Megacorminae, _308_

_Megacormus granosus_, _308_

_Megalaspis_, 222, _249_

Megalopa, compared to Glaucothoe, 180;

of _Corystes cassivelaunus_, =183=

Mégnin, 455, 457

_Megninia_, _466_

Meinert, 522 n.

Meisenheimer, 511 n.

_Melanophora_, _397_

Mena-vodi, 362

Menge, 319, 368, 385

_Menneus_, _410_

_Mermerus_, _449_

Merostomata, _258_, 259 f.

Mertens, Hugo, 524 n.

_Mesochra lilljeborgi_, 62

_Mesonacis_, _247_;

_M. asaphoides_, larva, =240=

Mesosoma, of Arachnida, 256;

of _Limulus_, 260, 263;

of _Eurypterus_, 288;

of Scorpion, 302

Mesothelae, _386_

_Meta segmentata_, _408_

Metamorphosis, of Cirripedia, 80;

of _Sacculina_, 97;

of Epicarida, 130, 133, =135=;

of _Squilla_, 142, 143;

of _Euphausia_, 144;

discovery of, in Decapoda, 153;

of Lobster, 156;

of Crayfish, 157;

of _Peneus_, 159;

primitive nature of, in Macrura, 161;

of Loricata, 165, 166;

of Hermit-crab, =179=;

of Brachyura, 181, =182=;

of Dromiacea, 182;

of Trilobites, =239=;

of _Limulus_, 275;

of Pseudoscorpions, 435;

of Acarina, 462;

of Pentastomida, 493 f.;

of Pycnogons, 521 f.

Metasoma, of Arachnida, 256;

of _Limulus_, 260, 263;

of _Eurypterus_, 289;

of Scorpion, 303

Metastigmata, _467_

Metastoma, of Trilobites, 234;

of Eurypterida, 287, 292

Metazoaea, 182

_Metopobractus rayi_, =405=

_Metopoctea_, _452_

_Metridia_, _59_;

_M. lucens_, distribution, 203

_Metronax_, _398_

Metschnikoff, 435 n.

_Miagrammopes_, _411_

Miagrammopinae, _411_

_Micaria_, _397_;

_M. pulicaria_, =396=, 397;

_M. scintillans_, 372

Micariinae, _397_

_Micariosoma_, _397_

Michael, 460, 461, 462, 466 n.

_Micrathena_, _410_

_Microdiscus_, 225, 231, _245_

_Microlyda_, _486_ n.

_Micrommata_, _414_;

_M. virescens_, =413=, 414

_Microneta_, _406_

Microniscidae, _130_

_Migas_, _387_

Miginae, _387_

Milne-Edwards, 504

_Milnesium_, 480, 485;

_M. alpigenum_, _487_;

_M. tardigradum_, 487

_Miltia_, _396_

Mimetidae, _411_

_Mimetus_, _411_;

_M. interfector_, 368

Mimicry, in Spiders, 372

_Mimoscorpius_, _312_

_Miopsalis_, _448_

_Misumena_, _412_;

_M. vatia_, 371, 373, 412

Mites, = Acarina, _q.v._

_Moggridge_, 354, 355 n.

_Moggridgea_, _387_

_Moina_, 37, _52_;

reproduction, =46=, =47=, 48, 49;

_M. rectirostris_, =46=, =47=, =52=

Mole-crab, 170

_Monochetus_, _465_

_Monolistra_ (Sphaeromidae), habitat, 211

_Monopsilus_, _54_

Monostichous eyes, 301

_Monstrilla_, _64_

Moustrillidae, _63_

Morgan, 517, 518, 521

Mortimer, Cromwell, on Trilobites, 221

Mosaic vision, 147

Moseley, 523

Moulting (Ecdysis), 154, 155, 225, 338

Mouth, of Trilobites, 234

Mud-mites, 472

Müller, F., on Tanaids, 123

Müller, O. F., on position of Tardigrada, 483

_Munidopsis_, _170_;

eyes, 149;

_M. hamata_, =168=

Munnopsidae, _128_

_Munnopsis typica_, =127=

Murray, 455

Murray, J., on British Tardigrada, 485

Muscular system, in Tardigrada, 481;

in Pentastomida, 490

_Mygale_, 337, _386_ n., 389

Mygalidae, = Aviculariidae, _q.v._

_Myrmarachne formicaria_, _421_

_Myrmecium_, _397_

_Myrtale perroti_, _387_

Mysidacea, _118_

Mysidae, 113, 114, _119_;

habitat, 201;

relation to _Nebalia_, 112

_Mysis_, _120_;

maxillipede, =10=, 11;

resemblance to _Paranaspides_, 117;

_M. oculata_, var. _relicta_, 120, 210;

_M. vulgaris_, 118

Mysis-larva, of Lobster, 156;

of _Peneus_, =161=

_Mytilicola_, _68_

_Nanodamon_, _313_

Nauplius, of _Haemocera danae_, =64=;

of _Lepas fascicularis_, =81=;

of _Sacculina_, =97=;

of _Euphausia_, 144;

an ancestral larval form, 145;

of _Peneus_, =159=;

compared with Protaspis, 239

_Nebalia_, _111_, 112, 114;

segmentation, 6, 7;

limbs, =10=, 11;

relation to Cumacea, 120;

compared with Trilobita, 242;

_N. geoffroyi_, =111=

_Nebo_, _307_

Neck-furrow, 224

_Nemastoma_, 443, _451_;

_N. chrysomelas_, 452;

_N. lugubre_, =452=

Nemastomatidae, _451_

_Nematocarcinus_, _163_

_Nemesia_, _388_;

_N. congena_, 355, 357

_Neolimulus_, 278, 279

_Neoniphargus_, distribution, 216

_Neopallene_, _537_

_Nephila_, _408_;

_N. chrysogaster_, 380;

_N. plumipes_, 366

Nephilinae, _408_

_Nephrops_, _154_;

_N. andamanica_, distribution, 205;

_N. norwegica_, 205

Nephropsidae, _154_;

resemblance to Dromiacea, 184

_Neptunus_, _191_;

_N. sayi_, habitat, 202

Nereicolidae, _73_

Nervous system, of Crustacea, 5;

of Branchiopoda, 30;

of _Squilla_, 142;

of Arachnida, 257;

of _Limulus_, 270;

of Scorpions, 305;

of Pedipalpi, 311;

of Spiders, =332=, 333;

of Solifugae, =428=;

of Pseudoscorpions, 434;

of Phalangidea, 445, =446=;

of Acarina, 460;

of Tardigrada, 482;

of Pentastomida, 491;

of Pycnogons, 516

Neumann, 470

Nicodaminae, _416_

_Nicodamus_, _416_

_Nicothoe astaci_, _68_

_Nileus_, 229, _249_;

_N. armadillo_, eye, =228=

_Niobe_, _249_

_Niphargoides_, _138_

_Niphargus_, 137, _138_;

distribution, 216;

_N. forelii_, 138;

_N. puteanus_, habitat, 209, 210

_Nogagus_, _73_

_Nops_, 315, 336, _395_

Norman, A. M., 540

_Notaspis_, _467_

_Nothrus_, _468_

_Notodelphys_, _66_

Notostigmata, _473_

_Nyctalops_, _312_

_Nycteribia_ (Diptera), 526

Nymph, 463

_Nymphon_, 503, _536_;

_N. brevicaudatum_, 507, 536;

_N. brevicollum_, 511, 521;

_N. brevirostre_, =503=, =504=, =506=, =508=, =509=, 541, 542;

_N. elegans_, =506=, 542;

_N. femoratum_, 541;

_N. gallicum_, 541;

_N. gracile_, 511, 541, 542;

_N. gracilipes_, 542;

_N. grossipes_, 541;

_N. hamatum_, 512;

_N. hirtipes_, 542;

_N. horridum_, 537;

_N. johnstoni_, 541;

_N. leptocheles_, 542;

_N. longitarse_, 541, 542;

_N. macronyx_, 542;

_N. macrum_, 542;

_N. minutum_, 541;

_N. mixtum_, 541;

_N. pellucidum_, 541;

_N. rubrum_, 541, 542;

_N. serratum_, 542;

_N. simile_, 541;

_N. sluiteri_, 542;

_N. spinosum_, 541;

_N. stenocheir_, 542;

_N. strömii_, =509=, 541

Nymphonidae, _536_

Nymphopsinae, _535_ n.

_Nymphopsis_, _534_, 535 n.;

_N. korotnevi_, 534;

_N. muscosus_, 534

Obisiinae, 436, _437_

_Obisium_, 436, _438_

_Ochyrocera_, _393_

Octomeridae, _91_

_Octomeris_, _91_

_Ocyale mirabilis_, _416_

_Ocypoda_, 194, _196_;

habitat, 198;

distribution, 201

Ocypodidae, _196_

Oecobiidae, 386 n., _392_

_Oecobius_, _392_;

_Oe. maculatus_, =392=

Oehlert, on facial suture of _Trinucleus_, 226

_Ogovia_, _448_

_Ogygia_, _249_

_Oiceobathes_, _535_

_Oithona_, _61_;

_O. nana_, 203;

_O. plumifera_, 203

_Olenelloides_, _247_;

_O. armatus_, =247=

_Olenellus_, 225, 227, 232, 236, _247_

Olenidae, _247_

_Olenus_, 232, _247_;

_O. truncatus_, =248=

_Oligolophus_, _450_;

_O. agrestis_, 450;

_O. spinosus_, =441=, 450, =451=

_Olpium_, 436, _437_;

_O. pallipes_, =437=

Ommatoids, 310, 311, 312

_Oncaea_, _69_;

_O. conifera_, phosphorescence, 60

Oncaeidae, _69_

Oniscoida, _128_

_Oniscus_, _129_

_Ononis hispanica_, Spiders on, 419

Onychium, 324

_Oomerus stigmatophorus_, _539_

Oonopidae, 336, _393_

_Oonops_, _394_;

_O. pulcher_, 366, 394

_Oorhynchus_, 507, _535_;

_O. aucklandiae_, 535

Oostegites, of Malacostraca, 114

Operculata, _89_, =91=

_Ophiocamptus_ (_Moraria_), _62_;

_O. brevipes_, 62

_Opilioacarus_, 454, _473_;

_O. arabicus_, 473;

_O. italicus_, 473;

_O. platensis_, 473;

_O. segmentatus_, 473

Opiliones (= Phalangidea, _q.v._), _440_

_Opisthacanthus_, _307_

Opisthoparia, 244

_Opisthophthalmus_, _307_

Opisthothelae, _386_

_Opopaea_, _394_

_Orchestia_, _139_;

hermaphroditism, 104;

_O. gammarellus_, 137, 139;

habitat, 211

_Orchestina_, _394_

_Oribata_, _467_

Oribatidae, 457, 458, 459, 460, 462, _467_;

anatomy, =459=

_Orithyia coccinea_, 524, 540

_Ornithodoros_, _469_;

_O. megnini_, 469;

_O. moubata_, 469;

_O. talaje_, =469=;

_O. turicata_, 469

_Ornithoscatoides_, 374

_Orometopus_, 226, _245_;

_O. elatifrons_, =230=

Ortmann, on Brachyura, 181 n.;

on bipolarity, 200;

on crayfishes, 213;

on Pycnogons, 513 n.

Ostracoda, _107_;

pelagic, 202

Oudemans, 528 n.

Ovary, of Cladocera, 44, =45=;

of _Danalia_, =132=;

of Spiders, =332=

_Oxynaspis_, _88_

_Oxyopes_, _419_;

_O. lineata_, 419

Oxyopidae, _419_

_Oxyptila_, _412_

Oxyrhyncha, _191_ f.;

habits, 192;

enemies, 192;

habitat, 198

Oxystomata, _185_ f.;

respiration, 186, 187

_Pachycheles_, _170_;

_P. panamensis_, distribution, 202

_Pachygnatha_, _407_;

_P. clerckii_, 407;

_P. degeerii_, 407;

_P. listeri_, 407

_Pachygrapsus_, _196_;

_P. marmoratus_, 193, =194=, 196

_Pachylasma giganteum_, _91_

_Pachylomerus_, _388_

_Pachysoma_, _69_

Pagurian, _180_;

eyes of deep-sea, 149, 150

Paguridea, _171_

Pagurinae, _180_

_Palaemon_, _164_;

excretory glands, 13;

fresh-water, 212;

_P. serratus_, 158, 164;

_Bopyrus_ parasitic on, 133

_Palaemonetes_, _164_;

_P. antrorum_, habitat, 210;

_P. varians_, 161;

distribution, 212

Palaemonidae, 159, _164_

_Palaeocaris_, _115_, 118

_Palaeophonus_, 294, 298

_Palamnaeus_, _307_;

_P. swammerdami_, tarsus, =304=

Palinuridae, _167_

_Palinurus_, 165, _167_;

habitat, 198, 202;

_P. elephas_, 167;

_P. quadricornis_, embryo, =165=

_Pallene_, 505, _537_;

_P. attenuata_, 541;

_P. brevirostris_, =510=, 524, =537=, 541, 542;

_P. dimorpha_, 538;

_P. emaciata_, 541;

_P. empusa_, 541;

_P. grubii_, 538;

_P. languida_, 537;

_P. longiceps_, 538;

_P. novaezealandiae_, 537;

_P. producta_, 542;

_P. pygmaea_, 537, 541;

_P. spectrum_, 542;

_P. spinosa_, 537

Pallenidae, _537_

_Pallenopsis_, _506_, 511;

_P. holti_, 542;

_P. tritonis_, 542

Palp, of Pycnogons, 507

Palpal organ, =322=, 378

Palpebral lobe, 227

Palpigradi, _258_, _422_

Palpimanidae, 323, 325, _398_

_Palpimanus_, _398_

_Panamomops diceros_, _405_

Pandalidae, _164_

_Pandalus_, _164_;

_P. annulicornis_, 164

_Pandinus_, _307_

_Panoplax_, _195_

Pantopoda, 501 n. (= Pycnogonida, _q.v._)

_Panulirus_, 165, _167_

_Parabolina_, 232, _247_

_Parabolinella_, _247_

_Parabuthus_, 298;

_P. capensis_, 298, 299

_Paradoxides_, 222, 232, 236, _247_;

_P. bohemicus_, =246=

_Paragaleodes_, _429_

_Paralomis_, 179, _181_

_Paranaspides_, _117_;

_P. lacustris_, 117;

distribution, 210;

habitat, 210

_Paranebalia_, 242

_Paranephrops_, _157_;

distribution, 213

_Paranthura_, _124_

_Parantipathes_, _Synagoga_ parasitic on, 94

_Paranymphon_, 507;

_P. spinosum_, 542

_Parapagurus_, _180_

_Parapallene_, _537_

_Parapeneus_, _162_;

_P. rectacutus_, 159

_Parapylocheles scorpio_, eyes, 149

_Parasiro_, _448_;

_P. corsicus_, =448=

Parasites, in Tardigrada, 484

Parasitic castration, 100, 136

Parastacidae, _157_;

distribution, 213

_Parastacus_, _157_;

distribution, 213

Paratropidinae, _387_

_Paratropis scrupea_, _387_

_Parazetes auchenicus_, _533_

_Pardosa_, _417_;

female carrying young, =341=;

