“The chair announced the Rev. Mr. Summerfield, from England. ‘What

presumption!’ said my clerical neighbor; ‘a boy like that to be set

up after a giant!’ But the stripling came in the name of the God of

Israel, armed with ‘a few smooth stones from the brook’ that flows

‘hard by the oracles of God.’ His motion was one of thanks to the

officers of the society for their labors during the year; and of

course he had to allude to the president, then reposing in another

part of the house; and thus he did it: ‘When I saw that venerable

man, too aged to warrant the hope of being with you at another

anniversary, _he reminded me of Jacob leaning upon the top of his

staff, blessing his children before he departed_.’ He then passed on

to encourage the society by the example of the British institution.

‘When we first launched our untried vessel upon the deep, the storms

of opposition roared, and the waves dashed angrily around us, and we

had hard work to keep her head to the wind. We were faint with

rowing, and our strength would soon have been gone, but we cried,

‘Lord, save us, or we perish!’ _Then a light shone upon the waters,

and we saw a form walking upon the troubled sea, like unto that of

the Son of God, and he drew near the ship, and we knew that it was

Jesus; and he stepped upon the deck, and laid his hand upon the

helm, and he said unto the winds and waves, Peace, be still, and

there was a great calm._ Let not the friends of the Bible fear; God

is in the midst of us. God shall help us, and that right early.’ In

such a strain he went on to the close. ‘Wonderful! wonderful!’ said

my neighbor the critic; ‘he talks like an angel from heaven.’”

C. H. SPURGEON.

No minister now living has been heard by so many people in the same

number of years, or has been the subject of so much controversy as

Spurgeon. The great populace of London has been moved to its depths by

his preaching, and he has met with the same enthusiastic reception

wherever he has preached. He is yet very young—only thirty-four years of

age—and had become celebrated before he was twenty-one. Such speedy

recognition is certainly a proof of great merit, and his example is well

worth our attention.

Spurgeon’s parents were poor but respectable—his father and grandfather

being Independent ministers. He early felt it his duty to preach, and

even when a child was accustomed to preach to his playmates. His father

wished him to go to college to qualify himself for the work in regular

form, but after giving the matter careful consideration he declined.

Even when he became usher at Cambridge, and began to preach

occasionally, he refused the tempting offer of a college course, and

gave it as his opinion that he was called to go to the work at once, and

not to waste years in preparation. We can hardly tell what effect a long

course of training, that would have allowed time for his fervid zeal to

cool, would have had upon his after life. About the same time he left

the church of his fathers and united with the Baptists, believing that

immersion was the proper baptism. His occasional ministrations were

marked by modesty and good sense, as well as loving earnestness.

He was soon called to take charge of an old, but decayed church in

London. Its forlorn condition did not dismay him, and under his vigorous

care and mighty preaching the congregation became overflowing. The

building was enlarged, but the congregation grew still larger. Immense

public halls were taken, and these too were soon overflowed. His

congregation built a new church of extraordinary size, which has been

packed full on each preaching occasion ever since. Several volumes of

his sermons have been published, and have met with a ready sale. He

preaches nearly a sermon a day, corresponds with a newspaper, writes

books, superintends a ministerial school, speaks for and aids a number

of charitable institutions—altogether performing more labor than perhaps

any other preacher of our day. Yet these multiform labors are performed

with such ease and certainty that he hardly ever appears tired, and

gives no indication of breaking down.

What is the secret of the power by which this man has reached the hearts

of the poor more fully than any other man for many years? It is admitted

on all hands that he is not a man of profound intellect. There is no

trace of unusual powers of thought either in his published or spoken

sermons. But there is a more than ordinary force of arrangement,

illustration and expression. He may not be in the first class of great

men, but he is surely foremost in the second class. He also possesses

wonderful enthusiasm. His faith is too clear for a doubt, and he is

never troubled with any misgivings regarding his own power of presenting

the truth. Confidence is a part of his nature, and enables him to bear

unmoved any amount of opposition, and, while preaching, to follow out

any suggestions of his genius. His power of language is very great. From

beginning to end of his discourse he never falters, nor uses the wrong

word. His voice is strong, clear, and melodious, making the tritest

thought interesting. But above all, he is a good man, and works solely

for the good of his hearers. This is the reason why he is not

intoxicated by his great success. He feels that the Holy Spirit labors

with him, and that the blessing of God rests upon him.

Spurgeon is an extempore preacher in the best sense of the word. He

studies and meditates as fully as his time will permit, and at any

period is ready to give what he thus masters to the public. “I can’t

make out,” said a minister to him, “when you study, Brother Spurgeon.

When _do_ you make your sermons?” “Oh!” he replied, “I am always

studying—I am sucking in something from everything. If you were to ask

me home to dine with you, I should suck a sermon out of you.” One who

had known him, thus writes:

“With respect to his habits of composition, he assured us that not

one word of his sermons is written before delivery, and that the

only use he makes of his pen upon them is to correct the errors of

the stenographer. His happy faculty of mere mental composition, and

of remembering what he thus composes, saves him much time and

drudgery. He can exercise it anywhere; but probably with more

success in the pulpit, while he is giving utterance to what he has

prearranged in his mind. Learning not to read manuscript out of the

pulpit is the best preparation for not reading it in the pulpit, and

he who in his study can think well, independently of it, will, in

the pulpit, think better without it; for the excitement occasioned

by speaking what he has premeditated—if that excitement does not

produce too deep feeling—will summon new thoughts to fill up the old

ranks, and lead whole divisions of fresh recruits into the field.”

The almost irresistible attraction of Spurgeon’s ministrations may be

inferred from the following facts:

“It was no unusual sight on a Sunday evening to see placards put up

outside of the building (Exeter Hall) announcing that it was full,

and that no more could be admitted. In his own church it has been

found necessary for the police to be present at every service, and

the pew-holders are admitted by ticket through a side door. This

accomplished, at ten minutes prior to the commencement of the

service, the doors are opened and a rush commences; but it is

speedily over, for the chapel is full—not only the seats but every

inch of standing-room being occupied, and the gates have to be

closed, with an immense crowd of disappointed expectant hearers

outside. The church has, indeed, reason to be deeply grateful that

amid the vice and immorality of London, a voice so clear and loud

has been lifted up for the cause of the Redeemer.”

HENRY WARD BEECHER.

Perhaps no American minister has ever become so well known to the whole

body of the people as Henry Ward Beecher. He has been bitterly

criticised and opposed even by members of his own denomination, but has

triumphed over every attack, and won a proud place among preachers. He

has even become a power in the political world, and his devotion to the

cause of liberty has endeared him to thousands who might otherwise have

never heard his name.

This great orator was born in 1813 in the State of Connecticut. His

father, Lyman Beecher, was a clergyman of great force and celebrity.

Young Beecher graduated at Amherst College at twenty-one, and studied

theology with his father at Lane Seminary, Cincinnati. When this was

concluded, he was first settled over a small Presbyterian church at

Lawrenceburg, Ind., where he remained two years, and then removed to

Indianapolis, and preached eight years with great acceptance. His first

sermon was so earnest and powerful that it led to the conversion of

twelve persons. A course of lectures, which he gave during this period

to young men, attracted great attention, and he was soon after called to

take charge of Plymouth Church in Brooklyn. It was then a feeble

organization; but under his care has increased to vast proportions. It

has now a membership of 1,700, and the largest regular congregation by

far of any church in the land. The income of the church from the rent of

pews is nearly $41,000!

As a lecturer, Beecher stands among the very first. He speaks every

year, in nearly every prominent city of the Union, and thus contributes

powerfully to the success of the various reforms he advocates. He early

gave the anti-slavery movement the support of his powerful eloquence,

and preached and lectured against the great evil so effectually that no

man was more denounced and hated at the South than he.

In the heat of our civil contest he passed some months in England, and

there spoke for the cause of liberty and Union. He met with the most

embittered opposition; the rabble, who had been incited by handbills to

come out and put him down, often roaring until his voice could no longer

be heard. He would calmly watch them until the noise for a moment

subsided, and then speak again with such effect that the victory was

soon declared in his favor. No man contributed more powerfully to allay

the prejudice of England against our nation during her sore contest.

We do not wonder at the great popularity of Beecher. He possesses much

greater intellectual acuteness than Spurgeon, and is inferior in this

particular to no one of the orators of the present day. The variety of

topics he discusses is immense, and he brings such good sense and sound

logic to bear on them, that the people feel him to be a teacher indeed.

They go to hear him, expecting that he will apply high spiritual truth

to every day life, and are not disappointed.

