"La Gerbetière," i, 85, 96, 120, 126;

as boyhood home of Audubon, i, 136-137, 144-145;

Audubon's last visit to, i, 137;

situation of, i, 136-138;

in 1913, i, 138-143;

Jean Audubon's restoration of, i, 143;

description in old deed of, i, 144;

changes of a century, i, 144.

Lake Champlain, tour of Audubon to, in 1824, i, 343.

Lake Ontario, tour of Audubon to, in 1824, i, 343.

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste Antoine de Monet, i, 13.

_La Marianne_, Jean Audubon as cabin boy in, i, 28;

at Louisburg, i, 28;

Jean Audubon as lieutenant of, i, 29.

Landsdowne, Marquis of, i, 398.

Landseer, Sir Edwin, criticism of painting by, i, 366.

Lanman, Charles, proposal of, i, 17.

_L'Annette_, Jean Audubon's command of and interest in, i, 34;

concerning sale and settlement of claims in, i, 121, 265.

La Rochelle, as port of Jean Audubon's ships, i, 29, 277.

_See_ "Audubon of."

Laval, John, award in the settlement of Dacosta's disputed

accounts, i, 168.

Lavigne, L., i, 34, 46, 57, 83, 87, 116, 128, 144, 269.

Lavigne, Mme. L., i, 269.

Lawrence, Sir Thomas, i, 356, 377, 380, 393-394.

Lawson, Alexander, Wilson to, i, 212;

Wilson's debt to, as the engraver of his _Ornithology_, i, 213;

the daughter of, i, 219;

his statement regarding the mysterious flycatcher, i, 227;

as Bonaparte's engraver, i, 330;

report of his interview with Audubon, i, 330.

Lawson, Malvinia, on Wilson's publisher, i, 219.

Lea, Isaac, on Rafinesque, i, 297; ii, 4, 56, 95, 98, 422.

Leach, William Elford, i, 353.

_Le Comte d'Artois_. _See Count of Artois_.

Le Conte, Joseph, i, 171.

Lehman, George, ii, 2, 9, 12, 25.

_Le Marquis de Lévy_, Jean Audubon's command of, i, 31.

_Le Printemps_, i, 29.

_Le Propre_, i, 30.

Les Sables d'Olonne, Pierre Audubon's family at, i, 26;

its hostility to the Revolution, i, 27;

as home port of Jean Audubon's ships, i, 28;

mission of Jean Audubon to, i, 80-81; 83.

Leslie, Charles Robert, comment on the _American Ornithology_,

i, 217.

"Les Tourterelles," death of Mme. Audubon at, i, 263;

death of Rosa Audubon at, i, 269.

Le Sueur, Charles Alexandre, i, 294, 328;

appearance of, i, 333; ii, 157.

Letters in facsimile, "Audubon & Bakewell" to Rozier, i, 251;

Audubon to Edward Harris, i, 332;

Samuel Latham Mitchell to Dr. Barnes, i, 337;

William Swainson to Audubon, i, 402;

Charles Lucien Bonaparte to Audubon, i, 417;

George Parkman to Audubon, ii, 43;

Robert Havell to Audubon, ii, 51;

William MacGillivray to Audubon, ii, 132;

Edward Harris to Audubon, ii, 251;

John Bachman to George Oates, ii, 282;

Audubon to Edward Harris, ii, 287.

_L'Eveillé_, Jean Audubon's command of, i, 82.

Lincoln, Thomas, ii, 43;

"Lincoln's Finch," ii, 45, 50.

Linnæan Society, Audubon's election to, i, 397;

manuscripts in possession of, i, 400.

_L'Instituteur_, Jean Audubon's command of, i, 82.

Lissabé, Mme. Jean Louis, suit by, i, 28, 263.

_Literary Gazette_ (London), on Brown's _Illustrations_, i, 444;

announcement of publication of the _Ornithological Biography_,

i, 444;

Audubon's premature obituary in, ii, 2.

Little and Brown, Messrs., ii, 230.

Liverpool, arrival of Audubon at, in 1826, i, 350;

his reception and friends at, i, 352-355;

exhibition of Audubon's drawings at, i, 354.

Livingston, Robert M., first steamer on the Ohio River, built

by, i, 236.

Lizars, Daniel, Audubon to, i, 385.

Lizars, William Home, as Audubon's engraver, i, 358-359, 361,

375, 384, 442-443;

his plates of _The Birds of America_, i, 195-199.

Lockhart, John Gibson, i, 445.

London Colney, residence of William Swainson at, i, 403;

death of Mrs. Swainson at, i, 403.

London, recollections of Audubon in, i, 11;

site of Havell's engraving establishment in, i, 12;

Audubon in, i, 377-419;

his first impressions of, i, 377;

rebirth of _The Birds of America_ in, i, 384;

his dislike of, i, 397;

completion of his _Birds_ in, ii, 177.

Loon (_Gavia immer_), "Great Northern Diver," original drawing

of, ii, 47.

Loudon, John C., editorial enterprise of, i, 399.

Louisburg, Jean Audubon made prisoner at, i, 28.

Louisville (Kentucky), diary of a journey from Philadelphia to,

in 1807, i, 187-192;

establishment of Audubon & Rozier at, i, 192;

prospects and hospitality of the people, i, 196-198;

birth of Victor Gifford Audubon at, i, 198;

arrival of Alexander Wilson at, i, 205;

a meeting of rivals at, i, 220-226;

in 1810, i, 233;

Audubon's legal troubles at, i, 260.

Lubbock, Sir John, baron Avebury, characteristics in youth of,

i, 93.

Lyceum of Natural History (New York), activities of in 1817,

i, 171;

introduction of Audubon to, i, 336.

Macaulay, Thomas Babington, on Addison, i, 6.

MacGillivray, John, ii, 298.

MacGillivray, William, i, 12; ii, 108, 113-114;

his assistance to Audubon, ii, 125-138;

to Audubon, ii, 126-128, 130-132, 134;

his methods of work, ii, 127-129;

his _History of British Birds_, ii, 130, 135-136;

his contract with Audubon, ii, 134;

character and scholarship, ii, 134-136;

his writings, ii, 135;

Audubon's acknowledgments to, ii, 137;

his copy of the _Ornithological Biography_, ii, 138;

Audubon at work with, ii, 178-180, 181;

Audubon's tour with, ii, 182;

Audubon's memorandum of account with, ii, 188.

MacLeay, William Sharp, ii, 94.

Magpie (_Pica rustica_), Audubon's early drawing of, i, 178.

Mallory, E., on Mrs. John James Audubon, ii, 303.

Mallory, Eliza, ii, 283.

Mallory, Georgianna Richards. _See_ Mrs. Victor Gifford Audubon.

Manchester, visit of Audubon at, in 1826, i, 356;

Audubon's success in canvassing at, i, 376.

Marigny, Bernard, his birth, i, 70;

acquisition of "Fontainebleau," i, 70;

his service in France and return to the United States, i, 71;

act of the Government to establish his disputed claim to land,

i, 71;

origin of "Fontainebleau," and description of his property,

i, 71;

foundation of Mandeville, i, 71;

friendship with Audubon, i, 72;

his death, i, 72.

Marigny myth, i, 68-71.

Mark, Edward L., i, 308.

Marten, Pennant's, Fisher (_Mustela pennanti_), Baird and

Audubon on, ii, 263.

Martin, Catharine, i, 27.

Martin, Maria, ii, 6, 32, 61;

Audubon to, ii, 65, 156;

marriage of, ii, 281;

dedication to, ii, 281, 283.

_See_ Mrs. John Bachman.

Martin, Marie Anne, i, 26.

Martin, Pierre, Jean Audubon as sailor under, i, 30.

Mason, Joseph R., as Audubon's assistant in 1820-1822, i, 307,

312, 313-316;

his return to Philadelphia, i, 321; ii, 69.

Mauch Chunk. _See_ Great Pine Forest.

McKenney, Thomas L., on Audubon, ii, 52.

McLane, Louis, ii, 5;

Levi Woodbury to, ii, 23.

Meadville (Pennsylvania), "Episode" of Audubon at, in 1824,

i, 341-343;

and itinerant portrait at, i, 342.

Mease, Dr. William, i, 327.

Merchant-traders, means of travel and hardships of, i, 234-236;

their journeys by flatboat and horse to and from the West,

i, 234-236.

Mill of Audubon, Bakewell and Pears, at Henderson (Kentucky),

history of the building, operation and failure of, i, 254-257;

lease of land for, i, 254;

description of relic of, in 1879 and 1883, i, 254;

difficulties with operation of, i, 255;

cost, conversion and destruction of, i, 255;

reorganization for working of, i, 256;

bill rendered for products of, i, 256;

final failure and closure of, i, 257;

Audubon's financial and legal troubles following failure of,

i, 257-261.

"Mill Grove," Jean Audubon's purchase, i, 37, 105;

Audubon's arrival at, i, 99-101;

tenant and rent of, i, 101;

acquisition and preservation by the Wetherills, i, 102;

situation and characteristics, i, 102;

old conveyances and designation, i, 103;

first miller and builder, i, 104;

mills and farm house at, i, 104;

the Prevost mortgage, i, 105, 122;

Jean Audubon's lease and inventory, i, 105;

stay of Audubon at, i, 106;

Jean Audubon's portrait at, i, 106;

bird studies at, i, 106;

discovery of lead and arrival of Dacosta, i, 113;

Dacosta's one-half interest and exploitation of mine, i, 114;

analysis of his lead ore, i, 114;

Claude François Rozier's interest, i, 115;

the Audubon, Dacosta, Rozier partnership and its difficulties,

i, 115;

instructions concerning farmhouse at, i, 118;

Audubon and Rozier as agents for conduct and sale of, i, 132;

Audubon's and Rozier's duties at, i, 146;

status of house in their "Articles," i, 147;

story of later mining enterprises at, i, 148-150, 152-153,

167-170;

consideration for sale of remaining Audubon and Rozier

interests to Dacosta and Company, i, 149;

division of the property, and sale of the Audubon and Rozier

rights, i, 150, 152-153;

Audubon's conflicting references to sale of, i, 158, 159-160,

162, 165-168;

difficulties over conditional sale of, i, 168;

unraveling the tangle, i, 169;

Dacosta's contested accounts, and award in their settlement,

i, 168;

sequel to story of mine at, i, 169;

products of mine at, i, 199.

Milestown (Pennsylvania), Alexander Wilson, as teacher at, i, 212.

Miller, Sarah, Wilson to, i, 206.

"Minnie's Land," purchase of estate of, ii, 234;

building of house at, ii, 234;

Audubon at, ii, 236-238;

Audubon's account of, ii, 245-246;

houses of Audubon's sons at, ii, 294-295, 311-312;

the "Cave" at, ii, 295, 312;

departure of Mrs. John James Audubon from, ii, 300;

building activities and changes at, ii, 309;

present condition of original houses at, ii, 309-311;

early representations of Audubon's house at, ii, 311.

Miquelon Island, voyage of Jean Audubon to, i, 29.

Mississippi River, Audubon's cruise on in 1820, i, 307.

Missouri River, Audubon's experiences and discoveries on, in

1843, ii, 252-256.

Mitchell, Doctor Samuel Latham, his friendship with Audubon,

i, 171;

his repute and activities, i, 171;

as friend of Rafinesque, i, 290;

his introduction of Audubon and letter to Dr. Barnes, i, 336.

Mocquard, Françoise, i, 55, 86.

Morris, George Spencer, i, 331.

Morris, Samuel C., purchase of "Mill Grove" by, i, 105.

Morristown (New Jersey), stay of Audubon at, i, 99.

Morse, Samuel Finley Breese, as Audubon's guest, ii, 311.