_P. amentata_, =417=, 418;

_P. lugubris_, 418

_Pariboea spinipalpis_, _534_

Parthenogenesis, in Phyllopoda, 32;

in Cladocera, 44, 46, 49;

in Ostracoda, 108

_Parthenope_, _193_;

_P. investigatoris_, 192

Parthenopidae, _193_

_Pasiphaea_, _163_

Pasiphaeidae, _163_

_Pasithoe_, _532_;

_P. umbonata_, 535;

_P. vesiculosa_, 535, 541

Pasithoidae, _532_

Patten, 270, 271, 277

Patten and Redenbaugh, on _Limulus_, =266=, 270, =272=

Paturon, 319, =320=

Peckham, 376, 377, 378, 381, 382

Pecten, 328

Pectines, of Scorpions, 302, =302=;

function of, 299;

of _Glytoscorpius_, 294

Pedicle, 317

Pedipalpi, _258_, _308_;

habits, 309;

external structure, 309;

legs, 309;

internal structure, 310;

alimentary canal, 310;

nervous system, 311;

classification, 312

Pedipalpi (appendages), 263, 303, 309, 321, 422, 426, 433, 440, 458

Pedunculata, _84_

Pelagic Crustacea, marine, 202;

lacustrine, 207

_Pelops_, _467_

Peltiidae, _63_

_Peltogaster_, _95_;

structure, =95=;

males, 99;

castration caused by, 100;

_P. curvatus_, castration caused by, 100;

_P. sulcatus_, 95

_Peltura_, _247_

Peneidae, _162_

Peneidea, _158_, _162_;

metamorphosis, 159

_Penella sagitta_, _74_

_Peneus_, 158, _162_;

metamorphosis, 159, =159=, =160=, =161=

_Pentanymphon_, 504, _537_

Pentaspidae, _87_

_Pentastoma_, 488 n.;

_P. denticulatum_, 489, 494;

_P. emarginatum_, 489;

_P. serratum_, 489

Pentastomida, _258_, _488_ f.;

structure, 489;

habitat, 488;

life-history, 488, 493;

hosts of, 496, 497

_Pephredo hirsuta_, _535_, 541

_Peracantha_, =43=, _53_;

alimentary canal, 43

Peracarida, 114, _118_

Pereiopod, defined, 110;

reduced hind, in Galatheidea, 168;

in Hippidea, 170;

in Paguridea, 172;

in Dromiacea, 184;

in Oxystomata, 185

_Periegops hirsutus_, _393_

_Peroderma cylindricum_, _75_

_Petrarca bathyactidis_, _93_

_Pettalus_, _448_

_Pezomachus gracilis_, parasitic in cocoons of Spiders, 367

Phacopidae, _249_

Phacopini, 243

_Phacops_, 223, 232, 235, _249_;

_P. latifrons_, =227=;

_P. sternbergi_, =248=

_Phaeocedus braccatus_, _397_

Phagocytes, in _Danalia_, 132

Phalangidea, _258_, _440_ f.;

habits, 441;

external structure, 442;

internal structure, 444;

nervous system, =446=;

classification, 447;

British species, 453

Phalangiidae, _449_

Phalangiinae, _450_

_Phalangium_, 444, _450_, 526;

mouth-parts, =443=;

_P. balaenarum_, 502;

_P. cornutum_, 450;

_P. littorale_, 501;

_P. opilio_, 445, 446, 450, 526

_Phalangodes_, _449_;

_P. armata_, 449;

_P. terricola_, =449=

Phalangodidae, _448_

_Phanodemus_, _535_

_Phidippus_, _421_;

_P. morsitans_, 365, 421

Philichthyidae, _73_

_Philichthys_, _73_;

_P. xiphiae_, 73 n.

_Phillipsia_, _251_;

_P. gemmulifera_, =250=

Philodrominae, _413_

_Philodromus_, _413_;

_P. aureolus_, 413;

_P. margaritatus_, =413=

_Philoscia muscorum_, _129_

Pholcidae, 336, _401_

_Pholcus_, 320, _401_;

_P. phalangioides_, 401

_Phoroncidia_, _404_;

_P. 7–aculeata_, =318=

Phoroncidiinae, 317, _404_

Phosphorescence, of Copepoda, 59;

relation to eyes in deep-sea Crustacea, 150, 151

Phosphorescent organs, of Euphausiidae, 145;

of _Stylocheiron mastigophorum_, =151=

Phoxichilidae, _539_

Phoxichilidiidae, _538_

_Phoxichilidium_, 506, 512, 520, 521 n., =523=, 525, _538_;

_P. angulatum_, 520;

_P. exiguum_, 541;

_P. femoratum_, =508=, 524, =538=, 540;

_P. globosum_, 540;

_P. mollissimum_, 517;

_P. olivaceum_, 540

_Phoxichilus_, 505, 512, _539_;

_P. australis_, 539, 540;

_P. böhmii_, 539;

_P. charybdaeus_, 514, 515, 539;

_P. laevis_, 537, 539, 541;

_P. meridionalis_, 539;

_P. mollis_, 539;

_P. proboscideus_, 532;

_P. procerus_, 539;

_P. spinosus_, =505=, =508=, =510=, 537, 539, 541, 542;

_P. vulgaris_, 539

Phreatoicidae, _136_;

distribution, 211, 217

Phreatoicidea, _136_

_Phreatoicopsis_, _136_;

distribution, 211

_Phreatoicus_, _136_;

distribution, 210, 211, 217;

_P. assimilis_, habitat, 210;

_P. typicus_, habitat, 210

_Phronima_, _140_;

_P. sedentaria_, =140=

_Phrynarachne_, _414_;

_P. decipiens_, 374, 414

Phrynichinae, _313_

_Phrynichus_, _313_

Phrynidae, 309, 310, _312_

_Phrynopsis_, _313_

_Phrynus_, _312_

Phryxidae, _130_

Phyllocarida, _111_, 242

_Phyllocoptes_, _465_

Phyllopoda, _19_ f.;

appendages, 24 f.;

alimentary canal, 29;

vascular system, 29;

nervous system, 30;

reproductive organs, 31;

habitat, 32;

genera, 35

Phyllosoma, larva of _Palinurus_, =166=

Phytoptidae, _464_

_Phytoptus_, 464 n., 495 (= _Eriophyes_, _q.v._)

Pickard-Cambridge, F., 352

Pickard-Cambridge, O., 318, 321 n., 323 n., 359 n., 372, 374, 380, 385,

401 n., 436, 438, 450, 451, 452

Pillai, 375

_Pilumnus_, _191_

_Pinnotheres pisum_, _195_

Pinnotheridae, _195_

_Pipetta_, 514, _533_;

_P. weberi_, 533

_Pirata_, _417_

Piriform glands, =335=, 349

_Pisa_, _193_

_Pisaura mirabilis_, _416_

Pisauridae, _416_

_Placoparia_, _251_

Plagiostethi, 443, 447, _449_, 452

Plagula, 317

_Planes minutus_, habitat, 202

Plankton, characters of, 203;

fresh-water, 207, 216;

Cladocera in, 50

Plastron, 316

Plate, on Tardigrada, 481, 482, 484

_Plator insolens_, _415_

Platoridae, _415_

_Platyarthrus hoffmannseggii_, _129_

_Platyaspis_, _121_

_Platybunus_, 450, _451_

_Platycheles_, _535_

_Plectreurys_, _393_

Pleopod, defined, 110

Pleura, 234 f.

_Pleurocrypta microbranchiata_, =133=

_Pleuromma_, _59_;

_P. abdominale_, 59;

_P. gracile_, 59

_Pliobothrus symmetricus_, Pycnogon larvae in, 523

Pocock, 298, 308 n., 312, 328, 329, 425 n., 534 n.

Podasconidae, _130_

Podogona, _258_, _439_

_Podon_, _54_

Podophthalmata, 112

Podoplea, _61_

Podosomata, 501 n. (= Pycnogonida, _q.v._)

_Poecilotheria_, _390_

Poisonous hairs, of Spiders, 365

_Pollicipes_, _84_;

fertilisation, 86;

_P. cornucopia_, 85;

_P. mitella_, =85=

Pollock, 340

Poltyinae, _410_

_Poltys_, _410_;

_P. ideae_, =318=

_Polyartemia_, _36_;

antennae, 26, 28;

range of, 34;

_P. forcipata_, 36

Polyaspidae, _84_

Polycopidae, _109_

_Polygonopus_, _539_

Polyphemidae, _54_;

appendages, 42;

ovary, 47;

reproduction, 49

_Polyphemus_, 47, _54_;

_P. pediculus_, habitat, 206, 208

_Polysphincta carbonaria_, parasitic on Spiders, 368

Pompeckj, on Calymenidae, 244

_Pompilus_, 368

Pontellidae, _60_

_Pontoporeia_, _137_;

distribution, 212;

_P. affinis_, 138;

_P. femorata_, 138;

_P. loyi_, 138;

_P. microphthalma_, 138

_Porcellana_, 168, _170_;

Zoaea, 168;

_P. platycheles_, 170

Porcellanidae, _170_;

habitat, 198

_Porcellio_, _129_

Porcupine, 540

_Porhomma_, _406_

_Porocephalus_, 488 n., 495;

_P. annulatus_, =490=, 496;

_P. aonycis_, 496;

_P. armillatus_, 496;

_P. bifurcatus_, 496;

_P. clavatus_, 496;

_P. crocidura_, 496;

_P. crotali_, 496;

_P. geckonis_, 496;

_P. gracilis_, 496;

_P. heterodontis_, 496;

_P. indicus_, 496;

_P. lari_, 496;

_P. megacephalus_, 497;

_P. megastomus_, 497;

_P. moniliformis_, 497;

_P. najae sputatricis_, 497;

_P. oxycephalus_, 497;

_P. platycephalus_, 497;

_P. proboscideus_, =493=, 494;

larvae of, 493, =494=;

hosts of, 496;

_P. protelis_, larva, =495=;

_P. subuliferus_, 497;

_P. teretiusculus_, 489, =491=, 492, =492=, 497;

_P. tortus_, 497

Portunidae, _191_

_Portunion_, _134_;

_P. maenadis_, 134;

life-history, =135=, 136

_Portunus_, _191_

_Potamobius_ (= _Astacus_), _157_;

distribution, 213

_Potamocarcinus_, _191_;

distribution, 213

_Potamon_, _191_

Potamonidae, _191_

Praniza, larva of _Gnathia_, 125

Prawn, 151, 153, 158, 164, 198;

fresh-water, 212, 214

Pre-epistome, 443

_Prestwichia_ (_Euproöps_), 275, =278=, 279

Preyer, on anabiosis in Tardigrades, 484

_Prionurus_, 298, 299

Prismatic eye, of Trilobites, 229

Procurved eyes, 316

Prodidomidae, _395_

_Prodidomus_, _396_

Proëtidae, _251_

_Proëtus_, _251_;

_P. bohemicus_, =248=

_Prokoenenia_, _423_;

_P. chilensis_, 423;

_P. wheeleri_, 423

_Prolimulus_, 279

Promesosternite, in _Limulus_, 264

Proparia, 244

_Prosalpia_, _450_

Prosoma, of Arachnida, 260;

of _Limulus_, 260, 263;

of Eurypterida, 285;

of Scorpion, _301_

_Prosthesima_, _397_

Prostigmata, _471_

Protaspis, 239, =239=, =240=

_Proteolepas_, _94_;

_P. bivincta_, =94=

_Protocaris_, 243

_Protolenus_, _247_

_Protolimulus_, 279

_Protolycosa anthrocophila_, 383

Przibram, on regeneration in Crustacea, 156

Psalidopodidae, _164_;

habitat, 204

_Psalidopus_, _164_

_Psalistops_, _389_

Psechridae, _399_

_Psechrus_, _399_

_Pseudalibrotus_, _137_

_Pseudidiops_, _388_

_Pseudocuma_, _121_;

distribution, 215

Pseudocumidae, _121_

_Pseudoniscus_, 279

_Pseudopallene_, 511, _537_;

_P. circularis_, 540;

_P. spinipes_, 537 n.

Pseudoscorpiones, _258_, _430_ f.;

habits, 430;

external structure, 431, =432=;

internal structure, 433;

development, 434, =435=;

classification, 436;

British species, 438

Pseudo-stigmatic organs, 467

Pseudozoaea, larva of Stomatopod, 143

_Pterocuma_, _121_

_Pterolichus_, _466_

_Pteronyssus_, _466_

_Pterygometopus_, _249_

_Pterygotus_, 283, 291, 292;

_P. osiliensis_, =290=

_Ptychoparia_, _247_

_Pucetia viridis_, _419_

Pupa, of Cirripedia, 81, =82=

_Purcellia_, _448_

Pychnogonides, 501 n.

Pycnogonida, _501_ f.;

body, 505;

chelophores, 505;

palpi, 507;

ovigerous legs, 507;

glands, 511;

alimentary system, 513;

circulatory system, 516;

nervous system, 516;

eyes, 517;

integument, 518;

reproductive organs, 519;

eggs, 520;

development, 520;

habits, 524;

systematic position, 525;

classification, 528 f.;

British species, 540 f.

Pycnogonidae, _539_

_Pycnogonum_, 503, _539_;

_P. australe_, 540;

_P. crassirostre_, 540;

_P. littorale_, =501=, 540, 541;

_P. magellanicum_, 540;

_P. magnirostre_, 540;

_P. microps_, 540;

_P. nodulosum_, 540;

_P. orientale_, 540;

_P. philippinense_, 540;

_P. pusillum_, 540;

_P. stearnsi_, 540

Pygidium, 235

_Pylocheles_, _180_;

_P. miersii_, =173=

Pylochelidae, _180_;

habitat, 204

_Pylopagurus_, _180_;

relation to Lithodidae, 177, =178=

_Pyrgoma_, _92_

_Rachias_, _388_

Railliet, on classification of Pentastomids, 495

_Ranina dentata_, _188_

Raninidae, _188_

Rastellus, 320, 387

_Ratania_, _68_;

mouth, 63

Réaumur, 360

Recurved eyes, 316

Red spider, 455, 472

Red-water, 456

Regeneration, of Crustacean limbs, 155, 156

_Regillus_, _414_

Reichenbach, on embryology of _Astacus_, 12

_Reighardia_, 495, 497;

hosts of, 497

_Remipes_, _171_;

_R. scutellatus_, =171=

_Remopleurides_, 232, _247_;

_R. radians_, 229, =248=

Reproduction (incl. Breeding), of Cladocera, 43 f.;

of _Anaspides_, 116;

of Lobster, 156;

of _Limulus_, 274;

of Spiders, 365; of Ticks, 461;

of Pycnogons, 520

Reproductive (generative) organs, of Crustacea, 15;

of Phyllopods, 31;

of Cladocera, 43;

of Arachnids, 257;

of _Limulus_, 271;

of Scorpions, 305;

of Spiders, 333;

of Solifugae, 428;

of Phalangidea, 446;

of Acarina, 461;

of Tardigrada, 482;

of Pentastomida, 492;

of Pycnogons, 519

Respiration, of Crustacea, 16;

of _Anaspides_, 115;

of _Albunea_, 170;

of _Corystes_, 170, 189

of _Birgus_, 174;

of Oxystomata, 186, 187;

of Catometopa, 194, 195;

of Arachnids, 256.