Beecher is a giant in reasoning power, and gives no light, superficial

views of anything. His feelings are very acute, and by the mere force of

sympathy he has the smiles and tears of his audience at command. His

power of illustration is wonderful; the most abstruse subject grows

plain under the light of his luminous comparisons. While his command of

language is very great, and he never hesitates for a word, his taste is

so pure that he never uses an unnecessary or objectionable term. In

fact, he speaks for the press as much as for the congregation before

him. For years his sermons have been taken down by short-hand writers,

and read all over the world. Sometimes they do not even receive a final

correction from him. This is a convincing evidence of his marvelous

popularity. His sermons are first preached to a vast assembly, and then

spread before hundreds of thousands of readers. Not only newspapers of

his own denomination, but of others, count it a great attraction to be

able to announce a weekly or semi-monthly sermon from this gifted man.

On several occasions we were privileged to hear him, and will give some

account of the first time we listened to his eloquence. A large number

of people gathered long before the hour for service, and waited

impatiently for the opening of the door. Ten minutes before the hour the

crowd was admitted, and every vacant pew almost instantly filled. Then

seats were folded out from the ends of the pews into the aisles, and

these filled until the whole vast space was one dense mass of living

humanity; on the ground floor or in the second or third galleries there

was no unoccupied space. Many even then were forced to turn away from

the door. The preaching was plain, logical, deep, and clear rather than

brilliant. There was no florid imagery, but the light of imagination

gleamed through the whole discourse. The subject was naturally analyzed,

every part powerfully illustrated, and the application pungent enough to

reach every heart not entirely impervious. Several times a smile rippled

over the faces of the congregation, but lasted only for a moment, and

was generally the prelude for some deep and solemn impression.

Beecher prepares his discourses with care, but neither memorizes nor

reads them. On one occasion we noticed him lay his manuscript on the

desk before him and begin to read. The description was beautiful, but

the congregation seemed indifferent, and gave no evidence of close

attention. Soon he pushed the paper away. Then every eye was bent upon

him with intensest interest.

Beecher’s ordinary lectures give but little indication of his real

power. They are written and read in the same form to numerous audiences.

But his genius finds free play only when the manuscript is abandoned.

Then, when he speaks for a cause in which his heart is enlisted, we have

an example of what mortal eloquence can be. We once heard him at a large

meeting which he had visited as a listener. A long and rather dull

speech had been made by the orator of the evening. But Beecher was seen,

recognized, and called out. Every murmur was stilled. Laughter and tears

succeeded each other with marvelous rapidity; but he closed by a daring

apostrophe, spoken in a low tone, that thrilled to every heart, and held

all spell-hound for some moments after he had ceased to speak! It seemed

the full realization of every dream of the might and power of eloquence.

ANNA E. DICKINSON.

This lady was born in 1842, and while quite young became celebrated as a

public speaker. She has not won her present position by a single

brilliant effort, but by long continued exertions and the display of

solid talent. She is a member of the Society of Friends, and early

imbibed the hatred of oppression and slavery for which that denomination

is distinguished. Her principal public speeches have been given in the

service of freedom, and to secure a higher position and a wider range of

employments for women. Her own example, as well as her teachings, has

been one of great value to her sex.

When Miss Dickinson began to speak she had no powerful friends to aid,

and for a time her audiences were quite small. But she was too firm and

devoted to the cause she advocated to grow discouraged. And there was

something so attractive in her manner, that opposition was soon

overcome, and her audiences grew continually. She was so truthful,

earnest, elegant, and strong, that before she was twenty-one years of

age she was recognized as a power in the political world, and few voices

more eloquent than hers were lifted up on behalf of liberty and justice

during our civil war. She has also taken part in political canvassing

with great success. Her reputation as a lyceum lecturer is fully

established. In all the cities of the United States where she has spoken

large and enthusiastic audiences have greeted her.

In speaking, she is modest, graceful, and unconstrained, with an air and

manner of perfect naturalness. There is no elaborate ornament in her

words, but they are always well chosen, and flow with the utmost ease.

Her discourses are logical, and usually bear upon a single point with

overwhelming force. Without the slightest attempt at stage effect, she

frequently displays deep emotion, and becomes totally absorbed in her

subject. Her voice is full, clear, melodious, and perfectly distinct; it

is persuasive, well modulated, and equally capable of expressing pathos,

and scorn, and command.

With such abilities she cannot fail to be popular, and her influence,

which is always for good, is steadily widening. Yet in order to display

her full power, she requires a subject that enlists her sympathies, and

in a mere literary lecture, although always instructive, she does not

produce the same vivid impression as when roused by some injustice, or

pleading the cause of the oppressed and feeble.

The manner of preparation by which this lady, who takes rank with the

best of American orators, has acquired such power over words and hearts,

merits attention; in response to our inquiry, she says:

“For the first three years of my public life, speaking, with me,

was absolutely extempore; that is, I gave a general look over the

field before I rose to my feet, then talked. Since then, I

consider my subject—let it lie in my mind, and gather fresh

thoughts—statistics—what not—almost unconsciously—as a stone

gathers moss.

“When I wish to make the speech, I arrange this mass in order and

form—make a skeleton of it on paper, and leave the filling in till I

reach the platform—then some things I have thought of are omitted,

and others thought of at the time, are substituted. The speech

changes here and there for some time, and then gradually

crystalizes—that is all. I mean, of course, what is called a regular

lyceum speech. The political speeches are made very much on my old

plan.”

JOHN A. BINGHAM.

We selected one American political orator of the generation that has

just gone by as a specimen of the capabilities of extempore speech, and

will now give an instance of the present. The speaker we have chosen is

widely known. Many have listened to his eloquent words, and in the

stormy events of the last few years, his name has become a household

word. We make this choice the more readily because the character of

eloquence for which Bingham is noted, is that which many persons suppose

to be most incompatible with a spontaneous selection of words—beauteous,

elegant, melodious, and highly adorned.

Bingham graduated, was admitted to the bar, and speedily became a

successful lawyer. He also turned his attention to political affairs,

and became known as a most efficient public canvasser for the doctrines

of the party with which he acted. This is one of the best schools in the

world for ready and vigorous speech, but has a tendency to produce

carelessness of expression, and to substitute smartness for logic and

principle. This tendency he successfully resisted, and became

distinguished for the deep moral tone, as well as for the beauty of the

language of his addresses. He was elected to Congress from an Ohio

district, and become known as one of the most eloquent members of that

body. He took a prominent part in the opposition to the Kansas and

Nebraska bill, and met the entire approval of the people. When the

Southern States commenced to secede in the winter of 1860–61 he brought

forward a force bill to compel them to submit to national authority.

This was defeated by those who thought that other means would avail.

Time proved the wisdom of his views.

All through the contest that followed, his voice was heard on the side

of liberty and Union. He soon became known as one of the leaders of the

Republican party, and has nobly held that position to the date of

writing.

Mr. Bingham, in speaking, is calm, clear and pointed. His manner

indicates confidence, and his words flow freely. Imagination is allowed

full play, and the spirit of poetry breathes everywhere. He abounds in

lofty and beautiful imagery, that places the truth in the clearest

light. While the subject is never lost sight of, a thousand graces and

beauties cluster around it from every hand. From the elevation and

certainty of his language, many casual hearers have been led to imagine

that his speeches were written and committed. But the reverse is the

case. Some of his highest efforts have been made with no time even for

the prearrangement of thought. This is one secret of his great success

as a debater. He is always ready, with or without warning, to speak the

thoughts that are in his mind. But he prefers, of course, to have time

to arrange his matter in advance.

The following passage will illustrate the force of Mr. Bingham’s thought

and expression. It is from a speech in reply to Wadsworth, and was

entirely unstudied:

“As the gentleman then and now has chosen to assail me for this, I

may be pardoned for calling his attention to the inquiry, what

further did I say in that connection, on that day, and in the

hearing of the gentleman? I said that every loyal citizen in this

land held his life, his property, his home, and the children of his

house, a sacred trust for the common defence. Did that remark excite

any horror in the gentleman’s mind. Not at all I undertook, in my

humble way, to demonstrate that, by the very letter and spirit of

the Constitution, you had a right to lay the lives and the property

and the homes, the very hearth-stones of the honest and the just and

the good, under contribution by law, that the Republic might live.

