ARACHNIDA EMBOLOBRANCHIATA (_CONTINUED_)—PODOGONA—PHALANGIDEA =
OPILIONES—HABITS—STRUCTURE—CLASSIFICATION
=Order VII. Podogona (Ricinulei).=
_Tracheate Arachnids with two-jointed chelate chelicerae and prehensile
pedipalpi. The tarsus of the third leg of the male bears a copulatory
organ._
[Illustration:
FIG. 228.—_Cryptocellus simonis_, × 4. (After Hansen and Sörensen.)
]
In 1838 Guérin-Méneville[339] described an Arachnid from West Africa
which he named _Cryptostemma westermannii_. At rare intervals occasional
specimens of allied forms have been taken in the same region until six
species of _Cryptostemma_ have been established. In South America, also,
two unique examples of very similar creatures are the only known
representatives of the two species of the allied genus _Cryptocellus_.
All the examples hitherto found are of fair size (between ⅕ inch and ½
inch in length), and bear some general, though superficial, resemblance
to the Trogulidae, which has led to their being placed among the
Phalangidea by almost all the Arachnologists who have noticed them.
Their claim to this systematic position, however, is extremely doubtful,
and Hansen and Sörensen, who have had the opportunity of studying the
group much more minutely than previous writers, are of the opinion that
they ought to constitute a separate order of Arachnids, more nearly
allied to the Pedipalpi than to the Phalangidea. In this place it is
only possible to indicate some of their peculiar characteristics. Their
integuments are particularly hard and coriaceous. The cephalothorax is
united to the abdomen by a rather broad pedicle, but there is also a
remarkable coupling apparatus which makes the constriction between
cephalothorax and abdomen appear very slight. There is a movable
anterior projection of the cephalothorax, the “cucullus.” The
two-jointed chelicerae terminate in minute chelae, as also do the
five-jointed pedipalps. There are no spiracles on the abdomen, but two
are situated on the thorax above the coxae of the third pair of legs.
Perhaps the most remarkable fact is that, as in the Araneae, a modified
limb is used by the male for the fertilisation of the female; but in
this case it is not the tarsus of the pedipalp, but of the third leg of
the male, which is specially developed as an intromittent organ.
Ordinal rank is not universally accorded to the group, but whatever its
true position, the known forms fall under a single family
=Cryptostemmatidae=, including the two genera _Cryptostemma_ and
_Cryptocellus_.
=Order VIII. Phalangidea (Opiliones).=
_Tracheate Arachnids, with abdomen united to the cephalothorax by its
whole breadth. They are oviparous, and undergo no metamorphosis. Abdomen
always segmented. A pair of odoriferous glands opening on the thorax.
Two simple eyes; three-jointed chelate chelicerae; pedipalpi not
chelate. Spinning organs absent._
“Harvesters,” “Harvestmen,” or “Harvest-spiders,” as these animals are
popularly called, need never be confounded with true Spiders if the
absence of a constriction between the cephalothorax and abdomen be
noted. They are more difficult to distinguish from Mites, members of
which group have sometimes been described as Phalangids. The Phalangid
is, however, generally recognisable by its segmented abdomen, and as a
further point of distinction, it may be noted that, whereas the anal
orifice is always transverse or circular in Phalangids, it is uniformly
longitudinal in the Acarines.
[Illustration:
FIG. 229.—_Oligolophus spinosus_. (After Pickard-Cambridge.)
]
Members of this group vary considerably in habit. The best known forms
are exceedingly active, and trust to their speed in endeavouring to
escape from danger, at the same time emitting an odorous fluid from two
apertures situated just above the coxae of the first pair of legs. These
active Harvestmen are only found in the mature state at certain seasons
of the year, and are believed, therefore, to live only for a single
season. Slow-moving forms, like the Nemastomatidae and the Trogulidae,
which live amidst grass and herbage, have a much longer duration of
life. In danger they remain perfectly still, and trust to their earthy
appearance to escape observation.
They are stated to be extremely thirsty animals, and have been observed
drinking from the dewdrops on herbage. It is probably on this account
that they are sometimes seen attacking juicy vegetable matter, for
without doubt they are essentially carnivorous. The larvae of insects,
young spiders, mites, and myriapods are their customary food. It is not
requisite that the prey should be alive, but they will not touch
anything mouldy.
Notwithstanding their apparently weak mouth-parts, they do not merely
suck the juices of their victims, but masticate and swallow solid
particles. Cannibalism is frequently observed among them.
