[143] The capture of Wesel was the occasion of rejoicing; and the
details of the description leads me to infer that the _feu de joie_
was a novelty.
[144] "I was once made to stand at the Louvre Gate in Paris, being
then in the King's regiment of guards passing my prenticeship, for
sleeping in the morning when I ought to have been at my exercise.
For punishment I was made to stand from eleven before noon to eight
o'clock of the night sentry, with corselet, headpiece, braselets,
being iron to the teeth, in a hot summer's day, till I was weary of
my life."--Munro's _Expedition_, p. 45.
[145] But poor Dunbar and his four companies were to have little
part in it. Shortly after he again defied the whole of Tilly's
army, and after a desperate resistance the eight hundred men were
annihilated, seven or eight alone escaping to tell the tale.
[146] There were only two "orders" in the Swedish army: _Open
order_ for parade, which meant six feet from man to man,
outstretched hand to outstretched hand; and _Battle order_, three
feet from man to man, elbow to elbow.
[147] A file in those days consisted, of course, of six men, not as
now of two. So a corporalship of pikes would be eighteen, and of
musketeers twenty-four men.
[148] The _rottmeisters_ were fifteen in number, the six corporals
bringing up the total to the necessary twenty-one.
[149] See Monro, vol. ii. p. 65.
[150] Stress has been laid upon the fact that Gustavus always led
the cavalry in person. Doubtless he was fond of his Horse, but
since at that period cavalry was always stationed in the wings, and
the right wing was the post of honour, this does not count for very
much.
[151] They were called after their inventor by the name of "Sandy's
stoups," and were used by the Scots at the battle of Newburn in
1640.
[152] Tallard fatally repeated this independent formation of two
armies at Blenheim.
[153] As I believe that this pretension is still advanced
by patriotic North Britons, it is as well to say that it is
preposterous. The true Scottish Guard enjoyed an independent
existence till the Revolution, and to claim its privileges for
Hepburn's regiment is as absurd as though a corps raised to-morrow,
and officered by half a dozen gentlemen of the Grenadier Guards,
should claim precedence of all British infantry.
[154] Dalton, vol. i. p. 234.
[155] Mr. Dalton has told the story very fully in his _Life of
Cecil_.
[156] Ward, _Animadversions of Warre_.
[157] See _Pallas Armata_, by Sir T. Kellie, 1627. This writer
deserves mention as the first who introduced the system of drilling
by numbers. He talks as glibly of odd and even numbers as a modern
drill sergeant.
[158] Barriffe and Ward.
[159] The whole of the controversy may be read at large in
Rushworth.
[160] His name indeed appears as an ensign in the list of a company
of foot raised for service in Ireland (printed in June 1642), but
this does not count for much.
[161] I have however found an early instance of it in the French
religious wars, but have unfortunately mislaid the reference.
[162] He is said to have posted himself opposite Cromwell, but he
only took his usual place at the right of the line; he occupied the
same position at Naseby and took no pains to meet Cromwell there.
[163] All kinds of reasons have been advanced to account for the
(supposed) extraordinary fact that Cromwell's troopers at one
moment were at a disadvantage. The explanation is quite simple,
being no more than the usual swing of the pendulum in a combat of
cavalry.
[164] _Perfect Passages_, 30th April 1645.
[165] The drum-calls were six in all: 1, Call; 2, March; 3,
Troop; 4, Preparative; 5, Battle; 6, Retreat. The trumpet-calls
were also six: 1, Butte sella, corrupted since into "Boot and
Saddle"; 2, Monte cavallo (mount); 3, Tucket (warning for march);
4, Carga (charge); 5, Alla Standarda (to the Standard); 6, Auquet
(watch-setting).--Ward, _Animadversions of Warre_.
[166] _The Young Horseman and Honest Plain-dealing Cavalier_, by
John Vernon, 1644. A short drill-book in pamphlet form, prepared by
a cavalier-officer in small compass for officers "to weare in their
pocket." This is the first soldier's pocket-book for field service
in our language. It is among the King's Pamphlets in the British
Museum.
[167] Barriffe.
[168] Sometimes however the dragoons seem to have taken with them
ten extra men per company simply to hold the horses. There are
fugitive references to light dragoons even at this early period,
but no clear account of them. After a few years it was as usual to
speak of troops as of companies of dragoons.
[169] Which was then called the limber.
[170] Schanzbauern. _Fronsperger._
[171] They stood on much the same level in France.
[172] So in Sprigge, more properly Sergeant-Major-General.
[173] In Sprigge's list the foot take precedence of the horse; and
this was the rule in the English, though not in the French, army.
[174] This incident shows that shock-action was not yet wholly the
rule.
[175] Called by the name of a _tercio_ in the contemporary plans,
being formed probably in the old Spanish formation which Tilly had
used at Leipsic.
[176] This item furnishes indirect evidence that either few pikemen
were employed, or that if employed they were stripped of defensive
armour. The pike was already falling obsolete.
[177] See the very pertinent extract from Wellington's despatches,
quoted by Mr. Gardiner--_Commonwealth_, vol. 1, pp. 132, 147.
[178] The pedigree of Monk's regiment is as follows: Weldon's
Regiment of the New Model became first Robert Lilburn's, and in
1649-50 Sir A. Hazelrigg's. Lloyd's of the New Model passed in
succession to Herbert, Overton, and in 1649 to Fenwick. I am
indebted for this information to the kindness of Mr. C. H. Firth.
[179] Hodgson.
[180] Hodgson.
[181] This again seems to be borrowed from the French. Vieilleville
issued medals bearing the King's effigy to his troops in 1558, with
a ribbon of his own colours (see _Memoires de Vieilleville_).
[182] The men were drawn from three Dunbar regiments: Cromwell's
own, Goff's and Ingoldsby's, not, alas! from Monk's.
[183] I am indebted for the elucidation of this campaign to Mr.
Julian Corbett's _Monk_ (Men of Action Series), an admirable sketch
of a remarkable man. Monk's letters may be read in Thurloe.
[184] The best contemporary account of Henry Cromwell's
administration will be found in his own letters in Thurloe's _State
Papers_.
[185] St. Domingo.
[186] Fortescue's own expression. See his letters in Thurloe.
[187] The story of the West Indian expedition is very fully told
in Thurloe's _State Papers_. There are a few supplementary papers
in _Cal. S. P., Col._, and two accounts in Ogilvy's _History of
America_ and in the _Harleian Miscellany_.
[188] See the pamphlet, _The Bloudie Field_, in King's Pamphlets,
British Museum.
[189] Thurloe, vol. vi. p. 18.
[190] Collins, _State Papers_ (July 1603), p. 277.
[191] "Les Anglais y firent fort bien." See his letter in Thurloe.
[192] It must be remembered that this was no figure of speech.
Cromwell was the first who gathered in representatives of Scotland
and Ireland to Westminster.
[193] Clarke's _James II._
[194] The best English source for the account of the campaign in
Flanders is Thurloe's _State Papers_; there are also some curious
details in a tract in the _Harleian Miscellany_, which, however, I
have accepted only when confirmed by newspapers. Bussy Rabutin's
_Memoires_, and Clarke's _James II._ are among other authorities.
