of the Primacy from St. Peter himself. It is a period of nearly six hundred
years from the day of Pentecost. Just in the middle comes the conversion
of Constantine. Before it Rome is mainly a heathen city, the government of
which bears above all things an everlasting enmity against any violation of
the supreme pontificate annexed by the provident Augustus to the imperial
power, and jealously maintained by every succeeding emperor. To suffer an
infringement of that pontificate would be to lose the grasp over the
hundred varieties of worship allowed by the State. Yet when Constantine
acknowledged the Christian faith, the names of St. Peter and St. Paul were
in full possession of the city, so far as it was Christian. They were its
patron-saints. Every Christian memory rested on the tradition of St.
Peter's pontifical acts, his chair, his baptismal font, his dwelling-place,
his martyrdom. The impossibility of such a series of facts taking
possession of a heathen city during the period antecedent to Constantine's
victory over Maxentius, save as arising from St. Peter's personal action at
Rome, is apparent.
In the second half of this period, from Constantine to St. Gregory, the
civil pre-eminence of Rome is perpetually declining. The consecration of
New Rome as the capital of the empire, in 330, by itself alone strikes at
it a fatal blow. Presently the very man who had reunited the empire divided
it among his sons, and after their death the division became permanent.
Valentinian I., in 364, whether he would or not, was obliged to make two
empires. From the death of Theodosius, in 395, the condition of the western
empire is one long agony. The power of Constantinople continually
increases. At the death of Honorius, in 423, the eastern emperor becomes
the over-lord of the western. During fifty years Rome lived only by the arm
of two semi-barbarian generals, Stilicho and Aetius. Both were assassinated
for the service; and in the boy Romulus Augustulus a western emperor ceased
to be, and the senate declared that one emperor alone was needed. After
fifty years of Arian occupation, the Gothic war ruined the city of Rome. In
Gregory's time it had ceased to be even the capital of a province. Its lord
dwelt at Constantinople; Rome was subject to his exarch at Ravenna.
Yet from Constantine and the Nicene Council the advance of Rome's Primacy
is perpetual. In Leo I. it is universally acknowledged. At the fall of the
western empire Acacius attempts his schism. He is supported while living by
the emperor Zeno, and his memory after his death by the succeeding emperor
Anastasius, who reigned for twenty-seven years, longer than any emperor
since Augustus had reigned over the whole empire. All the acts of these two
princes show that they would have liked to attach the Primacy to their
bishop at Constantinople. Anastasius twice enjoyed the luxury of deposing
him through the resident council. But Anastasius died, and the result of
the Acacian schism was a stronger confession of the Roman Primacy made to
Pope Hormisdas, the subject of the Arian Theodorick, by the whole Greek
episcopate, than had ever been given before. The sixth century and the
reign of Justinian completed the destruction of the civil state of Rome;
and the Primacy of its bishop, St. Gregory, was more than ever
acknowledged.
Not a shadow of usurpation or of claim to undue power rested upon that
unquestioned Primacy which St. Gregory exercised. While he thought the end
of the world was at hand, while he watched Rome perishing street by street,
he planted unconsciously a western Christendom in what he supposed all the
time to be a perishing world. Civil Rome was not even a provincial capital;
spiritual Rome was the acknowledged head of the world-wide Church.