Morton, Countess of, as patron and pupil of Audubon, i, 365.

Morton, Earl of, record of a visit to the home of, i, 363.

Morton, Samuel George, ii, 154, 171, 172.

Moynet (Moynette, Moinet), Anne. _See_ Mme. Jean Audubon.

_Muguet_, i, 56, 57, 59, 61. _See_ Mme. Gabriel Loyen du

Puigaudeau.

Mulattoes, numbers and plight of, in Santo Domingo, i, 43;

as slave holders, i, 44;

revolt under Ogé, i, 50;

first clash with whites at Les Cayes, i, 50;

union with the blacks and beginning of general revolt, i, 51.

Murray, John, i, 377;

Basil Hall to, i, 378.

Nantes, Jean Audubon at, i, 30-32;

his places of residence, i, 36, 57-58, 86-87;

in the Revolution, i, 59, 73-74;

Committee of Public Safety and National Guard of, i, 74;

attack and siege of, i, 74;

acceptance of republican constitution by, i, 75;

reign of terror under Carrier at, i, 75;

fate of Vendeans at, i, 75;

savior of, i, 76;

victims of Carrier and the plague at, i, 75;

execution of Charette at, i, 76;

raided by "Tête-Carée," i, 77;

restoration of peace at, i, 77;

revolutionary records of, i, 78;

Jean Audubon's activities, i, 78-82;

his death at, i, 87;

his appreciation by, i, 83.

Natchez (Mississippi), visit of Audubon, i, 308;

loss of his portfolio at, i, 309;

as teacher at, i, 321;

his first lessons in oils, i, 321;

engagement of Mrs. Audubon, i, 322;

illness of Audubon, i, 324.

National Assembly of Paris, Declaration of Rights, of, i, 49;

vacillating policies of, i, 51.

_National Gazette_, on Audubon, ii, 41-42, 50-51.

_Natural History of Deeside and Braemar_, ii, 136.

Neuwied, Maximillian, ii, 255.

Newark (New Jersey), Alexander Wilson at, i, 210.

New Castle (Delaware), landing of Alexander Wilson at, i, 209.

New Haven (Connecticut), establishment of William and Benjamin

Bakewell at, i, 201.

Newman Street, Havell's shop in, i, 12.

New Orleans (Louisiana), memorial to Audubon at, i, 13;

Alexander Wilson at, i, 207;

Audubon at, i, 306-310;

his struggles to gain a footing at, i, 310-312;

as teacher at, i, 318;

settlement and financial difficulties at, i, 319;

engagement of Mrs. Audubon at, i, 322;

Audubon embarks for Liverpool at, i, 347;

his observations at, i, 348.

Newton, Alfred, i, 444; ii, 223.

New York (New York), memorials to Audubon at, i, 13;

Jean Audubon a prisoner at, i, 32;

his release, i, 32, 34;

disbanding of the British army at, i, 35;

Audubon's introduction to, i, 99;

pestilence at, i, 99, 135;

Audubon's original drawings at, i, 228;

Vanderlyn's portrait of Andrew Jackson in City Hall of, i, 338;

Audubon's description of landing at, in 1836, ii, 146;

his success in canvassing at, ii, 153;

his old residence and estate, ii, 234-236, 310-312.

_New York Herald_, account of "Mill Grove" mine in, i, 114.

Niagara Falls (New York), Alexander Wilson at, i, 216;

Audubon at, i, 340; ii, 167.

Nighthawk (_Chordeiles virginianus_), Audubon's early drawing

of, i, 180.

Nolte, Vincent, on Audubon in 1811, i, 277;

his journey from Pittsburgh to Lexington, i, 276-279; 352.

Northumberland, Duke of, i, 377.

Nuttall, Thomas, collection of western birds of, ii, 147, 149,

153-154, 156;

meeting with Audubon, ii, 150;

career and writings, ii, 150.

_Nymphæa_. _See_ Water-lily.

"Oakley," plantation and house of, i, 313-315;

Audubon's pupil and his life as tutor at, i, 315-318;

his drawings at, i, 316; ii, 74.

Oates, George, ii, 211, 218.

Ogé, James, rebellion and death of, i, 50;

its effect upon the Santo Domingan whites, i, 50.

Ohio River, Audubon's description of journey on, i, 195;

Wilson's journey in 1810, i, 205;

traffic of the "ark" and keel boat, in 1810, i, 234-236;

first steamer, and steam traffic on, i, 236;

Audubon's experience at the mouth of, i, 238;

breaking up of the ice in, i, 241;

Rafinesque on fishes of, i, 292;

Audubon's descent of, in 1820, i, 307.

Ord, George, on Alexander Wilson, i, 211;

as Wilson's editor and biographer, i, 217, 223-225;

his octavo edition of Wilson, i, 223;

defense of Wilson and charge against Audubon, i, 226-228; 230;

basis of his attack on Audubon, i, 227, 231-232;

his opposition to Audubon, i, 328-329; 333, 339, 422;

ii, 4, 27, 55, 61, 72, 80, 83;

as Waterton's correspondent, ii, 87-88, 91; 98, 284.

Orleans, Duke of, as Audubon's patron, i, 3, 411-412.

_Ornithological Biography_, description of Bird Rock in, i, 9;

story of the Pewee, i, 99, 106-107;

on the Velvet Duck, i, 182;

journey down the Ohio River, i, 195;

Alexander Wilson's visit to Louisville, i, 220-223;

Wilson on the Whooping Crane, i, 227;

discrepancies in "Episodes" in, i, 273;

"Louisville in Kentucky," i, 274;

"The Prairie," i, 274, 282-284;

"A Wild Horse," i, 274-276;

"The Eccentric Naturalist," i, 274, 285-300;

"The Earthquake," i, 279;

"The Hurricane," i, 280;

"The Regulators," i, 281;

"Colonel Boone," i, 281;

Natchez, i, 308;

on _The Birds of America_, i, 343;

publication of, i, 438;

MacGillivray's assistance in, i, 438;

rivals of, i, 438-439; 442-445;

American copyright of, i, 439;

publisher's announcement, i, 444-445, 448;

the _Athenæum_ on, ii, 84-85, 140, 142;

W. B. O. Peabody on, ii, 85;

Featherstonhaugh on, ii, 85;

on the authorship of, ii, 87-89, 102-103, 103-109;

on new species in, ii, 109-111;

"Ornithophilus" on, ii, 111, 112;

Swainson on, ii, 113;

and MacGillivray, ii, 125-138;

Audubon on American Edition of, ii, 134, 141;

MacGillivray's copy of, ii, 138;

John Wilson on, ii, 139;

third volume of, ii, 144, 178-180;

fourth volume of, ii, 181;

completion of, ii, 186;

valedictory to reader, ii, 187;

memorandum of accounts with MacGillivray for assistance in,

ii, 188;

Audubon on residual stock of, ii, 189.

Ornithological Gallery, plan and abandonment of, by Audubon

and Kidd, i, 446.

Orr, Charles, correspondence of Alexander Wilson, with,

i, 210-212.

Osprey, Fish Hawk (_Pandion haliaëtus_), early drawing by

Audubon, i, 182.

Otter, original painting and exhibition of, i, 394.

Oven-bird (_Seiurus aurocapillus_), "Golden-crowned Thrush,"

Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425.

Owen, David Dale, i, 294.

Owen, Sir Richard, i, 354.

Owensboro (Kentucky), i, 236.

Oxford Street (London), i, 11.

Page, Benjamin, i, 256.

Paimbœuf, i, 32, 80, 137.

Palmer, Sarah White, i, 124.

Palmer, Theodore Sherman, ii, 293.

Pamar, R., i, 318, 348.

Paris, in 1828, i, 2;

Audubon at, i, 74, 408-413, 448;

his reception and patronage at, i, 410-413.

Parkman, Dr. George, ii, 29, 35, 36;

to Audubon, ii, 42-43, 57, 59, 134, 141;

Audubon to, ii, 227.

Patterson, W. D., i, 231; ii, 352.

Peabody, W. B. O., i, 231; ii, 200.

Peale, Rembrandt, i, 328.

Peale, Robert, i, 328.

Peale, Titian R., his drawings of birds, i, 330.

Pears, Thomas W., i, 124;

as partner of Audubon and Bakewell, i, 254;

his withdrawal, i, 255, 426.

Peel, Sir Robert, i, 377.

Penal laws, in England, i, 395.

Penn, John, i, 105.

Penn, William, land purchase by, i, 103.

Percy, Capt. Robert, Mrs. Audubon's school at plantation of,

i, 322;

Audubon at plantation of, i, 324.

Perkins, Thomas H., ii, 28, 29, 39, 150.

Perkioming Consolidated Mining Company, i, 169.

Perkioming Creek, i, 103-104, 106.

Perrytown (Sutton, New Hampshire), i, 284.

Pewee, Phœbe (_Sayornis phœbe_), Audubon on, i, 99;

his first study of, i, 106;

original drawing of, i, 180.

Pewee, Wood (_Myiochanes virens_), Audubon's original drawing

of, i, 180, 425.

Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), reception of Audubon at, i, 327-335;

a meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences at, i, 333;

ii, 154.

Philarète-Chasles, impressions of Audubon's exhibition at

Edinburgh, i, 359.

Phillips, Dr. Benjamin, ii, 144-145, 223-224;

Audubon to, ii, 244-246.

Phœbe, Say's (_Sayornis sayus_), i, 330.

_Picus auduboni_, ii, 113.

Pigeon, Passenger (_Ectopistes migratorius_), Audubon's

original painting of, i, 363;

Audubon on, i, 368.

Pirrie, Eliza, as Audubon's pupil, and her romantic history,

i, 315, 317-318.

Pirrie, James, i, 315;

Audubon's drawings made at plantation of, i, 316.

Pirrie, Mrs. James, engagement of Audubon by, i, 313;

her home and family, i, 313-318.

Pitois, M., i, 432.

Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania), record of journey from Philadelphia

to, in 1807, i, 187-191;

characterization, growth and population of, i, 191;

Wilson's description of, in 1810, i, 204; 343, 344.

Plaisance, Samuel, i, 123, 265.

Planters (Santo Domingo), their prosperity and grievances,

i, 42-44;

their morality and vicissitudes, i, 44-46;

their revolt, i, 49-51.

_Polly_, Audubon's and Rozier's voyage on, i, 134-135, 187.

Pope, John, i, 237.

Pornic, mission of Citizen Audubon to, i, 79.

Porter, Dr. Edmund, to Dr. Thomas Miner, i, 333.

Posey, Fayette, i, 258.

Presque Isle, i, 340.

Priestley, Joseph, i, 154, 200-201.

Prospectus, of _American Ornithology_ (Wilson), i, 217;

of _The Birds of America_, i, 373;

of first octavo edition, ii, 211-214;

reproduction of (for 1828) for original folio, ii, 386-388;

reproduction of (by J. W. Audubon), for second (partial)

American edition of original folio, ii, 389-391.

Provost, Henry Augustin, i, 105-106, 122.

_Quadrupeds of North America_, i, 17;

Bachman to Audubon on, ii, 208;

Audubon to Brewer on, ii, 209;

on Bachman's coöperation in, ii, 210;

Audubon to Baird on, ii, 219-221, 222, 226-227, 233;

Audubon to Parkman, ii, 227;

to W. O. Ayres, ii, 229;

Parke Godwin on, ii, 236;

editions of, ii, 261;

Bachman on text of, ii, 261-263, 269-272, 281-283;

Baird on materials for, ii, 263, 264, 274, 276-277, 278;

Audubon on letterpress of, ii, 265;

Harris as mediator in difficulties with letterpress of, ii, 269;

coöperation of authors in, ii, 273;

subscribers to, ii, 274;

Louis Agassiz on, ii, 274;

title of text of, ii, 275;

English edition of first volume of text of, ii, 280;

dedication copy of first volume of text of, ii, 280;

J. E. Gray on, ii, 281;

manuscript of text of, ii, 283;

_Illustrations_ of, ii, 285;

in octavo, ii, 293.