The males fight fiercely with one another at the breeding time. The
females, with their long extrusible ovipositors, place groups of twenty
to forty eggs in small holes in the ground or under stones or bark,
unprotected by any form of cocoon. The eggs hatch into fully-formed
Phalangids, which are at first white, but attain their coloration after
the first moult. They subsequently moult from five to nine times.
The distribution of this group is world-wide, and some of the exotic
species are very remarkable in form. Only twenty-four species have as
yet been recorded in this country.
=External Structure.=—In the Phalangidea there is no constriction
between the cephalothorax and the abdomen, and in the Ischyropsalidae
alone is the distinction between them readily observable. This is due to
the partial or complete fusion of the first five segments of the abdomen
with the carapace or cephalothoracic shield in most species, these
segments being indicated, if at all, merely by faint striae or
successive transverse rows of spines or tubercles. In the forms
possessing hard integuments (Gonyleptidae, Nemastomatidae, Trogulidae)
this fusion results in a dorsal “scutum,” the component parts of which
cannot easily be distinguished.
The cephalothorax is often surmounted by a turret—usually grooved
dorsally, and beset on its edges with a spiny armature—on the sides of
which are the two simple eyes. The position and shape of this turret and
the arrangement of its spines are of importance in the classification of
the group.
[Illustration:
FIG. 230.—Hood of _Metopoctea_. (After Simon.)
]
In the Trogulidae the base of the turret gives rise to a remarkable,
forwardly-directed, bifurcate structure, furnished with numerous strong
tubular bristles. This is called the “hood,” and its hollowed-out under
surface forms a chamber, the “camerostome,” in which lie the basal
joints of the pedipalpi.
In most European Phalangids the under surface of the cephalothorax is
almost entirely concealed by the forwardly-projecting portion of the
abdomen bearing the generative opening, and by the gnathobases, not only
of the pedipalpi, but of the first and sometimes of the second legs. As
in Spiders, however, there is always present a “sternum” and generally a
“labium.” The sternum is long and narrow in the Mecostethi, and
Cyphophthalmi, but in the Plagiostethi, which include most of the forms
found in temperate regions, it is very short and transverse, and is
hidden by the abdominal prolongation before mentioned.
[Illustration:
FIG. 231.—Mouth-parts of _Phalangium_. =A=, =B=, =C=, Gnathobases of
pedipalp and first and second legs; _ch_, chelicera; _ep_, epistome;
_lab_, labium; _m_, mouth; _ped_, pedipalp; _pre.ep_, pre-epistome;
_st_, sternum, shown by the removal of the anterior part of the
genital process, which extends to the dotted line; 1, 2, 3, 4, legs.
]
The anterior wall of the mouth is formed by a beak-like plate, the
“epistome,” the basal portion of which is covered externally by a second
plate, for which Simon[340] proposes the name “pre-epistome.” In some
Phalangids there are three little chitinous plates, one median and two
lateral, on the clypeus, between the anterior border of the carapace and
the insertion of the chelicerae. They are best seen in _Nemastoma_.
The abdomen always presents evidences of segmentation, though there is a
difference of opinion as to the number of segments of which it is
composed. This is due to the already mentioned partial or complete
fusion of the anterior segments with the cephalothorax. From the
admirable researches of Hansen and Sörensen[341] it seems likely that
the normal number of abdominal segments is ten. Ventrally, the abdomen
is produced forward into a “sternal process” which is capped by a
genital plate, hardly distinguishable in the Phalangidae, but readily
visible in the other families, which surrounds and masks the unpaired
genital orifice. Two stigmata or breathing pores are situated on the
sides of the first ventral plate, which these authors consider to be
composed of two fused sternites.
As in other Arachnids there are six pairs of appendages articulated to
the cephalothorax. They are the chelicerae, the pedipalpi, and the four
pairs of ambulatory legs.
The chelicerae are three-jointed and chelate, the second joint having
its _inner_ portion produced into an apophysis to which the final joint
is apposed. In certain forms (Gonyleptidae, _Ischyropsalis_) the
chelicerae are remarkably long, and may considerably exceed the total
length of the trunk.
The pedipalpi are six-jointed, possessing coxa, trochanter, femur,
patella, tibia, and tarsus. They are leg-like and are never chelate, but
in some forms terminate in a single movable claw. The coxal joints are
provided with maxillary plates.