I know not where to find so remarkable a contrast and connection of events
as here. Temporal losses, secular ambitions, episcopal usurpations, violent
party spirit, schism and heresy in the great eastern patriarchates, and
amid it all the descent of the Teutons on the fairest lands of the western
empire, the establishment of new sovereignties in Spain, Gaul, and Italy,
under barbarians who at the time of their descent were Arian heretics, and
afterwards became Catholic, with the result that Gregory has to keep watch
within the walls of Rome for a whole generation against the Lombard, still
in unmitigated savagery and unabated heresy, and that the world-wide Church
acknowledges him for her ruler without a dissenting voice. The "Servant of
the servants of God" chides and corrects the would-be "ecumenical
patriarch," who has risen since Constantine from the suffragan of a
Thracian city to be bishop of Nova Roma and right hand of the emperor; who
has deposed Alexandria from the second place and Antioch from the third,
but cannot take the first place from the See of Peter. The perpetual
ambition of the bishops of Nova Roma, the perpetual fostering of that
ambition for his own purpose by the emperor, only illustrates more vividly
the inaccessible dignity which both would fain have transferred to the city
of Constantine, but were obliged to leave with the city of Peter. As the
forum of Trajan sinks down stone by stone, the kings of the West are
preparing to flock in pilgrimage to the shrine of Peter. This was the
answer which the captives in the forum made to the deliverer of their race.
There is nothing like this elsewhere in history.
Constantine, Valens, Theodosius, Justinian, and, no less, Alaric and
Ataulph, Attila and Genseric, Theodorick and Clovis, Arius, Nestorius,
Eutyches, as well as St. Athanasius, St. Basil, St. Ambrose, St.
Chrysostom, St. Augustine, St. Cyril, and, again, Dioscorus, Acacius, and a
multitude of the most opposing minds and beliefs which these represent,
contribute, in their time and degree, for the most part unconsciously, and
many against their settled purpose, to acknowledge this Primacy as the Rock
of the Church, the source of spiritual jurisdiction, the centre of a divine
unity in a warring world. In St. Gregory we see the power which has had
antecedents so strange and concomitants so repulsive deposited in the hands
of a feeble old man who is constantly mourning over the cares in which that
universal government involves him, while the world for evermore shall
regard him as the type and standard of the true spiritual ruler, who calls
himself, not Ecumenical Bishop, but Servant of the servants of God. It is a
title which his successors will take from his hand and keep for ever as the
badge of the Primacy which it illustrates, while it serves as the seal of
its acts of power. He calls himself servant just when he is supreme.
In St. Gregory the Great, the whole ancient world, the Church's first
discipline and original government, run to their ultimate issue. In him the
patriarchal system, as it met the shock of absolute power in the civil
sovereign, and the subversion of the western empire by barbarous
incursions, accompanied by the establishment of new sovereignties and the
foundation of a new Rome, the rival and then the tyrant of the old Rome,
receives its consummation. The medieval world has not yet begun. The
spurious Mahometan theocracy is waiting to arise. In the midst of a world
in confusion, of a dethroned city falling into ruins, the successor of St.
Peter sits on an undisputed spiritual throne upon which a new world will be
based in the West, against which the Khalifs of a false religion will exert
all their rage in the East and South, and strengthen the rule which they
parody. A new power, which utterly denies the Christian faith, which
destroys hundreds of its episcopal sees and severs whole countries from its
sway, will dash with all its violence against the Rock of Peter, and
finally will have the effect of making the bishop who is there enthroned
more than ever the symbol, the seat, and the champion of the Kingdom of the
Cross.
NOTES:
[173] See Gregorovius, ii. 3, 4.
[174] Gregorovius, ii. 6.
[175] _Ibid._, ii. 5, literal.
[176] Nirschl, iii. 534.
[177] Third letter of Pelagius II.; Mansi ix., p. 889: Nefandissima gens.
[178] Attested by St. Gregory of Tours, who heard it from a deacon of his
church then at Rome.
[179] _Ep._ i. 25, p. 514.
[180] _Homily_ xviii. _on Ezechiel_, tom. i. 1374.
[181] Nahum ii, 11.
[182] Micheas i. 16.
[183] End of the _Homilies on Ezechiel_, tom. i. 1430.
[184] Quoted by Reumont, ii. 90.
[185] _Ep._ v. 42, p. 769.
[186] Reumont and Gregorovius.
[187] _Ep._ v. 21, p. 751.
[188] _Ep._ v. 20, tom. ii. 747.
[189] _Ep._ vii. 40, p. 887.