[195] Gumble, the chaplain, from whose _Life of Monk_ this account
is taken.
[196] According to the usual establishment, 9600 men besides
officers.
[197] It is not I think irrelevant in this connection to remind the
reader of the military manœuvres of the rebel angels in _Paradise
Lost_.
[198] "First came half-a-dozen of carbines in their leathern coats
and starved weather-beaten jades, just like so many brewers in
their jerkins made of old boots, riding to fetch in old casks;
and after them as many light horsemen with great saddles and old
broken pistols, and scarce a sword among them, just like so many
fiddlers with their fiddles in cases by their horses' sides.... In
the works at Bristol was a company of footmen with knapsacks and
half pikes, like so many tinkers with budgets at their backs, and
some musketeers with bandoliers about their necks like a company of
sow-gelders."--_Newspaper._ (Reference unfortunately lost.)
[199] This is evident from the mention of the "train" in the list
in the _Commons Journals_, September 1651. The field-train was then
transferred to Scotland bodily, where we find it still in December
1652 and again in 1659 (April). See _Commons Journals_.
[200] Thurloe, vol. vii. p. 714. This is the first passage in
which I have encountered the word thus spelt: "certain buildings
... called the barracks or Spanish quarters." But there is mention
of a _baraque_ in the besiegers' lines before Ostend in 1604.
_Grimeston._
[201] It is curious to note that a vote for a statue of Oliver
Cromwell was in 1895 moved by the party that proposes to undo his
work, and was defeated by the party that wishes to continue it. The
supporters of the Union deliberately refused this tardy honour to
the man who did more than any other to accomplish the Union, and
who actually was the first to summon representatives from Scotland
and Ireland to Westminster. Whether either party was sincere may
well be considered doubtful.
[202] The Duke of Gloucester died in the same year.
[203] I find no sufficient ground for assuming that the regiment
was Unton Crook's of the New Model, which had been disbanded two
months before.
[204] For the return of the Buffs to England see the _Holland
Papers_ (Record Office), Bundles 233-235.
[205] The historian of the Second regiment of Foot has printed a
great deal of matter respecting Tangier. Details will also be found
in Clifford Walton's _History of the British Standing Army_, p. 22.
[206] No reader, I am confident, will blame me for leaving him
alone with his Macaulay for the account of this insurrection.
[207] It is worthy of note that but two of these regiments were
raised in the districts indicated by their present titles, viz.,
the 11th (North Devon) and 12th (East Suffolk).
[208] _Expedition_, vol. ii. pp. 37, 73.
[209] The tune, which is in the key of G major and in 6/4 time, may
be found in modern editions of _Tristram Shandy_, at the end of
chap. iii. of the second book. It is admirably suited for fifes and
drums.
[210] It is possible that there was difficulty in finding ready
writers among the military, and still more difficulty in persuading
them to unite sword and pen.
[211] But indeed I have failed to discover by what legal authority
martial law was enforced on the Parliamentary troops in the Civil
War. There seems to have been no effort to give so much as a
semblance of legality to the power of the generals.
[212] It should not be forgotten meanwhile, in justice to the
clerks, that their salaries were very irregularly paid and that
they depended chiefly on their perquisites. We do not realise, in
fact, how recently salaries have supplanted fees in the payment of
officials.
[213] The warrant men and hautbois can generally be found in old
muster-rolls under the names of John Doe, Richard Roe, and Peter
Squib.
[214] _Cal. S. P., Dom._ (30th June 1666), p. 478.
[215] Which, however, was soon discarded for the hat, with or
without an iron skull-piece beneath it.
[216] Some say in 1678, but no sign of them appears in the Army
Lists or Commission Registers till 1683.
[217] Spanish _granada_, a pomegranate. Grenadiers were established
in France in 1667.
[218] The hatchet was issued for the hewing down of the palisades
at the attack of a fortified place. This is one reason why the
grenadiers were nearly always told off for the assault of a
fortress.
[219] But this rank was not confined to them. The Royal Scots at
this period possessed second lieutenants in addition to ensigns.
[220] _Cal. S. P., Col._ (1677-1680), Nos. 397, 1141.
[221] The allowance in 1692 is fourteen per company.
[222] For the reluctance of the French to part with pikes see
Belhomme, _L'Armée Française en 1690_, pp. 24, 25. The word
_piquet_ descends from the time when the pikemen were but a small
body in the centre of the battalion, _ibid._, p. 42.
[223] Thus General Cadogan, when virtually commander-in-chief,
carried a half-pike at a review of the Guards in June 1722. _Flying
Post_, 14th June 1722 (Marlborough died 16th June 1722).
[224] The pikemen of the Gardes Suisses in France, however, clung
to the defensive armour for years after it had been discarded by
others, a curious survival of the old glory of the Swiss.
[225] 2nd Queen's.
[226] No better instance of this can be found than in Georg von
Frundsberg, the famous landsknecht-leader, who once, being in
supreme command of an army, took the linstock from a gunner and
aimed and fired a gun himself. The "officer commanding artillery"
at once came up, cashiered the gunner, and bade Georg look after
his men and not meddle with other people's guns.
[227] 1st Battalion Royal Scots, Buffs, 7th, 21st, Collier's,
Fitzpatrick's.
[228] _Cal. S. P., Dom._, 23rd May 1689.
[229] _Cal. S. P., Dom._, 10th May 1689.
[230] "Nonchalants" is Waldeck's expression. See _Cal. S. P.,
Dom._, 1st June, 28th June, 18th Sept., 23rd Sept.
[231] He was cashiered for dressing his regiment in the cast
clothes of another regiment.
[232] "The piousest man I ever knew." _Burnet._
[233] The French had introduced this improvement some time before.
[234] _Cal S. P., Dom._, Schomberg to the King, 27th August 1689.
[235] But this was nothing uncommon in all the armies of Europe.
French ordnance would break down in the same way, and many of the
guns at Carrickfergus were Dutch. See Belhomme, _L'Armée Française
en 1690_, p. 131; and _Commons Journals_, 19th March 1706-7.
[236] _Cal. S. P., Dom._, 12th September 1689.
[237] Authorities in Macaulay.
[238] _Cal. S. P., Dom._, Schomberg to the King, 3rd October 1689.
[239] See Rymer's _Fœdera, anno_ 1346.
[240] Harbord's letter, _Cal. S. P., Dom._, 18th September 1689.
[241] Schomberg's letter, _ibid._ 20th September 1689.
[242] Schomberg's letters, _Cal. S. P., Dom._, 12th Oct., 26th
December.
[243] Schomberg, 26th December 1689, _ibid._
[244] Do., 30th December 1689, _ibid._
[245] Harbord, 23rd October 1689, 9th January 1690, _ibid._
[246] Schomberg, 24th December 1689, _Cal. S. P., Dom._
[247] Do. 16th October 1689, _ibid._
[248] Do. 26th December 1689, _ibid._
[249] Harbord, 23rd October 1689, _ibid._
[250] Schomberg, 30th December 1689, _ibid._
[251] Further details as to this Irish campaign will be found, with
all authorities, in Clifford Walton's _History of the Standing
Army_, pp. 70 _sqq._ Some details are also in Macaulay. Several of
Schomberg's letters are printed complete in Dalrymple's _Memoirs_.