The legs are normally seven-jointed, as in Spiders, the penultimate
joint being the metatarsus. The tarsus is always multi-articulate, the
number of its joints being variable. It bears terminally one or two
simple claws. “False articulations” (where the parts are not inserted
one into the other, but are only marked off by a membranous ring) are of
frequent occurrence in the legs of these creatures. The first legs, like
the pedipalps, bear maxillary plates, as do also the second in most
Phalangids. The maxillae of the second legs are, however, entirely
absent in _Nemastoma_, and rudimentary in the Gonyleptidae and the
Ischyropsalidae. The coxae of the legs are all largely developed, but
are not capable of free motion, being soldered to, and practically
forming part of, the cephalothoracic floor. In some forms they are only
separated from one another by slight grooves. The extreme length of the
legs, and their hard and brittle nature, are characteristic features of
the Phalangids, though in some species (Trogulidae) they are
comparatively short. The first pair of legs are always the shortest, and
the second the longest.
The sexual organs of Phalangids are ordinarily concealed, and the sexes
can only be distinguished by certain very variable secondary characters,
the males being usually smaller of body and longer of leg than the
females, besides being more distinctly coloured and being armed with
more numerous and longer spines. Sometimes the male chelicerae are
highly characteristic.
Phalangids are usually destitute of spinning organs, but such have been
discovered, in a rudimentary state, in the Cyphophthalmi, which are said
to spin slight webs.
=Internal Structure.=—In _Phalangium_ the mouth leads upwards into a
membranous pharynx, wider than that of Spiders, but narrowing into an
oesophagus which passes between the cerebral and thoracic ganglionic
nerve-masses. It then turns backwards over the thoracic ganglion, being
slightly dilated at that point. Immediately afterwards it dilates into a
flask-like gastric sac which occupies almost the whole width of the
abdomen, and proceeds straight to the anus. Viewed from above, the shape
of this sac is entirely concealed by the large number of caeca (thirty)
to which it gives rise dorsally and laterally. The two largest of these
caeca extend, parallel to each other, over the whole of the abdominal
portion of the gastric sac, and are flanked by four lateral pairs of
smaller caeca, while there is a cluster of small caeca covering the
anterior and narrower portion of the flask-like stomach.
The large hepatic mass so conspicuous on opening dorsally the abdomen of
a Spider is here entirely absent, but its functions are believed to be
performed by certain wrinkled, tubular, longitudinally parallel bodies,
about seven in number, closely applied to the _under_ surface of the
flask.
The masticating portions of the maxillae of the pedipalpi and the first
pair of legs are hollow distensible sacs, often seen in a swollen
condition in specimens kept in spirits. They are furnished, on the inner
surface, with a horny ridge.
Owing to the fixity of the coxae of the legs, their maxillary plates are
incapable of much lateral motion, but are rubbed against each other
vertically.
Beyond the fact that the heart is a dorsal tube lying along the anterior
two-thirds of the alimentary canal, and divided by constrictions into
three well-marked and equal portions, little is known of the
blood-system of these animals. It is probably essentially like that of
Spiders, but the presence of a pericardial sac has not yet been
established, nor has the course of the blood-vessels been described in
detail.
As in other Arachnids, the principal ganglionic nerve-masses closely
embrace the oesophagus. Immediately anterior to it, forming a conical
mass with its base on the oesophagus, is the cerebral ganglion, while
just behind it is the transverse portion of the large thoracic
nerve-centre. In _Phalangium opilio_, according to Tulk,[342] a median
nerve is given off from the apex of the cerebral mass (the paired nature
of which is apparent) and bifurcates to the two eyes. Two lateral nerves
proceed to certain organs near the origin of the second pair of legs,
which were thought by the old writers to be lateral eyes, but which are
now known to be glands for the manufacture of the odorous fluid which
these animals can exude.
[Illustration:
FIG. 232.—Nervous and respiratory systems of a Phalangid. Nerves
black, tracheae white. _c.g_, Cerebral ganglion; _g′_, _g″_, _g‴_,
ganglia supplying viscera; _m.n_, median abdominal nerve; _oe_,
passage for oesophagus; _st_, stigma; _th.g_, thoracic ganglion;
_tr_, main trunk of tracheae.