[190] I have drawn attention to this fact, and the idea which it represents
as attested by Popes earlier than St. Gregory, in vol. v., pp. 53-60, of
the _Formation of Christendom_, "The Throne," &c.
[191] Rump, ix. 501-2; see his words quoted above, p. 107.
[192] _Ep._ vii. 34, p. 882.
[193] Rump, ix. 502.
[194] Providentissime piissimus Dominus ad compescendos bellicos motus
pacem quaerit ecclesiae _atque ad hujus compagem sacerdotum dignatur corda
reducere_.-_Ep._ v. 20, p. 747.
[195] De vi et ratione Primatus Romani Pontificis--c. iii., quoting the
letter of St. Gregory to Eulogius, viii. 30.
[196] _Ep._ ix. 59, p. 976.
[197] _Ep._ ii. 52, p. 618.
[198] _Ep._ xi. 37, p. 1120.
[199] _Ep._ vi. 60, p. 836.
[200] _Ep._ iv. 38, p. 718.
[201] _Ep._ v. 54, p. 784.
[202] _Ep._ vi. 59, p. 835.
[203] _Dialog._, iii. 31, p. 345, A.D. 594.
[204] _Ep._ i. 43, p. 531.
[205] _Ep._ ix. 121, pp. 1026-8, shortened.
[206] _Dialog._, iii. 31, p. 348.
[207] _Ep._ ix. 122, p. 1028.
[208] Paralipom. i. 11, 18.
[209] _Ep._ ix. 61, p. 977.
[210] Gibbon, ch. xxxviii.: a sneer or two have been omitted.
[211] Gibbon, ch. xxxix.
[212] Ch. xxxviii.
[213] See above, p. 141.
[214] See Kurth, ii. 25-6.
[215] See in the _Kirchen-lexicon_ of Card. Hergenroether the article on
Gregory I., vol. v., p. 1079.
[216] See Hefele, _Conciliengeschichte_, iii., p. 56; St. Gregory, ii., p.
1294; Mansi, x., p. 486.
[217] S. Siricius, _Ep._
[218] P. 308.
[219] Philippians iv. 3.
[220] See St. Clement's epistle, sec. 59. "Receive our counsel and you
shall not repent of it. For, as God liveth, and as the Lord Jesus Christ
liveth, and the Holy Spirit, and the faith and the hope of the elect, he
who performs in humility, with assiduous goodness, and without swerving,
_the commands and injunctions of God_, he shall be enrolled and esteemed in
the number of those saved through Jesus Christ, through whom be glory to
Him for ever and ever. Amen. But if any disobey _what has been ordered by
Him through us_, let them know that they will involve themselves in a fall,
and no slight danger, but we shall be innocent of this sin."
[221] Hurter's _Geschichte Papst Innocenz des Dritten_, i. 85-7.
INDEX.