[252] _Commons Journals_, 8th November 1689.
[253] Schomberg, 10th February 1690, _Cal. S. P., Dom._
[254] Carmarthen to the King, February 1691, _Cal. S. P., Dom._
[255] Southwell, January 1690, _ibid._
[256] See the very remarkable memorandum in _Cal. S. P., Dom._
(1691), pp. 398-400.
[257] The Irish campaigns are treated with great fulness by Colonel
Clifford Walton, and Marlborough's part in them in particular in
Lord Wolseley's _Life of Marlborough_.
[258] Four troops of life guards, ten regiments of horse, five of
dragoons, forty-seven battalions of foot.
[259] I had almost written that France was then, as always, the
first military nation; and though Prussia wrested the position from
her under Frederick the Great and again in 1870, the lesson of
history seems to teach that she is as truly the first military, as
England is the first naval, nation.
[260] Belhomme, p. 153.
[261] Feuquières.
[262] That is to say, of land-transport. After the sad experience
of the Irish war the marine transport was entrusted to an officer
specially established for the purpose.--_Commons Journals._
[263] I spell the village according to the popular fashion in
England, and according to the Flemish pronunciation. So many names
in Flanders seem to halt between the Flemish and the French that it
is difficult to know how to set them down.
[264] Fifty-three battalions of infantry and seven regiments of
dragoons.--_Beaurain._
[265] No battlefield can be taken in more readily at a glance than
that of Landen. On the path alongside the railway from Landen
Station is a mound formed of earth thrown out of a cutting, from
the top of which the whole position can be seen.
[266] St. Simon. With the exception of one hollow, which might hold
three or four squadrons in double rank in line, there is not the
slightest shelter in the plain wherein the French horse could find
protection.
[267] Life Guards, 1st, 3rd, 4th, 6th Dragoon Guards, Galway's
Horse.
[268] This is, of course, the Talmash of _Tristram Shandy_ and of
Macaulay's History. He signed his name, however, as I spell it
here, and I use his own spelling the more readily since it is more
easily identified with the Tollemache of to-day.
[269] Godolphin to the King, 2nd February 1691, _S. P., Dom._
[270] _Commons Journals_, 24th February, 5th March, 1693-1694. A
full account will be found in Colonel Clifford Walton, p. 483.
[271] _Commons Journals_, 26th February 1693-1694.
[272] Hastings of the Thirteenth.
[273] That is to say, to meet the difference between English and
Irish pay, the rate being lower in Ireland than in England owing to
the greater cheapness of provisions.
[274] See Farquhar's _Trip to the Jubilee_.
[275] See _C. J._ 19th, 25th March, 16th December 1696; 5th, 7th,
15th, 23rd January 1697; 3rd, 7th, 10th, 12th, 17th, 24th, 27th
January; 7th, 9th, 14th, 15th, 16th February 1698.
[276] _C. J._ 8th June 1698.
[277] Burnet.
[278] The following was the strength and distribution of the
corps:--
_England._--Three troops of Life Guards, and one of Horse-Grenadier
Guards, each 180 of all ranks. Two regiments of Horse (Blues, 1st
D.G.), each of nine troops, 37 officers, 353 non-commissioned
officers and men. Five regiments of Horse (3rd, 5th, 6th, 7th
D.G., Macclesfield's), each of six troops, 24 officers, 244
non-commissioned officers and men. Three regiments of Dragoons
(Royals, 3rd and 4th Hussars), each of six troops, 24 officers,
259 non-commissioned officers and men. First Guards and
Coldstream Guards, each of fourteen companies, 139 officers, 1826
non-commissioned officers and men. 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Foot, each of
ten companies, 34 officers, 411 men.
_Ireland._--Two regiments of Horse (2nd D.G. and 4th D.G.).
Three regiments of Dragoons (5th and 6th D., 8th H.). Twenty-one
battalions of Foot, 1st Royals (2 battalions), 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th,
10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th,
22nd, 23rd, 24th, 27th. The establishments were on much the same
scale as in England.
_Scotland._--One troop of Horse Guards. Two regiments of Dragoons
(Greys and 7th H.). Scots Guards, Collier's, 21st, 25th, 26th,
George Hamilton's, Strathnaver's.
I may add that I have found the greatest difficulty in the
compilation of this note. The proclamation regarding England is to
be found in the British Museum; that for Ireland is neither in the
Museum nor the Record Office, but the list was after much searching
disinterred from an Entry Book (_H. O. Mil. Entry Book_, vol. iii.
pp. 374-386). The Scotch establishment I have made up as best I
could from various sources, but I cannot vouch for its accuracy.
[279] _H.O. Mil. Entry Book_, vol. iii. p. 327, May 1698.
[280] Burnet. Even prior to the disbandment one Irish regiment of
horse numbered 103 commissioned officers in a total of 490 of all
ranks.
[281] See the petition of men disbanded from Macclesfield's Horse.
_Commons Journals_, 18th April, 3rd May 1699.
[282] Petition of Richard Nichols and others of the First Guards.
_Commons Journals_, 6th December 1699.
[283] Petition of John Dorrell, _ibid._ 9th December 1699. The case
had been investigated and dismissed in the previous Parliament.
[284] _Commons Journals_, 9th January 1699-1700.
[285] _Cal. S. P., Dom._, 1691, pp. 241, 393.
[286] Here is one instance. It was the rule that clothing should
be provided for a regiment according to its establishment on
paper, whether the muster-rolls were full or not; the allowance in
payment for the same (which was deducted from the pay of the men)
being granted to the colonels on the same basis at the close of
the financial year. The colonels provided the clothing accordingly
early in 1697. In December many regiments were disbanded, and all
were much reduced by the Act of Disbandment, when, by the King's
just order, all disbanded men were allowed to take away their
clothing with them. In April 1698 the colonels applied for the
allowance, but were told that the rule had been altered, and that
no money would be issued to them except for men actually on the
rolls at the time of reduction or disbandment. The colonels, thus
defrauded of a large portion of their allowance, were unable to pay
for the clothing, and were, of course, sued by the clothiers. It is
added that the clothiers would accept in ready-money just half the
price which they demanded in treasury-tallies. See the petition of
the colonels to the House of Commons in _Journals_, 28th May and
4th June 1701.
[287]
Philip III., d. 1621.
|
+----------------+
|
Philip IV., d. 1665.
|
+----------------+-------------------------+
| | |
Charles II., Maria Theresa, Margaret,
d. 1700. m. Louis XIV. m. Leopold I.
| |
Louis, Dauphin, Electress of Bavaria.
d. 1711. |
| |
Philip, Duke of Anjou Joseph, Electoral Prince,
(Philip V.). d. 1699.