(See also Respiratory organs.)

Respiratory organs, of Arachnids, 256;

of _Limulus_, 269, =270=;

of Eurypterids, 288;

of Scorpions, 305;

of Spiders, 336;

of Tardigrada, 482;

of Pentastomida, 491.

(See also Respiration.)

_Rhagodes_, =425=, _429_

Rhagodinae, _429_

_Rhax_, _429_

_Rhipicentor_, _469_

_Rhipicephalus_, _469_;

_R. sanguineus_, 470

Rhizocephala, _95_ f.;

compared with _Monstrilla_, 66;

with _Anelasma_, 89;

castration caused by, 100;

males, 106;

association with Entoniscidae, 136

_Rhomphaea_, _402_

_Rhopalorhynchus_, _532_;

_R. clavipes_, 533;

_R. kröyeri_, 533;

_R. tenuissimus_, 533

Rhynchothoracidae, _535_

_Rhynchothorax_, 505, _535_;

_R. australis_, 536;

_R. mediterraneus_, =508=, 535, =536=

Ricinulei, _439_

Robber-crab, 173

_Roncus_, 436, _438_

Rucker, 423

Rudolphi, on _Pentastoma_, 488 n.

_Sabacon_, _451_

_Sabelliphilus_, _71_

_Sacculina_, _95_;

life-history, 96 f.;

males, =99=;

castration caused by, 100 f.;

_S. carcini_, _96_;

_S. neglecta_, Nauplius, =97=;

Cypris, =97=;

internal stages, =98=;

with parasitic _Danalia_, 130, =131=

_Saitis_, _421_;

_S. pulex_, 382, 421

Salter, on facial suture of _Trinucleus_, 226;

on classification of Trilobites, 243

Salticidae, _419_

_Salticus_, _420_;

_S. scenicus_, 372, 376, =420=

_Sao_, 235, _247_;

_S. hirsuta_, development, =239=

_Sapphirina_, _69_;

colour, 60;

_S. opalina_, 69

_Sarcoptes_, _466_;

_S. mutans_, =466=

Sarcoptidae, 455, _466_

Sarcoptinae, _466_

Sars, G. O., on Calanidae, 58;

on Isopoda, 122;

on Crustacea of the Caspian, 215;

on Pycnogons, 504

Savigny, 526

_Scaeorhynchus_, _533_

_Scalidognathus_, _388_

_Scalpellum_, _84_, 85;

complemental male, =86=;

sex, 86, 105 f.;

_S. balanoides_, sex, 86;

_S. ornatum_, sex, 87;

_S. peronii_, male, =86=;

sex, 87, 105;

_S. velutinum_, sex, 87;

_S. vulgare_, 85, =86=;

male, =83=;

sex, 86, 87

Scaphognathite, 152

_Scapholeberis_, 39, _52_;

_S. mucronata_, =52=

Schimkewitsch, 527, 534

Schizochroal eye, =228=, 229

Schizonotidae, 310, _312_

_Schizonotus_, _312_

Schizopoda, 112;

re-classification, 113;

relation to Macrura, 162

_Schizorhynchus_, _121_

Schmeil, on fresh-water Copepoda, 59, 62

Schultze, on position of Tardigrada, 483

_Scipiolus_, _535_

_Sclerocrangon_, distribution, 200

_Sclerosoma_, _450_;

_S. quadridentatum_, =450=

Sclerosomatinae, _449_

_Scodra_, _390_

Scopula, 324, =324=, 389 n.

_Scorpio_, 305, _307_;

_S. boehmi_, 307;

_S. maurus_, 307

Scorpion, 297 f.

Scorpionidae, _306_

Scorpionidea, _258_, _297_ f.;

habits, 298;

senses, 299;

poison, 299, 301;

mating habits, 300;

external structure, 301;

prosoma, 301;

pre-cheliceral segment, 301;

development of eyes, 301;

mesosoma, 302;

metasoma, 303;

appendages, 303;

pedal spurs, =304=, 306, 307, 308;

tibial spurs, =304=, 306, 307, 308;

internal anatomy, 304;

alimentary canal, 304;

vascular system, 305;

nervous system, 305;

endosternite, 305;

generative organ, 305;

development of, 305;

classification, 306;

fossil, 298;

resemblance to Eurypterids, 292

Scorpioninae, 306, _307_

_Scorpiops_, _308_

_Scotinoecus_, _390_

Scott, on fish-parasites, 69 n.

Scourfield, on Cladocera, 51 n.

Scutum, of Spiders, 317, 394;

of Ticks, 469

_Scyllarus_, _167_;

_S. arctus_, =165=, 167

_Scytodes thoracica_, _393_

Scytodidae, _393_

_Segestria_, _395_;

_S. perfida_, 369;

_S. senoculata_, 395

Segestriinae, _395_

Segmentation, of Crustacea, 5 f.;

of Trilobites, 223 f.;

of Arachnida, 256;

of _Limulus_, 263;

of Pycnogons, 501 f.

Selenopinae, _414_

_Selenops_, _414_

Semper, 521 n.

Senoculidae, _418_

_Senoculus_, _418_

Sense-organs, of Arachnids, 257;

of _Limulus_, 271, =272=;

of Tardigrada, 482;

of Pentastomida, 491 (see also Auditory organ, Eyes)

_Sergestes_, _162_

Sergestidae, _162_;

Zoaea, 161;

distribution, 204

Serolidae, _126_

_Serolis_, _126_;

distribution, 200;

_S. antarctica_, _S. bronleyana_, _S. schytei_—eyes, 149

Serrula, 322, 433

_Sesarma_, _196_;

distribution, 213

_Setella_, _61_

Sex, in Crustacea, 100;

in Trilobites, 235

Sexual dimorphism, of Copepoda, 57, 67, 75;

of _Inachus_, 103;

of Tanaidae, 123;

of _Gnathia_, 125;

of Prawns, 159;

of _Gelasimus_, 194;

of Spiders, 379

Sheet-webs, 352

Shell-gland, 13

Shipley, A. E., introduction to Arachnida, 253 f.;

on Xiphosura, 259 f.;

on Tardigrada, 475 f.;

on Pentastomida, 488 f.

Shrimp, 153, 158, 164, 198, 199

_Shumardia_, _245_

Shumardiidae, _245_

Sicariidae, 327, _393_

_Sicarius_, _393_

_Sida_, _51_;

reproduction, 49;

_S. crystallina_, 22, 39, =40=

Sididae, _51_;

appendages, 40;

heart, 43

Siebold, von, 464 n.

Sigilla, 410

Silvestri, 473 n.

_Simocephalus_, _52_;

_S. vetulus_, =38=, =39=;

appendages, =41=

Simon, 303, 314 n., 326, 385, 386 n., 387, 391 n., 397 n., 400, 401 n.,

406, 408 n., 414 n., 418, 431, 433, 449, 452

_Singa_, _409_

_Sintula_, _406_

Siphonostomata, 56

_Siriella_, _120_

_Siro_, _448_

Sironidae, _448_

_Sitalces_, _449_

_Slimonia_, 283, 290, 292;

_S. acuminata_, =291=

Smith, F., 367

Smith, G. on Crustacea, 1 f.

Smith, H., 373

Smith and Kilborne, 456

Snouted Mites, 458, 471

_Solenopleura_, _247_

_Solenysa_, _405_

Solifugae, _258_, _423_ f.;

habits, 423;

climbing habits, 425;

doubtfully poisonous, 424;

external structure, 425;

internal structure, 427;

classification, 428

_Solpuga_, _429_;

_S. sericea_, 425

Solpugae, 423

Solpugidae, _429_

Solpuginae, _429_

Spallanzani, on desiccation of Tardigrada, 484

Sparassinae, 323, _414_

_Sparassus_, _414_

Spencer, on Pentastomida, 489 n., 490

Spermatheca, 15

Spermatophore, 15

Spermatozoa, of Crustacea, 15;

of Malacostraca, 114

_Spermophora_, _401_

_Sphaerexochus_, _251_

_Sphaeroma_, habitat, 211

Sphaeromidae, _126_

_Sphaeronella_, _76_

_Sphaerophthalmus_, 232, _247_;

_S. alatus_, eye, =228=

Spiders, 314 f.;

external structure, 314, =316=, =317=;

appendages, 319 f.;

rostrum, 320;

maxilla, 321;

palpal organs, 321;

tarsi, =324=;

spinnerets, =325=;

stridulating organs, =327=, 404;

internal anatomy, 329, =330=;

alimentary system, 329;

vascular system, 331;

generative system, 333;

nervous system, 333;

sense-organs, 333;

eyes, 315, 334, 375;

spinning glands, 335;

respiratory organs, 318, 336;

coxal glands, 337;

poison-glands, 337;

ecdysis, 338;

early life, 338;

ballooning habit, 341, =342=;

webs, 343 f.;

nests, 354;

cocoons, 358, =358=;

commercial use of silk, 359;

poison, 360;

fertility, 365;

cannibalism, 367;

enemies, 368;

protective coloration, 371;

senses, 375 f.;

sight, 375;

hearing, 376;

touch, 334;

intelligence, 377;

mating habits, 378;

fossil, 383;

classification, 384 f.

Spinning glands, =335=

Spinning Mites, 472

_Spiroctenus_, _388_

_Spongicola_, _162_

_Squilla_, _141_, =141=, 142, 143;

_S. desmaresti_, 141;

_S. mantis_, 141

Squillidae, 114, _143_;

compared with Loricata, 166

_Stalita_, _395_

_Stasinopus caffrus_, _387_

_Staurocephalus_, _251_

_Steatoda_, _404_;

_S. bipunctata_, =327=, 404

Stebbing, on Amphipods, 137;

on Pycnogons, 503 n., 527 n.

Stecker, 447

_Stegosoma testudo_, =318=

_Stenochilus_, _398_

_Stenochotheres_, _76_;

_S. egregius_, 76, =76=

_Stenocuma_, _121_

Stenopodidae, _162_

_Stenopus_, _162_

_Stenorhynchus_, 192, _193_

Stephanopsinae, _414_

_Stephanopsis_, _414_

Stiles, on larval Pentastomids, 493, 494

Stomatopoda, 114, _141_ f.

_Storena_, _399_

_Strabops_, 283;

eyes, 290

Strauss-Durckheim, on _Limulus_, 277

_Streblocerus_, _53_

_Streptocephalus_, 25, _35_;

range of, 34;

_S. torvicornis_, 35

Stridulating organs, in Arachnids, 257, 327, =327=, 404

_Stygina_, _249_

Style, of palpal organ of Spiders, 322

_Stylocellus_, _448_

_Stylonurus_, 283, 291;

_S. lacoanus_, =293=

_Sunaristes paguri_, _63_

Sun-spiders, 423

_Sybota_, _410_

_Sylon_, _95_;

sex, 99

_Symphysurus_, _249_

_Synageles_, _421_;

_S. picata_, 366, 373

_Synagoga mira_, _94_

Syncarida, _114_

_Synemosyna_, =420=, _421_;

_S. formica_, 373

_Synhomalonotus_, _249_

_Syringophilus_, 455, _473_

_Tachidius brevicornis_, 62;

_T. littoralis_, 62

Tachypleinae, _276_

_Tachypleus_, _276_;

_T. gigas_, 276;

_T. hoeveni_, 277;

_T. tridentatus_, 276

Talitridae, _139_

_Talitrus_, _139_;

_T. sylvaticus_, 139;

habitat, 211

_Talorchestia_, _139_

Tanaidae, _122_

_Tanais_, _122_

Tanganyika, Lake, prawns of, 212

_Tanystylum_, 505, _535_;

_T. orbiculare_, 524, 535, 541

_Taracus_, _451_

Tarantella, 361

Tarantism, 361

Tarantula (Spider), 361

_Tarantula_, _313_;

_T. reniformis_, 312

Tarantulidae, 310, _312_

Tarantulinae, _313_

Tardigrada, _258_, _477_ f.;

occurrence, 477;

how to capture, 477;

powers of resisting drying up, 484;

classification, 485;

British species, 486, 487

_Tarentula_, _417_

Tarsonemidae, _471_

Tartaridae, _312_, 527

_Tealia_, _Pycnogonum_ on, 524

_Tegenaria_, _416_;

_T. civilis_, 352;

_T. domestica_, 416;

palp, =321=;

_T. parietina_, 352, 416

_Telema tenella_, _393_

Telson, 6, 7;

of Phyllopoda, 22

_Temora longicornis_, distribution, 203

_Tethys_ (Mollusca), Pycnogon larva on, 524

_Tetrabalius_, _312_

_Tetrablemma_, 315, _404_;

_T. medioculatum_, =318=

_Tetraclita_, =91=, _92_

_Tetragnatha_, _407_;

_T. extensa_, 372

Tetragnathinae, _407_

Tetrameridae, _92_

Tetranychinae, _472_

_Tetranychus_, _472_;

_T. gibbosus_, =472=;

_T. telarius_, 455, 472

Tetraspidae, _88_

_Teutana_, _404_

_Teuthraustes_, _308_

Texas fever, 456, 470

Thalassinidea, _167_

_Thamnocephalus_, _36_;

range of, 34;

_T. platyurus_, 36

_Thanatus_, _414_;

_T. formicinus_, 414;

_T. hirsutus_, 414;

_T. striatus_, 414

_Thaumasia_, _416_

_Thelphusa_, _191_;

_T. fluviatilis_, development, 190;

distribution, 213

Thelphusidae, _191_

_Thelyphonellus_, _312_

Thelyphonidae, 309, _312_

_Thelyphonus_, =309=, 310, _312_;

resemblance to Eurypterids, 294

_Theotina_, _393_

_Theraphosa_, _389_;

_T. leblondi_, 366, 389

Theraphosae, 319

Theraphosidae, 391 n.

Theridiidae, 327, 351, _401_

_Theridion_, 376, _403_;

_T. bimaculatum_, 403;

_T. formosum_, 403;

_T. pallens_, cocoon, =358=;

_T. riparium_, 403;

_T. sisyphium_, 340, 351, 359, 403;

_T. tepidariorum_, 352, 368, 403

Theridioninae, _403_

_Theridiosoma argenteolum_, _407_

Theridiosomatinae, _407_

_Thersites gasterostei_, =71=

Thomisidae, 323, 324, 369, 371, 381, _412_

Thomisinae, _412_

_Thomisus_, _412_;

_T. onustus_, 413

Thompson, D’A. W., on Pycnogonida, 499 f.