_Acacius_, bishop of Constantinople, 471-489, 65;
his conduct to the year 482, 66;
induces Zeno to publish a formulary of doctrine, 70;
deposed by Pope Felix, 75;
rejects the Pope's sentence, 83;
attempts superiority over the eastern patriarchates, 84-86;
position taken up by him against the Pope, 84-91;
dies after five years of excommunication in 489, defying the
Pope, 83;
his name erased from the diptychs, 168;
summary of his conduct and aims, 174-6
_Agapetus_, Pope, his accession, 202;
confirms all his old rights to the Primate of Carthage, 203;
confirms Justinian's profession of faith, at the emperor's
request, 204;
goes to Constantinople, deposes Anthimus and consecrates Mennas
patriarch, 205
_Agnostics_, generated by schismatics, 5
_Alexandria and Antioch_, fearful state of their
patriarchates, 184;
the vast difference between their patriarchs and the Primacy, 185
_Anastasius II._, Pope, 496-8, 120;
his letter to the emperor asserts that as the imperial secular
dignity is pre-eminent in the whole world, so the Principate
of St. Peter's See in the whole Church, 120;
both are divine delegations, 121;
writes to Clovis upon his conversion, 122;
anticipates the great results to follow from it, 123
_Anastasius_, eastern emperor in 491, made emperor when a
_Silentiarius_ in the court, 518, 83;
summary of his reign in the "libellus synodicus," 100-1;
four Popes--Gelasius, Anastasius, Symmachus, and Hormisdas--have
to deal with him, 102;
tries to prevent the election of Pope Symmachus, 129;
he is obliged to allow the Roman See not to be judged, 143;
he deposes Euphemius, and puts Macedonius in his stead at
Constantinople, 143;
exalts Timotheus to the see of Constantinople, 148;
fills the eastern patriarchal sees with heretics, 149;
being pressed by Vitalian, betakes himself to Pope Hormisdas, 150;
receives his conditions, except those concerning Acacius, 159;
his treachery and cruelty, 160;
his sudden death, 162
_Anatolius_, bishop of Constantinople, crowns the emperor Leo I.,
dies in 458, 64;
his ambition seen and checked by St. Leo, 60;
is to Leo what John the Faster is to Gregory, 307
_Anicius Olybrius_, Roman emperor, 20
_Anthemius_, Roman emperor, 18
_Arianism_, propagated among the Goths by the emperor Valens, 49;
communicated by them to the Teuton tribes, 29;
prevalent throughout the West, 50;
fails in the Vandal, Visigothic, Burgundian, and Ostrogothic
kingdoms, 327-9
_Aspar_, Arian Goth, makes Leo I. emperor, and is slain by him, 62
_Ataulph_, marries Galla Placidia, his judgment upon the Goths and
Romans, 43
_Avitus, St._, bishop of Vienne, in Gaul, his character of
Acacius, 93;
his letter to Clovis on his conversion, 124;
urges his duty to propagate the faith in the peoples around him,
126;
writes to the Roman senate that the cause of the Bishop of Rome is
not one bishop but that of the Episcopate itself, 140
_Avitus_, Roman emperor, 13
_Augustine, St._, the great victory of the Church which he did
not foresee, 57
_Baronius_, quoted, 76, 79, 202, 207
_Basiliscus_, usurper, first of the theologising emperors, 46
_Belisarius_, reconquers Northern Africa, 199;
begins the Gothic war, and enters Rome, 205;
deposes Pope Silverius, 207;
defends Rome against Vitiges, 210;
captures Rome the third time, 207
_Benedict, St._, his monastery at Monte Cassino destroyed by the
Lombards, 290;
his Order has its chief seat for 140 years at St. John Lateran, 290;
rebukes and subdues Totila, 215
_Byzantium_, the over-lordship of its emperor acknowledged,
18, 23;
the succession to its throne, 61;
its constitution under Justinian contrasted with the medieval
constitution of England, 250
_Cassiodorus_, his letter as Praetorian prefect to Pope John II., 195
_Church, Catholic_, its two great victories, 5, 25;
attested and described by Gibbon, 325
_Civilta Cattolica_, quoted, 103, 104, 128
_Constantinople_, its seven bishops who follow Anatolius, 180;
submission of its bishop, clergy, emperor, and nobles to Pope
Hormisdas, 187;
service of its cathedral under Justinian, 244;
growth of its bishop from St. Leo to St. Gregory, 342;
all the work of the imperial power, 344;
perpetual encroachment of its bishops, 348, 359
_Cyprian, St._, quoted, "De Unitate Ecclesiae," 3
_Dante_, quoted, 184; on Justinian, 197
_Diptychs_, their meaning and force, 83
_Ennodius, St._, bishop of Pavia, asserts that God has reserved to
Himself all judgment upon the successors of St. Peter, 142;
his character of Acacius, 93
_Euphemius_, in 490 succeeds Fravita at Constantinople, 96;
opposes the emperor Anastasius, but signs his Henotikon, 97;
begs for reconciliation with Pope Felix, but will not give up
Acacius, 97;
recognises the authority of Pope Gelasius, 103-5;
deposed by the emperor through the Resident Council in 496, 114
_Eutychius_, patriarch of Constantinople, 239;
presides over the Fifth Council, 240;
consecrates Santa Sophia in 563, 244;
is deposed by Justinian in 565, 245
_Felix III._, Pope, 483-492, 71;
his letter to the emperor Zeno, stating his succession from
St. Peter, 72;
his letter to Acacius, 73;
holds a council in 484 and deposes Acacius, 75;
his sentence, recounting the misdeeds of Acacius, 76-8;
the synodal sentence signed by the Pope alone, which is justified by
the Roman synod, 79;
denounces Acacius to the emperor Zeno, 80;
his utter helplessness as to secular support when he thus
writes, 82, 88;
writes afresh to the emperor Zeno that the Apostle Peter speaks in
him as his Vicar, 94;
delays to grant communion to Fravita, successor of Acacius, 94;
dies after nine years of pontificate, 97.