[288] Namur, Luxemburg, Mons, Charleroi, Ath, Oudenarde, Nieuport,
Ostend.
[289] 12th, 22nd, 27th.
[290] 1st batt. First Guards, 1st Royals (2 batts.), 8th, 9th,
10th, 13th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 23rd, 24th. The Guards had been
substituted (after careful explanation to Parliament) by William's
own direction in lieu of the 9th Foot.
[291] Seven regiments of horse and dragoons, fourteen battalions of
foot, fifty-six guns.
[292] Coxe, vol. i. p. 182.
[293] So Quincy. Coxe gives August 25-September 5 as the date, but
the difference depends merely on the interpretation of the word
investment.
[294] See the description in Kane.
[295] Burnet, Somerville, Tindall.
[296] 180 battalions. At this period a battalion is generally taken
at 500, and a squadron at 120 men.
[297] Marlborough's _Despatches_, vol. i. p. 105.
[298]
ORDER OF BATTLE. CAMPAIGN OF 1703.
RIGHT WING ONLY.
Left. Right.
1st Line.
Hamilton's Withers's Wood's Ross's
Brigade. Brigade. Brigade. Brigade.
8th Foot. 1 Batt. 1st 1st Dragoon 1st Royal
Foreign 17th " Guards. Guards. Dragoons.
Regiments. 33rd " 1 Batt. Royal 5th Dragoon 5th Dragoons.
20th " Scots. Guards. Scots Greys.
13th " 15th Foot. 7th Dragoon A Foreign
24th " Guards. Regiment.
23rd Royal 6th Dragoon
Welsh. Guards.
9th Foot. 3rd Dragoon
Guards.
2nd Line.
2nd Batt.
Royal Scots.
16th Foot.
Foreign Regiments. 26th Cameronians. Foreign Cavalry.
21st Royal
Scots Fusiliers.
10th Foot.
_Daily Courant_, June 2, 1703.
[299] _Despatches_, vol. i. p. 198.
[300] Royal Dragoons; 2nd, 9th, 11th, 13th, 17th, 33rd Foot.
[301] Erle's Dragoons. Rooke's, Paston's, Deloraine's, Inchiquin's,
Ikerryn's, Dungannon's, and Orrery's Foot. All the foot, except the
two first, were raised in Ireland.
[302] Quincy, vol. iv. p. 245. It is said that of seventeen
battalions only 1500 men reached the Elector of Bavaria at
Donaueschingen.
[303] Thirty-four English field-pieces and four howitzers took part
in the famous march to the Danube. There were 2500 horses in all in
the train.--_Postman_, 18th May.
[304] Hare's Journal.
[305] The British cavalry (seven regiments) formed the extreme left
of the left wing in the line of battle, with ten British battalions
immediately to their right. Four more British battalions formed the
extreme left of the infantry of the second line. See p. 445.
[306] These would appear to have been the 1st Guards, 1st Royals (2
batts.), 23rd, and perhaps the 37th.
[307] Their strength would be 1820 men; 130 men from each of
fourteen battalions.
[308] 29 officers, 407 men killed; 86 officers, 1031 men wounded.
Several details, with a full list of the casualties, will be found
in the _Postman_ of July 13, 1704. It is from this source that I
draw the account of Mordaunt and Munden.
[309] _Despatches_, vol. i. p. 381.
[310] Feuquières.
[311] Kane.
[312]
ORDER OF BATTLE. CAMPAIGN OF 1704.
Left. LEFT WING ONLY.
1st Line.
Four Foreign Squadrons. Thirty-two Foreign
Squadrons in
three Brigades.
5th Royal Irish Dragoons. 3rd Dragoon Guards,
2 squadrons.
Scots Grey's, 1 squadron. 6th Dragoon Guards,
2 squadrons.
7th Dragoon Guards,
2 squadrons.
5th Dragoon Guards,
1 squadron.
1st Dragoon Guards,
3 squadrons.
Right.
Hamilton's Row's
Brigade. Brigade.
8th Foot. 10th Foot. Foreign
20th " 23 Royal Welsh. Battalions.
16th " 24th Foot.
1 Batt. Royal Scots. 21st Royal Scots
1 Batt. 1st Guards. Fusiliers.
3rd Buffs.
2nd Line
Ferguson's
Brigade.
Foreign Squadrons. 15th Foot. Foreign
37th " Battalions.
26th Cameronians.
2nd Batt. Royal
Scots.
From Dumont's _Histoire Militaire_.
[313] 2nd Dragoon Guards, Royal Dragoons, 2nd, 9th, 11th, 13th,
17th, 33rd Foot.
[314] Detachments of the 1st and Coldstream Guards, 13th and 35th
of the Line.
[315] The 4th Foot. It had taken its marineship in exchange from
another corps.
[316] St. Simon gives a curious account of Lewis's difficulty in
arriving at the truth, owing to the general unwillingness to tell
him bad news.
[317] It is stated in _Records and Badges of the Army_ that
Lillingston's was formed in 1702. But Narcissus Luttrell, Millar,
and the Military Entry Books all give the date as 25th March (New
Year's Day) 1705.
[318] Quincy's account of this portion of the campaign is, so far
as concerns Marlborough, full of falsehoods.
[319] Four British regiments were of this detachment. Two
battalions of the 1st Royals, the 3rd Buffs, and the 10th Foot.
[320] Narcissus Luttrell.
[321] It is worth noting that this was the first campaign in which
Marlborough and the British took the post of honour at the extreme
right of the Allied order of battle.
[322] His camp thus lay across the whole of Wellington's position
at Waterloo, from east to west and considerably beyond it to
westward, but fronted in the reverse direction.
[323] ORDER OF BATTLE. CAMPAIGN OF 1705.
Left. RIGHT WING ONLY. Right.
1st Line.
Foreign 3rd Buffs. 1 Batt. 1st 1st Dragoon Scots Greys
Troops. 21st Royal Guards. Guards, 3 Squadrons
Scots 1 Batt, 3 squadrons. 5th Dragoons
Fusiliers. Royal 5th Dragoon 3 Squadrons
37th Foot. Scots Guards
Macartney's 18th Royal 2 Squadrons
Foot Irish 7th Dragoon
Evan's Foot 23rd Royal Welsh Guards
15th " 28th Foot 2 Squadrons
15th " Stringer's 6th Dragoon
Foot. Guards
26th Cameronians. 2 Squadrons
16th Foot. 3rd Dragoon
Guards
2 Squadrons
2nd Line.
Extreme Right of Centre.
2nd Batt. Royal Scots.
10th Foot.
Temple's Foot. Foreign troops.
29th Foot.
8th "
_Newspaper._
[324] 2nd Dragoon Guards, 2nd, 9th (exchanged against the prisoners
of Blenheim), 17th, 33rd, and Brudenell's Foot.
[325] It is somewhat singular that the first regiment which
signally distinguished itself in this first Peninsular War was the
33rd (Duke of Wellington's), which covered itself with honour at
the storm of Valenza.
[326] 6th, 34th, 36th, Elliott's, J. Caulfield's (late Pearce's),
Gorges's.