Thoracica, _84_

Thorax, of Trilobites, 234

Thorell, 383

_Thyas petrophilus_, 460

_Tibellus_, _414_;

_T. oblongus_, 371, =413=, 414

Tick fever, 469

Ticks, 468 f.;

habits, 455, 461;

synopsis of genera, 470

_Titanodamon_, _313_

_Tityus_, 298, _306_

_Tmeticus_, _406_

_Tomoxena_, _403_

_Torania_, _414_

Tracheae, in Arachnida, 256;

in _Peripatus_, 256;

in Spiders, 336;

in Phalangids, 446;

in Acarina, 462

Trap-door Spiders, 354, 387, 388

_Trechona venosa_, _390_

_Triarthrus_, 230, 234, 236, _247_;

thoracic limb, =10=;

_T. becki_, =237=;

Protaspis, =240=

_Trichoniscus_, _129_

_Trigonoplax_, _193_

Trilobita, 219 f.

Trilobite larva, of _Limulus_, 275, =276=

_Trimerocephalus_, _249_;

_T. volborthi_, 229

Trinucleidae, =230=, _245_

_Trinucleus_, 225, 226, 230, 231, 236, 238, _245_;

_T. bucklandi_, =230=, 231;

_T. seticornis_, 231

_Tripeltis_, _312_

_Trithena tricuspidata_, =404=

_Trithyreus_, _312_

Triton, cruise of the, 540

Trochantin, 433, 436, 449, 451, 452

_Trochosa_, _417_;

vestigial antennae in, 256, 263

_Troglocaris_, _163_;

_T. schmidtii_, habitat, 210

Trogulidae, 439, 442, 444, _452_

_Trogulus_, _452_;

_T. aquaticus_, =452=;

_T. tricarinatus_, 452, 453

Trombidiidae, _472_

Trombidiinae, _473_

_Trombidium_, _473_;

_T. gymnopterorum_, 455;

_T. holosericeum_, 455, 473

Tropical zone (marine), 201

Trouessart, 455

_Trygaeus_, 506, _535_;

_T. communis_, 535

_Tubicinella trachealis_, _91_

_Tubularia_, Pycnogons on, 522, 525

Tubuliform glands, =335=, 349

Tulk, 445, 446, 461 n.

Turret-spider, 357

_Turrilepas_, _84_;

_T. wrightianus_, =84=

_Tylaspis_, 179

_Typhlocarcinus_, _195_

_Typopeltis_, _312_

Tyroglyphidae, _466_ n.

Tyroglyphinae, _466_

_Tyroglyphus_, 464, _466_, 481;

_T. longior_, 466;

_T. siro_, 466

_Uliodon_, _418_

Uloboridae, 350, _410_

Uloborinae, _410_

_Uloborus_, 352, _410_;

snare of, =352=;

_U. republicanus_, 411;

_U. walckenaerius_, 411

Unguis, 319, =320=

_Uroctea_, _392_;

_U. durandi_, =392=

Urocteidae, 386, _392_

Urodacinae, 306, _307_

_Urodacus_, _307_

_Uroplectes_, _306_

_Uropoda_, _471_

Uropodinae, _471_

_Uroproctus_, _312_

Uropygi, _312_

_Usofila_, _393_

Valvifera, _127_

Vancoho, 362

_Vectius_, _415_

Vejdovský, 435 n.

Vejovidae, 306, _308_

_Vejovis_, _308_

Vermiformia, _464_

_Verruca_, 89, _91_

Verrucidae, _91_

Vesicle, of Scorpion, 303

Vinson, 349, 360, 362

_Virbius_, _164_;

_V. acuminatus_, 164;

habitat, 202

Virchow, on human Pentastomids, 494

Viscid globules, on Spider web, =347=

Waite, 13

Walckenaer, 365, 386 n., 408 n.

_Walckenaera_, _405_;

_W. acuminata_, =405=

Walcott, on appendages of Trilobites, 236;

on their development, 238;

on early forms of Eurypterids, 283 n.

Wallace, 381

Wall-spider, 369

Warburton, C., on Arachnida, 295 f., 344 n., 349 n., 378 n.

Ward, on _Reighardia_, 495

Wasps and Spiders, 368

Water-mites, 460, 471, 472

Water-spider, 357, 415

Weismann, on Cladocera, 44, 49

Weldon, W. F. R., on excretory glands, 13;

on Branchiopoda, 18 f.;

on respiration in _Carcinus_, 189

Westring, 327, 384

Whale-louse, 502

Whip scorpions, 309

White, Gilbert, 342

Wilder, 366

_Willemoesia_, _157_;

_W. inornata_, =158=

Winkler, 463

With, 473 n.

Wolf-spiders, 341, 356, 359, 369, 375, 377, 381, 417

Wood-Mason, 328

Woods, H., on Trilobita, 219 f.;

on fossil Xiphosura, 277 f.;

on Eurypterida, 281 f.

Xanthidae, _191_

Xantho, _191_;

habitat, 198

_Xenobalanus globicipitis_, _92_

_Xiphocaris_, _163_;

distribution, 210

Xiphosura, _258_, _259_ f.;

classification, 260, 276;

fossil, 277 f.;

affinities with Eurypterida, 292

_Xiphosura_, _276_;

_X. polyphemus_, 276

Xiphosuridae, _276_

Xiphosurinae, _276_

_Xysticus_, _412_;

_X. cristatus_, 412;

_X. pini_, =413=

_Zacanthoides_, _247_

Zaeslin, on the frequency of human Pentastomids, 494

_Zeriana_, _429_

_Zilla_, _409_;

_Z. x-notata_, 359, 409

_Zimris_, _396_

Zoaea, compared with Cumacea, 120;

with Erichthus, 143;

Calyptopis of _Euphausia_, =144=;

of _Peneus_, =160=;

of Sergestidae, 161;

of _Porcellana_, =169=;

of _Birgus_, 174;

of _Eupagurus_, =179=;

of _Corystes cassivelaunus_, =182=

Zodariidae, 317, _399_

_Zodarion_, _399_

_Zora_, _397_;

_Z. spinimana_, =396=

_Zoropsis_, _415_

Zoropsidae, _415_

END OF VOL. IV

_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, LIMITED, _Edinburgh_.

-----

Footnote 1:

The muscles are to a certain extent segmented in correspondence with

the limbs; and the heart, in Phyllopoda and Stomatopoda, may have

segmentally arranged ostia.

Footnote 2:

Herbst, _Arch. Entwick. Mech._ ii., 1905, p. 544.

Footnote 3:

_Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xlix., 1906, p. 469.

Footnote 4:

Present in Nebalia.

Footnote 5:

As many as 37 ambulatory appendages may be present.

Footnote 6:

_Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxi., 1881, p. 343.

Footnote 7:

_Abhandl. Senckenberg. Nat. Gesellsch._ xiv., 1886.

Footnote 8:

The Cumacea, Anaspidacea, and certain Isopods possess a maxillary

gland only.

Footnote 9:

_Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxii., 1891, p. 279.

Footnote 10:

_Arch. Zool. Exp._ (2) x., 1892, p. 57.

Footnote 11:

_Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard_, xxxv., 1899, p. 152.

Footnote 12:

_Arch. f. mikr. Anat._ lxvii., 1906, p. 364.

Footnote 13:

Vol. x., 1897, pp. 97, 264.

Footnote 14:

For this use of the term Branchiopoda, cf. Boas, _Morph. Jahrb._

viii., 1883, p. 519.

Footnote 15:

Bernard, “The Apodidae,” _Nature Series_, 1892.

Footnote 16:

_Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien_, vi., 1886, p. 267.

Footnote 17:

I do not understand Packard’s account of the telson in

_Thamnocephalus_.

Footnote 18:

The nomenclature here adopted is not that of Lankester.

Footnote 19:

[The red pigment in _Lernanthropus_, see p. 68, has been shown to be

not haemoglobin, so that the presence of this substance in Phyllopod

blood becomes doubtful.—G.S.]

Footnote 20:

_Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ lxxi., 1902, p. 508.

Footnote 21:

Cf. Gaskell, _Journ. Anat. Physiol._ x., 1876, p. 153.

Footnote 22:

Bernard’s statement that _Apus_ is hermaphrodite seems based on

insufficient evidence.

Footnote 23:

Sayce has since described it, _Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria_, xv., 1903,

p. 229.

Footnote 24:

_A. cancriformis_ had been supposed to have disappeared from the

British fauna for many years, but it was found in Scotland in 1907.

See R. Gurney, _Nature_, lxxvi., 1907, p. 589.

Footnote 25:

_Branchipodides_ has been described by H. Woodward, from Tertiary

strata.

Footnote 26:

Consult Baird, “Monograph of the Branchiopodidae,” _Proc. Zool. Soc._

1852, p. 18. Packard, _12th Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. Survey_, part i.,

1879.

Footnote 27:

_Arch. f. Math. og Naturvidensk._ xx., 1898, Nos. 4 and 6. Thiele,

_Zool. Jahrb. System._ xiii., 1900, p. 563.

Footnote 28:

Bernard, _loc. cit._ p. 19; Baird, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1852, p. 1;

Sayce, _Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria_, xv., 1903, p. 224.

Footnote 29:

Sars, _Arch. f. Math. og Naturvidensk._ xx., 1898, Nos. 4 and 6.

Footnote 30:

Sars, _Christiania Vidensk. Forhand._ 1887. For Australian Phyllopods,

see Sars, _Arch. f. Math. og Naturvid._ xvii., 1895, No. 7, and Sayce,

_loc. cit._ p. 36.

Footnote 31:

_Simocephalus vetulus_ anchors itself to weeds, etc., by a modified

seta on the exopodite of the second antenna. It does not employ a

dorsal organ for purposes of fixation. [G. S.]

Footnote 32:

_Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxiv., 1874, p. 1.

Footnote 33:

_Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxvii., xxxiii., 1876, 1879.

Footnote 34:

Consult Lilljeborg, _Nov. Acta Reg. Soc. Upsalensis_, 1901;

Scourfield, _J. Quekett Micr. Club_, 1903–4.

Footnote 35:

More properly =Chydoridae=, but the universally known name Lynceidae

is convenient.

Footnote 36:

_Grundzüge der Zoologie_, 4. Aufl. 1880, p. 543.

Footnote 37:

_Fauna and Flora G. v. Neapel_, Monograph 19, 1892.

Footnote 38:

_Ibid._ Monograph 25, 1899.

Footnote 39:

_Norwegian North Polar Exp. Sci. Results_, vol. i. part v., 1900.

Footnote 40:

They may assist the animal by retarding its sinking. Cf. Chun, “Aus

den Tiefen des Weltmeeres,” 1905.

Footnote 41:

Schmeil, _Bibliotheca Zoologica_, Hefte 11, 15, and 21.

Footnote 42:

Giesbrecht, _Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neap._ xi., 1895, p. 648.

Footnote 43:

_Loc. cit._ p. 59.

Footnote 44:

Claus, _Copepodenstudien_, 1. Heft, Vienna, 1889.

Footnote 45:

Malaquin, _Arch. Zool. Exp._ (3), ix., 1901, p. 81.

Footnote 46:

Canu, _Trav. Inst. Zool. Litte._ vi., 1892.

Footnote 47:

Giesbrecht, _Fauna and Flora G. v. Neapel_, Monogr. 25, 1899.

Footnote 48:

_Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien_, ii. 1879, p. 268.

Footnote 49:

_Ibid._ xv., 1905, p. 1.

Footnote 50:

Heller, _Reise der Novara_, vol. iii., 1868.

Footnote 51:

For fish-parasites in British waters consult Scott, _Fishery Board for

Scotland, Scientific Investigations_, xix., 1900 _et seq._

Footnote 52:

Canu, _loc. cit._ p. 66.

Footnote 53:

The Cambridge Museum possesses two specimens of _Philichthys xiphiae_,

from the frontal bones of a Swordfish (_Xiphias gladius_) taken off

Lowestoft in 1892.

Footnote 54:

Claus, _Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien_, vii., 1888, p. 281.

Footnote 55:

_Proc. Biol. Soc. Liverpool_, i., 1887.

Footnote 56:

_Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlix., 1890, p. 71.

Footnote 57:

The genus _Pennella_ also includes parasites on the whales

_Hyperoodon_ and _Balaenoptera_.

Footnote 58:

Claus, _Schriften d. Gesellsch. Marburg._ Suppl. 1868.

Footnote 59:

Claus, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xi., 1861, p. 287.

Footnote 60:

Hansen, “The Choniostomatidae,” Copenhagen.

Footnote 61:

Claus, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxv., 1875, p. 217.

Footnote 62:

C. B. Wilson, _Proc. U.S. Nat. Museum_, xxv., 1902, p. 635.

Footnote 63:

Max Müller (_Science of Language_, 2nd series, p. 534) gives

references to a number of old authors who vouch for the truth of this

legend, going back as far as Giraldus Cambrensis in the twelfth

century. The legend appears to be of Scotch or Irish origin. Giraldus

complains of the clergy in Ireland eating Barnacle geese at the time

of fasting under the pretext that they are not flesh, but born of fish

living in the sea. The form of the legend varies, certain authors

alleging that the geese are produced from the fruits of a tree which

drop into the water, others that they grow in shells (Barnacles)

attached to floating logs. Aldrovandus (_De Avibus_, T. iii., 1603, p.

174) ingeniously combines both versions in a woodcut representing

undoubted Barnacles growing on a tree with luxuriant foliage at the

water’s edge, below which a number of liberated geese are swimming.

Müller ascribes an etymological origin to the legend, the Barnacle

goose (deriv. _Hibernicula, bernicula_ = Irish goose) being confounded

with pernacula, bernacula, a little shell.

Footnote 64:

“A Monograph of the Cirripedia,” vols. i. and ii., _Ray Society_,

1851, 1853.

Footnote 65:

“Rep. on the Cirripedia, H.M.S. ‘Challenger,’” vols. viii. and x.,

1883.

Footnote 66:

“Monographie des Cirrhipèdes,” Paris, 1905, in which will be found

full references to literature.

Footnote 67:

_Arch. Biol._ xvi., 1899, p 27.

Footnote 68:

Berndt, _Sitzb. Ges. Naturfr. Berlin_, 1903, p. 436.

Footnote 69:

_Arch. Zool. Exp._ viii., 1880, p. 537.

Footnote 70:

_Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxx., 1890, p. 107.

Footnote 71:

_Plankton Expedition_, ii. G. d. 1899.

Footnote 72:

Y. Delage, _Arch. Zool. Exp._ (2), ii., 1884, p. 417; G. Smith, _Fauna

u. Flora G. von Neapel_, Monogr. 29, 1906.

Footnote 73:

G. Smith, _Fauna u. Flora d. Golfes v. Neapel_, Monogr. xxix., 1906,

pp. 60–64, 119–121.

Footnote 74:

_Bull. Sc. Dép. Nord_ (2), 10 Ann. xviii., 1887, p. 1. _Ibid._ (3),

i., 1888, p. 12; and other papers.

Footnote 75:

G. Smith, _loc. cit._ chap. v. _I. scorpio_ should be _I.

mauritanicus_ throughout this Monograph.

Footnote 76:

F. A. Potts, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ l., 1906, p. 599.

Footnote 77:

Faxon, _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (5), xiii., 1884, p. 147.