_Filicaja_, quoted, 91
_Franks_, made great by the Catholic faith, 44, 348;
so found a kingdom, while Ostrogoths and Visigoths lose it, 348
_Fravita_, succeeds Acacius at Constantinople, and begs for the
Pope's recognition, 93;
dies after three months, 96
_Gelasius_, Pope, 492, 98;
condition of the Empire and Church at his accession, 98-9;
writes to Euphemius, who will cede everything except the person of
Acacius, 103-5;
the bishops of Eastern Illyricum profess their obedience to the
Apostolic See, 105-6;
to whom the Pope declares that the see of Constantinople has no
precedence over other bishops, 107;
that the Holy See, in virtue of its Principate, confirms every
council, 109;
his great letter to the emperor Anastasius defines the domain of
the Two Powers, 110;
the Primacy instituted by Christ, acknowledged by the Church, 111;
in the Roman synod of 496, declares the divine Primacy of the Roman
See, the second rank of Alexandria, and the third of Antioch, as
sees of Peter, 113;
the three Councils of Nicaea, Ephesus in 431, and Chalcedon, to be
general, 116;
omits the Council of Constantinople in 381, 116;
death of Gelasius, and character of the time of his sitting, 118;
calls Odoacer "barbarian and heretic," 68
_Gennadius_ bishop of Constantinople, 458-71, 64
_Gibbon_, acknowledges the two great victories of the Church, 325;
and the work of the Church in the Spanish monarchy, 322;
and the influence of bishops in establishing the French
monarchy, 329
_Glycerius_, Roman emperor, 21
_Gregorovius_, "Geschichte der Stadt Rom.," quoted, 9, 11, 13, 14,
23, 42, 208, 222, 245, 247, 272-3, 275
_Gregory, St., the Great_, his ancestry, 276;
state of Rome described by his predecessor Pope Pelagius, 277;
elected Pope, 590--tries for six months to escape, 278;
describes the work he was undertaking, 279;
and the misery of Rome in the words of Ezechiel, 281;
the Rome of St. Leo and the Rome of St. Gregory, 284;
his works done out of this Rome, 285-7;
the Lombard descent on Italy, 288;
alludes to a strange occurrence in St. Agatha dei Goti, 21;
refers to his great-grandfather, Pope Felix III., 81;
describes St. Benedict rebuking Totila, 215;
his right of reporting injustice to the emperor, 260;
his Primacy untouched by Rome's calamities, 292;
describes his Primacy to the empress Constantina, 295;
identifies to her his authority with that of St. Peter, 296;
also to the emperor Mauritius, 299;
and to the Lombard queen Theodelinda, 312;
and to the king of the Franks, 312;
and to Rechared, Gothic king of Spain, 319;
and in the appointment of the English hierarchy, 315;
his inference from the original patriarchal sees being all sees
of Peter, 301;
exposes the contrast between the assumed title of the patriarch
of Constantinople and his own Principate, 302-7;
his title, "Servant of the servants of God," expresses his
administration, 308;
as fourth Doctor of the western Church, 334;
as chief artificer in the Church's second victory, 335;
England indebted to him, both for hierarchy and civil constitution,
336;
his action as bishop, metropolitan, patriarch, and Pope, 337;
councils held by him at Rome, 338;
defends the liberties of monasteries against bishops, 339;
and as metropolitan succours distressed bishoprics, 340;
called the father of the monks, 341;
compared with St. Leo in the exercise of the Primacy, 342;
continues the struggle of the Popes from St. Sylvester to maintain
the Nicene constitution, 350
_Gregory of Tours, St._, notes the prospering of the Catholic,