Quebec, Audubon's visit and success in, ii, 244.

_Queen_, Jean Audubon's fight in, i, 35.

_Queen Charlotte_ (_La Reine Charlotte_), Captain Jean Audubon's

command of, at Yorktown, i, 34.

Quinarianism, curious tenets and advocacy of, ii, 94, 95, 104,

109, 114, 116, 117.

Quincy, Josiah, ii, 29, 150.

Rabin, Mlle., birth of son of, i, 52;

as characterized by Jean Audubon, i, 52;

record of physician of, i, 53;

her feeble health and death, i, 56;

suppression of her name, i, 60;

early and assumed names of her son, i, 62;

as characterized by her son, i, 63, 66;

fictitious account of death of, i, 67.

Rabin, Jean, i, 53, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, 263, 264; ii, 361,

362, 364. _See_ Jean Jacques Fougère Audubon.

Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (Schmaltz), i, 171;

his travels, writings and career, i, 285-300;

Audubon on, i, 285;

and the bats, i, 286;

his early life and precocity, i, 287;

his bibliography, i, 287;

visit to America, i, 288;

life in Sicily, i, 288;

marriage and embitterment, i, 289;

return to America and shipwreck, i, 290;

visits Audubon, i, 290;

his "scarlet-headed swallow" and fictitious fishes, i, 291;

his Ichthyology of the Ohio River and "Devil-Jack

Diamond-fish," i, 292;

at Transylvania University, i, 294;

originality and independence, i, 295;

impractical projects and inventions, i, 295-296, 298;

troubles at Lexington and return to Philadelphia, i, 296;

his mania for new species, i, 296;

his letters, i, 297;

his multifarious writings, final struggles and death,

i, 297-299;

his ardor and fatal versatility, i, 299;

contemporary notice of, i, 333.

"Rafinesquiana," i, 287.

_Rambler_, i, 7.

Ramsden, George, Edward Holden to, i, 351.

Rankin, Dr. Adam, i, 238, 242;

his "Meadow Brook Farm," i, 248;

birth of John Woodhouse Audubon at home of, i, 248.

Rankin, William, i, 248.

Rathbone, Richard, introduction of Audubon to, i, 352.

Rathbone, William, Sr., assistance rendered Audubon by, i, 352.

Rathbone, Mrs. William, Sr., at "Greenbank," i, 353;

gift to Audubon by, i, 355.

Rathbone, William, Jr., i, 352.

Rattlesnake, Audubon's account of drawing of, i, 316;

climbing habits of, ii, 53-54, 64;

Audubon on, ii, 71-76;

Dr. Jones' charge concerning, ii, 72;

Audubon's error in description of, ii, 76-78;

vindication of Audubon's drawing and account of the fangs

of, ii, 79.

_Rattlesnake_, encounter of the _Polly_ with, i, 134-135, 187.

Redbanks. _See_ Henderson.

Redbird, Summer Tanager (_Piranga rubra_), Audubon's drawing

of, i, 316.

Redouté, Pierre Joseph, works and friendship of, i, 411.

Red River (Arkansas), drawing of the Chuck-will's-widow on,

i, 182.

Redstart, American (_Setophaga ruticilla_), Audubon's early

drawings of, i, 181, 316.

Rees, Abraham, i, 216.

Rees, William J., ii, 62.

"_Regulus cuvieri_," "Cuvier's Wren," i, 180, 354; ii, 215, 219.

Rhoads, Samuel N., i, 291; ii, 202.

Richardson, John, ii, 98, 105, 106.

Ricordel, Mme. _See_ Mme. Jean Audubon.

Rider, Alexander, i, 331.

Ridgely, D., ii, 38.

_Ripley_, the voyage of, ii, 43-50.

Robertson, John Argyle, ii, 183.

Robin, American (_Planesticus migratorius_), Audubon's early

drawing of, i, 182.

Rochambeau, Comte de, i, 34.

Rochefort, i, 30, 83, 93, 94.

Roe Lockwood & Son, ii, 296.

Roget, Dr. Peter Mark, i, 377.

Roscoe, Edward, i, 352, 353, 354.

Roscoe, William, i, 218.

Ross, David (and Company), i, 57, 121-123, 265, 266.

Rothschild, Baron, Audubon's account of interview with, ii, 206.

Rowan, William, i, 400.

Roy, Constance (Rozier), i, 245.

Royal Society (London), Audubon's election to membership in,

i, 437;

William Swainson on his election, ii, 97.

Rozier, Charles A., i, 146.

Rozier, Claude François, i, 147;

Ferdinand Rozier to, i, 149-152;

his family, i, 152;

his death, i, 152;

and Benjamin Bakewell, i, 154;

Audubon to, i, 154, 156-158, 161-163, 164-166.

Rozier, Felix, i, 246.

Rozier, Ferdinand, i, 146;

his "Articles," i, 147;

to his father, i, 149-152;

at Philadelphia, i, 153;

as attorney for Lieutenant Audubon and his wife, i, 153;

his business plans, i, 156-158, 161-162, 165;

his diary, i, 187-192;

Thomas Bakewell to, i, 196;

William Bakewell to, i, 199;

removes from Louisville to Henderson, i, 236;

removes with Audubon to Ste. Geneviève, i, 237-241;

dissolves partnership with Audubon, i, 241;

Audubon to, i, 243;

career of, i, 244-246;

his death, i, 246;

"Audubon & Bakewell" to, i, 251; ii, 359.

Rozier, Firman A., i, 246.

Rozier, François Denis, i, 154.

Rozier (Colas), Renée Angelique, death of, i, 152.

Rozier, Tom J., i, 196.

Rozier, Welton A., manuscripts in possession of, i, 149,

168, 187.

_Rue de Crébillon_, Jean Audubon's home in, i, 57.

Rush, Dr. Benjamin, i, 288.

Russell, W. Gurdon, ii, 204.

Saget (mayor of Nantes), i, 77.

St. Albans, i, 403.

St. Augustine, Audubon's description of, ii, 12;

hunting birds at, ii, 12.

St. Francisville (Louisiana), engagement of Audubon at, i, 313;

origin of name, i, 314;

character of country and abundance of birds, i, 314;

Audubon as tutor at, i, 315-318;

Mrs. Audubon's school, i, 322;

former wealth of country, i, 323, 345.

Sainte Geneviève (Missouri), Audubon's journey to, i, 237-241;

dissolution of partnership with Rozier at, i, 241;

Audubon's subsequent visits, i, 242;

Ferdinand Rozier's career at, i, 244-247.

St. John, Mrs. Horace Roscoe Stebbing, i, 17.

St. Johns, ii, 244.

Saint Louis (Santo Domingo), i, 39, 41.

Sammis, Capt. S., i, 131, 156, 158, 159, 164, 187.

Sandpiper, Spotted (_Actitis macularia_), Audubon's early

drawing of, i, 249.

Sanson, Dr., as Jean Audubon's physician, i, 53;

his bill of services, resources and favorite remedies, i, 53;

his inoculations for smallpox, i, 55;

his treatment of Audubon's mother, i, 56;

for complete text of bill, with translation, _see_

ii, 314-327.

Santo Domingo, pre-revolutionary lure of, i, 36;

Jean Audubon's career in, i, 36-38;

effect of the Declaration of Rights on, i, 37;

slave trade at, i, 39-41;

cost of slaves at, i, 40;

prosperity and praise of, i, 42;

population of whites and blacks in 1790, i, 42;

plight of mulattoes and history of slavery in, i, 43;

Baron de Wimpffen's experience with society and plantation

life, i, 44-48;

unjust taxation, i, 44, 46;

debasement of morals, i, 45;

bossals, Creoles and mulattoes, i, 44-47;

outbreak and progress of the Revolution, i, 49-51;

the Revolution in relation to the history of Jean and Jean

Jacques Fougère Audubon, i, 50;

Les Cayes first touched by Revolution of, i, 50;

first blood drawn in the North, i, 50;

Ogé's futile rebellion, i, 50;

later events in rising of blacks and mulattoes against

whites, i, 50;

physicians and their remedies in, i, 54.

Sautron, i, 139.

Savenay, i, 78.

Say, Thomas, i, 294, 330, 333-334.

_Sayornis saya_, i, 330.

Sayre, Robert H., ii, 7.

Scott, Sir Walter, on Audubon's exhibition, i, 359;

Audubon on, i, 365;

on Audubon, i, 366-368; 370.

Scott, Winfield, ii, 242.

Searles, Edward F., ii, 203.

Seaside Finch (_Passerherbulus maritimus_), original drawing

of, i, 425.

Sedgwick, Adam, i, 399.

Selby, Prideaux John, Audubon's visit to, i, 374;

_Illustrations of British Ornithology_ by, i, 375;

to Audubon, i, 375; ii, 102.

_Serinettes_, i, 163.

Shannonville (Pennsylvania), i, 102.

Sharp, William, i, 209.

Shattuck, Dr. George C., ii, 29, 35, 43, 150, 151, 228.

Shattuck, Dr. George Cheyne, as Audubon's assistant, ii, 43;

as philanthropist, ii, 43; 228.

Shippingport (Kentucky), Audubon as peripatetic portrait

painter at, i, 303; 326, 345.

Slack, Elijah, on Audubon's term of service at the Western

Museum, i, 304;

as president of Cincinnati College, i, 305.

Slaves (in Santo Domingo), numbers delivered at Les Cayes, i, 31;

as a basis of wealth, i, 39;

trade in, i, 39-41;

numbers and mortality of, i, 42;

management of, i, 43-47;

diseases of, i, 46;

cost and taxes of, i, 46;

revolt of, i, 49-51.

Smallpox, i, 55.

Smith, Rebecca (Bakewell), i, 201.

Smith, Rev. Sidney, i, 369, 372.

Smythe, Henry A., ii, 310.

Sparrow, Baird's (_Emberiza bairdii_, Audubon, 1844; now

_Ammodramus bairdi_), ii, 259.

Sparrow, Harris's (_Zonotrichia querula_), ii, 253.

Sparrow, Swamp (_Melospiza georgiana_), Audubon's early

drawing of, i, 249.

Sparrow, Vesper (_Poœcetes gramineus_), "Bay-winged Bunting,"

original drawing of, i, 425.

Spencer, John C., ii, 242.

Sprague, Isaac, ii, 252.

Stanilaus, Francis Alexander (Baron de Wimpffen), i, 44;

his experiences and observations as planter in Santo Domingo,

i, 44-48.

Stanley, Edward George Geoffrey Smith (fourteenth Earl of

Derby), i, 354, 380, 437.

"Stanley Hawk" (_Falco stanleyi_, now _Accipiter cooperi_),

Cooper's Hawk. _See Falco_.

Starling, Edmund L., i, 236, 250, 252, 256-257.

Sterling, Mrs. Frederick A., i, 342.

Stoddard, Rev. Charles Augustus, tribute to Mrs. John James

Audubon, ii, 303.

Stone, Charles F., ii, 311.

Stone, Witmer, ii, 214.

Stuart, Gilbert, i, 336.

_Sturnella neglecta_, Western Meadow Lark, ii, 254.

Sully, Thomas, i, 2, 328;

Audubon as pupil of, i, 334;

to Audubon, i, 334;

Audubon to, i, 339; ii, 68-71.

Sully, Mrs. Thomas, Audubon to, i, 389.