Footnote 78:

G. Smith, _Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, xvii., 1905, p. 312.

Footnote 79:

C. L. Boulenger, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1908, p. 42.

Footnote 80:

Garnier, _C. R. Soc. Biol._ liii., 1901, p. 38.

Footnote 81:

Gruvel, _Monographie des Cirrhipèdes_, 1905, p. 152.

Footnote 82:

Claus, _Untersuchungen zur Erforschung des Crustaceensystems_, Wien,

1876. Brady and Norman, “Monograph of the Marine and Fresh-Water

Ostracoda of the N. Atlantic,” _Trans. R. Dublin Soc._ (2) iv., 1889,

p. 63. Müller, _Fauna und Flora G. von Neapel_, Monogr. xxi., 1894;

“Deutschlands Süsswasser-Ostracoden,” Chun’s _Zoologica_, xii., 1900.

Footnote 83:

“The Germ Plasm,” _Contemp. Science Series_, 1893, p. 345.

Footnote 84:

The term pereiopod is applied to those thoracic limbs which are used

in locomotion, and are not specially differentiated for any other

purpose.

Footnote 85:

Claus, _Arb. Inst. Wien_, viii., 1889, p. 1.

Footnote 86:

Robinson, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ 1., 1906, p. 383.

Footnote 87:

_Morphol. Jahrb._ viii., 1883, p. 485.

Footnote 88:

_Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (7), xiii., 1904, p. 144.

Footnote 89:

The lacinia mobilis is a movable tooth-like structure jointed on to

the biting face of the mandible.

Footnote 90:

_Trans. Linn. Soc._ (2), vi., 1894–1897, p. 285.

Footnote 91:

_Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh_, xxxviii., 1897, p. 787.

Footnote 92:

G. Smith, _Proc. Roy. Soc._ 1908.

Footnote 93:

This characteristic is found in the Crustacea elsewhere only in the

Argulidae and certain Euphausiidae.

Footnote 94:

_The Victorian Naturalist_, xxiv., 1907, p. 117.

Footnote 95:

_Challenger Reports_, vol. xiii., 1885, p. 55.

Footnote 96:

Sars, “Crustacea of Norway,” iii., 1900.

Footnote 97:

Sars, “Crustacea Caspia,” _Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pétersbourg_,

series 4, xxxvi., 1894, and “Crustacea of Norway,” iii., 1900, p. 120.

Footnote 98:

“Crustacea of Norway,” vol. ii., Isopoda, 1899, in which many

references to literature will be found.

Footnote 99:

Smith, _Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, xvii., 1905, p. 312.

Footnote 100:

G. Smith, _Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, xvi., 1903, p. 469.

Footnote 101:

Mayer, _Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, i., 1879, p. 165.

Footnote 102:

Beddard, _Challenger Reports_, vol. xi., 1884.

Footnote 103:

Hansen, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xlix., 1906, p. 69.

Footnote 104:

A useful little book on British Woodlice by Webb and Sillem (1906) may

be profitably consulted. Budde Lund’s _Isopoda Terrestria_, 1900, is

useful to the specialist.

Footnote 105:

The pleopods are traversed by a system of minute tubes called

pseudotracheae, somewhat resembling the tracheae of Insects.

Footnote 106:

Bonnier, _Trans. Inst. Zool. Lille_, viii., 1900.

Footnote 107:

G. Smith, _Fauna and Flora Neapel_, Monograph 29, chap. vi.; M.

Caullery, _Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, xviii., 1908, p. 583.

Footnote 108:

M. Caullery (_loc. cit._ p. 130) questions the truth of this

observation, but I am convinced of its accuracy.

Footnote 109:

_Trav. Inst. Lille_, v., 1887.

Footnote 110:

Chilton, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ vi., 1894, p. 185.

Footnote 111:

Spenser and Hall, _Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria_, ix. p. 12.

Footnote 112:

“Das Tierreich,” 21, _Amphipoda Gammaridea_, 1906.

Footnote 113:

Cf. P. Mayer, _Fauna u. Flora G. von Neapel_, Monogr. vi., 1882;

xvii., 1890.

Footnote 114:

_Abhandl. königl. Gesellsch. Göttingen_, xvi., 1871.

Footnote 115:

_Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci._ v., 1891.

Footnote 116:

Sars, _Challenger Reports_, xiii., 1885; Chun, _Bibliotheca

Zoologica_, xix., 1896, p. 139.

Footnote 117:

_Die Physiologie der facettierten Augen von Krebsen und Insecten._

Leipzig, Wien, 1891.

Footnote 118:

_Valdivia Expedition_, vol. vi., 1904.

Footnote 119:

_Ann. Sci. Nat._ (Zool.) (7), xiii., 1892, p. 185.

Footnote 120:

_A Naturalist in Indian Seas_, 1902.

Footnote 121:

“Atlantis,” _Bibliotheca Zoologica_, Heft 19, 1896, p. 193.

Footnote 122:

_Loc. cit._ p. 150.

Footnote 123:

Bell, _A History of the British Stalk-eyed Crustacea_, 1853; Heller,

_Die Crustaceen des Südlichen Europa_, 1863.

Footnote 124:

Cf. Claus, _Würzburger Naturwiss. Zeitschr._ ii., 1861, p. 23.

Footnote 125:

_Arch. f. Naturg._ vi., 1840, p. 241.

Footnote 126:

Spence Bate’s _Challenger Reports_.

Footnote 127:

Some of the pereiopods remain biramous in certain Peneidea and Caridea

(see p. 163).

Footnote 128:

_Bull. U.S. Fish Commission_, xv., 1895.

Footnote 129:

_Zool. Bulletin_, i., 1898, p. 287.

Footnote 130:

_Archiv für Entw. Mech._ xi., 1901, p. 321.

Footnote 131:

_Challenger Reports_, xxiv., 1888.

Footnote 132:

_Loc. cit._ p. 150.

Footnote 133:

Keeble and Gamble, _Phil. Trans._, Ser. B, cxcvi., 1904, p. 295. The

chromatophores are also directly responsive to light, but the lasting

adaptations to colour-backgrounds are brought about indirectly, the

stimulus being transmitted through the eyes and nervous system. The

influence of light may also affect the metabolism of the animal, the

chromatophores being accompanied by a ramifying fatty tissue, which

disappears if the animal is kept in the dark.

Footnote 134:

_Challenger Reports_, xxiv., 1881.

Footnote 135:

Borradaile’s useful paper on the classification of the Decapoda (_Ann.

Mag. Nat. Hist._ (7), xix., 1907, p. 457) should be consulted for this

and other Decapod groups. Also Alcock’s _Cat. of the Indian Mus._,

“Decapod Crustacea.”

Footnote 136:

Giard and Bonnier, _Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol._ 1892.

Footnote 137:

Coutière, _Fauna and Geogr. Maldive and Laccadive Archipelagos_, ii.,

1905, p. 852.

Footnote 138:

Keeble and Gamble, _Phil. Trans._ Ser. B., cxcvi., 1904, p. 295. In

the young a constant and very simple chromatophore-system is present,

but in the adult a barred, lined, or monochrome colour-pattern may be

present, which is ultimately induced by the nature of the environment,

and does not subsequently change. In other species of _Hippolyte_, and

in _Palaemon_ and _Crangon_, only one adult colour-pattern occurs.

Thus _H. varians_, besides reacting to light by its chromatophores,

possesses a permanent colour-pattern, which is also determined by

environment.

Footnote 139:

Claus, _Unt. z. Erforschung d. genealog. Grundlage d.

Crustaceensystems_. Vienna, 1876.

Footnote 140:

Milne Edwards and Bouvier, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (7), xvi., 1894, p. 91.

Footnote 141:

Garstang, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xl., 1897, p. 211.

Footnote 142:

Milne Edwards and Bouvier, _Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris_ (8), ii.,

1889; and _Expédition du Talisman_, “Crustacés Décapodes,” 1900.

Footnote 143:

Alcock, _loc. cit._; Borradaile, _op. cit._ p. 162; i. p. 64.

Footnote 144:

Brandt, _Bull. Phys. Math. Acad. St. Pétersbourg_, i. p. 171, and

viii. p. 54; Boas, _K. Dansk. Vidensk. Selskab. Skrift. Naturvid. og

Math. Afd._ 6, Bd. 2, 1880; Bouvier, _Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.)_ (7)

xviii. p. 157.

Footnote 145:

Vol. xxvii. p. 81.

Footnote 146:

_Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist._, xxxi., 1904, p. 147.

Footnote 147:

For general literature consult Ortmann in _Bronn’s Tier-Reich_, v. 2,

1901, p. 778. See also _Reports_ of _Challenger_, _Valdivia_, and

_Talisman Expeditions_, etc.

Footnote 148:

Gurney, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xlvi., 1902, p. 461.

Footnote 149:

Bouvier, _Bull. Soc. Philomath. Paris_, (8) viii., 1896.

Footnote 150:

_Loc. cit._ p. 183.

Footnote 151:

M‘Culloch, _Rec. Australian Mus._ vi. part 5, 1907, p. 353.

Footnote 152:

Lankester, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xlvii., 1903, p. 439.

Footnote 153:

Garstang, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xl., 1897, p. 211, and _Journ. Mar.

Biol. Ass._ iv., 1895–97, p. 396.

Footnote 154:

_Loc. cit._ p. 181.

Footnote 155:

_Rep. Brit. Ass._ for 1898, p. 887.

Footnote 156:

_Naturalist in Indian Seas_, 1902.

Footnote 157:

There appears to be some doubt on this point, as Westwood (see p. 153)

described direct development in a _Gecarcinus_. Possibly different

species behave variously.

Footnote 158:

Kingsley, _Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia_, 1880, p. 187.

Footnote 159:

_American Naturalist_, xxxiii., 1899, p. 583.

Footnote 160:

_Planktonstudien_, Jena, 1890.

Footnote 161:

“Report on the Plankton,” _Internat. Inst. Marine Biol._ 1903.

Footnote 162:

_Internat. Inst. Mar. Biol._ 1903.

Footnote 163:

_A Naturalist in Indian Seas._

Footnote 164:

Scourfield, _J. Quekett Micr. Club_, 1903–4, gives a useful list of

British Fresh-water Entomostraca. For the identification of

fresh-water Cladocera, Lilljeborg’s “Cladocera Sueciae,” _Nov. Act.

Reg. Soc. Upsalensis_, 1901; for Copepoda, Schmeil’s “Süsswasser

Copepoden,” in _Bibliotheca Zoologica_, iv., v., and viii., 1892,

1893, and 1895 are recommended.

Footnote 165:

_Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Soc._ vii.

Footnote 166:

_Le Lac Leman_, 3 vols., Lausanne, 1892.

Footnote 167:

Consult Apstein, “Das Süsswasserplankton,” Kiel and Leipzig, 1896; and

_Arch. f. Hydrobiologie u. Planktonkunde_, numerous papers.

Footnote 168:

Mr. C. H. Martin points out to me that in the Scottish lochs, which

from their geological nature are evidently not connected with

subterranean waters, none of them nor similar forms occur; nor do they

in the Tasmanian lakes which are on igneous diabase, so that Forel’s

conclusion would seem to be of wide application.

Footnote 169:

_See_ Chilton, _Trans. Linn. Soc._ (2) vi., 1894, p. 163, with review

of literature.

Footnote 170:

S. F. Harmer, _Trans. Norfolk and Norwich Nat. Soc._ ii., 1899, p.

489.

Footnote 171:

_Mem. Nat. Acad. Washington_, iii., 1886, p. 1.

Footnote 172:

_Arch. Zool. Exp._ (4), ii., 1904, p. 1.

Footnote 173:

See Calman, _Proc. Zool. Soc._ 1906, p. 187.

Footnote 174:

_The Crayfish_, Internat. Scient. Series.

Footnote 175:

_Mem. Harvard. Mus._ x., 1885.

Footnote 176:

_Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc._ xli., 1902, p. 267, and xliv., 1905, p. 91.

Footnote 177:

G. O. Sars, “Crustacea Caspia,” _Bull. Acad. Imp. Sc. St. Pétersbourg_

(4), xxxvi., 1893–4, pp. 51 and 297; (5) i., 1894, pp. 179 and 243;

also _Crustacea of Norway_, vol. ii. Isopoda, 1900, p. 73.

Footnote 178:

Daday, _Termés Füzetek_, xxv., 1902, pp. 101 and 436.

Footnote 179:

Daday, _Bibliotheca Zoologica_, Heft 44, 1905.

Footnote 180:

On the cheek the furrow represents a pleural groove, and does not form

the limit of the posterior cephalic segment.

Footnote 181:

M‘Coy, _Synop. Sil. Foss. Ireland_, 1846, p. 56, and _Brit. Pal.

Foss._, 1851, p. 146, pl. 1 E, fig. 16; Salter, _Quart. Journ. Geol.

Soc._ iii., 1847, p. 251.

Footnote 182:

Figures showing this suture are given by Oehlert, _Bull. Soc. géol. de

France_ (3), xxiii., 1895, pl. 1, figs. 9, 12, 15.

Footnote 183:

_Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (2) iv., 1849, p. 396.

Footnote 184:

Lindström, “Visual Organs of Trilobites,” _Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl._

xxxiv., 1903. Exner, _Physiol. d. facett. Augen v. Krebsen u.

Insecten_, 1891, p. 34, pl. ii. figs. 18, 19.

Footnote 185:

_Journ. Morphol._ ii., 1889, p. 253, pl. 21.

Footnote 186:

Watase, _Johns Hopkins Univ. Studies, Biol. Lab._ iv., 1890, p. 290.

Lindström, _op. cit._ p. 27.

Footnote 187:

A suture is said to be present at the external margin of the flattened

cephalic border.

Footnote 188:

Goldfuss, “Beitr. zur Petrefaktenkunde,” 1839, p. 359, pl. 33, fig.

2_d._

Footnote 189:

Spencer, _Geol. Mag._ 1903, p. 489.

Footnote 190:

For an example of this see Salter, _Mon. Brit. Trilobites_, 1864–83,

pls. 15, 16.

Footnote 191:

_Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard_, viii., 1881, p. 191.

Footnote 192:

_Studies in Evolution_, 1901, pp. 197–225; _Geol. Mag._ 1902, p. 152.

Walcott, _Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington_, ix., 1894, p. 89.

Footnote 193:

_Syst. Sil. Bohême_, i., 1852, pp. 257–276.

Footnote 194:

_American Geologist_, xx., 1897, p. 34.

Footnote 195:

_Proc. R. Irish Acad._ xxiv., 1903, p. 332, and _Quart. Journ. Micr.

Sci._ xlix., 1906, p. 469.

Footnote 196:

This has received some support from H. Milne Edwards, _Ann. Sci. Nat.

Zool._ (6), xii., 1881, p. 33; H. Woodward, _Quart. Journ. Geol._ Soc.

xxvi., 1870, p. 487, and vol. 1., 1894, p. 433; Bernard, _ibid._ vol.

1. p. 432.