and the decline of the Arian kingdoms, 123;
attests St. Gregory's flight from the papacy, 279
_Guizot_, his witness to the action of the hierarchy, 54
_Hefele_, "Conciliengeschichte," quoted, 93, 100, 114, 116, 128,
136, 137, 139, 142, 202, 232
_Hergenroether_, Card., quoted, "Kirchengeschichte," 26, 114, 185,
232, 244;
"Photius, sein Leben," 46, 47, 68, 75, 78, 83, 92, 93, 104, 128,
129, 143, 159, 165, 170, 187, 196, 203, 205, 207, 228, 230, 232,
245, 270, 271
_Hilarus_, Pope, 16
_Hormisdas_, deacon, elected Pope in 514, 149;
sends a legation to the emperor Anastasius, who had applied to his
fatherly affection, 150;
instruction given to his legates, 151-8;
orders them not to be introduced by the bishop of Constantinople,
157;
conditions of reunion proposed by him to the emperor, 158;
is deceived by the emperor, and denounces the treachery of Greek
diplomacy, 160;
is appealed to by the Syrian Archimandrites, 161;
resolves how to terminate the Acacian schism, 164;
his formulary of union accepted by the East, 167;
dies in 523, 193
_Hurter's_ "Geschichte Papst Innocenz des Dritten," the papal idea
carried out through generations, 353-5
_Ignatius, St._, of Antioch, quoted, 12
_Jerome, St._, the result which he did not foresee, 57
_John_, patriarch of Constantinople, accepts the formulary of Pope
Hormisdas, 166
_John I._, Pope, martyred by Theodorick, 193
_John II._, Pope, praises Justinian for acknowledging the Primacy,
and confirms his confession of faith, 191
_John Talaia_, elected patriarch of Alexandria, 68;
offends Acacius, 69;
flies for refuge to Pope Simplicius, 71;
is supported by Pope Felix, 75;
made bishop of Nola by Pope Felix, 92
_John The Faster_, patriarch of Constantinople, assumes a
scandalous title, 299;
holds to Gregory the position of Anatolius to Leo, 307
_Justin I._, made emperor, 162;
writes to Pope Hormisdas, 163;
announces to him the condemnation of Acacius, 169;
his reign of nine years, 198
_Justinian_, his origin, 162;
entreats Pope Hormisdas to restore unity, 164;
acknowledges to Pope John II. his Primacy, 189;
enacts the _Pandects_, 192;
acknowledged the Pope's Primacy all his life, 195;
his character as legislator, 197;
recovers North Africa, 199;
begins the Gothic war, 206;
domineers over the eastern Church, 227-32;
acknowledges the dignity of Pope Vigilius, 232;
persecutes him, 232-40;
issues dogmatic decrees, 236, 242;
issues Pragmatic Sanction for Italy, 243;
deposes his patriarch Eutychius, 244;
is conception of Church and State, 248-56;
makes bishops and governors exercise mutual supervision, 257;
completeness and cordiality of his alliance with the Church, 261;
his spirit the opposite to that of modern governments, 262;
how far he maintains, how far goes beyond, the imperial idea, 264-9;
result spiritual and temporal of his reign, 270
_Kurth_, quoted "Les Origines de la Civilisation modern," 41;
on the policy of Justinian, 255;
the Church's power over the new nations, 333
_Leander, St._, archbishop of Seville, becomes an intimate friend of
St. Gregory during his nunciature at Constantinople, 277;
receives the pallium from St Gregory, 317, 321
_Leo I., St._, his universal Pastorship acknowledged by the Church
in General Council, 1-3;
and the succession of the Popes during 400 years, from St. Peter, 3;
rescues Rome from Attila, and from Genseric, 7-8;
his character, acts, and times, 15;
stands between the two great victories of the Church, and represents
both, 25-6;
the result which St. Leo did not foresee, 57;