Did that remark excite any abhorrence in the gentleman, or any

threat that fifteen slave States would be combined against us? Not

at all. I stated in my place just as plainly, that by your law you

might for the common defence not only take the father of the house,

but the eldest born of his house, to the tented field by force of

your conscription, if need be, and subject him to the necessary

despotism of military rule, to the pestilence of the camp, and the

destruction of the battle-field. And yet the gentleman was not

startled with the horrid vision of a violated Constitution, and

there burst from his indignant lips no threat that if we did this

there would be a union of fifteen slave States against the Federal

despotism. I asserted in my place, further, that after you had taken

the father and his eldest born away, and given them both to death a

sacrifice for their country, you could, by the very terms of the

Constitution, take away the shelter of the roof-tree which his own

hands had reared for the protection of the wife and the children

that were left behind, and quarter your soldiers beneath it, that

the Republic might live. And yet the gentleman saw no infraction of

the Constitution, and made no threat of becoming the armed ally of

the rebellion. But the moment that I declared my conviction that the

public exigencies and the public necessities required, that the

Constitution and the oaths of the people’s Representatives required,

that by your law—the imperial mandate of the people—the proclamation

of liberty should go forth over all that rebel region, declaring

that every slave in the service of these infernal conspirators

against your children and mine, against your homes and mine, against

your Constitution and mine, against the sacred graves of your

kindred and mine, shall be free, the gentleman rises startled with

the horrid vision of broken fetters and liberated bondmen, treason

overthrown, and a country redeemed, regenerated, and forever

reunited, and cries, No; this shall not be; fifteen States will

combine against you. Slavery is the civilizer; you shall neither

denounce it as an ‘infernal atrocity,’ nor overthrow it to save the

Union. I repeat the word which so moved the gentleman from his

propriety, that chattel slavery is an ‘infernal atrocity.’ I thank

God that I learned to lisp it at my mother’s knee. It is a logical

sequence, sir, disguise it as you may, from that golden rule which

was among the first utterances of all of us, ‘whatsoever ye would

that men should do unto you, do ye so even unto them.’”

The second instance is taken from a speech on the proposal to furnish

relief to the Southerners who were in a destitute and starving condition

after the close of the war.

“No war rocks the continent, no armed rebellion threatens with

overthrow the institutions of the country. The pillars of the holy

temple of our liberties do not tremble in the storm of battle; the

whole heavens are no longer covered with blackness, and the

habitations of the people are no longer filled with lamentation and

sorrow for their beautiful slain upon the high places of the land!

Thanks be to God! the harvest of death is ended and the sickle has

dropped from the hands of the ‘pale reapers’ on the field of mortal

combat.

“Sir, you may apply in the day of war the iron rule of war, and say

that the innocent and unoffending in the beleagured city shall

perish with the guilty; but when war’s dread alarm has ended, as

happily it has with us, when the broken battalions of rebellion have

surrendered to the victorious legions of the Republic, let no man

stand within the forum of the people and utter the horrid blasphemy

that you shall not have regard for the famishing poor, that you

shall not give a cup of water to him that is ready to perish in the

name of our Master, that you shall not even relieve the wants of

those who have never offended against the laws. The unoffending

little children are not enemies of your country or of mine; the

crime of treason is not upon their souls. Surely, surely they are

not to be denied your care. The great French patriot, banished from

the empire for his love of liberty, gathered little children around

him in his exile at Guernsey, and fed them from his own table,

uttering the judgment of our common humanity in its best estate;

‘Little children at least are innocent, for God wills it so.’”

WILLIAM E. GLADSTONE.

This great statesman and orator is an extempore speaker, and one of the

best in the world. He has not, perhaps, the fiery force of John Bright,

who, like himself, speaks without previous preparation of words, but far

surpasses him in variety and elegance. His speech, like a prism,

reflects a thousand shades of color, and the dullest subject under his

treatment blooms into life and light. His style is more like that of

Cicero than of Demosthenes, being diffuse, sparkling, graceful—flowing

like a river, that is always full to the brim. He is prepared at any

hour of day or night to take part in any discussion of interest to him.

Even when he is explaining details of finance, usually the driest of

subjects, he is listened to with delighted interest. By the mere force

of his talents he has raised himself to a commanding position in

England, and as a writer has also attracted much attention.

Gladstone is of a light and nervous build, has a very sweet and

attractive countenance, and a rich and fascinating voice. As a debater

he is almost faultless, unless his want of harshness and maliciousness

be called a fault. Sometimes, too, he shows a disposition to yield

rather than contend, but never when principle is at stake. To him,

perhaps more than any other, belongs the credit of the great reform bill

which has almost changed the government of Great Britain.

The following extract from a communication on the subject of extempore

speaking will be read with deep interest:

“HAWANDEN, NORTH WALES, Oct. 12, 1867.

... “I venture to remark, first, that your countrymen, so far as a

very limited intercourse and experience can enable me to judge,

stand very little in need of instruction or advice as to public

speaking from this side of the water. And further, again speaking of

my own experience, I think that the public men of England are,

beyond all others, engrossed by the multitude of cares and subjects

of thought belonging to the government of a highly diversified

empire, and therefore are probably less than others qualified either

to impart to others the best methods of preparing public discourses,

or to consider and adopt them for themselves.

“Suppose, however, I were to make the attempt, I should certainly

found myself on a double basis, compounded as follows: First, of a

wide and thorough general education, which, I think, gives a

suppleness and readiness, as well as a firmness of tissue to the

mind, not easily obtained without this form of discipline. Secondly,

of the habit of constant and searching reflection on the _subject_

of any proposed discourse. Such reflection will naturally clothe

itself in words, and of the phrases it supplies, many will

spontaneously rise to the lips. I will not say that no other forms

of preparation can be useful, but I know little of them, and it is

on these, beyond all doubt, that I would advise the young

principally to rely.

“I remain, &c., W. E. GLADSTONE.

“W. PITTENGER.”

MATTHEW SIMPSON.

This distinguished divine was born in Cadiz, O., in 1811, began to

preach in 1833, and was elected Bishop of the M. E. Church in 1852. At

the very beginning of his ministerial career, his sermons made a deep

impression, and his early promise has been abundantly realized.

As a lecturer he has also acquired a deservedly high rank. During the

war of the rebellion he delivered a discourse on the “Future of Our

Country,” in the principal cities of the United States, which gave him a

more than denominational fame. This lecture has probably never been

surpassed as a summing up of the resources of the nation, and an

application of the data to the prediction of the probable destiny and

form of our government. As far as words were concerned, it was an

extempore address, and had the peculiarity that might be expected from

this fact, of being much better delivered, and therefore, of making a

much more profound impression at some points than others.

Simpson travels continually, preaching at conferences, dedicating

churches, and delivering lectures, thus being brought into close contact

with the people in all parts of the country. He has little resemblance

to the popular ideal of an orator. His action is ungraceful, and his

voice low and almost monotonous. He is also hard worked, and not having

the powers of endurance possessed by some of our incessant preachers, he

usually appears tired and exhausted. Yet he has three qualities that go

far to make up for these defects. He is intensely earnest and real.

Before listening to him five minutes his hearers are convinced that he

is speaking the very thoughts of his soul without evasion or pretense.

He also has great imagination, and, as a consequence, the statement of

facts, in which he abounds, is never dry or tedious. And lastly, he has

great command of condensed and expressive language. What he wishes to

say is said in a few words, and every sermon is filled with the

materials of thought rather than with mere verbiage. These qualities

atone for every deficiency of external grace, and place him among the

most popular ministers of the Methodist Church.

Simpson preaches entirely extempore, having no time to write, even if he

had the disposition. His memory is tenacious, and his power of

observation keen, so that he is never at a loss for facts or

illustrations. He has a tender heart also, and often appeals to his own

vivid experiences, thus drawing the sympathies of the people with him.

WENDELL PHILLIPS.

There can scarcely be a doubt that Wendell Phillips is the greatest

professional lecturer of the present day. He is always radical, and on

the extremest verge of every question, although in many things the

people have followed hard on his footsteps. As a speaker, he has great

power, combined with unsurpassed elegance. His manner is calm, his voice

of silvery sweetness, yet every rounded sentence is full of living

flame, and no man is so unsparing in his denunciations. In a style as

lucid, exact, and pure as that of a scholar who has been all his life

secluded from the world, and busied with literature alone, he utters

words and sentences befitting the stormiest revolution.

The lectures of Phillips, which are repeated again and again, are, of

course, well studied and the language followed pretty closely, though

not invariably. But like Mirabeau, it is in his unstudied speeches that

he rises highest. The first address that gave him public fame was of

this character. A meeting had been called in Boston to pass resolutions

of indignation on the occasion of the murder of Lovejoy, who was killed

in Illinois for his devotion to freedom. The whole business of the

meeting was arrested, and the resolutions were on the point of being

defeated by the powerful opposition of a leading politician, who feared

even to say that murder was wrong. Phillips was present as a listener,

but could keep his seat no longer, and, arising, gave vent to his

feelings in a speech so full of thrilling and indignant eloquence, that

the purpose of the meeting was at once secured, and he himself brought

before the public as one of the first orators of the age.

