common name. Now look at the height of this tree and tell me how tall
it will grow before it reaches its full growth?"
"This one is not twenty feet, is it?" asked Elena.
"No, about twenty--I should say."
"The red maple on our lawn is at least thirty feet high, Miss Miller,
and Dad says it is an old tree," said Zan.
"About thirty feet is the average height. Now, tell me, do you think
this tree will thrive best on this hill-side or down in the glade
beyond the bridge--where the ground is low and moist?" continued the
Guide.
"I don't know--do you?" said Jane, looking at the other girls.
"Give up! There's another item we failed to know," replied Zan.
"The red maple thrives best in low woodsie land. It needs rich soil
and plenty of moisture. Now examine the bark of this one carefully. It
is smooth and spotted, but this is an old tree in spite of its height,
for the spots grow dark on old trees and are always lighter on younger
ones--in fact, quite young trees have white spots. Its timber is
valuable for house trim and some kinds of cabinet work. The red maple
is highly ornamental and of late years has been selected for landscape
gardening and shade trees."
Miss Miller looked at the tree a moment, then said, "We will review
this lesson on the house-lawn where Zan says a large maple grows. Now,
pass on to the next tree."
"I see a great big oak!" cried Elena.
"How many kinds of oak do you suppose there are in the world?" asked
Miss Miller.
No one could tell her so she replied, "I do not know myself, as I
suppose there are many species never heard of in the great forests
of South America, Africa and Asia. However, we know there are the
White Oak, found mostly in the United States, Adriatic Oak, European
Oak, Live Oak of the Southern States, the Holm Red Oak, commonest
in Northern States--this is a Red Oak tree--, Black Oak, one of the
loftiest of forest trees, and a Live Oak of Asia. The timber of each
one of the Oak species is valuable, as its grain is straight, the wood
hard, and of strong quality and durability. I remember the oak ceiling
timber of my old home.[A] The house was built long before Washington
crossed the Delaware and my father inherited it along with a few
acres of ground. When I was a little girl of about six, mother wanted
the old dining-room modernized. The carpenters contracting to do the
work showed us some solid timbers that were hewn out by hand with the
axe. On the side where mother wished two windows to be turned into a
bow-window for her winter flowers, the men had to saw through a beam as
hard as iron. Finally, the boss carpenter said, "We will have to take
this beam out whole to save time and strength." They did so, and what
do you suppose we found cut in one side of that oak beam?"
The girls had been listening with all attention, but of course no one
could imagine what was found.
"The dates of the time when Washington's army were in winter quarters
on Fort Nonsense, Morristown, N. J. Several of his men were stationed
at the old house and had cut their initials in the beam which must have
been exposed at the time. Father found out that the window-casing and
ceiling of plaster were added later to beautify the house according
to up-to-date ideas at the time. At the time the army camped on the
mountainside, the house was of rough timber, without any attempt at
finish or adornment."
"How interesting!" said some of the girls.
"What became of the log?" asked practical Zan.
"The George Washington Headquarters requested the loan of the beam to
exhibit in their museum."
"Then that oak beam lasted over a hundred and forty years and was good
as new when found!" declared Zan wonderingly.
"Yes, it would have lasted a hundred and fifty more, if it had been
left encased safely as it was when found," replied Miss Miller.
"Was it a Red Oak?" asked Nita.
"How could Miss Miller tell, you ninny! She was only six years old!"
said Jane.
"I don't think any one thought to investigate at the time. The people
were not so keen for Nature lore then as now," laughed Miss Miller.
Then continuing, "This oak has leaves, you will see, with deep
veinings; they are scalloped on the edges, and curved out toward the
middle-sides and in again toward the end. This tree, I should say, is
about eighty feet high, although they grow to a hundred. Their diameter
is from one to three feet through. The leaves of this oak were green
when they first grew but they turn red as the season advances and by
fall they are a beautiful crimson."
As they passed on, Jane cried, "Here's a chestnut tree, as every one
knows!"
"Do you know anything of its individuality?" asked Miss Miller.
"I know that it blossoms into long feathery catkins that smell very
sweet, something like the blossoms on our grapevines," said Zan.
"And I guess every one knows that the fruit is found in a burr that
pricks your fingers like fury if you're not careful," added Elena.