[327] Guards (mixed battalion of the 1st and Coldstream), 13th,
35th, Mountjoy's, and four of Marines.
[328] Carleton.
[329] Peterborough's Dragoons; Mark Kerr's, Stanwix's, Lovelace's,
Townsend's, Tunbridge's, Bradshaw's, Sybourg's, Price's Foot.
Sybourg's was made up of Huguenots.
[330] Marlborough's _Despatches_, vol. ii. p. 262.
[331] This is the story told in Lamberti.
[332] The ground, though now drained, is still very wet.
[333] I have described the field at some length, since the map
given by Coxe is most misleading.
[334] Coxe, by a singular error, makes the left consist exclusively
of infantry, in face of Quincy, Feuquières, the _London Gazette_
and other authorities, thereby missing almost unaccountably an
important feature in the action.
[335] Apparently the whole of Meredith's brigade, viz.: 1st, 18th,
29th, 37th, 24th, and 10th regiments. The place is still easily
identifiable.
[336] Molesworth escaped and was rewarded four years later, at the
age of twenty-two, with a regiment of foot.
[337] ORDER OF BATTLE. RAMILLIES, 12TH-23RD MAY 1706.
Left. RIGHT WING ONLY.
1st Line.
Foreign 3rd Buffs. 1 Batt. 1st Guards.
Infantry. 21st Royal Scots 1 Batt. Royal Scots.
Fusiliers.
Evans's Foot. 16th Foot.
Macartney's Foot. 26th Cameronians.
Stringer's Foot. 28th Foot.
15th Foot. 23rd Royal Welsh.
8th Foot.
Right.
1st Dragoon Guards. Scots Greys.
5th " " 5th Royal Irish
7th " " Dragoons.
6th " "
3rd " "
Eighteen Dutch Squadrons.
2nd Line.
Foreign 2nd Batt. Royal Scots. Foreign
Infantry. 18th Royal Irish. Cavalry.
29th Foot.
37th "
24th "
10th "
From Kane's _Campaigns_.
[338] _Despatches_, vol. ii. p. 554.
[339] The British regiments regularly employed in the besieging
army were the 8th, 10th, and 18th, and Evans's Foot; the Scots
Greys, 3rd and 6th Dragoon Guards. The total loss of the Allies was
32 officers and 551 men killed, 83 officers and 1941 men wounded.
The 18th Royal Irish lost 15 officers alone, and in one attack over
100 men in half an hour.
[340] 8th Dragoons (now Hussars), 30th and 34th Foot; two Dutch and
two Neapolitan battalions.
[341] 2200 of them British, 2nd Dragoon Guards, 2nd, 9th, 17th,
33rd, and Brudenell's Foot.
[342] The total force comprehended 6900 men. Two squadrons each
of the 3rd and 4th Dragoons (now Hussars) and seven squadrons
of foreigners; the 28th, 29th, Hill's, Watkins's, Mark Kerr's,
Macartney's Foot, two battalions of Marines, one of Germans and six
of Huguenots.
[343] Colonel Parnell calls this a novelty and approves it; Colonel
Frank Russell condemns it. The practice was not proscribed, but it
was recognised as extremely hazardous (see Kane's _Campaigns_, ed.
1757, pp. 69-70), and received its final condemnation at the hands
of Napoleon. _Campagnes de Turenne._
[344] The British regiments present were the Queen's Bays, 3rd,
4th, and 8th Dragoons (now Hussars), Peterborough's and Pearce's
Dragoons, Guards (mixed battalion); 2nd, 6th, 9th, 11th, 17th,
28th, 33rd, 35th, 36th, Mountjoy's, Macartney's, Breton's,
Bowles's, Mark Kerr's Foot. List of casualties of officers will be
found in the _Postboy_, 26th June 1707. See order of battle on next
page.
ORDER OF BATTLE. ALMANZA.
Left. LEFT WING ONLY. Right.
1st Line.
Wade's Macartney's
Brigade. Brigade.
Guiscard's Mountjoy's Four Dutch Mordaunt's Two Dutch
Dragoons. Foot. regiments Foot. Brigades.
Essex's Dragoons 17th Foot. of horse. Macartney's
(4th Hussars). Peterborough's Queen's Foot.
7th Dragoons Dragoons. Bays. 35th Foot.
(Hussars). 8th Dragoons Two regiments 1 Batt.
1st Royal (Hussars). of Dutch English
Dragoons. 33rd Foot. horse. Guards.
6th "
2nd Line.
Hill's
Brigade.
Four Squadrons. 11th Foot. Four Bowles's.
Portuguese Mark Kerr's Portuguese Nassau's.
Dragoons. Foot. Squadrons. Bretton's.
Three 2nd Foot.
Portuguese
Squadrons.
36th Foot.
9th "
_Postboy_, 5th-7th June 1707.
[345] Parker.
[346] ORDER OF BATTLE. CAMPAIGN OF 1707.
Left. RIGHT WING ONLY.
1st Line.
Lord North and Temple's Meredith's
Grey's Brigade. Brigade. Brigade.
3rd Buffs. 2nd Batt. 1 Batt. Orrery's
21st Royal Scots Royal Scots. 1st Guards. Foot.
Fusiliers. 18th Royal Irish. 1 Batt. Evans's
37th Foot. Temple's Foot. Royal Scots. Foot.
26th Cameronians. 24th Foot. 16th Foot.
15th Foot. 10th " 23rd Royal Welsh. Foreign
Gore's " 8th Foot. horse.
Right.
Palmer's Stair's
Brigade. Brigade.
1st Dragoon Guards. Scots Greys.
5th " " 5th Royal Irish
7th " " Dragoons.
6th " "
3rd " "
No British in the Second Line.
_Postboy_, 26th June 1707.
[347] Slane's, Brazier's, Delaune's, Jones's, Carles's, all raised
in September.
[348] Mixed battalion of Guards, 19th Foot, Prendergast's (late
Orrery's).
[349] 16 battalions and 30 squadrons. In these were included the
brigades of Sabine, viz., 8th, 18th, 23rd, 37th; of Evans, viz.,
Orrery's, Evans's and two foreign battalions; and of Plattenberg,
which included the Scotch regiments of the Dutch service.
[350] Among them the Royal Scots and Buffs.
[351] That is to say, on the western side of the road from
Oudenarde to Deynze.
[352] The ground, though drained and built over about Bevere, seems
to have lost little of its original character, and is worth a visit.
[353] British losses: 4 officers and 49 men killed, 17 officers and
160 men wounded.
[354] The force consisted of detachments of the 3rd and 4th
Dragoons (now Hussars), 12th, 29th, Hamilton's, Dormer's,
Johnson's, Moore's, Caulfield's, Townsend's, Wynne's Foot.
[355] See, for instance, the commendations of Feuquières.
[356] 135 battalions, 260 squadrons.
[357] 122 battalions, 230 squadrons.
[358] These were, according to a contemporary plan (Fricx), the
16th, 18th, 21st, 23rd, 24th Foot.
[359] He is claimed as a Guardsman by General Hamilton (_Hist.