his prescience of usurpation from the Byzantine bishop, 60;
his prescience of what the bishops of Constantinople aimed at, 307;
draws out the office and functions of the nuncio, 338
_Leo I._, emperor, 467, 62;
dies in 474, 63
_Leo II._, an infant, succeeds for a few months, 63
_Liberatus_, "Breviarium," quoted, 208, 209
_Libius Severus_, Roman emperor, 16
_Lombards_, their descent on Italy and uncivilised savagery, 287-91;
for ever strive to possess Rome, but never succeed, 347
_Macedonius_, bishop of Constantinople, feels his unlawful
appointment, 143;
persecuted during fifteen years, and finally deposed by the emperor
Anastasius, 144-8;
refuses to give up the Council of Chalcedon, but will not surrender
the memory of Acacius, and never enjoys communion with the Pope,
144-8
_Majorian_, Roman emperor, 14
_Martyrdom_, Papal, of 300 years, 10, 54
_Mausoleum of Hadrian_, stripped of its statues, 211;
an apparition of St. Michael changes its name, 278
_Mennas_, patriarch of Constantinople, 228-239
_Nepos_, Roman emperor, 21
_Odoacer_, extinguishes the western emperor, 22;
named Patricius of the Romans by the emperor Zeno, 35;
slain by Theodorick, 38;
his exaltation foretold by St. Severinus, 22
_Olybrius_, Roman emperor, 20
_Orosius_, an important anecdote preserved by him, 43
_Pallium_, sent by the Pope to the chief bishop in each province, 337;
the duties and powers which it carried with it, 337
_Papal election_, the freedom of, assailed by Odoacer, 194, 292;
by Theodorick and Justinian, 210, 292
_Pelagius II._, Pope, 578-590, describes the state of Rome, 277
_Petra Apostolica_, in the sixty Popes preceding Gregory, 352;
in the Popes from St. Gregory to Innocent III., 353;
in the Popes from Innocent III. to Leo XIII., 355;
sustained by opposing forces, 359
_Philips_, "Kirchenrecht," his judgment of Theodorick, 41;
on Byzantine succession, 61
_Primacy, the Roman_, its denial suicidal in all who believe one holy
Catholic Church, 3-4;
the creator of Christendom, 5, 6, 10, 57-8;
tested by the division of the empire, 51;
still more by the extinction of the western emperor, 53;
witness to it by Guizot, 55;
saves, in the seven successors of St. Leo, the eastern Church from
becoming Eutychean, 179-86;
developed by the sufferings of sixty years, 188;
acknowledged by the Council of Africa after the expulsion of the
Vandals, 201;
defined by the Vatican Council, as held by St. Gregory I., 307;
saves the western bishops from absorption in their several countries,
330;
preserver of civil liberties, 333;
resister of Byzantine despotism, 333;
its development from St. Leo I. to St. Gregory I., 342;
confirmed and illustrated by civil disasters, 346;
as Rome, the secular city, diminishes, the Primacy advances, 357
_Rechared_, king of the Spanish Visigoths, converted, 318;
his letter to St. Gregory informing him of his conversion, 321
_Reumont_, "Geschichte der Stadt Rom.," quoted, over-lordship of
Byzantium, 19;
Odoacer, Patricius at Rome, 35;
picture of Theodorick, 36;
of his government, 38;
sparing of St. Peter's and St. Paul's, 213;
Totila's deeds, 215;
Narses made Patricius of Rome, 245;
the Pragmatic Sanction, 246
_Riffel_, "Kirche und Staat," quoted, 190, 251, 253, 254, 255, 256, 267
_Roehrbacher_, the German edition of the history, quoted, 128, 142, 162,
192, 198, 199, 200, 202, 205, 245, 303, 305
_Rome_, its fall as a city coeval with the universal recognition
of the Papal Primacy, 6-10;
this fall and this recognition traced from Constantine to St.
