or by double-action trigger pull.
The internal combustion (the automobile engine) operates by the explosion
operating the various parts.
The explosion in the cylinder of the engine drives the piston rod forward,
which turns the crank, which, turning the fly-wheel, drives the piston rod
back ready for the next explosion.
In the automatic pistol, the recoil from the explosion drives the working
part of the pistol back against a strong spring. As soon as the force of
the explosion is spent, this spring forces the working parts back into
place again. These working parts do all the work the shooter does in a
single-shot pistol--that is, it cocks the pistol, opens the breech,
extracts the spent cartridge, inserts a fresh cartridge, and closes the
breech.
The idea is very simple, and has occurred to almost everyone who has
handled a pistol or a rifle, but there are mechanical difficulties which
are only just beginning to be overcome, and the automatic pistol, and
still more the automatic rifle, are yet far from perfect.
The chief difficulty is the force of the explosion. In a motor-car engine,
the force of each explosion can be regulated so as to be just sufficient
for the work required.
In an automatic pistol this cannot be done. The force of the explosion is
that which gives the best shooting, in other words the greatest possible
force, subject to the shooter being able to stand the recoil and the
pistol not to burst, though made light enough to be easily handled.
If a pistol were made a ton weight, it would fire a very much larger
charge without bursting, but the charge of the explosion has to be limited
to what a pistol of some two and a half pounds’ weight can bear without
bursting, or recoiling too severely on the shooter.
The smaller pocket automatic pistols are lighter (the two-and-a-half pound
ones are military pistols).
A pistol weighing under two and a half pounds can shoot only a small
charge with light recoil, and so is easier to make.
The heavy recoil from a military rifle (which gives the bullet a speed of
some thirty thousand feet a second) would shatter the recoil mechanism of
a small pocket pistol, though the latter can quite safely operate under
the slight recoil of its weak cartridge.
With a magazine rifle or revolver, the shooter uses just sufficient manual
force to operate the mechanism, and even then pistols and rifles may get
damaged by a clumsy man using too much force to wrench the weapon open or
slam it shut.
If, instead of the intelligently applied strength of a man, using the
minimum force necessary, you substitute the smashing blow (several tons’
weight to the square inch) given by the force of gunpowder, to operate
delicate mechanism, you can realize the difficulty the inventor has to
contend with.
It is as if you have to invent a firearm which would operate if, after
each shot, you threw it under a passing railway train.