Grenadier Guards_), though Millner assigns him to the 16th Foot.
This is the only name of a man below the rank of a commissioned
officer that I have encountered in any of the books on the wars
of Marlborough, not excluding the works of Sergeants Deane and
Millner. Littler was deservedly rewarded with a commission.
[360] The Allied order of battle was peculiar. The artillery was
all drawn up in front, in rear of it came a first line of 100
squadrons, then a second line of 80 squadrons, then a third line of
104 battalions, with wings of 14 squadrons more thrown out to the
right and left rear. _Daily Courant_, 6th September 1708.
[361] The five English regiments lost about 350 killed and wounded
in this assault. This would mean probably from a fifth to a sixth
of their numbers. _Daily Courant_, 6th September 1708.
[362] I have failed, in spite of much search, to identify the
British regiments present, excepting one battalion of the 1st
Royals. Marlborough, as Thackeray has reminded us by a famous scene
in _Esmond_, attributed the credit of the action in his first
despatch to Cadogan. Another letter, however, which appeared in
the _Gazette_ three days later (23rd September), does full justice
to Webb, as does also a letter from the Duke to Lord Sunderland of
18th-29th September (_Despatches_, vol. iv. p. 243). Webb's own
version of the affair appeared in the _Gazette_ of 9th October, but
does not mention the regiments engaged. Webb became a celebrated
bore with his stories of Wynendale, but the story of his grievance
against Marlborough would have been forgotten but for Thackeray,
who either ignored or was unaware of the second despatch.
[363] Notably Prendergast's. _Gazette_, 25th November.
[364] The British troops employed were the 6th Foot, 600 marines,
and a battalion of seamen.
[365] There are still some remains of the old walls of Tournay on
the south side of the town, and the ruins of Vauban's citadel close
by, from which the extent of the works may be judged.
[366] The British regiments employed in the siege were the 1st
Royals (2 battalions), 3rd Buffs, 37th, Temple's, Evans's and
Prendergast's Foot.
[367] The following description written from the trenches gives
some idea of the work: "Now as to our fighting underground, blowing
up like kites in the air, not being sure of a foot of ground we
stand on while in the trenches. Our miners and the enemy very often
meet each other, when they have sharp combats till one side gives
way. We have got into three or four of the enemy's great galleries,
which are thirty or forty feet underground and lead to several of
their chambers; and in these we fight in armour by lanthorn and
candle, they disputing every inch of the gallery with us to hinder
our finding out their great mines. Yesternight we found one which
was placed just under our bomb batteries, in which were eighteen
hundredweight of powder besides many bombs: and if we had not been
so lucky as to find it, in a very few hours our batteries and some
hundreds of men had taken a flight into the air." _Daily Courant_,
20th August.
[368] 8th, 10th, 15th, 16th.
[369] Parker.
[370] A nominal list in the _Postboy_ of 1st October gives 36
officers killed and 46 wounded. An earlier list of 17th September
gives 40 officers and 511 men killed, 66 officers and 1020 men
wounded; but this is admittedly imperfect.
[371] ORDER OF BATTLE. CAMPAIGN OF 1709.
Left. RIGHT WING ONLY.
1st Line.
8th Foot. 3rd Buffs. 2nd Batt. 1 Batt.
24th Foot. Temple's Foot. Royal Scots. 1st Guards.
21st Royal Scots Evans's Foot. 23rd Royal 1 Batt.
Fusiliers. 16th Foot. Welsh. Coldstream
18th Royal Irish. Orrery's Foot. Guards.
1 Batt.
Royal Scots.
37th Foot.
10th Foot.
Right.
Two Foreign Orrery's Kelburn's Sybourg's
Brigadiers. Brigade. Brigade. Brigade.
Twenty-seven 26th Cameronians. 1st Dragoon Scots Greys,
squadrons Two foreign Guards, 3 Squadrons.
of foreign battalions. 2 squadrons. 5th Royal Irish
dragoons. Prendergast's 5th Dragoon Dragoons,
Foot. Guards, 2 squadrons.
2 squadrons.
7th Dragoon
Guards,
2 squadrons.
6th Dragoon
Guards,
1 squadron.
3rd Dragoon
Guards,
2 squadrons.
No British troops in the second line; but the 15th and 19th Foot were
also present at the action of Malplaquet.
[372] Hotham's regiment and artillery.
[373] 5th, 13th, 20th, 39th, Paston's, Stanwix's.
[374] 2nd Dragoon Guards, Royal Dragoons, 8th Hussars, Nassau's and
Rochford's Dragoons. Scots Guards, 6th, 33rd, Bowles's, Dormer's,
Munden's, Dalzell's, Gore's. Together 4200 men, under General
Stanhope.
[375] 2 brigadiers, 5 other officers and 73 men killed. 2
lieutenant-generals, 12 other officers and 113 men wounded.
[376] Having failed to ascertain the share of the British in this
action, I omit it altogether. All that is sure is that they did
their duty and that the cavalry suffered severely.
[377] Desbordes's, Gually's, Sarlandes's, Magny's, Assa's dragoons,
all composed of Huguenots but borne on the English establishment;
Dalzell's and Wittewrong's foot.
[378] 11th, 37th, Kane's, Clayton's, and one foreign battalion of
foot. The losses of the expedition were 29 officers and 676 men
drowned.
[379] Strangely enough it was in these very weeks (13th July)
that Richard Cromwell, the ex-protector, died, at the age of
eighty-seven; one of the very few men who had seen the rise of the
New Model, the culmination of Oliver Cromwell's military work in
the hands of Marlborough, and the fall of Marlborough himself.
[380] Nominally 30,000, but 4000 are deducted for Huguenot
regiments.
[381] Including Huguenot regiments the numbers would be 22
regiments of dragoons and 81 of foot. The three regiments of
Guards, though varying greatly in strength, may be reckoned
practically at two battalions apiece; the Royal Scots had also two
battalions, both on active service.
[382] These figures are based principally on the estimates
submitted to the House of Commons, which are printed in the
journals, but can only be approximately accurate. The confusion
in the statement is worthy of the War Office. First, there is
the establishment for England (after 1707 for Great Britain),
including colonial garrisons. Next, establishment for Flanders
and augmentation for Flanders; establishment for Portugal and
augmentation for Portugal; establishment for Catalonia and
augmentation for Catalonia, making, with Ireland, eight different
establishments, involving transfers and changes and explanations
without end. The House of Commons (see Journals, January 1708) was
puzzled and dissatisfied, but obtained small satisfaction. Probably
the Treasury was partly to blame as well as the War Office.
The estimates for 1709 provide for 69,000 men, exclusive of the
Irish establishment and of Artillery. _Commons Journals._
[383] _Commons Journals_, 3rd and 18th February 1708.
[384] _Despatches_, vol. ii. p. 460.
[385] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 26th May 1709. _S. P.,
Dom._, vol. xvii. p. 85.
[386] Thus in August 1710 the garrison of Portsmouth was reduced by
drafts to 360 men. _S. P., Dom._, vol. xvii. p. 19.