Swainson, William, on Rafinesque, i, 289, 377, 395;

correspondence of, i, 400;

Audubon to, i, 400-401, 405-407, 409-410; ii, 95-97, 99,

101-103, 112, 176-177, 353;

to Audubon, i, 402, 413-414, 422-423, 430-431; ii, 97-101,

103-108;

characteristics, i, 402;

on Audubon, i, 403;

Audubon at home of, i, 404;

with Audubon in Paris, i, 408-412, 415; ii, 84;

in controversy over the _Ornithological Biography_, ii, 88,

93-109;

as leader in the Quinarian movement, ii, 93-95, 114, 116-117;

Audubon's proposal for assistance of, ii, 102;

his response and answer to a later letter, ii, 103-108;

their subsequent relations, ii, 111-114;

as biographer, ii, 113-116;

_Literary Gazette_ on, ii, 113;

as the "British Cuvier," ii, 114;

his career and adversities, ii, 117;

his emigration and death, ii, 118, 173.

_Sylvia_ (_Helinaria_) _swainsonii_, ii, 113.

Syme, John, i, 361.

_Synopsis of Birds of North America_, publication of, ii, 186;

number of species recognized in, 186.

Tawapatee Bottom, i, 240.

Taylor, Richard C., ii, 77.

Thayer, John E., i, 307, 363; ii, 227, 229.

Tête-Carée. _See_ Dupré.

Texas, Audubon's visit to Republic of, ii, 163-165.

Thackeray, George, ii, 146.

_The Foresters_, i, 216.

Thomas, William, i, 101, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 150, 151.

Thrush, Hermit (_Hylocichla ustulata_), i, 308.

Thrush, Wood (_Hylocichla mustelina_), Audubon's early drawing

of, i, 180.

Title pages, in facsimile, _The Birds of America_, original

folio, i, 381;

prospectus of _The Birds of America_, i, 391;

of covers of parts, of octavo (second) edition of the

_Birds_, ii, 213;

of English edition (Vol. I) of _The Viviparous Quadrupeds

of North America_, i, 275.

Titmouse, Mountain, Audubon's early drawing of, i, 181.

Torrey, John, i, 171.

Townsend, Dr. John Kirk, ii, 147, 149, 153-154, 156, 170-173,

179.

Traill, Dr. Thomas S., i, 353.

Transportation by steam, in the Atlantic, i, 2;

on the Ohio River, i, 236.

Transylvania Company, i, 252.

Transylvania University, i, 294-296, 306.

Treat, Mary, ii, 81.

Trinity Cemetery, i, 13.

Trudeau, James, ii, 184, 185, 186.

Turkey, Wild (_Meleagris gallopavo_), i, 311, 355, 358, 363;

ii, 198.

"Twizel House," i, 374.

Tyler, John, Audubon's credentials from, ii, 242.

Tyttenhanger (or Tittenhanger), Green, i, 403.

Valentine, Edward Virginius, i, 14.

Valley Forge (Pennsylvania), i, 102.

Van Buren, Martin, ii, 153, 166.

Vanderlyn, John, i, 312, 338.

Vaux, James, i, 108.

Vendée, La, i, 24-27.

Vendeans, characteristics and revolt of, i, 26;

Nantes besieged by, i, 74;

defeat and fate of, i, 75;

execution of leader of, i, 76-77, 80.

Vigors, Nathaniel Augustus, i, 377;

to Audubon, i, 407-408, 415; ii, 101, 107.

_Vireo belli_ (_V. bellii_, of Audubon, 1844), Bell's Vireo,

ii, 253.

Vireo, Warbling (_Vireosylva gilva_), Audubon's original

drawing of, i, 425.

Vireo, Yellow-throated (_Lanivireo flavifrons_), Audubon's

original drawing of, i, 316.

Vulture, Turkey (_Cathartes aura_), and Black, or "Carrion

Crow" (_Catharista urubu_), controversy over the sense of

smell in, ii, 81-84;

experiments of Audubon and Bachman on, ii, 55-56, 61, 81-82;

memorial of the faculty of the South Carolina Medical College

on, ii, 83;

present condition of the question, ii, 83.

Wade, Joseph M., i, 213, 254.

Wagtail, White (_Motacilla alba_), Audubon's early drawing of,

i, 181.

Wainwright, Rev. Dr., Edward Everett to, i, 436.

Waller, Sir J. Walter, to Audubon, i, 392, 406.

Walton, Isaac, i, 206.

Warbler (_Sylvia trochilus delicata_, _sylvia delicata_),

Audubon's unpublished drawing of, i, 228.

Warbler, Bay-breasted (_Dendroica castanea_), "Autumnal

Warbler," Audubon's original drawing of, i, 426.

Warbler, Blackburnian (_Dendroica fusca_), "Hemlock Warbler,"

Audubon's original drawing of, i, 180, 426.

Warbler, Black-poll (_Dendroica striata_), Audubon's original

drawing of, i, 425; ii, 50.

Warbler, Black-throated Blue (_Dendroica cærulescens_), "Pine

Swamp Warbler," Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425.

Warbler, Canada (_Wilsonia canadensis_), "Canada Flycatcher,"

Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425.

Warbler, Carbonated (_Dendroica carbonata_), Audubon's original

drawing of, i, 180.

Warbler, Chestnut-sided (_Dendroica pennsylvanica_), Audubon's

original drawing of, i, 180.

Warbler, "Children's," Yellow Warbler (_Dendroica æstiva_),

i, 354.

Warbler, Connecticut (_Oporornis agilis_), Audubon's original

drawing of, i, 426.

Warbler, Magnolia (_Dendroica magnolia_), "Black and Yellow

Warbler," Audubon's original drawing of, i, 425.

Warbler, Pine-creeping (_Dendroica vigorsi_), Audubon's original

drawing of, i, 316.

Warbler, Prairie (_Dendroica discolor_), Audubon's original

drawing of, i, 316.

Warbler, "Rathbone," i, 180, 354.

Warbler, Tennessee (_Vermivora peregrina_), Audubon's original

drawing of, i, 316.

Warbler, Yellow-rumped, Myrtle Warbler (_Dendroica coronata_),

Audubon's original drawing of, i, 180.

Ward, Henry, ii, 2, 4, 9, 12, 25, 32, 59.

Washington, General George, at Valley Forge, i, 102;

Folk's portrait of, i, 106;

at "Fatland Ford," i, 108.

Water-lily, yellow (_Nymphæa lutea_), ii, 80.

Waterton, Charles, i, 12, 224-232, 415; ii, 55, 61, 73;

on Audubon's drawing of the rattlesnake, ii, 79;

on the vulture's olfactory sense, ii, 82;

to George Ord, ii, 83;

his _Wanderings_, polemics and life at Walton Hall, ii, 86-92;

on Alexander Wilson's diary, ii, 87;

on the _Ornithological Biography_, ii, 87;

on the young Cuckoo and Hummingbird's nest, ii, 90-91; 142.

_Watty and Meg_, i, 208.

Webster, Daniel, as Audubon's patron, ii, 151;

his letter of recommendation and promise of ducks, ii, 152;

Audubon's credentials from, ii, 242.

_Wellington_, ii, 189, 191.

Wernerian Society, i, 183; ii, 72.

Westermann, General, to Citizen Audubon, i, 80.

_Western Journal_, ii, 298.

Western Museum, Audubon as its taxidermist, and story of its

foundation, i, 303-306.

Wetherill, Samuel, Junior, i, 102, 169; ii, 14.

Wetherill, Samuel Price, i, 102.

Wetherill, Dr. William, i, 201.

Wetherill, W. H., i, 99, 102, 149.

Wheelock, John, i, 218.

Whewell, William, i, 399.

Whip-poor-will (_Antrostomus vociferus_), Audubon's early

drawings of, i, 180, 249.

Whitehall (New York), ii, 244.

White-throated Sparrow (_Zonotrichia albicollis_), Audubon's

early drawing of, i, 249.

Wilkie, David, i, 377.

Williams, George Alfred, on the ancestry and achievements of

Robert Havell, Junior, i, 382; ii, 193-195.

Wilson, Alexander, i, 107;

his life and accomplishments, i, 202-220;

his journey of 1810, i, 202;

his rebuke to a judge, i, 203;

description of Pittsburgh, i, 204;

descends the Ohio, i, 205;

impressions of Cincinnati and Louisville, i, 205;

success in New Orleans, i, 207;

his meeting with Audubon, i, 207;

early life and struggles, i, 208;

success as a dialect poet, i, 208;

champions the oppressed weavers, is fined and sent to jail,

i, 208;

emigrates to America, i, 209;

unfortunate love affairs, i, 209, 212, 215, 216;

to Charles Orr, i, 210-212;

George Ord on, i, 211;

friendship with Bartram and Lawson, i, 212;

his poverty and thrift, i, 214-216;

his talents and genius, i, 214;

_The Foresters_, i, 216;

his _American Ornithology_ begun, i, 216;

his prospectus and first volume, i, 217;

canvasses New England, i, 218;

journey South and extension of his work, i, 218;

second New England tour, and his arrest as a spy, i, 219;

completion of his seventh volume and his premature death,

i, 219;

his character, i, 219;

Audubon's account of their meeting in Louisville, i, 220-223;

Ord's revival of the incident, i, 223;

his diary in light of later events, i, 224-232;

his evasive flycatcher, i, 226;

the "twin" Mississippi Kites, i, 227-230;

as a later "rival" of Audubon, i, 231-232, 234-235, 311, 422;

mistaken obituary of, ii, 2;

Audubon on, ii, 143;

number of species of American birds recognized, ii, 214;

and Bachman, ii, 284.

Wilson, James, i, 438.

Wilson, John, i, 362, 385, 447; ii, 84;

Audubon to, ii, 139.

Winterfield, Charles, ii, 121, 256-258;

on Audubon at the ruins of a fire, ii, 267.

Wollaston, Dr. William Hyde, i, 377.

Wood, Rev. J. G., on Waterton, ii, 89.

Woodbury, Levi, ii, 5;

to Louis McLane, ii, 23.

Woodpecker, Green, Audubon's early drawing of, i, 178, 181.

Woodpecker, Red-cockaded (_Dryobates borealis_), Audubon's

early drawing of, i, 316.

Wren, "Cuvier's." _See_ "_Regulus_."

Wren, Bewick's (_Thryomanes bewicki_), Audubon's original

drawing of, i, 180.

Wren, Marsh (_Telmatodytes palustris_), original drawing of,

i, 425.

Wren, Parkman's (_Troglodytes aëdon parkmani_), original

specimen, ii, 227.

Yarrell, William, ii, 58;

to Audubon, ii, 223-225, 246-247.

Yellow-throat, "Roscoe's," Maryland Yellow-throat (_Geothlypis

trichas_), i, 354.

Yorktown (Virginia), Jean Audubon's command at, i, 24.

Zoölogical Gallery, i, 12, 382, 394.

Zoölogical Society (London), i, 398, 444.

FOOTNOTES

[1] Quoted by Captain Thomas Brown (Bibl. No. 163) in

the Edinburgh _Caledonian Mercury_, November 3, 1831.

[2] Extract of letter of Colonel Abert. See G. W.

Featherstonhaugh (Bibl. No. 164), _Monthly American

Journal of Geology and Natural Science_, vol. i, p. 229

(1831).

John James Abert (1788-1863), long associated with the

Bureau of Topographical Engineers of the United States

Army, became brevet lieutenant-colonel in charge of

that office in 1837; according to Ruthven Deane (see

Bibliography, No. 216), he was an organizer of the

National Institute of Science, afterwards merged with

the Smithsonian Institution at Washington; an ardent

friend of Audubon, he assisted him in many ways, and,

as Dr. Richard Harlan affirmed, paid dearly for his

support by being rejected for membership in the American

Philosophical Society at Philadelphia. Harlan wrote to

Audubon on January 27, 1832, that out of twenty-five

members present on the occasion referred to, five,

led by Mr. George Ord, Mr. Isaac Lea, and Dr. Hays,

had voted against him: in his opinion no possible

grounds could be found for opposing so desirable a

member excepting his friendship for Audubon and his

support of the snake "Episode" (see Chapter XXVIII).