]
The thoracic ganglion expands, on either side of the oesophagus, into a
mass which extends nearly as far forward as the apex of the cerebral
ganglion. These lateral masses give off nerves to the appendages. From
the back of the transverse portion proceed three nerves. The median
nerve passes above the generative organs, and soon branches into two
nerves which presently swell out to form ganglia of considerable size,
beyond which they soon join again and give off an anastomosing network
of nerve-fibres. The lateral nerves immediately branch. The outer branch
dilates into a ganglion which supplies the external part of the
generative organ. The inner branch, which is longer, also forms a
ganglion the nerves from which are chiefly distributed to the under
surface of the alimentary canal.
The respiratory organs consist of two large tracheal tubes with numerous
branches, having their external openings or “stigmata” near the base of
the fourth pair of legs. The two main tubes are directed forwards, and
are mainly concerned with supplying the largely developed muscles of the
legs. The distribution of branches to the abdomen is comparatively
feeble. The particular arrangement of tubes in _P. opilio_, according to
Tulk, may be seen in the accompanying figure. There are a pair of coxal
glands, of excretory function, opening in the neighbourhood of the coxae
of the third pair of legs.
The Phalangidea are remarkable among Arachnids in the possession of
large protrusible external organs of generation. The ovipositor of the
female may be as long as the whole body of the animal, and the
intromittent organ of the male is of almost equal length. The pedipalpi
take no part in the fertilisation of the female, which is accomplished
directly.
The protrusible organs are concealed under the forwardly-projecting
anterior segment of the abdomen beneath, the genital orifice being thus
in many cases quite near the head region. The internal sexual organs are
not very complex. The ovary re-enters upon itself, forming a ring, and
from the point of re-entry a tube proceeds towards the centre of the
ring, dilating to form an ovisac. It then narrows, turns forward,
dilates once more into a second ovisac, from which the oviduct proceeds
to the base of the ovipositor. This is a flattened organ, grooved on its
upper surface and bifid at its extremity. The testis of the male is a
single sac-like gland, from either end of which proceeds a vas deferens,
which, after several convolutions, unite into a sperm-sac which opens at
the base of the penis.
Partial hermaphroditism is a very frequent phenomenon among the
Phalangids, the testis often producing ova as well as spermatozoa.
Though the males fight fiercely at the breeding time, the animals for
the most part live peacefully together. Henking[343] found that the eggs
of _Liobunum_, which were about half a millimetre in diameter, were laid
during October and hatched out in the following April.
=Classification.=—The Order Phalangidea is divided into three
Sub-orders: 1, CYPHOPHTHALMI; 2, MECOSTETHI; 3, PLAGIOSTETHI.
=Sub-Order 1. Cyphophthalmi=
_Phalangids with dorsal and ventral scutum, only the last abdominal
segment remaining free. Eyes two or absent. Maxillary lobe on coxae of
first pair of legs rudimentary. Sternum long and narrow. Anterior
segment of abdomen not projecting ventrally beyond the coxae of the
fourth pair. Odoriferous glands open on prominences._
In 1875 Stecker published a description of a remarkable creature which
he said he had found in Bohemia, and which he named _Gibocellum
sudeticum_. Among other points it possessed four eyes and four spinning
mammillae, and it differed so much from other Cyphophthalmi as to
necessitate the foundation of a family, Gibocellidae, for its reception.
No one else appears to have seen the animal, or any of Stecker’s
preparations of it, and Hansen and Sörensen[344] adduce grave reasons
for believing that it never existed at all. If this species is to be
disallowed, the Cyphophthalmi all fall into a single family.
[Illustration:
FIG. 233.—_Parasiro corsicus_, enlarged. (After Simon.)
]
=Fam. Sironidae.=—These somewhat Mite-like Phalangids are rarely met
with, partly, no doubt, because of their retiring habits and small size,
the known forms ranging from 6 mm. to less than 2 mm. in length. Of the
seven genera which have been established, _Stylocellus_ numbers eight
species from Borneo and Sumatra, and _Pettalus_ two species from Ceylon.
_Ogovia_, _Miopsalis_, and _Purcellia_ have one species each, from South
Africa, Further India, and the Cape, respectively. The only European
forms are the two species of _Siro_ (France and Austria), and _Parasiro
corsicus_. No species has yet been found in England.
=Sub-Order 2. Mecostethi.=[345]
(LANIATORES).
_Sternum long and narrow. Dorsal scutum leaving at least the last three
segments free. Openings of odoriferous glands not on prominences. The
fourth pair of legs usually long and powerful. One terminal claw on each
of the first two pairs of legs; two on the last two pairs._
The Mecostethi are essentially tropical forms, though a few
representatives are found in the caves of Southern Europe. One family
(Phalangodidae) has its headquarters in the hot regions of the Old
World, while the other two (Cosmetidae, Gonyleptidae) are confined to
Central and South America.