[387] The men, as is plain from the pages of Parker, Kane, and
Millner, looked forward to a wealth of spoil as soon as they should
penetrate into the heart of France.
[388] _Commons Journals_, 18th February 1708.
[389] _Cal. Treas. Papers_, 18th November 1710.
[390] _S. P., Dom._, vol. xviii. p. 116.
[391] Deane.
[392] There is nothing more remarkable than the mortality among the
British troops, in what town soever quartered, in the Peninsula.
The complaints against the Portuguese will be found very bitter
in the letters of Colonel Albert Borgard of the Artillery. _S. P.
Spain._
[393] _Cal. Treas. Papers_, 18th June and 18th November 1706.
[394] The regiment being in the Irish establishment the clothing
was ordered in Ireland. When, after long delay, the clothing
arrived at Bristol, it was discovered that, being of Irish
manufacture, it could not be discharged without the Treasurer's
warrant; which, of course, entailed the delay, appreciable enough
in those days, of a journey to London and back.
[395] _Cal. Treas. Papers_, 18th November 1707.
[396] _S. P., Dom._, vol. viii. 81.
[397] _S. P., Dom._, vol. xvi. 92.
[398] _Cal. Treas. Papers_, 15th August 1711.
[399] _Ibid._, 12th October 1709.
[400] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 20th September and December
1705.
[401] _S. P., Dom._ (12th March 1711), vol. xix. 21.
[402] 5th, 6th, 8th Dragoons; 18th, 27th Foot.
[403] Two troops Household Cavalry, Scots Greys and 7th Dragoons,
Scots Guards, and 1st Royals (each two battalions), 21st, 25th,
26th Foot.
[404] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 22nd May 1704.
[405] Not always, however, for among the capital offenders pardoned
I find a boy of ten.
[406] Levy money of £2, of which one moiety for the recruit.
[407] Levy money of £1.
[408] Abundant instances in the _Secretary's Common Letter Book_.
[409] _Ibid._, 13th March 1704.
[410] _S. P., Dom._, vol. v. 135; vol. ix. 75.
[411] _S. P., Dom._, vol. v. 128.
[412] Tindal.
[413] A curious and, I imagine, illegal stretch of the Royal
prerogative appears in the shape of a Royal warrant for the
impressment of fifes, drums, and hautbois. _H. O. M. E. B._, 1st
Jan. 1705.
[414] The levy-money was £4 per man, of which it seems that half
was bounty, and half for expenses of the recruiting officer.
[415] The system was introduced by Lewis XIV. in the autumn of
1703. The still earlier suggestion of a short-service system in the
sixteenth century has already been related.
[416] The number of volunteers enlisted in March 1708 for the
regiments in the Peninsula was something over 800, of which London
and Middlesex supplied just twenty-three.
[417] Newspapers, 13th March 1709.
[418] _S. P., Dom._ (15th September 1708), vol. xiv.
[419] _E.g., Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 21st September and
23rd December 1708.
[420] _S. P., Dom._, (undated), vol. x.
[421] _Ibid._ (20th February 1711), vol. xviii.; (14th April 1712),
vol. xxii.
[422] Lord Lansdowne. _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 12th March
1712. The question had originally been brought up a year before.
[423] _Ibid._, 23rd April 1711.
[424] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 6th July 1707.
[425] Four regiments destined for the Peninsula in 1711 were kept
waiting three months for their ships at Cork. In that time they
lost 500 men by desertion, probably not much less than a fourth of
their numbers.
[426] A clause against concealment of deserters was inserted in the
Mutiny Act of 1708-9.
[427] Abundant instances in _Secretary's Common Letter Book_.
[428] _Ibid._, 18th October 1707.
[429] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 25th, 27th July; 17th
August; October 1705.
[430] See, for instance, the complaint of a regiment which had been
paid in unsaleable tallies. Several officers had been arrested for
debts contracted by their men for want of their pay. _Secretary's
Common Letter Book_, 18th April 1711.
[431] Such a Board, or rather intermittent meeting of Generals, had
been established in January 1706. For the report of St. John and
Churchill and the new regulations, see _Miscellaneous Orders_, 4th
February 1706; 14th January 1708.
[432] I can adduce only one instance in proof, that of the Duke
of Schomberg, who offered £2 a man to old soldiers to join his
regiment of dragoons (Newspaper Advertisement, 27th July 1705), but
the fact is indubitable.
[433] There are two or three memoirs of her, attributed to Defoe
and others.
[434] See Steele's _Tatler_ (No. 87), 29th Oct. 1709.
[435] _S. P., Dom._ (11th September 1705), vol. vi.
[436] They went on guard once and were put in the guard-room once,
that their names might appear on the list of prisoners.
[437] _Commons Journals_, 5th, 13th, 22nd February; 8th, 26th May
1711.
[438] See the case of Lillingston's regiment in Antigua, _Cal.
Treas. Papers_, 18th November 1707: for the Mediterranean garrisons
and Peninsula, _S. P., Dom._ (December 1705), vol. vii.; (19th June
1709), vol. xiv.
[439] _E.g. Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 22nd December 1710.
[440] _Ibid._, 22nd December 1708.
[441] _Despatches_, vol. v. pp. 21, 241. This colonel, Bennett by
name, was an admirable officer at his work, and had done excellent
service at Gibraltar.
[442] _Cal. Treas. Papers_, 18th November 1710, 6th January 1711.
Recruits were practically bought and sold at from £2 to £3 a head
at ordinary times, colonels receiving so much a man when they
furnished drafts. In strictness one officer took a recruit from
another, and paid to him the expenses of raising a substitute. See
_Commons Journals_, 8th May 1711.
[443] See _Humours of a Coffee House_ (a dialogue), 26th December
1707. _Guzzle._--How go on your recruits this winter? _Levy_ (an
officer).--Very poorly. I am almost broke; they cost us so much
to raise them, and run away so fast afterwards that, without the
Government will consider us, we shall be undone, and the service
will suffer into the bargain.... Some of us were forced to live
on five shillings weekly; the rest was stopped by the Colonel
for the charge we had been at in raising recruits; and after all
they deserted from us and the service wanted what the nation paid
for.... What recruits stayed with us, we were no better, for being
most of them boys, they fell sick as soon as we got into the
field.... If our regiments were only complete as they ought to be,
you would hear something to surprise you in a campaign.
See also _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 23rd April 1711, wherein
the Generals report that under the present system of mustering,
recruiting is impossible, and recommend that if any men die,
desert, or are discharged, their names may be kept on the rolls for
the next two musters; and see Coxe's _Marlborough_, vol. vi. pp.
232, 233.
[444] _Miscellaneous Orders_ (_Guards and Garrisons_), 17th May
1707.
[445] _Ibid._ (_Forces Abroad_), 5th March 1706.
[446] Conyngham's regiment (8th Hussars) lost on passage to
Portugal 27 chargers out of 70, and 141 troop horses out of 216,
owing to the use of two such transports. The animals were beaten to
pieces and stifled for want of room.
[447] "Good squat dragoon horses," _S. P., Dom._, 27th February,
10th August 1705.