In regard to the manner of his preparation Phillips himself refers to

the celebrated letter of Lord Brougham to the father of Macaulay, on the

training of his son in eloquence. The substance of Brougham’s advice is,

to first acquire the power of speaking freely and easily before an

audience, no matter at what sacrifice of accuracy and elegance. This, he

says truly, can only be done by much practice. When this is

accomplished, he recommends studying and committing to memory the

orations of Demosthenes until their spirit is fully imbibed.

JOHN P. DURBIN.

This traveler, scholar, and preacher, adds another one to the long and

illustrious list of those who have triumphed over every hindrance and

risen to eminence. He was born in 1800. A district school afforded him

all the education he obtained before entering the Methodist itineracy,

but while enduring the hardships of a pioneer minister he studied

diligently, perusing his Bible and commentaries around the log fires of

his parishioners whenever even this poor opportunity occurred. When he

was appointed to Cincinnati a more promising field opened. He went to

college during the week, and still filled his pulpit on the Sabbath. He

soon after became a professor in a college, and afterward chaplain to

Congress, where he was highly distinguished. Then he served a time as

editor of the _New York Advocate_, and became President of Dickenson

College. Next he traveled through the old world, as far as Egypt and

Syria, and, returning, wrote a very interesting account of his journey.

He was, lastly, elected Corresponding Secretary of the M. E. Missionary

Society—a position which he has held for years, and which brings him

into contact with large masses of people in every part of the country.

The merits of Durbin as an orator are many and high. He possesses deep

feeling, and the tears of the people to whom he preaches are at his

command. There is a greatness about his character that is always felt,

and with it a childlike simplicity that endears him to every heart.

There is an utter absence of the pretension we sometimes find about

those who are conscious of the possession of great powers. His

arrangement of every sermon is plain, simple, and easily remembered. His

command of words is complete, and he always finds just the one he wants

without hesitation. The tones of his voice are affectionate and

pleasing, though when not called into animation by some subject worthy

of his powers, a little monotonous, yet so strong that when he seems to

be only talking at the pitch of common conversation, every word can be

heard to the extremity of the largest church. But his voice can be

raised to a thunder peal that is the more impressive because it is

seldom employed. The perfect ease with which he preaches, is far

different from the manner of those who have memorized every word and are

full of anxiety for its effect. Often while he talks away with apparent

indifference, every eye is fixed on his, or moistened with tears. When

we heard him, some of his images were overwhelmingly sublime, and we

held our breath in awe; at other times his explanations seemed to throw

new and radiant light on what was before dark and obscure.

The mode by which Durbin attained his great success is worthy of careful

attention. In a communication to the compiler of these notices, he says:

... “I never wrote my sermons—not more than two or three in my

life—and these not till after I had preached them. My plan has been

to have a well-defined topic, and only such subdivisions as

naturally arise out of the topic. I generally put them down

separately on a small piece of paper, which I take into the pulpit,

but scarcely ever use. This is commonly called a _skeleton_. I do

not write out anything I propose to say, but carefully think over

the main points; but never commit them to memory. I keep within

living touch of my skeleton, but depend on the natural

consecutiveness of thought to enable me to clothe it with muscle;

and I depend on the inspiration of the occasion to give it life and

color. The inspiration is partly human and partly divine; arising

from the combined action of the divine and the human spirit, which

combined action constitutes the power of a _preached_ gospel.

“So far as human ability is concerned, I believe that this is the

secret of any success I have had in preaching the Gospel.”

NEWMAN HALL.

The _Evangelist_ gives Rev. Newman Hall’s account of how he learned

extempore preaching, as follows:

“When I went to college, it seemed to me that I should never be able

to say a word in public without writing. But I soon determined that

if I was going to be a preacher, and particularly if I wanted to be

anything like a successful preacher, I _must_ form the habit of

extemporaneous address. So I went into my room, locked the door,

placed the Bible before me on a mantel, opened it at random, and

then on whatever passage my eye chanced to rest, proceeded to

deliver a discourse of ten minutes. This practice was kept up an

entire twelve months. Every day, for a whole year, ten minutes were

given to that kind of speaking, in my own room by myself. At first I

found it very difficult to speak so long right to the point. But

then if I couldn’t talk _on_ the subject I would talk _about_

it—making good remarks and moral reflections—being careful to keep

up the flow, and say something to the end of the term allotted for

the exercise. At the end of the twelve months, however, I found I

could not only speak with a good degree of fluency, but that I could

hold myself strictly to the subject in hand. You take this course.

Don’t do your practising on an audience. That is outrageous.”

APPENDIX.

I.

THE CHAIRMAN’S GUIDE.

ORDER OF PROCEEDINGS IN VARIOUS MEETINGS.

When the business of an assembly is limited to hearing one man speak,

there is little need of rules. But when there are several speeches, and

various kinds of business are mingled with them, the subject of order

becomes important. Many a fluent speaker may be embarrassed because he

does not know just when he ought to speak, and how to introduce what he

desires. A member of Congress, for instance, cannot be efficient, no

matter what his talents, until he masters the rules of business. Even in

smaller and less formal assemblies it is of great advantage to every

one, especially if called upon to preside, as all may be in this land of

discussions, to know just how to fulfil the duties imposed on him. In

this short, and necessarily imperfect sketch, we will only aim to give

those simple forms of parliamentary law that will often be needed by

every man who essays to speak at all.

Every society has the right to form its own laws, and whenever it does

positively determine any matter, the general rules of order are

superseded to that extent. But it would be an endless task for any body

to provide beforehand for every case that might occur, and the greater

part of these are always left to be decided by general usage. This

usage, which has been growing up for years, now covers almost every

possible point. An eminent authority says: “It is much more material

that there should be a rule to go by than what that rule is, for then

the standard cannot be changed to suit the caprice or interest of the

chairman, or more active members, and all are assured of justice.”

The same rules apply to all assemblies, with a few modifications, which

are readily suggested by the nature of the assembly. We will give a few

of the special applications first, and afterward the general rules.

RELIGIOUS ASSEMBLIES.

The regular public service of churches which have a ritual is governed

by it, and in those which have none, usage always fixes a course from

which the preacher should not vary without good reasons. The most common

mode of procedure in churches that are governed by unwritten custom is,

first, a short invocation of God’s blessing on the service. This is

omitted in the Methodist church and some others. Then follows the

reading and singing of a hymn; prayer, the reading of a Scripture lesson

(which is frequently omitted in evening service), singing again and

preaching. There are several modes of closing. Sometimes the order is:

prayer; singing a hymn, with doxology attached; and benediction.

Sometimes singing comes first, then prayer, and the benediction

pronounced while the congregation is in the attitude of prayer.

Sometimes there are four distinct acts; singing a hymn; prayer; singing

the doxology; and benediction. The order in which these modes of closing

are stated is, in our opinion, also the order of preference.

Business and congregational meetings are governed by the common rules of

order.

ANNIVERSARIES, CELEBRATIONS, ETC.

In meetings of this character, the object usually is to enjoy a pleasant

time, hear speeches, and pass resolutions that have been prepared

beforehand, and on which no discussion is expected. In Sunday-school

celebrations, and other meetings of the same nature, let a programme be

formed, with each performance in its order, and either printed and

distributed or read as soon as the meeting is called to order. This must

be done at the proper time by the superintendent, or some one appointed

for the purpose, who will act as chairman, and introduce each speaker in

his turn. Any resolutions offered should be in writing, and also read by

him, and put to vote in the regular form. When the exercises are closed

the meeting will be dismissed without waiting for a motion to adjourn.

In anniversary meetings of a more formal character, it is common to have

each speaker supplied, in advance, with a resolution on which he is to

speak. At the proper time he will arise, offer the resolution, and make

his address. If it is desirable to have more than one speech on that

resolution, the next can second the motion and speak in the same way.

Then the resolution may be put in the common form. This can be continued

until all the resolutions and speakers are disposed of.

LITERARY AND EDUCATIONAL SOCIETIES.

In the societies usually attached to colleges, everything should be done

with the most scrupulous regularity, and thus the rules of public

business fully learned. It is well also for them to have a certain order

by which all their exercises shall be governed, and everything made to

move on with the regularity of clockwork. A committee can easily

construct such a plan, and it can be amended as desired. It should

always have a department for miscellaneous business.