"I know that the wood is good for fence-posts 'cause Dad ordered Bill
to be sure and get chestnut posts for the fence that closes in the
out-houses," Zan remembered.
"Anybody else wish to contribute?" asked Miss Miller.
"Every one wants to but can't afford it this time," laughed Jane
eagerly.
"Well then, the chestnut is a deciduous tree that grows to a
considerable height and size. Its timber is light weight, cross-grained
and very durable; that is why it has been preferred in the past for
posts. Its leaves are long and shiny and has sharp pointed edges. The
nuts are sweet and of a starchy nature, also highly nutritious. The
variety we have had in such numbers in the Middle Atlantic States have
been destroyed by a strange fungoid disease that attacked them and was
spread rapidly by wind and the birds until the finest trees are gone!
It is almost impossible to detect the diseased tree until it is fated
and soon an entire grove is doomed beyond help or cure.
"Foresters and gardeners have sought to protect and save other trees by
cutting down a tree the moment the symptoms appeared, but it has been
found useless. Even the timber of a diseased tree is worthless as it is
soon entirely eaten by worms that are bred in the tree during the first
stages of the disease."
"Maybe that is why we don't see so many chestnuts for sale?" pondered
Hilda, who was very fond of the nut.
"Perhaps, and perhaps it is because a sick tree does not bear well.
Personally, I believe chestnut trees like quiet and retirement and
droop to die when civilisation creeps too close to their environment.
If that is so, the chestnut trees have seen their best days, and the
future will continue without any acquaintance with the extinct tree,"
said Miss Miller.
"Miss Miller talks of trees just as if they knew what was going on
about them!" laughed Nita.
"That's what always makes her talks so vital and interesting to us!"
commended Zan.
"They are all alive, and _do_ know all that concerns them, but mortals
never stop to think of this! I look at it in this light. We read in
Genesis that God made _everything_ and He saw that it was very good.
Then, the narrative goes on to say that the Creator who made everything
that was made had all Life, all Intelligence, all Love within Himself.
Of this great power and love He created man in His own image and
likeness. Man was given dominion over all _living_ creatures and
things. Now take that into your thought, girls! All living things! I
firmly believe that the good God who gave us charge of all _living_
things wanted us to watch over and love and use intelligence in the
way we governed His creation. This tree is a _living thing_--it has as
much of the divine authority to live as we have. It has as much divine
intelligence as anything created for a purpose. So, this tree is
recognised by me, who am also created by the same Father for a purpose,
as a living thing growing to beautify the universe and to provide man
with delicious food."
"Oh, Miss Miller if you were only a man what a fine preacher you would
make!" exclaimed Zan enthusiastically.
"I can preach as well in my sphere as a woman!" laughed Miss Miller.
"Oh! are you a suffragist!" gasped Nita.
"Would it change your opinion of my qualities and character, if I
admitted I was? I did not _say_ I was, I only ask you if it would make
a difference to you with what I _really_ am?"
"Well, I don't know anything about the matter except what my mother
said to her friends at a card party one day. She didn't understand how
women could lecture and parade and ask for the vote when they could
have a good time at home playing bridge and going out shopping, or
taking a week-end trip to some friend's country house."
Miss Miller never said a word in reply neither did she tell Nita
whether she was a suffragist, or just a pleasure-seeking woman.
"Dear me, what was it we were talking about when we got switched off
the track!" said Elena.
"Chestnuts!" laughed Zan, the others joining her.
"I see a hickory tree--I'll choose that if you're through with other
subjects," said Nita.
"All right, and we will give you first choice to tell us all about
the tree," replied Miss Miller, as they forced a way through the
undergrowth until the tree was reached.
"I don't know a thing about it except that I like the nuts."
"How did you know it was a hickory tree if you were not familiar with
the bark or leaves," asked Miss Miller.
"I heard Zan say so and point it out to Jane as being a splendid tree
for nuts in the fall," replied Nita.
"I can describe the nuts and the shell, and that's about all. I always
know a hickory when I see one, by its leaves and the way it grows, but
I can't tell why it is so," said Zan.
No one could tell so Miss Miller explained. "The hickory is found in
plenty in North America. It has pinnate leaves, grows from seventy
to ninety feet high and is slender in trunk. The timber is heavy,
tenacious, and strong, but it decays rapidly when exposed to heat or
moisture. The bark is rough and easily stripped. The blossoms are short
catkins, sweetly perfumed, and the nuts are highly nutritious, forming
inside of a cover of shell-bark that peels off in quarter-plates."