In 1832 Abert's paper on the "Habits of Climbing of

the Rattlesnake," which was written in the previous

year, had appeared in a Philadelphia journal (see

Bibliography, No. 107). To this friend Abert's Squirrel,

_Sciurus aberti_, was later dedicated; see Audubon, _The

Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America_ (Bibl. No. 6),

plate 153.

[3] C. L. Bachman, _John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D._

(Bibl. No. 191), to which work I am indebted for

numerous extracts from Bachman's letters to Audubon and

for various incidents relating to the different members

of both families.

[4] This "Great Volume," bound in fine Russia leather,

was still in possession of the Bachman family in 1888,

and is said to represent one of the earliest impressions

of the plates, which Audubon had selected and used for

exhibition purposes. See C. L. Bachman, _op. cit._, p.

101.

[5] This unique copy of _The Birds of America_ bears the

inscription:

To my worthy Friend

D d. Eckley, Esq., of [Boston]

this volume is given with his sincere and good wishes.

JOHN J. AUDUBON.

The plates thus dedicated were unbound, and apparently

in their original covers, which consisted of plain

brown sheets. They passed through the hands of Messrs.

Burrows Brothers' Company, Cleveland, to Mr. Robert

H. Sayre of South Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and were

originally received by the American dealers from the

Messrs. Sotheran & Company of London. Possibly this was

the set mentioned by Coues, who says "Trübner ... quotes

the work with plain plates. I have never seen one in

that condition" (_Birds of the Colorado Valley_, p. 612;

Bibl. No. 181). After Mr. Sayre's death, his library was

dispersed by public auction at Philadelphia, when this

complete set of Audubon plates, though in an uncolored

state, brought $3,200; see _Public Ledger_, November 9,

1907, and "Bohemian" (Bibl. No. 207a), _Black Diamond

Express_, vol. iv, p. 3.

[6] Letter (No. 1) from Audubon to the editor of

the _Monthly American Journal of Geology and Natural

Science_ (Bibl. No. 34), published in vol. i, p. 358

(1832); dated "St. Augustine, East Florida, Dec. 7,

1831." These letters, which were hurriedly written

in the field, appeared in a short-lived and forgotten

publication; they are here given in part on account of

the general interest of the narrative.

[7] See Audubon's New Year's resolution against snuff,

Vol. I., p. 396.

[8] See Vol. I, p. 400.

[9] Thomas Butler King, of St. Simon's Island, Georgia.

[10] Then belonging to the four sons of Samuel

Wetherill, who succeeded to the white lead and drugs

industry after his death in 1829.

[11] For the favor of reproducing this and another

letter by Dr. Harlan given in Chapter XXVII, as well as

the sonnet referred to, which will be found facing page

1 of this volume, I am indebted to Mr. Ruthven Deane.

[12] The following account is quoted from Audubon's

second letter to G. W. Featherstonhaugh (Bibl. No. 35),

dated "Bulowville, East Florida, December 31, 1831;"

published, _loc. cit._, vol. i, p. 407 (1832).

[13] See Vol. II, p. 129.

[14] See following Note; and "Spring Garden,"

_Ornithological Biography_ (Bibl. No. 2), vol. ii, p.

263.

[15] See Bibliography, No. 36; undated; published, _loc.

cit._, vol. i, p. 529 (1832).

[16] See "St. John's River in Florida," _Ornithological

Biography_, vol. ii, p. 291.

[17] See "The Florida Keys," _Ornithological Biography_,

vol. i, pp. 312 and 345, and "The Turtlers," _ibid._,

vol. ii, p. 370.

[18] See Vol. II, p. 7.

[19] See "A Merchant of Savannah," _Ornithological

Biography_ (Bibl. No. 2), vol. ii, p. 549.

[20] It was possibly during his visit to this city that

an experiment was made in bringing out some of his

plates by lithography. Two copies of a large plate,

possibly the only one produced, lithographed without

colors, were shown to me by Mr. Goodspeed, of Boston,

in the summer of 1910; these represented the "Rallus

crepitans—Marsh Hen," and bore the following legends:

"By John J. Audubon, F.R.S., &c., &c.," and "Drawn

& Printed by Childs & Inman, Philadelphia, 1832."

Three birds are here figured in place of the two which

appear in the plate of this species which Havell later

engraved, and in composition the two publications are

quite distinct.

[21] In a letter written to Audubon by his engraver,

January 20, 1831, Havell said: "Since writing my last,

I have a new subscriber from America, the Honble. T. H.

Perkins, Boston Athenæum. I packed it in a tin case, and

a wooden one; for the whole I am paid thro. the banking

house of the Baring Brothers, & Co., Bishopsgate St."

The copy of _The Birds of America_ in possession of the

Boston Society of Natural History bears the following

in autographic inscription on the fly-leaf of the first

volume:

Cost $1125—

T. H. PERKINS

1837.

[22] See Vol. II, p. 43.

[23] See "Journey in New Brunswick and Maine,"

_Ornithological Biography_ (Bibl. No. 2), vol. ii, p.

467.

[24] C. L. Bachman, _John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D._

(Bibl. No. 191).

[25] For notice of Robert Havell, Senior, who died in

1832, see Vol. I, p. 382.

[26] Originally published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No.

48), _The Auk_, vol. xxii, 1905.

[27] Alexander Gordon, who married Ann Bakewell,

youngest sister of Mrs. Audubon. For notice of Jos. B.

Kidd, mentioned below, see Vol. I, p. 446.

[28] Originally published by George Bird Grinnell (Bibl.

No. 54), _The Auk_, vol. xxxiii, 1916.

[29] See Chapter XXIX, p. 118, and the letter which

Audubon wrote to Bonaparte at this time.

[30] Most readers will doubtless recall that Dr.

George Parkman was the victim of an almost unbelievable

tragedy in 1849, when he met his death at the hands of

a colleague; the entire country was then aroused as it

seldom had been by an event in the annals of crime.

[31] In 1897 Mr. Joseph Coolidge, who was then living in

San Francisco, was the sole survivor of this expedition;

see Maria R. Audubon, _Audubon and his Journals_ (Bibl.

No. 86), vol. i, p. 347.

[32] Dr. George Cheyne Shattuck, like his father

a philanthropist, and an ardent patron of all good

works, in 1855 planted a seed on the rocky soil of New

Hampshire which has since shown a marvelous vitality;

to him primarily, and to the revered schoolmasters,

the Reverend Dr. Henry Augustus Coit and the Reverend

Dr. Joseph Rowland Coit, the world owes that great

foundation, St. Paul's School.

[33] Maria R. Audubon, _op. cit._, vol. i, p. 346.

[34] See "The Eggers of Labrador," _Ornithological

Biography_ (Bibl. No. 2), vol. iii, p. 82.

[35] Lincoln's Finch, _Fringella lincolnii_, now

_Melospiza lincolni_.

[36] See Charles W. Townsend (Bibl. No. 234), _The Auk_,

vol. xxxiv, p. 133 (1917).

[37] Maria R. Audubon, _op. cit._, vol. i, p. 386.

[38] _Ibid._, p. 390.

[39] _Ibid._, p. 425.

[40] As a memento of the Labrador experience, Audubon

presented Harris with his pocket companion, _The Genera

of North American Birds and a Synopsis of the Species_,

by Charles Lucien Bonaparte (New York, 1828), and

inscribed it as presented to his friend at "Eastport,

Sept. 1, 1833." This volume, which saw much hard usage

on this voyage and is filled with Audubon's manuscript

notes, is now in possession of Mr. Joseph Y. Jeanes.

[41] For Tuesday, September 10, 1833.

[42] Lucy Audubon, ed., _Life of John James Audubon, the

Naturalist_ (Bibl. No. 73), p. 377.

[43] _Ibid._, p. 379.

[44] See Chapter XXVIII, p. 78.

[45] See _ibid._, p. 81.

[46] Which I am able to reproduce through the kindness

of Miss Maria R. Audubon.

[47] The reference is to Victor G. Audubon's second

article in defense of his father, which appeared

in _Loudon's Magazine of Natural History_ (see

Bibliography, No. 118). Swainson's paper, under the same

title (see Bibliography, No. 117), was published in the

same number.

[48] For an account of this discussion see Chapter

XXVIII, where the memorial drawn up and signed by the

faculty of the Medical College of South Carolina is

reproduced.

[49] When in New York, awaiting the sailing of his

vessel, in April, 1834, Audubon referred to Bachman's

paper on the Turkey Buzzard in writing to Miss Maria

Martin, as follows: "At Phila., Mr. Lee and Docr. Hays

managed to have it not read at Philosoph. Socy, but

the Lyceum of New York, after reading it, have sent

it to Professor Silliman, in whose Journal it will

appear. John Bachman may consider himself a member of

the Lyceum of New York, and 'mayhap,' a fellow of the

Linnean Society of London." Bachman's paper was actually

published in the _Journal of the Boston Society of

Natural History_ for 1834; see Bibliography, No. 125.

[50] This paper, entitled "Remarks in Defense of [Mr.

Audubon] the author of the Birds of America," was

published in volume vii of _Loudon's Magazine of Natural

History_ for 1834, and is dated "Charleston, Dec. 31,

1833"; see Bibliography, No. 124.

[51] See Note, Vol. I., p. 426.

[52] See Vol. I, p. 260.

[53] See Audubon's statement of the case, given in Note,

Vol. I, p. 260.

[54] See Bibliography, Nos. 17-21.

[55] For this privilege I am indebted to Miss Maria R.

Audubon.

[56] See Bibliography, No. 21.

[57] At one time superintendent of the Patent Office at

Washington, and professor in the medical department of

Columbia College; he was later professor of mathematics

in the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia and editor of

the _Franklin Journal and American Mechanics' Magazine_.

[58] See Bibliography, No. 115.

[59] See Bibliography, No. 93.

[60] This episode was referred to in Chapter XX, p. 316.

[61] This was very clearly pointed out in 1908 in an

excellent article by Mr. George W. Colles, entitled

"A Defence of Audubon" (Bibl. No. 160), in _Scientific

American_, vol. xcviii, p. 311.

[62] See Plate lii, of the Chuck-will's-widow.

[63] See Vol. II, p. 3; and Bibliography, No. 107.

[64] An English geologist, who made a survey of the

bituminous coal-deposits of the Alleghany mountains in

1834. See Bibliography, No. 129.

[65] _Ornithological Biography_ (Bibl. No. 2), vol. iv,

p. xviii.

[66] See Thomas M. Brewer, (Bibl. No. 79), _Harper's New

Monthly Magazine_, vol. lxi, p. 666 (1880).

[67] This specimen, which was presented to me by the

late Dr. X. C. Scott of Cleveland, measured 6 feet, and

showed eight rattles and a button; the skin and skeleton

are preserved in the Biological Laboratory of Western

Reserve University.

[68] See Vol. II, p. 55.

[69] Bachman's account of these experiments is

interesting: "A coarse painting," he said, was made on

canvas, "representing a sheep skinned and cut open. This

proved very amusing—no sooner was this picture placed

on the ground than the Vultures observed it, alighted

near, walked over it, and some of them commenced tugging

at the painting. They seemed much disappointed and

surprised, and after having satisfied their curiosity,

flew away. This experiment was repeated more than fifty

times, with the same result. The painting was then

placed within two feet of the place where the offal

was deposited—they came as usual, walked around it, but

in no instance evinced the slightest symptoms of their

having scented the offal which was so near them.