Literary societies and debating clubs are very commonly formed in

villages and school districts, and when properly carried on can scarcely

fail to be profitable. Many a person has received his first lesson in

eloquence in such a school, and the fluency and confidence a boy or

young man can acquire in them may be of life-long advantage. Their

organization may be very simple. A meeting has been called by some one

who is interested in the matter, and when the people are met he calls

them to order, nominates a chairman, puts the question, and at the

request of the chair explains the object of the meeting. Some one then

moves to appoint a committee to draft a Constitution and By-laws. It is

best for the committee to have these previously prepared, that no time

may be lost. The following form, taken from “How to Talk,” with a few

modifications, will be all that is needed in most cases:

CONSTITUTION.

ARTICLE I.—_Name._

This Society shall be known as the of

ARTICLE II.—_Objects._

The object of this Society shall be the improvement of its Members

in debating, and the promotion of their intellectual, social, and

moral advancement.

ARTICLE III.—_Membership._

Any person of good moral character may become a member of this

Society, by signing the Constitution and paying the initiation fee.

[In some cases it may be necessary to receive Members by a vote of

the Society, after being regularly proposed.]

ARTICLE IV.—_Officers and their Duties._

The Officers of this Society shall consist of a President, a

Vice-President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer; each of whom shall be

elected by ballot, and their duties shall be the same as are

generally required of such officers in similar societies.

ARTICLE V.—_Amendments._

No addition, alteration, or amendment shall be made to this

Constitution without a vote of two-thirds of the Members present,

and no motion to amend shall be acted upon at the same meeting at

which it is proposed.

BY-LAWS.

ARTICLE I.—_Meetings._

SEC. 1.—This Society shall meet on the of each for the

promotion of its objects and the transaction of business.

SEC. 2.—There shall be an annual meeting on the of for the

election of Officers, and to hear the reports of the Secretary and

Treasurer.

SEC. 3.—Special meetings may be called by the President at the

request of Members.

ARTICLE II.—_Initiation Fee._

All persons received into this Society shall pay the sum of on

signing the Constitution.

ARTICLE III.—_Dues._

All Members shall pay the sum of per month, to be appropriated,

with the initiation fees, to defraying the expenses of the Society;

and no Member who may be in arrears for dues more than two months

shall be allowed to speak or vote on any question till such

arrearages shall be paid.

ARTICLE IV.—_Expulsions._

Any Member who shall refuse to conform to the Constitution and

By-laws, or shall be guilty of repeated disorderly conduct, shall be

subjected to expulsion by a vote of two-thirds of the Members

present; but no motion to expel a Member shall be acted upon at the

same meeting at which it is offered.

ARTICLE V.—_Amendments._

The same rule in reference to amendments shall apply to the By-laws

as to the Constitution.

The Constitution when presented may be discussed, and put to vote,

altogether, or article by article; if adopted, it becomes the law of the

meeting. A list of members will then be made out, including all who

desire to be enrolled, and are willing to pay the initiation fee. Then a

new election of officers should be held, with those only who are members

voting. The old chairman will retain his seat until the new one is

elected. When it is intended to have performances of different kinds, as

essays, orations, debates, etc., it is well to appoint a committee to

draw up a regular order in which these will be called for. The society

being now organized, may proceed to business, or fix the time for next

meeting and adjourn.

WARD, DISTRICT, OR TOWNSHIP MEETINGS.

When one or more persons desire to call a meeting for any purpose, there

is often great confusion and uncertainty as to the mode of procedure. A

few simple rules will go far to obviate all difficulty. In the call,

those only who are favorable to the intended object should be invited,

and if others attend, they should take no part in the meeting, unless

challenged to discussion.

The responsibility for the guidance of the meeting until its regular

organization, rests on those who have called it. When the people have

met at the appointed time, one of these will ask them to come to order,

and will then nominate a chairman; when this is seconded, he will put it

to vote, and call the man elected to the chair, who will put all other

motions. A secretary also should be elected, and then the meeting is

regularly organized. The chairman next states the object of the meeting,

or if he prefers, calls upon one of those interested to do it.

Some one will then move the appointment of a committee (which is said to

be the American panacea for everything) to prepare resolutions

expressive of the wishes or opinion of the meeting. If the names of the

persons to compose the committee be not mentioned in the original

motion, it is usual for the chairman to name them, putting the name of

the mover first on the list. The chairman may, for good reasons, excuse

any one of the committee from acting, if there be no objections on the

part of the assembly. But if there are, he can only be excused by vote.

The committee then require some time to make their report, and it is

common for the chairman to call on some one, who ought to be notified

beforehand, for a speech. When the committee have finished their

business they will return, and waiting until no one is speaking, their

chairman will address the chairman of the meeting, telling him that they

are ready to report. If no objection is made, the resolutions prepared

are then read, and are at the disposal of the meeting. They may be

treated separately, or together, amended, adopted or rejected. The

resolutions may be prepared beforehand, in which case the appointment of

the committee may be dispensed with. If the resolutions should not be

satisfactory, they may be recommitted.

When the resolutions have been disposed of, the speaker will announce

that there is no business before the house, which will either bring a

motion to adjourn, or new business.

DELEGATED BODIES.

All legislatures, boards of directors, etc., hold their power only in

trust for others who are not present, and are therefore held to stricter

limitations in the performance of business than those assemblies which

act only for themselves. In case the right of any delegate is disputed,

this must be settled as soon as possible. In nearly all such meetings it

is also provided that many things shall not be considered as determined

until referred back to those by whom the members were chosen. With these

exceptions, and the special rules that such bodies may provide, they are

under the strict government of parliamentary law.

CONTINUED MEETINGS.

When any body holds sessions at intervals, it becomes necessary to bear

in mind what has been previously done. This is accomplished by having

the minutes of each meeting read at the beginning of the next, and if

any mistakes exist they are corrected. This enables the assembly to take

up the business where it closed, and proceed as if there had been no

interruption. It is also well to have a certain order of business fixed,

which shall always suggest what is proper to be done and prevent

confusion. This order will necessarily differ in the various kinds of

meetings. Legislative bodies, from the great variety of business brought

before them, can seldom fix on any order that can be followed from day

to day, but they often establish a regular order for a certain time.

Matthias suggested the following arrangement for business meetings of

bank directors, railway stockholders, etc.:

1. Presenting communications from parties outside of the meeting. A

communication is read, and motions for action on it may be made,

amended, and passed or rejected. After this has been done, or if no

motion is made, the next communication is taken up.

2. Reports of standing committees. The chairman will call for these in

their order, and each one, if prepared, will be read by the chairman of

the committee. It should close with a resolution of some kind, and when

it is moved and seconded that this be adopted, it may be discussed and

determined as the assembly see fit. The minority of a committee may make

a separate report if they wish.

3. Treasurer’s report.

4. Unfinished business.

5. New business.

II.

GENERAL RULES OF ORDER.

QUORUM—RULES—DECISION.

1. In bodies which have a fixed number of members, a certain proportion

most be present to make the transaction of business valid. The number

may be fixed by the expression of the assembly, or its general custom.

In the absence of any other rule, a majority is sufficient. The chairman

should not take his seat until he sees that a quorum is present, and if

the assembly is at any time reduced below this number, nothing but

adjournment is in order.

2. The assembly may make its own rules in whole or in part, but whatever

it does not determine, shall be subject to the common rules of order.

Any member has a right to insist on the enforcement of the rules, but

this duty belongs especially to the chair.

3. In the absence of any special rule, the consent of a majority of the

members voting is requisite to determine any point. A plurality, where

more than two issues are presented, is not sufficient.

OFFICERS.

Presiding and recording officers are necessary in every meeting, and

must be chosen by an absolute majority. When the assembly has financial

matters to manage, a treasurer must also be elected.

PRESIDING OFFICER.

This officer is known by various titles, such as chairman, president,

speaker, moderator, etc. We will use the first. The chairman represents

the assembly, declares its will, and obeys it implicitly. He must be

treated with great respect, although his power is only a delegated one,

and may be set aside by the declared will of the assembly. His principal

duties are:

1. To begin the session by taking the chair and calling the members to

order.

2. To announce business in its order.

3. To submit all motions and propositions.

4. To put all questions and announce the result.

6. To restrain members within rules of order.

6. To receive all communications and announce them to the assembly.

7. To sign public documents.

8. To decide points of order, subject to an appeal to the assembly.

The chairman should fully understand all the rules of business, be kind

and courteous to all, but prompt and firm, for on him, more than any

other, the order and harmony of every meeting depends.

In the absence of the chairman, the vice-president takes the chair, and

when there is no such officer, a temporary chairman must be elected.

The chairman may read while sitting, but should rise to state a question

or take a vote.

RECORDING OFFICER.