"I think I can describe one after that, and pick out a hickory from
other trees," remarked Hilda.
"So c'n I--who couldn't?" retorted Jane.
"How many trees does that make?" asked Miss Miller.
"Maple, oak, chestnut and hickory," Zan counted off on her fingers.
"Four! We've got to find six more," cried Elena, pushing on to seek a
new variety of tree.
"Here's one that you'll be glad to hear about," called Zan. They turned
back and saw a low bush-like tree that would have been passed by
without a look, if it hadn't been for the alert Zan.
"That's a bush!" sneered Nita.
"It's called a tree in botany!" retorted Zan triumphantly.
"Yes, a hazel-nut is a tree although it looks like a bush to me,"
explained Miss Miller.
"Is that a hazel-nut tree?" wondered Jane amazed.
"It doesn't look like much!" said Nita deprecatingly.
"Looks don't count for everything--wait till you want some hazel-nuts.
This is a record-breaker for nuts!" snapped Zan, defending her pet
hazel-nut.
"I consider a hazel-nut a very interesting specimen to study. Its
blossoms are very small and very sweet; in fact, a cluster of hazel
flowers makes a lovely nose-gay. The male tree blooms in catkins and
is more conspicuous. Its growth is like unto a large shrub or low
tree with wood that is tough but flexible. The leaf is shaped like a
roseleaf and notched on the edges. The nuts form in a bell-like cup and
the meat is very sweet and good.
"The Witch-hazel, from which a fluid called 'Pond's Extract' comes, is
peculiar in that it blooms in the Fall--the yellow stars shining in
the woods. The name originally was spelled 'wyche' meaning a box. The
wood was always used for making chests that fitted in old-time halls.
These chests or wyches, had no connection whatever with magic. To-day,
however, the common belief is that the name is derived from the magic
power of the 'Dowser' or Water-Finder. A hazel wand is accorded the
quality of discovering water under the ground when held in the hands of
certain people. If the holder passed over a spot where water could be
found the wand would bend until its tip touched the earth where water
could be found if dug for."
"Do you believe that, Miss Miller?" asked a sceptical one.
"I used to accept the statement as a fact until quite recently when
I read of a renowned engineer who claims that the wand is quite
unnecessary as water can be found by any one strong-minded enough to
concentrate upon the discovery about to be made. This Englishman,
who is an authority in such matters, says that many well-known
engineers have tried and found that the wand has not the inherent
power to discriminate or fathom for water. I have known folks who
might experiment and carry a wand forever without its ever moving a
hair's breadth in their hands, as they themselves were too material
and 'thick' to discern the things under the earth or above the earth,
either!"
"Let's sit down here and listen to more of this queer talk," suggested
Zan eagerly.
"No, we are out for a tramp to find trees and I am not going to talk
of things you are not old enough to understand," said Miss Miller
positively.
"Miss Miller, here's a maple, but it's not red!" said Jane, pointing to
the rounded top of a thick tree.
"That's a sap maple like the ones in the sugar grove. If it were spring
we could tap the trunk and get some of the sweet saccharine that
rises up in the trunk. The sugar maple grows as high as seventy feet
and sometimes measures three feet in diameter. It has hard wood, of
satiny lustre. It generally has a well-formed crown and thick foliage.
A single maple will yield from five to ten pounds of maple sugar in
season."
"Zan, for goodness' sake, let us have some sugar when you can get it!"
exclaimed Elena.
"All right, remind me and we will ask Bill if there is any left from
this spring's boiling," replied Zan.
"There's a Christmas tree, Miss Miller."
"Oh, help! A spider's got on me! It crawled from that bush!" cried
Nita, vainly squirming and shaking herself to throw off the insect.
The other girls ran away from her for they too, were afraid of a spider.
"Pooh! It won't hurt you! Can't any of you tell the difference between
a poisonous and a harmless bug?" Zan cried.
"That gives me an idea," said Miss Miller, as Zan brushed off the
gaudily striped spider. "The first afternoon we have to spare from
routine plans, we will take up the interesting study of insect life,
and learn not to call everything a bug!"