Footnote 197:

Kingsley does not admit this relationship, and regards the Trilobita

as a group quite distinct from all other Crustacea. See _American

Naturalist_, xxviii., 1894, p. 118, and _American Geologist_, xx.,

1897, p. 33.

Footnote 198:

Zittel states that _Apus_ appears first in the Trias.

Footnote 199:

_Monogr. Brit. Trilobites_, 1864, p. 2.

Footnote 200:

“A Natural Classification of Trilobites,” _Amer. Jour. Sci._ (4),

iii., 1897, pp. 89–106, 181–207. Reprinted in Beecher’s _Studies in

Evolution_, 1901, p. 109. A classification based on the character of

the pygidium has been proposed by Gürich, _Centralbl. für Min. Geol.

u. Pal._ 1907, p. 129. A classification based on the minute structure

of the test has been given by Lorenz, _Zeitschr. d. deutsch. geol.

Gesellsch._ lviii., 1906, p. 56.

Footnote 201:

_Neues Jahrb. für Min. Geol. u. Pal._ 1898, i. p. 187.

Footnote 202:

Lake, _Brit. Cambrian Tril._ 1907, p. 45.

Footnote 203:

The British Carboniferous Proëtidae are described by H. Woodward,

_Monogr. Brit. Carb. Trilobites_, Palaeont. Soc. 1883–84.

Footnote 204:

This can be maintained in the Crustacea by counting the seventh

abdominal segment, which appears in _Gnathophausia_; but this is not

universally regarded as a true segment. See also _Nebalia_ (p. 111).

Footnote 205:

This and the following Sub-class correspond with Lankester’s Sub-class

Euarachnida. The Delobranchiata have gills patent and exposed, and

adapted for breathing oxygen dissolved in water. The Embolobranchiata

have either the gill-books (now termed lung-books) sunk into their

body, or the gill-books are wholly or partially replaced by tracheae.

In either case the members of this Sub-class breathe atmospheric

oxygen.

Footnote 206:

Woodward, “On some Points in the Structure of the Xiphosura, having

reference to their relationship with the Eurypteridae,” _Quart. J.

Geol. Soc._ xxiii., 1867, p. 28, and xxviii., 1871, p. 46. Milne

Edwards, A., “Recherches sur l’anat. des Limules,” _Ann. Sci. Nat._

(5), xvii., 1873, Art. 4. Lankester, E. R., “Limulus an Arachnid,”

_Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxi., 1881, p. 504. Kingsley, J. S., “The

Embryology of _Limulus_,” _Journ. Morph._ vii. p. 35, and viii. p.

195, 1892–3. Kishinouye, “On the Development of _Limulus longispina_,”

_Journ. Coll. Sci. Japan_, v., 1892, p. 53. Patten, W., and

Redenbaugh, W. A., “Studies on _Limulus_,” _Journ. Morph._ xvi., 1900,

pp. 1, 91.

Footnote 207:

_Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xlviii., 1905, p. 165.

Footnote 208:

μηρός = a thigh.

Footnote 209:

This segment, though present in embryo Scorpions, has disappeared in

the adults of those animals.

Footnote 210:

_Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xlix., 1906, p. 469.

Footnote 211:

_Zool. Anz._ xiv., 1891, pp. 164, 173.

Footnote 212:

_Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ lix., 1895, p. 351.

Footnote 213:

They are described in great detail in Lankester’s article, “_Limulus_

an _Arachnid_,” _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxi., 1881, p. 504.

Footnote 214:

_Tr. Linn. Soc._ xxviii., 1872, p. 471.

Footnote 215:

_Tr. Linn. Soc._ xxviii., 1872, p. 472.

Footnote 216:

A rudimentary ninth pair of ostia are described anteriorly.

Footnote 217:

_J. Morph._ vii., 1892, p. 35.

Footnote 218:

Kingsley, _loc. cit._

Footnote 219:

_J. Coll. Tokyo_, v., 1893, p. 53.

Footnote 220:

Lockwood, _Amer. Nat._ iv., 1870–71, p. 261.

Footnote 221:

For a diagnosis of the species and a list of synonyms, see Pocock,

_Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (7), ix., 1902, p. 256.

Footnote 222:

_Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxi., 1890, p. 379; _Proc. Cambr. Phil. Soc._

ix., 1895–1898, p. 19; _J. Anat. Physiol._ xxxiii., 1899, p. 154.

Footnote 223:

_Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxi., 1890, p. 317.

Footnote 224:

I am indebted to Mr. Henry Woods for these paragraphs on fossil

Xiphosura.

Footnote 225:

The British fossil forms of this group are described and figured by H.

Woodward, “Monograph of the Merostomata,” _Palaeontogr. Soc._ 1866–78,

and _Geol. Mag._ 1907, p. 539.

Footnote 226:

Packard, “Carb. Xiphos. N. America,” _Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci.

Washington_, iii., 1885, p. 146, pl. vi. fig. 1_a_, pl. v. fig. 3_a_

(restoration). Williams, _Amer. Journ. Sci._ (3), xxx., 1885, p. 45.

Fritsch, _Fauna d. Gaskohle_, iv., 1901, p. 64, pl. 155, figs. 1–3,

and text-figures, 369, 370.

Footnote 227:

Walcott has described, under the generic name _Beltina_, imperfect

specimens from the Algonkian (pre-Cambrian) of Montana, which he

thinks may be the remains of Eurypterids (_Bull. Geol. Soc. America_,

x., 1899, p. 238).

Footnote 228:

Walcott, _Amer. Jour. Sci._ (3), xxiii., 1882, p. 213.

Footnote 229:

Descriptions and figures of British Eurypterids are given in the

following works:—Huxley and Salter, “Pterygotus,” _Mem. Geol. Survey,

Brit. Org. Remains_, i., 1859; H. Woodward, “Monograph of the

Merostomata,” _Palaeont. Soc._ 1866–78, and _Geol. Mag._ 1879, p. 196;

1887, p. 481; 1888, p. 419; 1907, p. 277; Peach, _Trans. Roy. Soc.

Edinb._ xxx., 1882, p. 511; Laurie, _ibid._ xxxvii., 1892, p. 151;

xxxvii., 1893, p. 509; and xxxix., 1899, p. 575.

Footnote 230:

A detailed account of _Eurypterus fischeri_ has been given by G. Holm,

_Mém. Acad. Impér. Sci. St. Pétersbourg_ (8), viii. 2, 1898. See also

F. Schmidt, _ibid._ (7), xxxi. 5, 1883. Descriptions of American forms

of _Eurypterus_ are given by Hall, “Nat. Hist. New York,” _Palaeont._

iii., 1859, p. 395; _ibid._ vii., 1888, p, 156; and _Second Geol.

Survey Pennsylvania_, “Report of Progress,” PPP., 1884; Whiteaves,

_Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Canada_, “Palaeozoic Foss.,” iii., 1884,

p. 42.

Footnote 231:

It was this ornamentation found on fragments of _Pterygotus anglicus_

which led the Scotch quarrymen to apply the name “Seraphim” to that

Eurypterid. On this subject Hugh Miller writes: “The workmen in the

quarries in which they occur, finding form without body, and struck by

the resemblance which the delicately waved scales bear to the

sculptured markings on the wings of cherubs—of all subjects of the

chisel the most common—fancifully termed them ‘Seraphim’” (_The Old

Red Sandstone_, ed. 6, 1855, p. 180).

Footnote 232:

The third leg in the male possesses on the fifth joint a curved

appendage which extends backwards to the proximal end of the second

joint. This structure may have been a clasping organ.

Footnote 233:

It has been suggested that the metastoma really belongs to a

pregenital segment of the mesosoma which is absent in the adult, but

has been found in the embryo of Scorpions.

Footnote 234:

Sarle, _New York State Museum, Bulletin_ 69, Palaeont. 9, 1903, p.

1087.

Footnote 235:

Beecher, _Geol. Mag._ 1901, p. 561.

Footnote 236:

Peach, _Nature_, xxxi., 1885, p. 295; Pocock, _Quart. Journ. Micr.

Sci._ xliv., 1901, p. 291; Laurie, _Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb._ xxxix.,

1899, p. 575.

Footnote 237:

Peach, _Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb._ xxx., 1882, p. 516.

Footnote 238:

Cf. p. 258.

Footnote 239:

_Nature_, xlviii., 1893, p. 104.

Footnote 240:

_Souvenirs entomologiques_, Sér. 9, 1907, p. 229.

Footnote 241:

Brauer, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ lix., 1895, p. 355.

Footnote 242:

_Das Tierreich_, 8. Lief., 1899, p. 4.

Footnote 243:

_Arachnides de France_, vii., 1879, p. 84.

Footnote 244:

_Fauna of British India_, “Arachnida,” 1900, p. 8.

Footnote 245:

_Tr. Zool. Soc._ xi. part x., 1885, p. 373.

Footnote 246:

_Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ lix., 1895, p. 351.

Footnote 247:

_Das Tierreich_, 8. Lief., 1899.

Footnote 248:

Pocock, _Fauna of British India_, “Arachnida.” London, 1900.

Footnote 249:

Laurie, _J. Linn. Soc. Zool._ xxv., 1894, p. 30.

Footnote 250:

_See_ M. Laurie in _J. Linn. Soc. Zool._ xxv., 1894, p. 20.

Footnote 251:

_Tr. Linn. Soc._ (2) vi., 1896, p. 344.

Footnote 252:

Bernard, _loc. cit._ p. 366.

Footnote 253:

_J. Linn. Soc._ xxv., 1894, p. 29.

Footnote 254:

See Pocock, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6), xiv., 1894, p. 120.

Footnote 255:

Kraepelin, _Das Tierreich_, Berlin, 8. Lief., 1899, p. 234.

Footnote 256:

The term mostly in use is Araneida, which should mean Araneus-like

animals. This is clearly not allowable, unless there is a genus

_Araneus_ or _Aranea_. For many years there has been no such genus

recognised, but Simon now attempts to re-establish it, inadmissibly,

as it appears to us. (See note, p. 408).

Footnote 257:

_Mém. Mus. d’Hist. Nat._ xviii., 1829, p. 377.

Footnote 258:

Pickard-Cambridge (_Spiders of Dorset_, 1879–1881) omits the coxal

joint, which, with its lobe, he calls the maxilla, and therefore gives

only five joints, which he names _axillary_, _humeral_, _cubital_,

_radial_, and _digital_.

Footnote 259:

Pickard-Cambridge, in his _Spiders of Dorset_, names them

_exinguinal_, _coxal_, _femoral_, _genual_, _tibial_, _metatarsal_,

and _tarsal_.

Footnote 260:

_Nat. Hist. Tidsskr._ iv., 1843, p. 349.

Footnote 261:

_J. Linn. Soc._ xv., 1881, p. 155.

Footnote 262:

_Proc. Asiat. Soc. Beng._ 1875, p. 197.

Footnote 263:

_Tijdschr. v. d. Nederl. Dierkundige Ver._ (2), i., 1885–1887, p. 109.

Footnote 264:

_Études sur la circulation du sang chez les Aranées du genre Lycose._

Utrecht, 1862.

Footnote 265:

_Recherches sur l’appareil circulatoire des Aranéides._ Lille, 1896.

Footnote 266:

_Arch. f. Naturg._ 55 Jahrg., i., 1889, p. 29.

Footnote 267:

M‘Leod, _Bull. Ac. Belg._ (3), iii., 1882, p. 779.

Footnote 268:

_American Spiders and their Spinning Work_, ii., 1890, p. 208.

Footnote 269:

_Ann. Nat. Hist._ (3), xv., 1865, p. 459.

Footnote 270:

_Voyage of the Beagle._

Footnote 271:

_Correspondence of John Ray_, p. 77.

Footnote 272:

Warburton, _Q. J. Micr. Sci._ xxi., 1890, p. 29.

Footnote 273:

_Rep. Brit. Ass._ 1844, p. 77.

Footnote 274:

_Nature_, xl., 1889, p. 250.

Footnote 275:

See Warburton, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxi., 1890, p. 29.

Footnote 276:

_Aranéides de la Réunion, Maurice et Madagascar_, Paris, 1863, p. 238.

Footnote 277:

M‘Cook, _American Spiders and their Spinning Work_, i., 1889, p. 351;

F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, _J. Micr. and Nat. Sci._ July 1890.

Footnote 278:

Moggridge, _Harvesting Ants and Trap-door Spiders_. London, 1873, p.

120.

Footnote 279:

_Verh. Ges. Wien_, xviii., 1868, p. 905 (Abstract in _Zool. Rec._ v.,

1868, p. 175).

Footnote 280:

The figure of this cocoon has been accidentally inverted in the works

of both Blackwall and Pickard-Cambridge.

Footnote 281:

Fabre, _Nouveaux souvenirs entomologiques_, ch. xi.

Footnote 282:

_Aranéides de la Réunior, Maurice et Madagascar_, Paris, 1863, p.

xlvi.

Footnote 283:

_Hist. de la grande île de Madagascar_, 1658, p. 156.

Footnote 284:

_Science Gossip_, 1877, p. 46.

Footnote 285:

_Insect Life_, i., 1889, p. 205.

Footnote 286:

_Ann. Soc. ent. France_, xi., 1842, p. 205. Translated from the

Spanish by L. Fairmaire.

Footnote 287:

M‘Cook, _American Spiders and their Spinning Work_, ii., 1890, p. 188.

Footnote 288:

M‘Cook, _t.c._ p. 389.

Footnote 289:

_British Spiders_, 1861, p. 102.

Footnote 290:

_Ann. Nat. Hist._ (1), xi., 1843, p. 1.

Footnote 291:

_Naturalist in Nicaragua_, 2nd ed., 1888, p. 134.

Footnote 292:

_Nouveaux souvenirs entomologiques_, ch. xii.

Footnote 293:

M‘Cook, _t.c._ p. 384.

Footnote 294:

_The Naturalist in Nicaragua_, p. 19.

Footnote 295:

_Spiders of Dorset_, 1879–1881, p. 292.

Footnote 296:

_Ibid._ p. 360.

Footnote 297:

_Naturalist on the Amazon_, 1873, p. 54.

Footnote 298:

_Protective Resemblances and Mimicry in Animals_, 1873, p. 4.

Footnote 299:

_Nature_, lxviii., 1908, p. 631.

Footnote 300:

_J. Morph._ (Boston, U.S.A.) i., 1887, p. 403.

Footnote 301:

_Nature_, xxiii., 1880, p. 149.

Footnote 302:

Warburton, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6), viii., 1891, p. 113.

Footnote 303:

_Spiders of Dorset_, 1879–1881, p. xxvii.

Footnote 304:

_Spiders, their Structure and Habits_, 1883, p. 98.

Footnote 305:

_Sexual Selection in Spiders_, p. 37. (Occasional Papers of the Nat.

Hist. Soc. of Wisconsin, I., 1889.)

Footnote 306:

_Arachnides de France_ (vol. i., published 1874). _Histoire naturelle

des araignées_ (2nd ed. vol i., published 1892).

Footnote 307:

Simon’s Cribellatae comprise Hypochilidae, Uloboridae, Psechridae,

Zoropsidae, Dictynidae, Oecobiidae, Eresidae, Filistatidae.