=Fam. 1. Phalangodidae.=—_Body piriform or triangular, broadest behind.
Last ventral segment of abdomen much the largest. Very narrow sternum.
Eye-turret near anterior border of cephalothorax. Chelicerae narrow at
base. Pedipalpi long and strong. Maxillary plates on first pair of legs
rudimentary. No stigmata visible._
The only European forms of this family belong to the genus
_Phalangodes_. They all avoid the light, and are usually found in caves.
Simon[346] records six species found in France. A North American
species, _P. armata_, is entirely destitute of eyes.
[Illustration:
FIG. 234.—_Phalangodes terricola_, enlarged. (After Simon.)
]
The family has representatives in Australia and in tropical Africa and
Asia. _Mermerus_, _Epidanus_, _Maracaudus_, and _Sitalces_ are some of
the exotic genera.
The other two families of this Sub-order—Fam. 2, =Cosmetidae=; Fam. 3,
=Gonyleptidae=—include a large number of species, some of considerable
size (up to an inch in length of body), found in Central and South
America.
=Sub-Order 3. Plagiostethi.=[347]
(PALPATORES.)
_First abdominal segment produced forward ventrally to the level of the
first pair of legs, bringing the mouth and the genital opening very near
together. Sternum consequently much reduced. Pedipalpi thin, with
terminal claw absent or rudimentary. Terminal claws of the legs single._
The Plagiostethi include most of the Harvestmen of temperate regions,
the most familiar examples of these creatures belonging to the large
family Phalangidae, and being much more in evidence than the slow-moving
and ground-living forms included in the other families.
=Fam. 1. Phalangiidae.=—_Eye-turret always far removed from anterior
border of cephalothorax. Second pair of legs with well-marked maxillary
lobes. Legs similar, without the false joint called “trochantin.”
Multiarticulate tarsi. Simple pedipalpi, with tarsus much longer than
tibia, and possessing terminal claw. Some have soft, some coriaceous
integuments._
The Phalangidae fall naturally into two groups or sub-families, named by
Simon SCLEROSOMATINAE and PHALANGIINAE. The first group consists of more
or less coriaceous forms living among moss and herbage. They are not
very numerous, there being only about twelve known European species
divided among the three genera, _Sclerosoma_, _Mastobunus_, and
_Astrobunus_.
[Illustration:
FIG. 235.—_Sclerosoma quadridentatum._ (After Pickard-Cambridge.)
]
Two species of _Sclerosoma_ are found in England, _S. quadridentatum_
occurring not uncommonly among moss or under stones in various parts of
the country. Its back is studded with wart-like tubercles, which give it
a characteristic appearance.
The PHALANGIINAE are soft-bodied Harvestmen, always with long legs,
which in the genus _Liobunum_ attain an inordinate length. There are
nine European genera, _Liobunum_, _Prosalpia_, _Gyas_, _Oligolophus_,
_Acantholophus_, _Phalangium_, _Dasylobus_, _Platybunus_, and
_Megabunus_, comprising in all about fifty species. Five of these genera
are represented in England.
The familiar Phalangids, with small, almost spherical bodies and
ridiculously long legs, belong to the genus _Liobunum_, _L. rotundum_
being the common species. It is mature in autumn, when it may be seen
scampering at a great pace among the herbage. It very readily parts with
its limbs, and Pickard-Cambridge[348] relates that he once “saw one
running with very fair speed and facility, having lost all but two legs,
an anterior one on one side and a posterior one on the other.”
The Harvestmen so frequently seen on walls belong, as a rule, to the
genus _Phalangium_. The best known example is _Phalangium opilio_ (the
_P. cornutum_ of Linnaeus), the male of which possesses a remarkable
development of the chelicerae.
The genus _Oligolophus_ is well represented in this country, nine
species having been recorded. They do not differ greatly from
_Phalangium_, but have, as a rule, more massive bodies, and rather
stout, though tolerably long legs. The largest English Harvestman, not
rare under stones at Cambridge, is _O. spinosus_, whose body measures
half an inch in length. _O. agrestis_ is perhaps the commonest British
Phalangid, and is abundant in woods and among herbage, and on low trees.