"If we do half the things we hope to accomplish, we'll be the prize
Tribe of the Indians!" commented Zan.
"We must always strive for the unattainable. Although we are not aware
at the time that our goal is far beyond our capacity to attain, still
it is the incentive that makes for progress. Having once obtained
what we desired, we are disappointed in the realisation and so keep
on striving. Discouragement and laziness, are the two worst enemies
that progress ever meet. I think that of the two discouragement is
even harder to combat with than laziness. So, with our plans for the
summer: we outline far more than we can actually accomplish but it is
an incentive and we push onward and upward."
"Who chose the last tree?" called Elena, during the silence that
followed upon the little lecture.
"Nita found a Christmas tree," replied Jane.
"That is a pine tree--of the family of _abies_. Spruce, fir, pine,
and others all come under the family name. You will always see a pine
tree grow straight up, unless some obstacle turns aside its natural
tendency. The pine wood is composed of cells that are filled with piney
sap. It is a long-lived tree, there being on record pine trees that are
2,000 years old--a report says some pines in the Holy Land have been
found that register an age of 3,000 years. The timber of pine trees is
very useful for hardwood building purposes and the sap is used for
the manufacture of turpentines, oils and resins. The limbs grow on an
almost horizontal line from the tree and the offshoots of the limbs
follow the same strange line. The greens form in a flat shape almost
like a fan, and when young and tender make the best of camp beds. When
a tree is utterly decayed the wood forms pitch and tar."
"And in December, the tree is in great demand by all children for
decorative purposes!" added Zan, as Miss Miller finished her discourse.
"Yes, I find I always forget the most important item, or at least Zan
thinks so," laughed the Guide.
"My! I never knew so much about wood in my life!" exclaimed Elena.
"Trees, my dear! don't call these magnificent tall giants by so common
a name as wood!" corrected Zan.
"I guess there aren't any other varieties in these woods," ventured
Nita, looking about for a new species.
"Oh, yes, there are. I have seen a dozen more in a short walk," replied
Miss Miller.
"Here's a kind we haven't had. I don't know what it is, though," said
Jane.
"That is a birch tree. Haven't you ever chewed birch bark?" said Zan,
disdainfully, at Jane's ignorance of a birch.
"I've tasted birch beer but I don't like it!" said she.
"Birch flavour is used in soda water, candy, and soft drinks of all
kinds. It is also in great demand for flavouring obnoxious medicines as
it disguises the disagreeable taste," said Miss Miller, adding, "Who
can describe the birch tree?"
"I don't believe any of us can; I was the only one that knew what sort
of a tree it was, and that is all I can tell," admitted Zan reluctantly.
"The Latin for birch is "betula." Its flowers grow in catkins and bud
in early spring. The tree is often as high as seventy feet. The wood
is highly prized by cabinet makers. The bark is so durable that it has
been found intact after the tree has decayed. Often a woodsman will
come across a birch that seems to be newly fallen. He will strike in
with his axe to ascertain the value of the timber and the bark will
split showing a hollow inside, or at least a mass of decayed wood.
The bark is very useful for the building of canoes, dishes, wooden
utilities, and even hats.
"The mahogany birch grows in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, to
the height of seventy to eighty feet and is two to three feet thick. In
spring the rich green leaves of this tree are covered with a thick down
almost like hoar frost. It is beautiful at this season. Later, this
down disappears and the leaves remain a bright green. They are oval
shaped, and pointed at ends. The timber of the mahogany birch is a hard
close-grain and of a reddish brown colour."
"Mother just got a new chamber suite of furniture that she bought for
mahogany and told all of her friends at the bridge club about her
magnificent mahogany furniture for her guest-chamber. When the club
met at our house she took the ladies in to show off the furniture.
Mrs. Dewitt said, "Why, my poor dear Mrs. Brampton, you were cheated
if you bought this for mahogany!" My mother got awful mad at first,
then another lady told her the wood was stained mahogany and was
known as mahogany birch. Mother sent it right back the next day and
said she would never trade at that place again. But the man tried to
explain that the furniture was called mahogany, and at the price she
should have known that it was birch. Now _I_ will know how to tell the
difference between birch and real mahogany, won't I?" said Nita eagerly.