Secretary or clerk is the name usually bestowed on this officer. We will

employ the first. It is his duty to keep a true record of all that is

done in the assembly. Speeches and motions that do not prevail, need not

be recorded. But it is sometimes customary, when it is intended to

publish the proceedings, and no reporter is present, for the secretary

to make the minutes take the form of a journal.

2. The secretary must keep all papers that belong to the society in

safety; read them when ordered; call the roll; notify committees of

their appointment and business; and sign all orders and proceedings of

the assembly.

3. A temporary secretary must be elected during the absence of the

permanent one, unless there is an assistant to take his place.

4. The secretary should always stand in reading, or calling the roll.

MEMBERS.

1. All members are on a footing of absolute equality, and in every form

of business the same courtesy and attention should be shown to each one

by the chair and by all other members.

2. Every member is expected to observe strict decorum in his behavior.

Standing, walking about, interrupting speakers, hissing, whispering,

taking books or papers from the speaker’s table, are all breaches of

decorum.

3. Any member accused of disorderly behavior may, when the charge is

stated, be heard in his own behalf, and is then required to withdraw,

until the assembly decides as to his guilt and punishment. He may be

reprimanded, required to apologize, or expelled.

MOTIONS.

1. Business can only be introduced into an assembly by a motion.

Persons, not members, may make communications, or send petitions asking

for the doing of certain things; but these must be taken by one of the

members, and by him read or presented to the assembly. It is then before

the body for consideration, but nothing can be done with it until a

motion is made by some one belonging to the assembly.

2. An assembly expresses its opinion by a resolution, commands by an

order, and determines its own action by a vote. A member who wishes to

secure either of these, draws it up in the form he desires it to bear,

and moves that the assembly adopt what he proposes. He must first obtain

the floor. This is done by rising and addressing the chairman by his

title. If there be no previous claimant, the chairman responds by

mentioning the speaker’s name, when he is at liberty to go on. When he

has made his motion, another member must second it before the assembly

will receive it or pay any attention to it. The chair or any member may

insist on the motion being written, unless it is one of the kind that

have a certain form, such as to adjourn, etc. The motion when seconded,

is to be stated by the chair, when it becomes the property of the

assembly, and is ready for debate or such other action as may be

preferred. Suggestions and modifications of the motion may be made, or

it may be withdrawn altogether, before this; but not after, without

leave of the assembly formally expressed. No other motion, with some

exceptions to be hereafter explained, can be entertained until the first

is disposed of.

When a motion is made the assembly may do one of five things with it.

1. Decide it in the shape it then has.

2. Suppress all consideration of it or action on it.

3. Postpone it until a future time.

4. Refer it to a committee to be put in a better form.

5. Amend it themselves before deciding it.

We will consider these different ways of treating a question in their

order.

1.—DECISION.

It is always to be taken for granted that the assembly is willing to

decide a motion at once, unless some one moves to adopt one of the other

courses. It may be repeated first, and when no one rises, the chair asks

if they are ready for the question; if no one responds, it is put to

vote.

2.—SUPPRESSION.

1. Sometimes the assembly does not wish to discuss a motion at all. In

that case a member may move that it be indefinitely postponed. If this

is debated, the matter remains as it was before. If it prevails, the

matter is ended, and can only be brought up as a new question.

2. The motion to lay a subject on the table has nearly the same effect.

If it prevails, the subject cannot be taken up without a motion to that

effect.

3. The famous “previous question” has a totally different purpose in

this country and England. There it is used to postpone a question. Its

form is, “Shall the main question now be put?” and it is moved by those

who wish to obtain a negative decision, the effect of which is to remove

the question from before the house for that day, and by usage for the

whole session.

4. In this country it is used to prevent debate, and is only moved by

those who wish an affirmative decision. When this is carried the

question must be voted upon without further remarks. A majority ought to

use this power of stopping debate very sparingly, and never without good

reason.

3.—POSTPONEMENT.

If the assembly is not prepared to act upon a question, or has more

important business before it, the proper course is for some one to move

that it be postponed until a certain time. If no time is fixed the

question is suppressed altogether. If the assembly is dissolved before

the appointed day, the effect is the same.

4.—COMMITMENT.

If the form of the motion is crude, it may be given into the hands of a

committee to perfect. If it first came from a committee, it may be given

back to them, which is called a recommitment. The whole or a part of a

subject may be committed, and the assembly may, by vote, give such

instructions as it desires. This motion is sometimes made use of for the

purpose of procuring further information.

5.—AMENDMENT.

The assembly may alter, increase, or diminish any proposition at its

pleasure. Its nature is often changed entirely.

1. Every complicated question may be divided by a regular vote. This is

usually done, if no objection is offered, without a vote, but it cannot

be required by a single member as is sometimes stated. A motion to

divide should specify the manner of division.

2. If blanks are left in resolutions, these must be filled by motion. If

these embrace figures, and several numbers are proposed, that which

includes the others may be put to vote first. But it is usually as well

to put first that which is moved first.

3. All motions to amend, except by division, must be to amend by

inserting or adding, or by striking out, or both.

4. An amendment may be accepted by the mover of a resolution, if no

objection is made, for then general consent is presumed; but not

otherwise.

5. It is strict parliamentary law to begin with the beginning of a

proposition, and after the latter part is amended, not to return to a

former part; but this is seldom insisted on in common societies.

6. Every amendment is susceptible of amendment, but this can go no

further. But the second amendment may be defeated, and then a new one

made to the principal amendment.

7. Whatever is agreed to, or disagreed to by the acceptance or rejection

of an amendment cannot again be changed.

8. What is struck out cannot be inserted by another amendment, unless

with such additions as to make it a new question. Neither can what is

retained be changed.

9. Before putting the question on an amendment, the passage should be

read as it was; then the amendment; lastly the passage as amended.

10. A paragraph that is inserted by vote Cannot be changed, but it may

be amended before the question is put.

11. When the amendment is both to strike out and insert, these two may

be divided by vote or general consent, and then the question is taken

first on striking out.

PREFERRED MOTIONS.

When a motion is before the assembly, it must be disposed of before

anything else can be brought forward, with the exception of three

classes of questions. These are privileged, incidental, and subsidiary

questions.

1.—PRIVILEGED QUESTIONS.

1. The motion to adjourn takes precedence of every other, except when it

has been moved and defeated, when it shall not be moved again until

something else has been done. It cannot be moved while a member is

speaking, or a vote being taken. But to be entitled to such precedence,

it must be a simple motion to adjourn, without question of time or

place. If these are added, it must take its regular turn. An adjournment

without any time being fixed, is equivalent to a dissolution, unless

this has been provided for by custom or especial rule. At adjournment

every pending question is taken from before the assembly, and can only

be brought up again in the regular way.

2. Any question affecting the rights and privileges of members, as in

quarreling, the intrusion of strangers, etc., comes next in order to

adjournment, and displaces everything else.

3. If the assembly fix on an order of business for a certain time, when

that time arrives, a motion to take up this order has precedence of all

questions, but the two preceding.

2.—INCIDENTAL QUESTIONS.

Incidental questions are those that grow out of other questions, and

must be decided before them.

1. Questions of order. If there is a breach of rules it is the duty of

the chair to enforce them, and any member to call for their enforcement.

This should be done at once. When there is a doubt as to what

constitutes a breach of the rules, it is first decided by the chair,

subject to an appeal to the assembly, which may be put in this form,

“Shall the decision of the chair stand as the decision of the assembly?”

On this the chair may debate as well as others, but the vote is final.

2. When papers are laid on the secretary’s table for the information of

the assembly, any member may demand to have them read; but other papers

can only be read after a regular motion is carried to that effect.

3. After a motion is stated by the chair, permission may be given to

withdraw it by a regular vote.

4. A rule that interferes with the transaction of any business may be

suspended by a unanimous vote, or in accordance with the provisions of a

special rule which points out the majority requisite, such as

two-thirds, three-fourths, etc.

3.—SUBSIDIARY QUESTIONS.

These relate to the principal question as secondary planets do to their

primaries. They are of different degrees among themselves, and with a

few exceptions are not applied to one another.

1. “Lie on the table.” This takes precedence of all the subsidiary

motions. If carried, it takes the principal question and all that

belongs to it from the consideration of the assembly, and they can only

be brought up by a new motion. If decided in the negative, this

question, like all the others of the same class, except the previous

question, has no effect whatever.

2. “Previous question.” This motion can only be superseded by that to

lay on the table. If lost, the question is not before the house for the

remainder of that day.

3. A motion to postpone may be amended by fixing the time or changing

it. If several days are mentioned, the longest time should be put first.