[Illustration:
FIG. 236.—_Oligolophus spinosus._ (After Pickard-Cambridge.)
]
_Platybunus_ has two, and _Megabunus_ one British representative. They
are of small size, and are to be sought for among heather or dead leaves
in spring or early summer.
=Fam. 2. Ischyropsalidae.=—_Coriaceous Phalangids, with eye-turret far
removed from anterior border of cephalothorax. Maxillary lobes of second
pair of legs rudimentary, in the form of tubercles. Legs similar,
without “trochantin.” Multiarticulate tarsi. Tarsus of pedipalp without
claw, and shorter than metatarsus. Pedipalps long and horizontal._
This family includes a small number of large or moderate-sized
Phalangids, which are found occasionally in thick moss, or in caves, in
mountainous regions of the south of Europe, and belong to the genera
_Ischyropsalis_ and _Sabacon_. There is a North American genus,
_Taracus_.
=Fam. 3. Nemastomatidae.=—_Coriaceous Phalangids, with cephalothorax
fused with the first five segments of the abdomen, forming a scutum.
Eye-turret near anterior border. No maxillary lobe on second coxae.
Similar legs, without “trochantin.” Multiarticulate tarsi. Tarsus of
pedipalp without claw, and shorter than metatarsus._
[Illustration:
FIG. 237.—_Nemastoma lugubre._
]
There is but one genus, _Nemastoma_, in this family, and the members of
it are, as a rule, rather small and dark Phalangids, which live under
stones or in moss or débris, and are found in the mature state at all
seasons of the year. There are about twenty European species, but only
two of these, _N. lugubre_ and _N. chrysomelas_, have as yet been found
in Britain. _N. lugubre_ is a very common animal, and though it does not
obtrude itself upon public notice, its little black body with two pearly
white spots must be a familiar object to all insect collectors who have
occasion to search under stones or among moss in damp places. Its legs
are short and stout, but those of _N. chrysomelas_, which is a brighter
coloured Harvestman with spots of dull gold colour, are long and
slender.
=Fam. 4. Trogulidae.=—_Coriaceous and very hard integument. Anterior
part of cephalothorax produced into a bifurcate “hood.” Often a
“trochantin.”_
[Illustration:
FIG. 238.—_Trogulus aquaticus._ _a_, Hood. (After Simon.)
]
The Trogulidae are very slow-moving Phalangids of moderate or large size
(a sixth to half an inch in body), found under stones or in damp moss
and débris. They are Mite-like in general appearance, and may readily be
distinguished from all other Harvestmen by the presence of the “hood”
(Fig. 230, p. 442), the hollowed-out under surface of which forms a
chamber, called by Simon the “camerostome,” in which lie the basal
portions of the pedipalps.
Only a single immature specimen has been found in England, belonging
probably to the species _Trogulus tricarinatus_. It was found in
Dorsetshire. Some members of the family are not uncommon in various
regions of the Continent. There are four genera, _Dicranolasma_,
_Anelasmocephalus_, _Calathocratus_, and _Trogulus_. Two other genera,
_Amopaum_ and _Metopoctea_, have been established, but the former is
probably the young of _Dicranolasma_ and the latter of _Trogulus_.
According to the monograph on the British Phalangidea by the Rev. O.
Pickard-Cambridge, cited above, the following species have been recorded
in this country. They all fall under the sub-order Plagiostethi:—
BRITISH PHALANGIDEA.
PHALANGIIDAE.
_Sclerosoma quadridentatum_, Cuvier.
„ _romanum_, L. Koch.
_Liobunum rotundum_, Latr.
„ _blackwallii_, Meade.
_Phalangium opilio_, Linn.
„ _parietinum_, De Geer.
„ _saxatile_, C. L. Koch.
„ _minutum_, Meade.
_Platybunus corniger_, Meade.
„ _triangularis_, Herbst.
_Megabunus insignis_, Meade.
_Oligolophus morio_, Fabr.
„ _alpinus_, Herbst.
„ _cinerascens_, C. L. Koch.
„ _agrestis_, Meade.
„ _tridens_, C. L. Koch.
„ _palpinalis_, Herbst.
„ _ephippiatus_, C. L. Koch.
„ _spinosus_, Bosc.
NEMASTOMATIDAE.
_Nemastoma lugubre_, Müller.
„ _chrysomelas_, Hermann.
TROGULIDAE.
_Anelasmocephalus cambridgii_, Westwood.
_Trogulus tricarinatus_, Linn.