"The most offensive portions of the offal were now

placed on the earth; these were covered over by a

canvass cloth—on this were strewn several pieces of

fresh beef. The Vultures came, ate the flesh that was

in sight, and although they were standing on a quantity

beneath them, and although their bills were frequently

within the eighth of an inch of the putrid matter,

they did not discover it. We made a small rent in the

canvass, and they at once discovered the flesh and began

to devour it. We drove them away, replaced the canvass

with a piece that was entire; again they commenced

eating the flesh exhibited to their view, without

discovering the hidden food they were trampling upon.

"As it [the organ of smell] does however exist,

(although in an inferior degree,) I am not disposed

to deny to birds the power of smell altogether, nor

would I wish to advance the opinion that the Vulture

does not possess the power of smelling in the slightest

degree, (although it has not been discovered by our

experiments). All that I contend for is, that he is not

assisted by this faculty in procuring his food—that he

cannot smell better for instance, than Hawks or Owls,

who it is known are indebted altogether to their sight,

in discovering their prey."

[70] See Bibliography, No. 104, and Vol. II, p. 55; also

_Ornithological Biography_, vol. ii, p. 46.

[71] See Bibliography, No. 125, and for the quotation to

follow, Samuel N. Rhoads, "George Ord," _Cassinia_, No.

xii (Philadelphia, 1908).

[72] See W. Sells (Bibl. No. 140), _Proceedings of the

Zoölogical Society of London_, pt. v, p. 33 (1837).

[73] See Vol. II, pp. 4 and 23, and Bibliography, No.

106.

[74] See Bibliography, No. 136.

[75] See Bibliography, No. 105.

[76] See Bibliography, No. 106.

[77] See Bibliography, No. 35.

[78] See Bibliography, No. 104 _et seq._

[79] See Vol. I, p. 224.

[80] "I myself, with mine own eyes, have seen Wilson's

original diary, written by him at Louisville, and I

have just now on the table before me the account of the

Academy of Sciences indignantly rejecting Mr. Audubon

as a member, on that diary having been produced to their

view." See Bibliography, No. 119.

[81] See Bibliography, No. 119.

[82] See Bibliography, No. 115.

[83] See Bibliography, No. 117.

[84] See Bibliography, No. 114.

[85] _Wanderings in South America, the North-West of

the United States, and the Antilles, in the years 1812,

1816, 1820, & 1824._ Originally in 4to., London, 1825.

[86] See "Nests and Nest-Building in Birds," Pt. 2,

_Journal of Animal Behavior_, vol. i (1911).

[87] See Bibliography, No. 138.

[88] See Chapter XXIII.

[89] Swainson expounded the Quinarian or Circular

System in the _Fauna Boreali-Americana; or the zoölogy

of the northern parts of British America_, published

in collaboration with John Richardson, and the first

zoölogical publication issued by the British Government;

but _A Treatise on the Geography and Classification of

Animals_ contained his most authoritative thesis upon

this grotesque concept.

[90] See Vol. I, p. 403.

[91] For the history of the Audubon-Swainson

correspondence, see Note, Vol. I, p. 400. Swainson's

letter which follows was first published by Ruthven

Deane (Bibl. No. 218), _The Auk_, vol. xxii, p. 248

(1905).

[92] Reproduced in Vol. I, p. 430.

[93] Possibly Henry Ward, who came to America with

Audubon in 1831 as his assistant and taxidermist (see

Vol. II, p. 2); a Frederick Ward is also mentioned in

Audubon's letters.

[94] Isaac Lea, naturalist and Philadelphia publisher;

Mr. Lea was a member of the firm of Messrs. Carey &

Lea, at one time the principal proprietors of Wilson's

_American Ornithology_, and it was thought that the

prejudice which he manifested towards Audubon and his

friends was traceable to his desire to maintain the

sales of that work. His attitude was compared with that

of Judge Hall, whose brother, Harrison, was also an

interested publisher. See Vol. I, pp. 223 and 281.

[95] From the Howland MSS.

[96] First published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 217),

_The Auk_, vol. xxii, p. 31 (1905).

[97] William John Burchell (1782?-1863), an

indefatigable collector and explorer, especially in

Africa and Brazil; the zebra, _Equus burchelli_, and

many animals and plants which he discovered have been

dedicated to him.

[98] Referring to the _Fauna-Boreali Americana_, the

second part of which, on "Birds," published in 1831, was

by Swainson; see Vol. I, p. 410.

[99] First published by Elliott Coues (Bibl. No. 203),

_The Auk_, vol. xv, p. 11 (1898); reproduced by Theodore

Gill (Bibl. No. 205), _The Osprey_, vol. v, p. 23

(1900).

[100] See Note, Vol. II, p. 105.

[101] But three other letters of Audubon to Swainson,

after this date, are noted by Albert Günther (Bibl.

No. 204) in the _Proceedings of the Linnæan Society_,

112th session (1900): one of "6 June, 1831," announces

Audubon's prospective return to America in August

of that year; another, dated "6 Dec. 1837," asks for

the loan of some bird skins; and the last of "11 Jan.

1838," is reproduced in Chapter XXXII. Swainson is said

to have been negotiating at this time with Charles L.

Bonaparte in reference to a joint compilation for a

work on the birds of the world; Bonaparte estimated

that there were then between 7,000 and 8,000 known

species to be characterized, but Swainson's terms were

not satisfactory, and nothing came of the project. To

the above list should be added the letter, evidently

misdated, of "April 28th. 1831," soon to follow.

[102] See Vol. I, p. 438.

[103] See Vol. II, p. 88.

[104] _Ornithological Biography_ (Bibl. No. 2), vol. i,

p. xvii.

[105] Signed "Ornithophilus" (see Bibliography, No. 97),

and attributed by Coues (see Bibliography, No. 181),

with a question mark, to Swainson, but the internal

evidence shows conclusively that he was not its author.

The writer of this article said that it was not enough

to state that Audubon "has invented a new style in

the representation of natural objects; for so true are

his pictures, that he who has once seen and examined

them, can never again look with pleasure on the finest

productions of other artists. To paint like Audubon,

will henceforth mean to represent Nature as she is....

To relieve, as Mr. Audubon says, the tedium of those who

may have imposed upon themselves the task of following

an author through the mazes of descriptive ornithology,

he has interspersed descriptions of American scenery

and manners, gloomy forests, tangled cane-brakes,

dismal swamps, majestic rivers, floods, tornadoes,

and earthquakes; the migration of the white man, the

retreat of the red; the character and pursuits of the

backwoodsman.... Much, therefore, is it to be wished

that Mr. Audubon would undertake the delineation of

the birds of Great Britain, which, with his matchless

talents, aided by those of Mr. Havell, would eclipse,

not only all other representations of these birds, but

even the 'Birds of America,' unrivalled as that work now

is."

[106] See _Ornithological Biography_, vol. v, p. 194;

and Theodore Gill (Bibl. No. 206), _The Osprey_, vol. iv

and v. It seems that Dr. James Trudeau, out of ignorance

or disregard for Swainson's designation, later named a

woodpecker, obtained near New Orleans in 1837, _Picus

auduboni_, and by a strange coincidence, as Dr. Gill

has noticed, the same name was given by two different

naturalists to the same bird, now regarded as a variety

and known as _Dryobates villosus auduboni_.

[107] The _Cabinet Cyclopædia_ was published by Messrs.

Longman, Orme & Company, and edited by Rev. Dionysius

Lardner. Swainson wrote eleven of the twelve volumes

devoted to natural history. The volume to which

we refer is entitled _Taxidermy, Bibliography, and

Biography_, by William Swainson, A. C. G. [Assistant

Commissary-General], F. R. S. & L. S., Hon. F. C.

P. S. etc., and of several foreign societies (see

Bibliography, No. 169). The _Literary Gazette_ for

August 8, 1840, in noticing this work, said: "Perhaps

the amusing and frequent illustration of his character

is to be found in the autobiographical sketch of

himself, which he has not only included in this portion

of his volume, but induced his publishers to forward on

a separate sheet with the subjoined note:

"'Messrs. Longman, Orme, & Co., will feel particularly

obliged if the Editor of the ... will permit the above

Autobiography to appear in his columns at the first

suitable opportunity.'

"'39 Paternoster Row, July 29, 1840.'"

Quoted by Theodore Gill (Bibl. No. 206), _The Osprey_,

vol. iv, p. 105 (1900).

[108] Theodore Gill, _loc. cit._

[109] Albert Günther, _loc. cit._

[110] For notice of Bonaparte see Note, Vol. I, p. 329.

[111] See Vol. II, p. 40.

[112] See Vol. II, p. 184.

[113] This manuscript list is preserved with the

original drawings of _The Birds of America_, in

possession of the Historical Society of New York, where

I was permitted to examine it. It bears the following

attests of both naturalists in autograph:

"The above list of the Birds of America

was made at London on the 15th. of

December, 1837, when it was supposed to

contain all the known species.

"JOHN J. AUDUBON,

of Louisiana."

"The above list of North American Birds

was drawn up by myself to please Mr. J.

J. Audubon.

"LONDON, 15 December, 1837.

"CHARLES L. BONAPARTE.

"The total number of good species, 460," has been added

in pencil.

[114] _Comparative List of the Birds of Europe and North

America_, London, 1838.

[115] See Note, Vol. II, p. 122.

[116] _A Monograph of the Trochilidæ, or Family of

the Humming-Birds_; 5 vols., fol., with Supplement by

Bowlder Sharpe, London, 1861.

[117] Charles Winterfield, see Bibliography, No. 148.

[118] From letter written at 73 Margaret Street,

Cavendish Square, and sealed with turkey-cock seal.

(Jeanes MSS.)

[119] First published by Elliott Coues (Bibl. No. 43) in

the _Bulletin of the Nuttall Ornithological Club_, vol.

v (1880).

[120] For this and extracts in the two following

paragraphs, see Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 209), _The

Auk_, vol. xviii (1901).

[121] See Vol. II, p. 264.

[122] See Vol. I, p. 16.

[123] See Vol. II, p. 135.

[124] This, and the letter of MacGillivray soon to

follow, are from the Howland MSS.

[125] _The Rapacious Birds of Great Britain_, by William

MacGillivray, was dedicated to Audubon "in admiration

of his talents as an ornithologist, and in gratitude for

many acts of friendship."

[126] For an excellent account of the life of William

MacGillivray and of his labors in natural science, see

William MacGillivray, _A Memorial Tribute to William

MacGillivray_ (Bibl. No. 211).

[127] See Mrs. Gordon, _"Christopher North:" A Memoir of

John Wilson_ (Bibl. No. 44).

[128] This and extracts from letters which follow are

from the Jeanes MSS.

[129] See Bibliography, No. 2.

[130] For letter written to Dr. Phillips in 1842, see

Vol. II, p. 244.

[131] Lucy B. Audubon, ed., _Life of John James Audubon,

the Naturalist_ (Bibl. No. 73), p. 385.

[132] The Jeanes MSS.

[133] C. L. Bachman, _John Bachman, D.D., LL.D., Ph.D._

(Bibl. No. 191).

[134] See Note, Vol. II, p. 7.

[135] Thomas Nuttall (1786-1859), a native of Yorkshire,

was brought up a printer; in 1807 he emigrated to the

United States, and became noted for his wide botanical

explorations, for his _Journal of Travels in the

Arkansas Territory in 1819_, and for his excellent

_Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and

Canada_ (1833-1834), which has had several editions.