4. A motion to commit takes precedence of a motion to amend, but stands

in the same rank with the others, except to lay on the table, and cannot

be superseded by them, if moved first.

5. A motion to amend may be amended. It is not superseded by the

previous question, or a motion for indefinite postponement, but is by a

motion to postpone till a time certain, or to commit.

It is very important that the order of these secondary questions be

carefully observed, as there may be many of them pending at once.

DEBATE.

Debate in a society organized for the purpose of discussion, and in a

deliberative body are quite different. In the former reply is expected,

and may be bandied back and forth several times. In the latter the

object is supposed to be giving information, and each member is limited

to one speech, unless special permission is received to speak again. The

chair must not take part in debates.

1. When a member wishes to speak, he obtains the floor in the same

manner as if to offer a motion. The mover of a resolution is usually

allowed the floor first, but this is a matter of courtesy rather than

right.

2. When a speaker gives up the floor for any purpose, he loses his right

to it, though as a favor he is often allowed to continue his speech.

3. No names are to be used in debate, but when it becomes necessary to

designate an individual, some description may be used, as, the gentleman

on the right, etc.

4. Every member must stand, when speaking, unless sick or disabled.

5. Motions to adjourn, to lay on the table, for the previous question,

or the order of the day cannot be debated.

6. No member shall use abusive language against any of the acts of the

assembly, or indulge in personal denunciations of other members. Wrong

motives must not be attributed to any one. If a speaker digresses widely

from the subject, and appears to misunderstand its nature, he may be

called to order.

7. A member who is decided to be out of order loses his right to the

floor, but this is seldom insisted on.

8. A member cannot speak more than once on the same question without

special permission, which must not be given until all have spoken; but

he may speak on amendments, and on the same subject, when it is returned

from a committee.

10. A member who has been misrepresented has the right to explain, but

not to interrupt any one who is speaking for that purpose.

11. Debate may be stopped by the previous question; by determining in

advance that at a certain time, the question shall be decided; or by

adopting a rule limiting each member to so many minutes. In the latter

case, the chair announces the expiration of the time, and the member

takes his seat.

12. Every member should be listened to with respect, and no attempt made

to interrupt him, unless he transgress the bounds of order. Calling for

the question, hissing, coughing, etc., should be restrained by the chair

if possible. The speaker may learn from these things that the assembly

does not wish to hear him, but he is not bound to heed them. If

necessary, the chair will name the obstinate offenders for punishment,

who may be heard in their own defence, but must then withdraw while the

assembly determines what punishment should be inflicted. But if all

means of preserving order fail, and the chairman’s repeated calls are

unnoticed, he is not responsible for this disorder, although it would be

better then to resign an office that he can no longer make respected,

unless so bound by public duty that he cannot take this course.

13. If a member in speaking makes use of disorderly words, notice should

be taken at once. The words used, if the offence is serious, should be

reduced to writing while fresh in the memory of all. If necessary, the

assembly may determine what words were used, whether they were offensive

or not, and at its pleasure require an apology, censure, or expel the

offender. If other business is done before attention is called to the

disorderly words, they cannot again be taken up.

PUTTING THE QUESTION.

When discussion and all preliminary matters are finished, the next step

is to ascertain the will of the assembly. There are six ways of doing

this. We will put first those that are most used:

1. The chair asks, “Are you ready for the question?” No objection being

made, he first puts the affirmative, asking those who favor the motion

to say, “Aye;” those who are opposed, “No.” He judges from the volume of

sound, and declares which he believes has the majority. If any one

doubts this, he may require the vote to be taken in a more exact way.

2. In place of saying “aye,” the affirmative may be asked to hold up

their hands; then when these are down the same is asked of the negative.

The determination in this case is the same as in the former case.

3. The affirmative may be required to rise to their feet and be counted;

and when seated the negative will rise. These will also be counted, and

this is the mode most commonly resorted to, when the result as declared

by the chair, from the former methods, is doubted.

4. In this the affirmative and negative may stand up at once, but in

different parts of the house, and be counted. This is a real “division.”

5. The method by ballot may be employed; each man writing his wish on a

ticket. These are collected and counted. This mode is often employed in

the election of officers, but seldom in the determination of simple

questions.

6. The roll may be called by the secretary, and each man in his place

answer, “Aye,” or “No.” These are marked by the secretary, and others

who keep tally, and the result announced. Sometimes the names are

entered on the journals, in two lists of “Aye” and “No.” The word “Yea,”

is often used in place of “Aye.”

The chair has a casting vote in case of equal division.

A member who voted with the affirmative may move the reconsideration of

any question, and if his motion is carried, the whole matter is opened

up as it was at first, and may be discussed as before.

COMMITTEES.

The use of a committee is to give a subject more careful consideration

than it could receive in a full assembly. They are of three kinds. From

their great importance they are said to be the eyes and ears of the

assembly.

1. Standing committees are those that are appointed to take charge of

all subjects of a certain character during a session, or other specified

time.

2. Select committees are appointed to take charge of some one thing, and

when that is finished they are dissolved, although they may be revived

again by a vote of the assembly.

In appointing a committee, the first thing is to fix on a number: if

several are named, the largest should be put first. The committees may

be chosen by ballot; appointed by the chair; or elected by nomination

and vote. The latter is the regular mode when there is no special rule,

but the second is most frequently practised. Sometimes a committee is

appointed to nominate all other committees, but this is not usually the

case. The mover and seconder of a resolution should have place on a

committee appointed to consider it, and, as a general rule, none but

those who are friendly to the object to be accomplished should be

appointed. Those opposed can make their opposition when it is returned

to the assembly.

It is the duty of the secretary of the assembly to make out a list of

the members of a committee, and hand to the person first named on it,

who is its chairman, unless the committee shall choose to elect another.

The assembly can fix the times and places of the meeting of a committee;

if this is not done, it can choose for itself, but cannot sit while the

assembly is in session without a special order.

In all forms of procedure the committee is governed by the same rules as

the assembly, but a little less strictness is observed in their

enforcement.

Disorderly conduct in a committee can only be noted down and reported to

the assembly.

When any paper has been referred to a committee, it must be returned as

it was, with proposed amendments written separately. They cannot reject

any matter, but can return it to the assembly without change, stating

their reasons for taking no action.

When a committee is prepared to report, its chairman announces the fact,

and he, or an other member, may make a motion that the report be

received at that, or some other specified time. If nothing is said, it

is assumed that the assembly is ready to receive it immediately.

At the time fixed, the chairman reads the report, and passes it, with

all the papers belonging to it, to the secretary’s table, where it

awaits the action of the assembly.

Any report from a committee may be treated by amendment, etc., just as

if it originated in the assembly.

The final question is on the adoption of the report; if this is agreed

to, it stands as the action of the whole assembly.

3. The third form of committee is the “committee of the whole.” It

embraces the entire assembly. When the assembly wishes to go into

committee, a motion to that effect is made, seconded, and put; if

carried, the chairman nominates a person as chairman of the committee,

who takes his seat at the secretary’s table. The chairman of the

assembly must remain at hand in readiness to resume his seat when the

committee shall rise. The secretary does not record the proceedings of

the committee, but only their report. A special secretary must be

appointed for their use.

The following are the main points of difference between the “committee

of the whole” and the assembly:

1. The previous question cannot be moved, but the committee may rise and

thus stop debate.

2. The committee cannot adjourn; it may rise, report progress, and ask

leave to sit again.

3. In committee a member may speak as often as he can get the floor; in

the assembly, but once.

4. The committee cannot refer a matter to another committee.

5. The chairman of the assembly can take part in committee proceedings.

6. The committee has no power to punish its members, but can report

them.

When the committee is prepared to close, a motion is made and seconded

that it rise; if carried, the chairman leaves his seat, the chairman of

the assembly takes his usual place, and the committee report is given in

the same form as from a special committee.

* * * * *

This brief synopsis has been compiled from various sources. The

excellent manuals of Cushing and Matthias have been especially

consulted. It is believed to embrace all that is essential for

conducting business in ordinary assemblies. The man who masters these

simple rules, which may be done in a few hours, is prepared to assist in

the performance of any public business, and if called upon to act as

chairman, as any one may be, he will be free from embarrassment.

------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sent Prepaid by Post at Prices Annexed.

A LIST OF WORKS

PUBLISHED BY

SAMUEL R. WELLS, No. 389 BROADWAY, NEW YORK.

* * * * *

STANDARD WORKS ON PHRENOLOGY.