[448] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 27th February, 10th August
1705.
[449] _Ibid._, 19th February 1709.
[450] _Ibid._, 15th February 1712.
[451] Hence the expression, once very common, of a widow's man.
Readers of Marrayat will remember that when Peter Simple was
searching the ship for Cheeks the marine, he was informed that
Cheeks was a widow's man.
[452] _Despatches_, vol. v. pp. 356, 412. A scale of widows'
pensions from £50 a year for a colonel's to £16 for a cornet's or
ensign's was fixed by regulation, 23rd August 1708. _Miscellaneous
Orders_ (_Guards and Garrisons_), under date.
[453] E.g., Cadogan's regiment (5th Dragoon Guards). Marlborough
tried to obtain relief for it. _Secretary's Common Letter Book_,
5th April 1705.
[454] W. O. _Miscellaneous Orders_. 17th April 1712.
[455] See account of Captain Richard Hill. _S. P., Dom._, Anne,
vol. x. (undated).
[456] _Miscellaneous Orders_ (_Guards and Garrisons_), 19th October
1711.
[457] _Ibid._ (_Forces Abroad_), 1st May 1711.
[458] _Despatches_, vol. v. p. 412. Amended regulations,
_Miscellaneous Orders_ (_Forces Abroad_), 7th September 1712. In
the same letter Marlborough pleaded for the abolition of the 5 per
cent purchase money paid to Chelsea Hospital, which was done by
Order of 1st April 1712. _H. O. M. E. B._, under date.
[459] Even as things were, officers were occasionally obliged to
accept a Chelsea pension; a captain of horse being admitted on the
footing of a corporal of horse. _Secretary's Common Letter Book_,
10th January 1712.
[460] Coxe's _Marlborough_, vol vi. p. 232, 233.
[461] Journals of Irish House of Commons. Speeches from the throne,
1703, 1707, 1710, 1713.
[462] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 21st August 1704. "The
marines are entirely under the Prince's (George of Denmark's)
direction. You must apply to his secretary."
[463] The Commissary of the Musters at Portsmouth was "a
superannuated old man who was rolled about in a wheel-barrow."
_Cal. Treas. Papers_, 15th November 1703.
[464] _E.g._, Caermarthen's and Shovell's, _ibid._, 7th November
1706.
[465] _S. P., Dom._ (29th March 1709), vol. xiv. Thirty-eight
mutineers marched on London from Portsmouth in order to lay down
their arms publicly at Whitehall. They were stopped at Putney. See
also _Cal. Treas. Papers_ of same date.
[466] _H. O. M. E. B._, under date.
[467] _H. O. M. E. B._, St. John's Commission, 20th April 1704, 8th
June 1707; Walpole's, 23rd February 1708; Granville's, 17th October
1710; Windham's, 28th June 1712; Francis Gwynne's, 31st August 1713.
[468] Compare the Duke of Wellington's evidence in 1837: "The
Commander-in-Chief cannot at this moment move a corporal's
guard (four men) from hence to Windsor without going to a civil
department for authority."
[469] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 22nd December 1708.
[470] _Ibid._, 29th January 1709.
[471] _Ibid._, 7th March 1709.
[472] _Ibid._, 14th May 1709.
[473] _Ibid._, 22nd December 1710.
[474] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 1st and 3rd March, 24th May
1712.
[475] _H. O. M. E. B._, 30th June 1702. Marlborough was appointed
Master-General on 26th March.
[476] _Commons Journals_, 29th March 1707. The cost of Dutch
muskets was £8000, and of English £11,000 per 10,000; but great
superiority was claimed for the English.
[477] _H. O. M. E. B._, 16th April 1703. April 1704 (arms of
Evans's regiment).
[478] _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 12th June 1706.
[479] _H. O. M. E. B._, 14th October 1704. _Commons Journals_, 19th
March 1707.
[480] Parker. See the account of the meeting between the Royal
Irish of England and of France at Malplaquet.
[481] Millner. 30th May, 1707.
[482] The Duke of Marlborough's new exercise of firelocks and
bayonets, by an officer in the Foot Guards. London, N.D.
[483] The most appalling sentence was that given to a guardsman
at home who had slaughtered his colonel's horse for lucre of
the hide--seven distinct floggings of eighteen hundred lashes
apiece, or twelve thousand six hundred lashes in all. His life was
despaired of after the first flogging, and the Queen remitted the
remaining six. _Secretary's Common Letter Book_, 12th Jan. 1712.
[484] Newspapers, 3rd March 1703.
[485] _Despatches_, vol. iii. pp. 309, 335, 461; _S. P., Dom._,
vol. xix. 23.
[486] The testimony to these exertions is to be found only in
Hare's Journal, but it is emphatic.
[487] Lediard.
[488] "The Duke does not say much, but no one's countenance speaks
more." Hare's Journal.
[489] Mahon, _Hist. of England_, vol. iii. p. 368.
[490] St. John.
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE
Seven Footnotes (298, 312, 323, 337, 344, 346, 371) with Tables
describing the 'ORDER OF BATTLE' had many elements printed sideways
in the original text. These have been made horizontal in the etext,
with the regiments listed in each column deployed from right to left.
The original text had two dots under the date superscripts 'th',
'st', 'nd' and 'rd'; these dots have been removed in the etext.
A frequent abbreviation in the Footnotes is 'Cal. S. P. Dom.'; this
stands for 'Calendar of State Papers, Domestic'. Also 'H. O. M. E. B.'
stands for 'Home Office Military Entry Book'.
Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
the text and consultation of external sources.
Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained. For example,
firearms, fire-arms; bodyguard, body-guard; footmen, foot-men;
renascence; intestine; blent; mulcted; jobbery; doggrel.
Pg xxi, 'Action at Edghill' replaced by 'Action at Edgehill'.
Pg xxvi, page number '251' replaced by '351'.
Pg 107, 'Lickenau's memorial' replaced by 'Liebenau's memorial'.
Pg 125, 'for an arequebus' replaced by 'for an arquebus'.
Pg 248, 'sixteeen of horse' replaced by 'sixteen of horse'.
Pg 263, 'Neverthless after six' replaced by 'Nevertheless after six'.
Pg 306, 'Churchhill, Grafton' replaced by 'Churchill, Grafton'.
Pg 347, 'Of fourteeen' replaced by 'Of fourteen'.
Pg 445, 'wholly ontwitted' replaced by 'wholly outwitted'.
Pg 506, sidenote date range '19-20' replaced by '9-10'.
Pg 513, sidenote date range '19/23' replaced by '19/30'.
Pg 518, 'Sart and Blangies' replaced by 'Sart and Blaugies'.
Pg 536, 'made commanner-in-chief' replaced by 'made commander-in-chief'.
Pg 538, 'did not undestand' replaced by 'did not understand'.
Pg 574, 'was unwiliing to' replaced by 'was unwilling to'.
Pg 577, 'through mismangement' replaced by 'through mismanagement'.
Footnote [224], 'Guardes Suisses' replaced by 'Gardes Suisses'.