From 1822 to 1834 he was professor of Natural History

and curator of the Botanical Gardens at Harvard

University; in 1834 he crossed the Rocky Mountains

along the sources of the Platte, explored Oregon and

Upper California, and visited the Sandwich Islands. He

returned to England, where he had inherited property, in

1842, and died at St. Helen's, Lancashire, September 10,

1859.

[136] See Lucy B. Audubon, ed., _op. cit._; and Note,

Vol. II, p. 29.

[137] See Lucy B. Audubon, ed., _op. cit._, p. 391.

[138] In a letter signed "I. P. Davis," and superscribed

to "John J. Audubon Esqr at Mr. Berthoud's, 106 Broad

Street New York." (Rowland MSS.)

[139] See Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), _Harper's New

Monthly Magazine_, vol. lxi, p. 666 (1880).

[140] _Ornithological Biography_ (Bibl. No. 2), vol.

iv, p. xi.

[141] Lucy B. Audubon, ed., _op. cit._, p. 398.

[142] Printed in the _Edinburgh Journal of Natural

History_ ( Bibl. No. 37), vol. i, p. 17 (December,

1838).

[143] See Lucy B. Audubon, ed., _op. cit._, p. 411.

[144] Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), _loc. cit._

[145] For this and the quotations in the following

paragraph, see Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79),

_Harper's New Monthly Magazine_, vol. lxi, p. 666

(1880).

[146] See Vol. II, p. 149.

[147] See S. N. Rhoads (Bibl. No. 46), _The Auk_, vol.

xx, p. 377 (1903).

[148] From MS. in the Public Library, New York.

[149] The Linnæan Society's MSS. See Chapter XXIII, Note

354.

[150] First published by R. W. Shufeldt (Bibl. No. 45),

in _The Auk_, xi (1894); see also Maria R. Audubon,

_Audubon and his Journals_ (Bibl. No. 86).

[151] See S. N. Rhoads (Bibl. No. 46), _loc. cit._

[152] See _ibid._

[153] See Vol. I, p. 241.

[154] _Voyage Autour du Monde, exécuté par ordre de sa

Majesté l'Empereur Nicholas ler, sur la Corvette Le

Séniavine, 1826-1829_. Par Fréderic Lutké, Capitaine

de vaisseau. Partie Historique, avec un atlas,

lithographié, d'après les dessins originaux d'Alexandrie

Postels et du Baron Kittlitz. Traduit du Russe sur

le manuscrit original, sur les yeux de l'auteur, par

Le Conseiller D'Etat F. Boyé. Text in 3 vols. 8vo.

Paris, 1835-36. The first two volumes are historical,

and the third, entitled "Travels of the Naturalists,"

is translated by Alexandre Postels. The expedition

traversed the Behring Sea, touched at some of the

Aleutian Islands, and then explored South America as far

as the coast of Chili.

[155] First published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225),

in _The Auk_, vol. xxv (1908). Mr. Deane writes me that

he has a copy of a receipt from William MacGillivray

to Audubon for the final amount due him for work on

the technical parts of Volume V of the _Ornithological

Biography_; at the bottom of this paper Audubon made

a memorandum, under date of November 21, 1838, to

the effect that the total amount which he had paid

MacGillivray for his work upon this volume was £47-11-1.

[156] See Note 5, Vol. II, p. 7. Mr. John Hardin (see

Vol. II, p. 295) showed me an uncolored print of the

Hen Turkey which John W. Audubon had given him, and a

correspondent in New Orleans informs me that a relative

possesses a number in this condition, which were

received many years ago as a gift from Mrs. Audubon. Mr.

Charles E. Goodspeed, of Boston, was the recipient of

the Painted Bunting plates, noticed above.

[157] Henry Augustus Havell (1803-1840), painter,

engraver, and at one time assistant to his elder

brother, Robert Havell, Junior.

[158] George Alfred Williams (Bibl. No. 232),

_Print-Collectors Quarterly_, vol. vi, p. 225 (1916).

[159] _Loc. cit._

[160] In 1914 Dr. Samuel Henshaw showed me an impression

of this suppressed plate, and also a large printed

label, cut from a board backing, which bore within

an ornamental border the title "Audubon's Birds of

America—Engraved, printed, and colored by Lizars &c.

&c." This suggests that Lizars may have issued the first

two numbers, which he engraved, in portfolio.

[161] See Bibliography, No. 142.

[162] See Bibliography, No. 152.

[163] W. B. O. Peabody; see Bibliography, No. 143.

[164] See Samuel N. Rhoads (Bibl. No. 231) _The

Auk_, vol. xxxiii, p. 130 (1916); transcript of a

clipping which apparently had been taken from a New

York newspaper of January, 1838; the reading of the

American notice is the same, excepting the statement

that applications in this country should be made to "N.

Berthoud, Esq., New York; Dr. George Parkman, Boston;

Rev. Jno. Bachman, Charleston, S. C.; James Grimshaw,

Esq., New Orleans, or W. G. Bakewell, Esq., Louisville."

It is dated "New York, 11 Jan, 1838."

[165] Maria R. Audubon, _Audubon and his Journals_

(Bibl. No. 86), vol. i, p. 71.

[166] See Rhoads (Bibl. No. 231), _loc. cit._

[167] Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), _The Auk_, vol.

xxv, p. 401 (1908).

[168] Eight in number, the aggregate cost of which

was then $1,624: _The Birds of America_, with its

letterpress, was offered at $1,000; library, or octavo

edition, with reduced plates, in 100 Parts, at $100;

_The Quadrupeds of North America_, 2 vols., folio, with

3 vols. text, in 8vo., $300; text of the same, according

to binding, from $31 (paper) to $40 (full Turkey mor.);

_Birds and Quadrupeds_, library ed., 10 vols., 650

plates, $150 to $160, according to style; _Synopsis

of Birds of America_, $4; _The Viviparous Quadrupeds

of North America_, 3 vols., text only, $9. See Mrs.

Horace St. John, _Life of Audubon_ (Bibl. No. 71), in

advertisement inserted in volume. These prices were

similar to those that prevailed during the lifetime of

the naturalist.

According to Mr. Ruthven Deane, Audubon's account books

show that on January 8, 1840, a box was sent to Dr.

George Parkman, of Boston, containing a set of _The

Birds of America_, in full binding, at $1,075; a set of

the same, half bound, at $950; and the "Biographies" at

$27.

The highest recorded price of _The Birds of America_ is

believed to be $4,350, which the Kemble set brought at

auction at Philadelphia, in 1906 (See _Prices Current_

for 1906); the highest price paid for a single plate,

that of the Turkey Cock (Plate No. 1) upwards of $140;

and the highest price asked for the octavo edition of

the Birds (in original parts), $750. _The Quadrupeds_ in

2 vols., original folio, now brings about $500.

[169] Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), _loc. cit._

[170] For a copy of this minute, the substance of which

was published in 1877 (See Bibliography, No. 179), I am

indebted to the present librarian, Mr. Kelby.

[171] Jonathan Prescott Hall (1796-1862), eminent lawyer

and jurist, was at one time district attorney for the

southern district of New York, and author of _Reports

of Cases in the Supreme Court of City of New York—

1828-29_ (2 vols., New York, 1831-33). Mr. Hall was a

subscriber to the octavo editions of Audubon's _Birds_

and _Quadrupeds_.

[172] According to Lucy B. Audubon, ed., _The Life of

John James Audubon_ (Bibl. No. 73), from which we have

drawn numerous extracts from his journals; see p. 381,

under date of May 12, 1834.

[173] See Thomas M. Brewer (Bibl. No. 79), _Harper's New

Monthly Magazine_, vol. lxi, p. 666 (1880).

[174] From last page of paper covers, in which parts of

the work were originally issued.

Below are the following notices:

"Persons desirous of subscribing to the above work are

respectfully requested to apply to _J. J. Audubon_, 86

White street, _Henderson Greene_, 377 Broadway, or _W.

A. Colman_, Broadway, New York; to _J. B. Chevalier_,

70 Dock street, or _Orrin Rogers_, 67 South Second

street, Philadelphia; _C. C. Little_ or _James Brown_,

Boston; _J. P. Beile_, or _Geo. Oates_, Charleston,

S. C.; _Gideon B. Smith_, Baltimore; _David Ridgely_,

Annapolis, Md.; _J. S. Kellogg & Co._, Mobile, Ala."

"S. H. Stevenson, Travelling Agent for Kentucky and

Virginia; and William A. Pierce for Pennsylvania."

This first octavo edition of Audubon's _Birds_

was issued by J. J. Audubon, and J. B. Chevalier,

Philadelphia, in 100 parts, of five plates each, to be

bound in 7 volumes, 1840-44. Complete sets in parts

are now very rare; previous to 1907 a set is said to

have been sold for $500; in 1914 one was offered in

Philadelphia for $750. The introduction to No 1, is

dated "New York, Nov. 1839," and the fifteenth number,

beginning volume ii, "N. Y., Aug., 1840." The first

five volumes (1840-42) were issued with the coöperation

of J. B. Chevalier, lithographer, 70 Dock Street,

Philadelphia, but, according to Mr. Ruthven Deane,

he was an agent who received a commission on sales,

and, for a time, a share in the profits, but not a

co-publisher with Audubon; it is also stated that when

misfortune visited Chevalier in later life, he was cared

for by Audubon or his sons, up to the time of his death.

For fuller details, see Bibliography, No. 4.

[175] Of these, according to Mr. Witmer Stone (see

Bibliography, No. 221), 474 are sanctioned in the

present "Check List" of the American Ornithologists'

Union; seventeen have proved to be identical with

others; ten are extra-limital; two are hybrids; and five

have never been found since; of Audubon's suppressed

species, two have been resuscitated. Audubon is thought

to have been personally acquainted with 385 American

species, others being known to him only through

specimens sent by collectors, or discovered in museums.

[176] First published by Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 48b),

_The Auk_, vol. xxv (1908).

[177] See "Original Account Book of J. J. Audubon"

(Bibl. No. 223), _The Nation_, vol. lxxxiv, from which

the following data regarding issues and sales of this

work are drawn. The total edition of the plates for

No. 2 was 1,345, and of No. 3, 1,339. No. 11 of the

plates was the first to run to 1,000 copies in the

first printing, and this issue was continued to No. 50,

inclusive, excepting Nos. 3, 28, 29, and 30, of which

1,500 seem to have been printed; the plates of these

numbers were done at the lithographic establishment

of Endicotts, New York, all others being the work of

J. T. Bowen, Philadelphia. When subscriptions began

to fall off with No. 51, the edition was reduced to

1,150, and again with No. 57, to 1,050, which remained

constant to No. 84, or as far as this record goes. Of

the text, printed by E. G. Dorsey, 1,200 copies formed

the first edition of No. 1, 1,000 copies that of No.

2, and of successive numbers to No. 23. With No. 24,

the edition was increased to 2,000, and in February,

1841, the earlier numbers were reprinted, thus forming

a second edition of these parts, and affording a chance

for correction of errors. (See Audubon's letter quoted

above.)

[178] See Ruthven Deane (Bibl. Nos. 47 and 49-51), _The

Auk_, vols. xxi, xxiii, and xxiv (1904-7), _Passim_; and

William H. Dall, _Spencer Fullerton Baird, a Biography_

(Bibl. No. 52) (1915); to these admirable accounts I am

indebted for such abstracts of this correspondence as

are here reproduced.

[179] See Vol. II, p. 169.

[180] See Note, Vol. II, p. 211.

[181] William Yarrell (1784-1856) was the author of _A

History of British Fishes_ (1835-36), and _A History of

British Birds_ (1839-43) in three volumes; the latter

has passed through several editions, the fourth and

best being by Alfred Newton in four volumes (1871-85).

For the favor of reproducing this letter, and another

by Yarrell given in Chapter XXXIV, I am indebted to Mr.