Gregory, 356-8;
imperial, its death agony of twenty-one years, 23;
its sufferings in the Gothic war, 210-23;
the new city, from Narses, lives only by the Primacy, 294;
its extreme misery in the days of St. Gregory, 281, 284
_Romulus Augustulus_, Roman emperor, 21
_Saxons_, rudest of Teuton tribes, humanised by St. Gregory, 348
_Sidonius Apollinaris_, picture of the Roman senate, 17;
description of Rome in 467, 18;
makes Rome acknowledge the over-lordship of the East, 19;
describes the Roman baths, 19
_Silverius, St._, Pope, elected in 536, 205;
deposed by Belisarius, at the instigation of Theodora, 208;
martyred in the island of Palmaria, 209
_Simplicius_, Pope, his outlook from Rome, 45;
his letter to the emperor Zeno, 66
_Symmachus_, elected Pope in 498, 128;
his letter to the eastern emperor, 129;
compares the imperial and the papal power, 131;
they are the two heads of human society, 133;
Catholic princes acknowledge Popes on their accession, 134;
inferences to be deduced from this letter, 136;
the Synodus Palmaris refuses to judge the Pope, 136;
addressed by eastern bishops in their misery as a father by his
children, 149;
dies in 514, 149
_Theodora_, empress, her promises to Vigilius, 208;
her violent deposition of Pope Silverius, 209
_Theodorick_, the Ostrogoth, how nurtured, 36;
marches on Italy, 37;
which he conquers, and slays Odoacer, 38;
character of his reign, 39;
slays Pope John I., and his own ministers, Boethius and Symmachus,
41, 329;
judgment of him by St. Gregory, 41;
contrast with Clovis, 42;
his kingdom came to nothing, 43;
asks the title of king from the emperor Anastasius, 128;
determines the election of Pope Symmachus against Laurentius, 129;
induced to send a bishop as visitor of the Roman Church, 137;
said by the emperor to have the charge of governing the Romans
committed to him, 159;
his ability and family connections, 177;
final failure of his state, his family, and people, 328-9;
his attempt to maintain Arianism in the West foiled, 347
_Thierry_, "Derniers temps de l'Empire d'Occident," 20
_Tillemont_, quoted, 64
_Totila_, elected Gothic king, 214;
is warned by St. Benedict, 215;
takes Rome, 216;
takes Rome, its fourth capture, 218;
killed at Taginas, 219
_Valens_, emperor, poisons the western empire with Arianism, 50, 92
_Valentinian III._, his edict in 447 terms the Pope, Leo I.,
_principem episcopalis coronae_, 56;
murdered by Maximus, 13
_Vere, A. de_, quoted, "Legends and Records," 1, 12;
"Chains of St. Peter," 272
_Vigilius_, made Pope by Belisarius, 209;
summoned to Constantinople by Justinian, 226;
his persecution there, 232-243;
his dignity as Pope left unimpaired, 293
_Vitiges_, besieges Rome, and ruins the aqueducts and Campagna, 210-13;
carried a captive to Constantinople, 214
_Wandering of the nations_, 26-35
_Zeno_, eastern emperor, 63;
second of the theologising emperors, 47;
his conduct and character, 63;
matched with the emperor Valens, 92;
his death, 91, 99
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QUARTERLY SERIES Edited by the Rev. John
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WISEMAN, CARDINAL.
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