Footnote 308:

The Spider genus _Mygale_ was established by Walckenaer in 1802, but

the name was preoccupied, having been used by Cuvier (Mammalia) in

1800.

Footnote 309:

_Hist. Nat. des Araignées_ (2nd ed.), i., 1892, p. 76.

Footnote 310:

The “scopula” is the pad of close-set thick hairs which covers the

under surface of the tarsus and often of the metatarsus. The

“claw-tufts” are groups of longer hairs, often extending beyond the

claws, and giving the foot a bifid appearance.

Footnote 311:

The three families mentioned above constitute the “Araneae

Theraphosae” of Simon, the remaining families being distinguished as

“Araneae Verae.” The Aviculariidae and the Atypidae are united by some

authors to form the Theraphosidae.

Footnote 312:

According to Bertkau (in a letter to Simon, cited in _Hist. Nat. des

Ar._ i. p. 327), two pairs of linear stigmata under the anterior part

of the abdomen lead, to pulmonary sacs, but to tracheae.

Footnote 313:

L. Koch replaced _Melanophora_ by _Prosthesima_, believing the former

to be preoccupied, but according to Simon (_Hist. Nat. des Ar._ i. p.

341) C. Koch’s use of _Melanophora_ for an Arachnid was antecedent

(1833) to Meigen’s employment of it for Diptera, 1838.

Footnote 314:

_Hist. Nat. des Ar._ i. p. 416.

Footnote 315:

Pickard-Cambridge, _Spiders of Dorset_, p. 77.

Footnote 316:

_Hist. Nat. des Ar._ i. p. 594.

Footnote 317:

_Hist. Nat. des Ar._ i. p. 692.

Footnote 318:

The Erigoninae, Formicinae, and Linyphiinae, together with the

Epeiridae, form Simon’s family of Argiopidae.

Footnote 319:

_I.e._ as developed in the course of the work, not as set forth on p.

594 of vol. i., where five sub-families are established

(Theridiosomatinae, Arciinae, Eurycorminae, Amazulinae, Poltyinae),

which are afterwards merged in the Argiopinae.

Footnote 320:

Simon’s treatment of this group in his _Hist. Nat. Ar._ does not

appear to us satisfactory. He revives the name _Araneus_ as a generic

term, a proceeding to which there are very valid objections, and

merges in it, in whole or in part, about twenty-five generally

received genera, including 800 species. He then proceeds to break up

the genus _Araneus_ into six entirely artificial “series,” according

to the eyes. However unsatisfactory the merged genera may be, nothing

seems to be gained by this proceeding. The facts about “Araneus” are

these. Clerck and Linnaeus used the name “_Araneus_” for every member

of the order. Latreille, in subdividing the order, retained the name

for _A._ (_Epeira_) _diademata_ (1804), but later (1827) transferred

it to _A._ (_Tegenaria_) _domestica_. Walckenaer, seeing the

impropriety of using _Araneus_ as a generic term, discarded it,

establishing _Epeira_, which has since obtained universal recognition.

Footnote 321:

Simon, in his _Histoire naturelle des araignées_, removes the

Sparassinae and the Selenopinae to the Clubionidae, considering that,

notwithstanding the direction of their legs, they have a greater

affinity with that group than with the other Thomisidae.

Footnote 322:

_Ent. Tidsskr._ xviii., 1897, p. 223, pl. iv.

Footnote 323:

_Zool. Anz._ xxiv., 1901, p. 537.

Footnote 324:

_Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xlvii., 1904, p. 215.

Footnote 325:

_Trans. Linn. Soc._ (2), vi., 1896, p. 323.

Footnote 326:

_Nature_, xlvi., 1892, p. 247.

Footnote 327:

_Ann. Nat. Hist._ (1), xii., 1843, p. 81.

Footnote 328:

Pocock, _Nature_, lvii., 1897, p. 618.

Footnote 329:

Cook, _Nature_, lviii., 1898, p. 247.

Footnote 330:

_Öfv. Ak. Förh._ lvi., 1899, p. 977.

Footnote 331:

_Trans. Linn. Soc._ (2), vi., 1896, p. 310.

Footnote 332:

_Das Tierreich_, Berlin, 12. Lief., Arachnoidea, 1901, p. 4.

Footnote 333:

_Arachnides de France_, vii., 1879, p. 2.

Footnote 334:

_Arachnides de France_, vii., 1879, p. 5.

Footnote 335:

See Bernard, _J. Linn. Soc._ xxiv. (Zool.), 1893, p. 410.

Footnote 336:

See Bernard, _J. Linn. Soc._ xxiv. (Zool.), 1893, p. 422.

Footnote 337:

For the embryology of Chernetidea, see J. Barrois, “Mém. sur le

développement des Chélifers,” _Rev. Suisse de Zool._ iii., 1896.

Metschnikoff, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxi., 1876, p. 514; and

Vejdovský, _Congrès zool. international de Moscou_, 1892, p. 120, may

also be consulted.

Footnote 338:

_Monograph of the British Species of Chernetidea_, Dorchester, 1892.

Footnote 339:

_Revue Zoologique par la Société Cuvierienne_, p. 10.

Footnote 340:

_Arachnides de France_, vii., 1879, p. 122.

Footnote 341:

_On two Orders of Arachnida_, Cambridge University Press, 1904.

Footnote 342:

_Mag. Nat. Hist._ (i.), xii., 1843, p. 325.

Footnote 343:

_Zool. Jahrb._ iii., 1888, p. 319.

Footnote 344:

_T. C._ pp. 67–75.

Footnote 345:

Long sternum (μῆκος = length; στῆθος = breast).

Footnote 346:

_Arachnides de France_, vii., 1879.

Footnote 347:

Transverse sternum (πλάγιος = transverse).

Footnote 348:

_Monograph of the British Phalangidea_, Dorchester, 1890.

Footnote 349:

The single exception is _Opilioacarus_, see p. 473.

Footnote 350:

_C. R. Ac. Sci._ cxxv., 1897, p. 879.

Footnote 351:

“The Biology of the Cattle Tick,” _Journ. Compar. Med. and Vet.

Archives_, 1891, p. 313.

Footnote 352:

_Entomological News_ (Philadelphia), vol. xi., Jan. 1900.

Footnote 353:

For the Protozoa to which these and similar diseases are due, cf. vol.

i. pp. 120 f.

Footnote 354:

_C. R. Soc. Biol. Paris_ (7), iv., 1882, p. 305.

Footnote 355:

_Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon_, xxii., 1876, p. 29.

Footnote 356:

_Bull. Soc. Nat. de Moscou_, liv. 1879, pt. i. p. 234.

Footnote 357:

_Z. wiss. Zool._ xxxvii., 1882, p. 553.

Footnote 358:

_P. Z. S._, 1895, p. 174.

Footnote 359:

_Arch. f. Naturg._ i., 1876, p. 65.

Footnote 360:

_Tr. Linn. Soc._ (2), v. Zool., 1890, p. 281.

Footnote 361:

See account given by Tulk in _Mag. Nat. Hist._ xviii., 1846, p. 160.

Footnote 362:

_Entomological News_ (Philadelphia), vol. xi., Jan. 1900.

Footnote 363:

Michael, _British Oribatidae_ (Ray Soc.), i., 1883, p. 176.

Footnote 364:

_Loc. cit._ p. 168.

Footnote 365:

Claparède, _Z. wiss. Zool._ xviii., 1868, p. 455. Michael, _British

Oribatidae_, i., 1883, p. 73, writes it “Deutovium.”

Footnote 366:

_Atti Ist. Veneto_, ii., 1891, p. 699.

Footnote 367:

_Rev. Sci. Nat. Ouest_, ii., 1892, p. 20.

Footnote 368:

_Eriophyes_, v. Siebold, _Jahresber. Schles. Ges._ xxviii., 1850, p.

89; _Phytoptus_, Dujardin, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (3), xv., 1851, p. 166.

Footnote 369:

See Michael, _British Tyroglyphidae_, published by the _Ray Society_,

1901–2.

Footnote 370:

The first paper appeared in _Mém. Soc. Zool._ ix., 1896, pp. 1–44.

Footnote 371:

“Ticks, a Monograph of the Ixodoidea.” Part I. Argasidae, 1908.

Footnote 372:

With, _Vid. Medd._ 1904, p. 137.

Footnote 373:

Silvestri, _Redia_, ii., 1904, fasc. 2, p. 257.

Footnote 374:

_Arch. mikr. Anat._ Bd. i., 1865, p. 428.

Footnote 375:

A. Basse, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ lxxx., 1906, p. 259.

Footnote 376:

_Ann. Sci. nat._ (2), xiv., 1840, p. 269, and xvii., 1842, p. 193.

Footnote 377:

_Zool. Jahrb. Anat._ iii., 1889. This paper contains a bibliography.

Footnote 378:

_Morph. Jahrb._ xxii., 1895, p. 491.

Footnote 379:

_C. R. Ac. Sci._ cxviii., 1894, p. 817.

Footnote 380:

_Tr. R. Soc. Edinb._ xlv., 1908, p. 641. This contains a Bibliography

of recent literature. See also Richters, _Zool. Anz._ xxx., 1906, p.

125, and Heinis, _Zool. Anz._ xxxiii., 1908, p. 69.

Footnote 381:

_P. Zool. Soc._ 1897, p. 790.

Footnote 382:

Hay, in _P. Biol. Soc. Washington_, xix., 1906, p. 46, states that the

name _Lydella_, Dujardin, is preoccupied, and suggests as a substitute

_Microlyda_.

Footnote 383:

The animals included in this group are usually called Linguatulidae or

Pentastomidae after the two genera or sub-genera _Linguatula_ and

_Pentastoma_. But the animal which Rudolphi in 1819 (_Synopsis

Entozoorum_) named _Pentastoma_ had been described, figured, and named

_Porocephalus_ by Humboldt (_Recueil d’observations de zoologie et

anatomie comparee_, i. p. 298, pl. xxvi.) in 1811. The familiar name

_Pentastoma_ may, however, be preserved by incorporating it in the

designation of the group.

Footnote 384:

This description is mainly based on the account of _P. teretiusculus_

given by Spencer, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xxxiv., 1893, p. 1.

Footnote 385:

_Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ lii., 1891, p. 85. This contains a very full

bibliography, of 143 entries.

Footnote 386:

_Centrbl. Bakter._ xl., 1906, p. 368; v. also Thiroux, _C. R. Soc.

Biol._ lix., 1905, p. 78.

Footnote 387:

Shipley, _Arch. parasit._ i., 1898, p. 52. This contains lists of

synonyms and of memoirs published since Stiles’ paper, etc.

Footnote 388:

H. B. Ward, _P. Amer. Ass._ 1899, p. 254.

Footnote 389:

_Nouv. Dict. de méd., de chir. et d’hyg. vétérinaires_, xii. 1883.

Footnote 390:

_Tr. R. Soc. Edinb._ xxxii., 1884, p. 165.

Footnote 391:

Lohrmann, _Arch. Naturg. Jahrg._ 55, i., 1889, p. 303.

Footnote 392:

Von Linstow, _J. R. Asiat. Soc. Bengal_, ii., 1906, p. 270.

Footnote 393:

_Pycnogonides_, Latreille, 1804; _Podosomata_, Leach, 1815;

_Pychnogonides ou Crustacés aranéiformes_, Milne-Edwards, 1834;

_Crustacea Haustellata_, Johnston, 1837; _Pantopoda_, Gerstaecker,

1863.

Footnote 394:

_Syst. Nat._ ed. xii. 1767, vol. ii. p. 1027.

Footnote 395:

[Illustration: Fig. 4]

Brünnich’s description (“Entomologia,” 1764), is still more accurate,

and is worthy of transcription as an excellent example of early work.

“Fig. iv. Novum genus, a R[ev.] D[on.] Ström inter _phalangiis_

relatum, _Söndm._ Tom. i. p. 209, t. 1, f. 17. Exemplar hujus insecti,

quod munificentia R. Autoris possideo, ita describo; Caput cum thorace

unitum, tubo _b_ excavato cylindrico, antice angustiore, postice in

thoracem recepto, prominens; Oculi iv. dorsales, _a_, in gibbositate

thoracis positi; _c_, Antennae 2 tubo breviores moniliformes, subtus

in segmento thoracis, cui oculi insident, radicatae; segmenta

corporis, excepto tubo, iv., cum tuberculo e medio singuli segmenti

prominulo. Pedes viii., singuli ex articulis vii. brevissimis

compositi, ungue valido terminati. Ex descriptione patet insectum hoc

a generibus antea notis omnino differre, ideoque novum genus, quod e

crebris articulationibus Pycnogonum dico, constituit.” The confusion

between _Cyamus_ and _Pycnogonum_ seems to have arisen with Job

Baster, 1765; cf. Stebbing, _Knowledge_, February 1902, and

_Challenger Reports_, “Amphipods,” 1888, pp. 28, 30, etc.

Footnote 396:

Hoek, _Chall. Rep._ p. 15, mentions a specimen of _Colossendeis

gracilis_, Hoek, “furnished with a pair of distinctly three-jointed

mandibles; and the specimen was the largest of the three obtained.”

Footnote 397:

As a rare exception, Hoek has found the eggs carried on the ovigerous

legs in a single female of _Nymphon brevicaudatum_, Miers.

Footnote 398:

Meisenheimer (_Zeitsch. wiss. Zool._ lxxii., 1902, p. 235) compares

these with certain glands described in _Branchipus_ by Spangenberg and

by Claus.

Footnote 399:

Ortmann, who would unite _Barana_ with _Ascorhynchus_, observes: “Bei

dieser Gattung [_Ascorhynchus_] konnte ich die Kittdrüsen beobachten,

die bei _A. ramipes_ mit dem von _Barana castelnaudi_ [_castelli_]

Dohrn, bei _A. cryptopygius_ mit _Barana arenicola_ übereinstimmen und

also die primitivsten Formen der Ausbildung zeigen.”—_Zool. Jahrb.

Syst._ v., 1891, p. 159.

Footnote 400:

_Mém. Acad. Sci. St-Pétersb._ (vii.), xxxviii., 1892.

Footnote 401:

_Fauna und Flora G. von Neapel_, iii. Monogr. 1881, p. 46; see also

Loman, J. C. C., _Tijdschr. D. Ned. Dierk. Ver._ (2), viii., 1907, p.

259.

Footnote 402:

The dorsal lobe is absent in _Rhynchothorax_.

Footnote 403:

For a very detailed account of this mechanism, here epitomised in the

merest outline, and for an account of its modifications in diverse

forms, the student must consult Dohrn’s Monograph (_t. cit._ pp.

46–53).

Footnote 404:

Dohrn, _t. cit._ p. 55.

Footnote 405:

_Biol. Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ._ v., 1891, p. 49.

Footnote 406:

_Vergl. Entwickl. d. wirbellosen Tiere_, Jena, 1893, p. 664.

Footnote 407:

In the second joint in _Ascorhynchus abyssi_, Sars, and _A. tridens_,

Meinert.