Ruthven Deane.

[182] See John E. Thayer (Bibl. No. 53), _The Auk_,

vol. xxxiii (1916). Mr. Thayer's Ornithological Museum

now contains the original specimen of Parkman's Wren,

to which Audubon refers; it is "mounted on a twig, in

a paper box with a glass front," and is "in excellent

condition."

[183] Baird wrote to Audubon, November 4, 1846: "Please

tell me the address of your friend Ayres. I have been

collecting fishes for some weeks, and wish to correspond

& exchange with him on this subject." A woodpecker,

_Colaptes ayresii_, was named after this friend by

Audubon, in _The Birds of America_, vol. vii, in 1843.

[184] Addressed to Messrs. Little & Brown, booksellers,

acknowledging the receipt of a check for $214.20.

[185] See Vol. I, p. 103.

[186] See Bibliography, No. 60.

[187] See Chapter XXXVI.

[188] Parke Godwin, _The Homes of American Authors_

(Bibl. No. 68) (1853).

[189] See Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 224), _The Auk_, vol.

xxv (1908).

[190] See C. L. Bachman, _John Bachman, D.D., LL.D.,

Ph.D_. (Bibl. No. 191), p. 199.

[191] See Vol. II, p. 144.

[192] See William H. Dall, _Spencer Fullerton Baird, a

Biography_ (Bibl. No. 52), pp. 88-91, for the complete

letters from which the preceding extracts have been

taken.

[193] See Maria R. Audubon, _Audubon and his Journals_

(Bibl. No. 86), vol. i, pp. 453-532, and vol. ii, pp.

1-196.

[194] Charles Winterfield (Bibl. No. 149), _The American

Review_, vol. i (1845); see also Charles W. Webber,

_Romance of Natural History_ (Bibl. No. 173) (1852).

[195] See Vol. II, p. 294.

[196] See Maria R. Audubon, _op. cit._, vol. ii, Note on

pp. 175-6.

[197] At the close of the Civil War, Bachman wrote to a

friend: "I had been a snuff-taker for forty years and I

had tried _three times_ to wean myself from the vice. I

have done it effectually now...."

[198] Bibliographical Appendix to _Birds of the Colorado

Valley_ (Bibl. No. 181).

[199] See Bibliography, Nos. 5-7.

[200] See C. L. Bachman, _John Bachman, D.D., LL.D.,

Ph.D._ (Bibl. No. 191).

[201] See Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 51), _The Auk_, vol.

xxiv (1907). To Mr. Deane I am indebted for Audubon's

copy of a letter to John Bachman, soon to follow; this

was written on several blank sheets at the end of his

"Copy of my Journal from Fort Union homeward. Commencing

(Sunday) Aug. 16th (1843) at 12 o'clock, the moment of

our departure."

[202] _The Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America_

(Bibl. No. 6), vol. i, p. 312 (London, 1847).

[203] William H. Dall, _Spencer Fullerton Baird, a

Biography_ (Bibl. No. 52), p. 121.

[204] Charles Winterfield (Bibl. No. 150), _The American

Review_, vol. ii (1845).

[205] William H. Dall, _op. cit._, p. 124.

[206] Jeanes MSS. See Note, Vol. I, p. 180.

[207] For "C," meaning Alexander Culbertson, a young

Englishman, famous rider and shot, then in charge of

Fort Union at the mouth of the Yellowstone. Audubon,

with the assistance of Sprague, painted his portrait

and that of his wife, a Blackfoot Indian princess, who

also was noted for her skill in horsemanship. "I lost

the head of my first [buffalo] bull head," said Audubon,

"because I forgot to tell Mrs. Culbertson that I wished

to save it, and the princess had its skull broken open

to enjoy its brains. Handsome, and really courteous and

refined in many ways, I cannot reconcile myself to the

fact that she partakes of raw animal food, with such

evident relish." (Maria R. Audubon, _Audubon and his

Journals_, vol. ii, p. 111).

For previous and following extracts, see C. L. Bachman,

_op. cit._, p. 208.

[208] See William H. Dall, _op. cit._, pp. 130-2.

[209] _Ibid._, p. 126.

[210] _Ibid._, p. 129.

[211] Mrs. Harriet Bachman died in July, 1846, and

almost immediately a daughter was stricken with a fatal

disease; "It seizes," said the father, "with a deadly

hold, weakens the cords of life; and only relinquishes

its fatal grasp, when life is extinct." (See C. L.

Bachman, _op. cit._)

[212] New York City furnished (for vol. i) 82

subscribers, who took 86 copies; Philadelphia, 33;

Boston, 27 (28 copies); and Baltimore, 15. In 1854

Victor Audubon obtained 129 subscribers for the second

edition (published with reduced plates) in three days.

[213] For this and the following extract, see Ruthven

Deane (Bibl. No. 51), _loc. cit._, p. 65.

[214] In the summer of 1846 Baird's nominal position in

Dickinson College had been changed to an active one by

his election to a professorship of chemistry and natural

history, and his marriage had followed in August. The

college had about one hundred students enrolled at that

time, and the grammar, or preparatory, school attached

to it, about half as many more. See Ruthven Deane (Bibl.

No. 51), _The Auk_, vol. xxiv, p. 65 (1907).

[215] For this and the two following letters, see

_ibid._, pp. 66-69.

[216] William H. Dall, _op. cit._, which see also for

preceding extract.

[217] See Vol. II, p. 275; and Bibliography, No. 6.

[218] This hastily written note, possibly a duplicate

of the one actually sent, was inserted in a copy of _The

Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America_ (vol. i, London,

1847) which I purchased in London, August, 1913, and

which bore this inscription, in autograph, on the title:

J. E. GRAY.

from J W. AUDUBON

with grateful Recolections

May 4, 1847.

[219] Her assistance to Audubon was recognized in

his dedication to her of "Maria's Woodpecker," _Picus

martinæ_ (see _Ornithological Biography_ vol. v, p.

181).

[220] See C. L. Bachman, _op. cit_., p. 270.

[221] Miss Eliza Mallory, who in 1874 was living in the

Victor Audubon house.

[222] See C. L. Bachman, _op. cit._, p. 391. John

Bachman died at Charleston, February 24, 1874.

[223] See Vol. II, p. 150.

[224] See Bibliography, No. 79.

[225] See Vol. II, p. 279.

[226] See Ruthven Deane, _loc. cit._, p. 70.

[227] See William H. Dall, _op. cit._, p. 155.

[228] For this and the following letter, see C. L.

Bachman, _op. cit._, p. 274.

[229] See C. L. Bachman, _John Bachman, D.D., LL.D.,

Ph.D._ (Bibl. No. 191), p. 276. The suggestion made

to Mr. Harris was adopted, which accounts for the six

colored plates inserted in the third volume of the

text; the "Large Work" referred to the folio plates with

accompanying text, the "Small," to the first composite

edition of both text and plates; see Bibliography, Nos.

5-7.

[230] See C. L. Bachman, _op. cit._, p. 278.

[231] John W. Audubon's children by Maria Bachman were:

(1) Lucy Audubon (Mrs. De Lancey Barclay Williams),

1838-1909; (2) Harriet Bachman Audubon, 1839- ; by

Caroline Hall, who died in 1899: (3) John James Audubon,

1842 (lived one day); (4) Maria Rebecca Audubon, 1843- ;

(5) John James Audubon, 1845-1893; (6) William Bakewell

Audubon, 1847- , who emigrated to Australia, where he

engaged in sheep-raising, and has two children, Leonard

Benjamin and Eleanor Caroline Audubon; Leonard Audubon,

who is twenty-nine, is now fighting for France in the

55th Battalion of the Australian contingent; as I have

been recently informed by his aunt, he has been almost

constantly on the fighting front since August, 1916,

and in the spring of 1917 he was promoted from the ranks

"on account of great bravery under unusual conditions;"

if still living, William Audubon and his son are the

sole male representatives of the American branch of

the Audubon family; (7) Jane Audubon, 1849-1853; (8)

Florence Audubon, 1853- ; (9) Benjamin Phillips Audubon,

1855-1886.

Victor G. Audubon had six children by his second wife,

Georgiana R. Mallory, who died in 1882; (1) Mary Eliza

Audubon, 1845- ; (2) Rose Audubon, 1846-1879; (3) Victor

Gifford Audubon, 1847-1915; (4) Delia Talman (Mrs.

Morris Frank Tyler), 1849- ; (5) Lucy Bakewell Audubon,

1851-1898; and (6) Anne Gordon Audubon, 1854-1907.

[232] See Vol. II, p. 267.

[233] Due, it was believed, to a fall into the "well"

(now guarded by an iron rail), which led to a basement

window of his house, though one who knew John W. Audubon

well, said that Victor's illness resulted from a fall

from a railroad train; see Jacob Pentz (Bibl. No. 81),

_Shooting and Fishing_, May 11, 1893.

[234] Maria R. Audubon, in biographical memoir of her

father in _Audubon's Western Journal_, 1849-1850 (Bibl.

No. 219).

[235] For fuller details, see Bibliography, No. 9, and

for Prospectus of this work, Appendix III, No. 3.

[236] For conflicting accounts of this text, see

Bibliography, No. 10, and for a definitive statement,

Appendix III, No. 3. Miss Maria R. Audubon has told me

that during the War, the Bien firm issued a patriotic

poster, showing an eagle, taken from one of her

grandfather's original drawings, and the American flag;

it was thought that a large number of copies were sold.

[237] Maria R. Audubon, _op. cit._

[238] Maria R. Audubon, _Audubon and his Journals_

(Bibl. No. 86), vol. i, p. 380.

[239] See William MacGillivray, _A Memorial Tribute to

William MacGillivray_ (Bibl. No. 211), p. 40.

[240] See Bibliography, Nos. 174 and 219.

[241] See Bibliography, No. 54.

[242] Jacob Pentz (Bibl. No. 81), _loc. cit._

[243] See Bibliography, No. 219.

[244] See Chapter I.

[245] Charles Augustus Stoddard; for his memorial

sermon, see Bibliography, No. 178. In the absence of the

rector of the Church of the Intercession, the pastor of

the Washington Heights Presbyterian Church was called to

officiate at the funeral of Mrs. J. J. Audubon, June 22,

1874.

[246] For the privilege of examining this unique

collection I am indebted to the courtesy of the Society,

and of its librarian, Mr. Kelby.

[247] Ruthven Deane (Bibl. No. 225), _The Auk_, vol. xxv

(1908).

[248] At that time the American Museum of Natural

History, New York, possessed nine; the Smithsonian

Institution, six; Princeton University, four; Wesleyan

University, Middletown, Connecticut, one, while the

remainder were in private hands.

[249] For the substance of this paragraph, I am indebted

to the Report of the _American Scenic and Historic

Preservation Society_, New York, 1913.

[250] See Mrs. Horace St. John, _Audubon, the Naturalist

of the New World_ (Bibl. No. 71), New York, 1856.

[251] See Valentine's _Manual of the City of New York_,

New York, 1865.

[252] On October 30, 1847, Bachman wrote John and Victor

Audubon that he proposed to visit them in the following

May, when he would leave his two daughters with them

awhile, "to hear you and Victor grumble about that

eye-sore of a railroad, and to enjoy your good company,

and your fish and shrimps."

[253] To Mr. Jesse Benedict.

[254] Mr. Charles F. Stone, whose sister was an artist.

[255] For probable meaning of this term, see Note, Vol.

I, p. 54.

[256] Or acariasis, an affection of the skin caused by

the mange-mite, _Demodex folliculorum_, a microscopic

arachnid parasite found in the sebaceous glands of dog

and man.

[257] A skin disease to which negroes in Central America

are specially prone.

[258] See Vol. I, p. 54.