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[Illustration: PLATE I THE CIRCULATION]
FIRST BOOK
IN
PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE
BY
J.H. KELLOGG, M.D.
MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION, THE AMERICAN PUBLIC HEALTH
ASSOCIATION, SOCIÉTÉ D'HYGIÈNE OF FRANCE, BRITISH AND AMERICAN
ASSOCIATIONS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE, MICHIGAN
STATE BOARD OF HEALTH, ETC.
_ILLUSTRATED_
NEW AND REVISED EDITION
NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
Copyright, 1887, by HARPER & BROTHERS.
Copyright, 1888, by HARPER & BROTHERS
_All rights reserved._
W.P. 7
TO THE TEACHER.
This book is intended for children. The special objects which the author
has aimed to accomplish in the preparation of the work have been:
1. To present as fully as possible and proper in a work of this
character a statement of the laws of healthful living, giving such
special prominence to the subject of stimulants and narcotics as its
recognized importance and the recent laws relating to the study of this
branch of hygiene demand.
2. To present in a simple manner such anatomical and physiological facts
as shall give the child a good fundamental knowledge of the structure
and functions of the human body.
3. To present each topic in such clear and simple language as to enable
the pupil to comprehend the subject-matter with little aid from the
teacher; and to observe in the manner of presentation the principle that
the things to be studied should be placed before the mind of the child
before they are named. A natural and logical order has been observed in
the sequence of topics. Technical terms have been used very sparingly,
and only in their natural order, and are then fully explained and their
pronunciation indicated, so that it is not thought necessary to append a
glossary.
4. To present the subjects of Physiology and Hygiene in the light of
the most recent authentic researches in these branches of science, and
to avoid the numerous errors which have for many years been current in
the school literature of these subjects.
There is no subject in the presentation of which object-teaching may be
employed with greater facility and profit than in teaching Physiology,
and none which may be more advantageously impressed upon the student's
mind by means of simple experimentation than the subject of Hygiene.
Every teacher who uses this book is urgently requested to supplement
each lesson by the use of object-teaching or experiments. A great number
of simple experiments illustrative of both Physiology and Hygiene may be
readily arranged. Many little experiments are suggested in the text,
which should invariably be made before the class, each member of which
should also be encouraged to repeat them at home.
It is also most desirable that the teacher should have the aid of
suitable charts and models.
In conclusion, the author would acknowledge his indebtedness for a large
number of useful suggestions and criticisms to several medical friends
and experienced teachers, and especially to Prof. Henry Sewall, of the
University of Michigan, for criticisms of the portions of the work
relating to Physiology.
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER PAGE
TO THE TEACHER iii
I. THE HOUSE WE LIVE IN 1
II. A GENERAL VIEW OF THE BODY 5
III. THE INSIDE OF THE BODY 7
IV. OUR FOODS 11
V. UNHEALTHFUL FOODS 14
VI. OUR DRINKS 19
VII. HOW WE DIGEST 27
VIII. DIGESTION OF A MOUTHFUL OF BREAD 35
IX. BAD HABITS IN EATING 39
X. A DROP OF BLOOD 46
XI. WHY THE HEART BEATS 48
XII. HOW TO KEEP THE HEART AND THE BLOOD HEALTHY 56
XIII. WHY AND HOW WE BREATHE 63
XIV. HOW TO KEEP THE LUNGS HEALTHY 75
XV. THE SKIN AND WHAT IT DOES 81
XVI. HOW TO TAKE CARE OF THE SKIN 88
XVII. THE KIDNEYS AND THEIR WORK 91
XVIII. OUR BONES AND THEIR USES 93
XIX. HOW TO KEEP THE BONES HEALTHY 100
XX. THE MUSCLES, AND HOW WE USE THEM 105
XXI. HOW TO KEEP THE MUSCLES HEALTHY 109
XXII. HOW WE FEEL AND THINK 115
XXIII. HOW TO KEEP THE BRAIN AND NERVES HEALTHY 126
XXIV. BAD EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL UPON THE BRAIN AND
NERVES 130
XXV. HOW WE HEAR, SEE, SMELL, TASTE; AND FEEL 138
XXVI. ALCOHOL 154
QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 170
FIRST BOOK
OF
PHYSIOLOGY AND HYGIENE.