Footnote 408:

_Biol. Bulletin Woods Holl_, vol. ii., Feb. 1901, p. 196.

Footnote 409:

_Studi e ricerche sui Picnogonidi_, Firenze, 1876.

Footnote 410:

Semper came near to discovering the fact when he saw, at Heligoland,

ripe eggs in a _Phoxichilidium_ that was, nevertheless, totally

destitute of ovigerous legs. The animal, he says, was adult and

sexually mature: “Trotzdem fehlen dem Tiere die Eierträger

vollständig; es muss sich also das Tier noch mindestens ein Mal häuten

vor der Eierablag, und dabei müssen die Eierträger gebildet werden.”

(_Arb. Inst. Würzburg_, 1874, p. 273).

Footnote 411:

The correspondence is not universally admitted. Meinert (Ingolf

Expedition, 1899) believes that the second and third appendages of the

larva disappear, and that the palps and ovigerous legs are new

developments; so giving to the normal Pycnogon nine instead of seven

appendages. See also Carpenter “On the Relationship between the

Classes of the Arthropoda,” _Proc. R. Irish Acad._ xxiv., 1903, pp.

320–360. The latest observer (Loman) inclines to the older view.

Footnote 412:

A slightly different account is given of the Australian _P.

plumulariae_ by v. Lendenfeld (_Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxxviii., 1883,

pp. 323–329).

Footnote 413:

_Zur Lehre vom Generationswechsel und Fortpflanzung bei Medusen und

Polypen_, 1854.

Footnote 414:

_Rep. Brit. Ass._ 1859; cf. “Gymnoblastic Hydroids,” _Ray Soc._ pl.

vi. fig. 6.

Footnote 415:

_Trans. Tyneside Field Club_, v. (1862–3), 1864, pp. 124–136, pls.

vi., vii.; _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (3), ix., 1862, p. 33.

Footnote 416:

See also Hallez, _Arch. Zool. Exp._ (4), v., 1905, p. 3; Loman,

_Tijdschr. Ned. Dierk. Ver._ (2), x., 1906, p. 271, etc.

Footnote 417:

“On Hydroid and other Corals,” 1881, p. 78.

Footnote 418:

Hugo Mertens, _Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel_, xviii., 1906, pp. 136–141.

Footnote 419:

One is tempted to explain such cases as the above of harmonious or

identical coloration by the simple passage of pigments unchanged from

the food.

Footnote 420:

Fabricius says of his _Pycnogonum_ (_Nymphon_) _grossipes_, “Vescitur

insectis et vermibus marinis minutis; quod autem testas mytilorum

exhauriat mihi ignotum est, dum nunquam intra testam mytili illud

inveni, licet sit verisimile satis,” _Fauna Groenlandica_, p. 231.

Footnote 421:

Loeb (_Arch. Entw. Mech._ v. 2, 1897, p. 250) also says that the

Pycnogons are positively heliotropic.

Footnote 422:

See also P. Gaubert, “Autotomie chez les Pycnogonides,” _Bull. Soc.

Zool. Fr._ xvii., 1892, p. 224.

Footnote 423:

Cf. Carpenter, _Proc. R. Irish Acad._ xxiv., 1903, p. 320; Lankester,

_Quart. J. Micr. Sci._ xlviii., 1904, p. 223; Bouvier, _Exp. Antarct.

Fr._, “Pycnogonides,” 1907, p. 7, etc.

Footnote 424:

“Nous ne les plaçons ici qu’avec doute,” _Règne Anim._ éd. 3, tom. vi.

p. 298.

Footnote 425:

Cf. also J. E. W. Ihle, “Phylogenie und systematische Stellung der

Pantopoden,” _Biol. Centralbl._, Bd. xviii., 1898, pp. 603–609;

Meisenheimer, _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, xii., 1902, pp. 57–64;

also Stebbing, in _Knowledge_, 1902.

Footnote 426:

The chelate form of the foremost appendages is of little moment. A

chela consists merely of a more or less mobile terminal joint flexing

on a more or less protuberant penultimate one, and in the Scorpions,

in _Limulus_, throughout the Crustacea, and even in Insects (cf. vol.

vi. p. 554), we see such a structure arising independently on very

diverse appendages.

Footnote 427:

Cf. Oudemans, _Tijdschr. d. Ned. Dierk. Ver._ (2), i., 1886, p. 41:

“Jedermann weiss nun, dass diese Tiere eine ganz besondere Urgruppe

bilden, ohne alle Verwandschaft mit irgend einer anderen

Arthropodengruppe.”

Footnote 428:

Cole (_Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (7), xv., 1905, pp. 405–415) has

attempted such a phylogenetic classification, starting with

_Decolopoda_, and leading in two divergent lines, through _Nymphon_

and _Pallene_ to the Pycnogonidae, and through _Eurycide_ and

_Ammothea_ to _Colossendeis_. This hint is in part adopted in the

subjoined classification. Bouvier, in his recent Report on the

Pycnogons of the French Antarctic Expedition (_t. cit._), gives

reasons for separating the Decolopodidae and Colossendeidae from all

the rest. Loman, in _Die Pantopoden der Siboga Expedition_, 1908, has

recently suggested another, and in many respects novel, classification

of the whole group.

Footnote 429:

See (_inter alia_) Dohrn, _l.c._; E. B. Wilson, _Rep. U.S. Fish.

Comm._ (1878), 1880; Hoek, _Chall. Report_, 1881; G. O. Sars, _Norw.

N. Atl. Exp._ 1891; Meinert, _Ingolf Exped._ 1899; Möbius, _Fauna

Arctica_, 1901, _Valdivia Exped._ 1902; Cole, _Harriman Alaska Exped._

1904; Hodgson, _Discovery Exped._ 1907; Bouvier, _Exp. Antarct. Fr._

1907.

Footnote 430:

_Boston Journ. Nat. Hist._ i., 1834, p. 203; Cf. Hodgson, _Pr. R.

Phys. Soc. Edinburgh_, xvi., 1905, p. 35; _Zool. Anz._ xxv., 1905, p.

254; _Discovery Exp._, “Pycnogonida,” 1907; Bouvier, _Exp. Antarct.

Fr._ 1907.

Footnote 431:

See pp. 535, 541. Cf. Dohrn (_t. cit._), p. 228.

Footnote 432:

The first known species was described as _Phoxichilus proboscideus_,

Sabine, from the shores of the North Georgian Islands (1821).

Footnote 433:

Pocock (_Encycl. Brit._, 10th ed., Art. “Arachnida”) makes _Hannonia_

the solitary type of a family. Cf. Loman, _Zool. Jahrb._, Syst., xx.,

1904, p. 385.

Footnote 434:

Loman conjoins all these genera, and also _Lecythorhynchus_, with

_Nymphopsis_, as a sub-family Nymphopsinae of Ammotheidae.

Footnote 435:

_Edinb. New Phil. Journal_, Oct. 1842, p. 367 (_P. capillata_ on

Plate).

Footnote 436:

_Proc. Boston Nat. Hist. Society_, vol. i., 1841–44, p. 92.

Footnote 437:

Found by Sir John Ross’s expedition in 1840, and subsequently by the

_Challenger_ expedition and other visitors.

Footnote 438:

Stebbing has recently shown (_Knowledge_, Aug. 1902, p. 157) that the

genus _Phoxichilus_ was instituted by Latreille (_Nouv. Dict. d’hist.

nat._ 1804) for the _Pycnogonum spinipes_ of Fabricius, now

_Pseudopallene spinipes_, auctt. Hence he changes _Pseudopallene_ to

_Phoxichilus_, Latr., and Phoxichilidae and _Phoxichilus_, auctt., to

Chilophoxidae, etc.; it also follows that the family known to all

naturalists as Pallenidae should, according to the letter of the law

of priority, be henceforth known as the Phoxichilidae. In my opinion

this is a case where strict adherence to priority would serve no good

end, but would only lead to great and lasting confusion (cf. Norman,

_J. Linn. Soc._ xxx., 1908, p. 231).

Footnote 439:

_Vide_ note 2, p. 537.

Footnote 440:

_Mag. Nat. Hist._ vi., 1838, p. 42; _Mag. Zool. and Bot._ i., 1837, p.

368.

Footnote 441:

_Edinb. New Phil. Journ._ xxxii., 1842, p. 136; xxxiii., 1842, p. 367;

_Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (1), xiv., 1844, p. 4.

Footnote 442:

_Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (3), xiii., 1864, p. 113.

Footnote 443:

_Proc. R. Dublin Soc._ (N.S.), viii., 1893, p. 195; _Fisheries,

Ireland, Sci. Invest._ 1904, No. iv. (1905).

Footnote 444:

Cf. A. M. Norman, _J. Linn. Soc._ xxx., 1908, pp. 198–238.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

THE CAMBRIDGE NATURAL HISTORY

Edited by S. F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S., and A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S.

In Ten Volumes. Fully Illustrated. Medium 8vo.

17s. net each.

_FIELD._—“The Cambridge Natural History series of volumes is one of

very great value to all students of biological science. The books are

not intended for popular reading, but for utilisation by those who are

desirous of making themselves thoroughly acquainted with the branches

of zoology of which they treat.”

VOLUME I.

=Protozoa=, by MARCUS HARTOG, M.A., D.Sc.; =Porifera=

(=Sponges=), by IGERNA B. J. SOLLAS, B.Sc.; =Coelenterata

and Ctenophora=, by S. J. HICKSON, M.A., F.R.S.;

=Echinodermata=, by E. W. MACBRIDE, M.A., F.R.S.

_FIELD._—“The book can be in the strongest manner recommended to those

for whose benefit it has been written. We know of no work from which a

more truly scientific account of the Protozoa, Echinodermata, and

other lower forms of animal life could be gained.”

VOLUME II.

=Flatworms and Mesozoa=, by F. W. GAMBLE, D.Sc.;

=Nemertines=, by Miss L. SHELDON; =Threadworms and

Sagitta=, by A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S.; =Rotifers=, by

MARCUS HARTOG, M.A., D.Sc.; =Polychaet Worms=, by W. BLAXLAND

BENHAM, D.Sc., M.A.; =Earthworms and Leeches=, by F. E.

BEDDARD, M.A., F.R.S.; =Gephyrea and Phoronis=, by A. E.

SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S.; =Polyzoa=, by S. F. HARMER, Sc.D.,

F.R.S.

_CAMBRIDGE REVIEW._—“Most of the articles are of a very high order of

merit—taken as a whole, it may be said that they are by far the best

which have as yet been published.... We may say with confidence that

the same amount of information, within the same compass, is to be had

in no other zoological work.”

VOLUME III.

=Molluscs=, by the Rev. A. H. COOKE, M.A.; =Brachiopods=

(=Recent=), by A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S.; =Brachiopods=

(=Fossil=), by F. R. C. REED, M.A.

_TIMES._—“There are very many, not only among educated people who take

an interest in science, but even among specialists, who will welcome a

work of reasonable compass and handy form containing a trustworthy

treatment of the various departments of Natural History by men who are

familiar with, and competent to deal with, the latest results of

scientific research. Altogether, to judge from this first volume, the

Cambridge Natural History promises to fulfil all the expectations that

its prospectus holds out.”

VOLUME IV.

=Crustacea=, by GEOFFREY W. SMITH, M.A., and the late W. F. R.

WELDON, M.A.; =Trilobites=, by HENRY WOODS, M.A.;

=Introduction to Arachnida, and King-Crabs=, by A. E. SHIPLEY,

M.A., F.R.S.; =Eurypterida=, by HENRY WOODS, M.A.;

=Scorpions, Spiders, Mites, Ticks, etc.=, by CECIL WARBURTON,

M.A.; =Tardigrada= (=Water-Bears=), by A. E. SHIPLEY,

M.A., F.R.S.; =Pentastomida=, by A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., F.R.S.;

=Pycnogonida=, by D’ARCY W. THOMPSON, C.B., M.A.

VOLUME V.

=Peripatus=, by ADAM SEDGWICK, M.A., F.R.S.; =Myriapods=, by

F. G. SINCLAIR, M.A.; =Insects=, Part I., =Introduction,

Aptera, Orthoptera, Neuroptera, and a portion of Hymenoptera=

(=Sessiliventres and Parasitica=), by DAVID SHARP, M.A., M.B.,

F.R.S.

_Prof. RAPHAEL MELDOLA, F.R.S., F.C.S., in his Presidential Address to

the Entomological Society of London, said_:—“The authors of this

volume are certainly to be congratulated upon having furnished such a

valuable contribution to our literature. When its successor appears,

and I will venture to express the hope that this will be at no very

distant period, we shall be in possession of a treatise on the natural

history of insects which, from the point of view of the general

reader, will compare most favourably with any similar work that has

been published in the English language.”

VOLUME VI.

=Hymenoptera= (_continued_) (=Tubulifera and Aculeata=),

=Coleoptera, Strepsiptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Aphaniptera,

Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Anoplura=, by DAVID SHARP, M.A., M.B.,

F.R.S.

_SATURDAY REVIEW._—“Dr. Sharp’s treatment is altogether worthy of the

series and of his own high scientific reputation.... Certainly this is

a book that should be in every entomologist’s library.”

VOLUME VII.

=Hemichordata=, by S. F. HARMER, Sc.D., F.R.S.; =Ascidians and

Amphioxus=, by W. A. HERDMAN, D.Sc., F.R.S.; =Fishes=

(=exclusive of the Systematic Account of Teleostei=), by T. W.

BRIDGE, Sc.D., F.R.S.; =Fishes= (=Systematic Account of

Teleostei=), by G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S.

_ATHENÆUM._—“All who take a serious interest in the advance of

ichthyology will find this a fascinating book.”

VOLUME VIII.

=Amphibia and Reptiles=, by HANS GADOW, M.A., F.R.S.

_NATURE._—“In concluding the review we would express the opinion that

by this handsome volume a very important addition to science has been

made; that the beautiful illustrations, together with the clear and

charming accounts of the life-histories which it contains, will do

much to popularise the study of a rather neglected section of zoology;

and that lovers of Reptiles, of which there are more than one

generally thinks, will feel that the new knowledge imparted to them

emanates from one who is thoroughly in sympathy with their

enthusiasm.”

VOLUME IX.

=Birds=, by A. H. EVANS, M.A.

_IBIS._—“Mr. Evans has produced a book full of concentrated essence of

information on birds, especially as regards their outer structure and

habits, and one that we can cordially recommend as a work of reference

to all students of ornithology.”

VOLUME X.

=Mammalia=, by FRANK EVERS BEDDARD, M.A., F.R.S.

_NATURE._—“Cannot fail to be of very high value to all students of the

Mammalia, especially from the standpoints of morphology and

palæontology.”

LONDON: MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Silently corrected obvious typographical errors and variations in

spelling.

2. Retained archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings as printed.

3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.

4. Enclosed bold or blackletter font in =equals=.

5. Denoted superscripts by a caret before a single superscript

character or a series of superscripted characters enclosed in

curly braces, e.g. M^r. or M^{ister}.

6. Denoted subscripts by an underscore before a series of subscripted

characters enclosed in curly braces, e.g. H_{2}O.