"Yes, but I trust you will be able to use your knowledge for a better
purpose than just discriminating in furniture. The simpler your
furniture the less mental work you will need to think of it. That gives
your thoughts so much more time for happier work and ideas," replied
Miss Miller.
"I see a tree over in that little dell that looks as if it had nuts
growing on it," said Hilda.
"I guess it has, for it is a beech tree," replied the Guide. "Can you
describe any of its points?"
"We have gathered beech-nuts every year, Miss Miller, and Mrs. Sherwood
and mother have pickled them. Umph! but they taste good in winter!"
said Zan.
"I have never tasted them but I have heard of the delicious flavour
when eaten with cold meats," replied Miss Miller.
"I can tell a beech from another tree by its leaves, but I don't know
any of its growing points," added Zan.
"Well, the beech is not a very well-known tree--I mean it is not as
commonly seen on the lawns, street-parquets, or parks, as the oak,
maple, or elm. A beech tree often grows to be a hundred feet high and
is from three to eight feet thick. Some have had a diameter of eleven
feet. The bark is smooth, ash-coloured. The timber is fine grained and
the roots of the tree do not go deep down, but spread out underneath
the surface of the ground. The foliage of the beeches I have seen are
purple, silver, and red. The name to designate the kind of beech tree
is given by the colour of the leaves."
"There, that's ten trees!" called Nita.
"No, that only makes nine?" contradicted Jane.
The girls counted on their fingers and found there had been nine trees
described so that they could always tell at a glance what the tree was.
"I am going to choose the tenth tree myself," said Miss Miller.
"Yes, yes, do!" cried the girls, in chorus.
"Well, I am going to select an elm. You won't see it here," laughed the
teacher, as every head turned looking for the elm tree. "I am going to
tell you about it and then see which of you can be first in identifying
it by my description."
"That will be heaps of fun--I think that will be better than the way we
have done!" exclaimed Elena.
The others felt much the same way, but said nothing as Miss Miller
began.
"Our American elm, or white elm, is a majestic tree with long pendulous
branches. The trunk grows from three to five feet through, and the
tree's height is from fifty to seventy feet. The main trunk grows
straight naked, until it towers above its neighbours. It then divides
into two primary branches which ascend gradually and subdivide into
spreading boughs. These again subdivide into smaller twigs, and the
twigs into leaves.
"As the limbs grow out into smaller branches they bend in the most
graceful curves, and the beautiful foliage gives a dense shade. The
leaves are short-stalked, oval-shape, with irregular veins. The Elm
flowers in April before its leaves begin to shoot. The timber is tough,
strong and not easy to manipulate in cabinet work, therefore is not in
such demand for this purpose."
"I believe I can pick an elm after that lesson," said Elena
thoughtfully.
"Well, girls, we must get back to camp, but we will see who is the
first to find an elm."
CHAPTER SIX
THE MUTINY OF NITA
Returning to the Bluff, Miss Miller directed the operations for the
night. Dinner was welcomed by all, as the bath and tramp through the
woods had created a voracious appetite.
"I will build a fire on the lower ledge of rock where the smoke won't
annoy us. In locating a spot for a fire-place it is always advisable to
see to the comfort of the camp, for the wind may veer at any time and
blow the smoke into the faces of the campers. If you can find a place
with a natural shield to act as a screen, you obviate this disagreeable
feature."
The girls stood about watching the Guide arrange her fire implements.
She looked up and, seeing them unoccupied, said, "Zan, suppose you and
Nita run to the house for the pans we left in the cupboard. Jane and
Elena will go down to Bill's for a loaf of bread, won't you, dears?
Hilda can help me with the fire."
"Dear me! Miss Miller, why don't you send some one besides me with Zan?
I am too tired!" whined Nita, peevishly.
"I have spoken, but you girls can act as you see fit!"
"All right, then; Zan, you take Hilda with you and I'll help Miss
Miller," replied Nita.
Miss Miller began picking out the driest leaves and twigs while the
girls stood uncertain of how to act.
"Well, why don't you start?" cried Nita to Zan.
"Waitin' for you!" said Zan laconically.
"Why, Hilda's going with you--I'm going to stay!"
"I must be rattled then, for I sure heard Miss Miller say that you and
I were to go to the house," returned Zan, sitting down on a stone.
"But I am too tired and so Hilda's going with you." And Nita began to
grow irritable.