CHAPTER I.
THE HOUSE WE LIVE IN.
~1. Object of this Book.~--The object of this book is to tell the little
boys and girls who read it about a wonderful house. You have all seen
some very beautiful houses. Perhaps they were made of brick or stone,
with fine porches, having around them tall shade trees, smooth lawns,
pretty flower-beds, walks, and sparkling fountains.
~2.~ Perhaps some of you live in such a house, or have visited some
friend who does. If so, you know that the inside of the house is even
more beautiful than the outside. There are elegant chairs and sofas in
the rooms, rich carpets and rugs on the floors, fine mirrors and
beautiful pictures upon the walls--everything one could wish to have in
a house. Do you not think such a house a nice one to live in?
~3. The Body is Like a House.~--Each of us has a house of his own which
is far more wonderful and more curious than the grandest palace ever
built. It is not a very large house. It has just room enough in it for
one person. This house, which belongs to each one of us, is called the
body.
~4. What is a Machine?~--Do you know what a machine is? Men make
machines to help them work and to do many useful things. A wheelbarrow
or a wagon is a machine to carry loads. A sewing-machine helps to make
garments for us to wear. Clocks and watches are machines for keeping
time.
~5. A Machine has Different Parts.~--A wheelbarrow has a box in which to
carry things, two handles to hold by, and a wheel for rolling it along.
Some machines, like wheelbarrows and wagons, have but few parts, and it
is very easy for us to learn how they work. But there are other
machines, like watches and sewing-machines, which have many different
parts, and it is more difficult to learn all about them and what they
do.
~6. The Body is Like a Machine.~--In some ways the body is more like a
machine than like a house. It has many different parts which are made
to do a great many different kinds of work. We see with our eyes, hear
with our ears, walk with our legs and feet, and do a great many things
with our hands. If you have ever seen the inside of a watch or a clock
you know how many curious little wheels it has. And yet a watch or a
clock can do but one thing, and that is to tell us the time of day. The
body has a great many more parts than a watch has, and for this reason
the body can do many more things than a watch can do. It is more
difficult, too, to learn about the body than about a watch.
~7.~ If we want to know all about a machine and how it works, we must
study all its different parts and learn how they are put together, and
what each part does. Then, if we want the machine to work well and to
last a long time, we must know how to use it and how to take proper care
of it. Do you think your watch would keep the time well if you should
neglect to wind it, or if you should break any of its wheels?
~8.~ It is just the same with the human machine which we call the body.
We must learn its parts, and what they are for, how they are made, how
they are put together, and how they work. Then we must learn how to take
proper care of the body, so that its parts will be able to work well
and last a long time.
~9.~ Each part of the body which is made to do some special kind of work
is called an _organ_. The eye, the ear, the nose, a hand, an arm, any
part of the body that does something, is an organ.
~10.~ The study of the various parts of the body and how they are put
together is _anatomy_ (a-nat´-o-my). The study of what each part of the
body does is _physiology_ (phys-i-ol´-o-gy). The study of how to take
care of the body is _hygiene_ (hy´-jeen).
SUMMARY.
1. The body is something like a house. It has an outside and an inside;
it has hollow places inside of it, and there are many wonderful things
in them.
2. The body is also like a wonderful machine.
3. It is necessary to take good care of the body in order to keep it
well and useful, just as we would take good care of a machine to keep it
from wearing out too soon.
4. The body has many different parts, called organs, each of which has
some particular work to do.
5. In learning about the body, we have to study anatomy, physiology, and
hygiene.
6. The study of the various parts of the body, how they are formed and
joined together, is anatomy. Physiology tells us what the body does,
hygiene tells us how to take care of it.