=American Phrenological Journal and Life Illustrated.=—Devoted to

Ethnology. Physiology, Phrenology, Physiognomy, Psychology,

Sociology, Biography, Education, Art, Literature, with Measures to

Reform, Elevate and Improve Mankind Physically, Mentally and

Spiritually. Edited by S. R. WELLS. Published monthly, in quarto

form, at $3 a year, or 30 cents a number. It may be termed the

standard authority in all matters pertaining to Phrenology and the

Science of Man. It is beautifully illustrated. See Prospectus.

=Constitution of Man=; Considered in Relation to External Objects.

By GEORGE COMBE. The only authorized American Edition. With Twenty

Engravings, and a Portrait of the Author. 12mo. 436 pp. Muslin.

Price, $1 75.

The “Constitution of Man” is a work with which every teacher and

every pupil should be acquainted. It contains a perfect mine of

sound wisdom and enlightened philosophy; and a faithful study of its

invaluable lessons would save many a promising youth from a

premature grave.—_Journal of Education, Albany, N. Y._

=Defence of Phrenology=; Containing an Essay on the Nature and Value

of Phrenological Evidence: A Vindication of Phrenology against the

Attack of its opponents, and a View of the Facts relied on by

Phrenologists as proof that the Cerebellum is the seat of the

reproductive instinct. By ANDREW BOARDMAN, M. D. 12mo, 222 pp.

Muslin. Price, $1 50.

These Essays are a refutation of attacks on Phrenology, including

“Select Discourses on the Functions of the Nervous System, in

Opposition to Phrenology, Materialism and Atheism.” One of the best

defences of Phrenology ever written.

=Education=: Its Elementary Principles founded on the Nature of Man.

By J. G. SPURZHEIM, M. D. With an Appendix by S. R. WELLS,

containing a Description of the Tem craments, and a Brief Analysis

of the Phrenological Faculties. Twelfth American Edition 1 vol.

12mo. 334 pp. Illustrated. Price, $1 50.

It is full of sound doctrine and practical wisdom. Every page is

pregnant with instruction of solemn import; and we would that it

were the text-book, the great and sovereign guide, of every male and

female in the country with whom rests the responsibility of rearing

or educating a child.—_Boston Medical and Surgical Journal._

=Education and Self-Improvement Complete=; Comprising

“Physiology—Animal and Mental”—“Self-Culture and Perfection of

Character,” “Memory and Intellectual Improvement.” One large vol.

Illus. Muslin, $4.

This book comprises the whole of Mr. Fowler’s series of popular

works on the application of Phrenology to “Education and

Self-Improvement.”

=Lectures on Phrenology.=—By GEORGE COMBE. With Notes. An Essay on

the Phrenological Mode of Investigation, and an Historical Sketch.

By ANDREW BOARDMAN, M. D. 1 vol. 12mo, 391 pages. Muslin, $1 75.

These are the reported lectures on Phrenology delivered by George

Combe in America in 1839, and have been approved as to their

essential correctness by the author. The work includes the

application of Phrenology to the present and prospective condition

of the United States, and constitutes a course of Phrenological

instruction.

=Matrimony=; Or, Phrenology and Physiology applied to the Selection

of Congenial Companions for Life, including Directions to the

Married for living together Affectionately and Happily.

Thirty-Fourth Edition. Price, 50 cents.

A scientific expositor of the laws of man’s social and matrimonial

constitution: exposing the evils of their violation, showing what

organizations and phrenological developments naturally assimilate

and harmonize.

=Memory and Intellectual Improvement=, applied to Self-Educational

and Juvenile Instruction. Twenty-Fifth Edition. 12mo. Muslin, $1

50.

This is the third and last of Mr. Fowler’s series of popular

works on the application of Phrenology to “Education and

Self-Improvement.” This volume is devoted to the education and

development of the Intellect; how to cultivate the Memory; the

education of the young; and embodies directions as to how we may

educate OURSELVES.

=Mental Science.= Lectures on, according to the Philosophy of

Phrenology. Delivered before the Anthropological Society of the

Western Liberal Institute of Marietta, Ohio. By Rev. G. S. WEAVER.

12mo, 235 pp. Illustrated, $1 50.

This is a most valuable acquisition to phrenological literature. It

is instructive and beneficial, and should be made accessible to all

youth. Its philosophy is the precept of the human soul’s wisdom. Its

morality is obedience to all divine law, written or unwritten. Its

religion is the spirit-utterings of devout and faithful love. It

aims at and contemplates humanity’s good—the union of the human with

the divine.

=Phrenology Proved, Illustrated and Applied=; Embracing an analysis

of the Primary Mental Powers in their Various Degrees of

Development, and location of the Phrenological Organs. Presenting

some new and important remarks on the Temperaments, describing the

Organs in Seven Different Degrees of Development: the mental

phenomena produced by their combined action, and the location of

the faculties, amply illustrated. By the Brothers FOWLER.

Sixty-Second Edition. Enlarged and Improved. 12mo, 492 pp. Muslin,

$1 75.

=Self-Culture and Perfection of Character=; Including the Management

of Children and Youth. 1 vol. 12mo, 312 pp. Muslin, $1 75.

This is the second work in the series of Mr. Fowler’s “Education and

Self-Improvement Complete.” “Self-made or never made,” is the motto

of the work which is devoted to moral improvement, or the proper

cultivation and regulation of the affections and moral sentiments.

=Self-Instructor in Phrenology and Physiology.= New Illustrated.

With over One Hundred Engravings, together with a Chart for the

Recording of Phrenological Developments, for the use of

Phrenologists. By the Brothers FOWLER. Muslin, 75 cents; Paper, 50

cents.

This is intended as a text-book, and is especially adapted to

phrenological examiners, to be used as a chart, and for learners, in

connection with the “Phrenological Bust.”

=Moral Philosophy.= By GEORGE COMBE. Or, the Duties of Man

considered in his Individual, Domestic and Social Capacities.

Reprinted from the Edinburgh Edition. With the Author’s latest

corrections. 1 vol. 12mo, 884 pp. Muslin, $1 75.

This work appears in the form of Lectures delivered by the Author to

an association formed by the industrious classes of Edinburgh; they

created at the time considerable excitement. The course consisted of

twenty consecutive lectures on Moral Philosophy, and are invaluable

to students of Phrenology, Lecturers on Morality and the Natural

Laws of Man. Address, SAMUEL R. WELLS, No. 389 Broadway, New York.

MISCELLANEOUS WORKS ON PHRENOLOGY.

=Annuals of Phrenology and Physiognomy.=—By S. R. WELLS, Editor of

the Phrenological Journal. One small yearly 12mo volume. For 1865,

‘66, ‘67 and ‘68. The four, containing over 200 illustrations, for

60 cts. For 1867, one small 12mo vol., 58 pp. Containing many

portraits and biographies of distinguished personages, together

with articles on “How to Study Phrenology,” “Bashfulness,

Diffidence, Stammering,” etc., 20 cents. For 1868, 12mo, 70 pp.

Containing an elaborate article on “The Marriage of Cousins,”

etc., etc., 25 cents.

=Charts for Recording the Various Phrenological

Developments.=—Designed for Phrenologists. By the Brothers FOWLER.

Price, only 10 cents.

=Chart of Physiognomy Illustrated.=—Designed for Framing, and for

Lecturers. By S. R. WELLS, Author of New Physiognomy. In map Form.

Printed on fine paper. A good thing for learners. Price, 85 cents.

=Domestic Life, Thoughts On=; Or, Marriage Vindicated and Free Love

Exposed. By NELSON SIZER. 12mo, 72 pp. Paper, 25 cents.

This is a work consisting of three valuable lectures, part of an

extended course delivered in the city of Washington. The favor with

which they were received, and the numerous requests for their

publication, resulted in the present work.

=Phrenology and the Scriptures.=—Showing the Harmony existing

between Phrenology and the Bible. By Rev. JOHN PIERPONT. Price 25

cents.

“A full explanation of many passages of Scripture.”—_New York

Mirror._

=Phrenological Guide.=—Designed for Students of their own Character.

Twenty-Fifth Edition. Illustrated. 12mo, 54 pp. Paper, 25 cents.

=Phrenological Specimens=; For Societies and Private Cabinets. For

Lecturers; including Casts of the Heads of most remarkable men of

history. See our Descriptive Catalogue. Forty casts, not mailable,

$35.

=Phrenological Bust.=—Showing the latest classification, and exact

location of the Organs of the Brain, fully developed, designed for

Learners. In this Bust, all the newly-discovered Organs are given.

It is divided so as to show each individual Organ on one side; and

all the groups—Social, Executive, Intellectual, and moral—property

classified, on the other side. It is now extensively used in

England, Scotland and Ireland, and on the Continent of Europe, and

is almost the only one in use here. There are two sizes—the

largest near the size of life—is sold In Box, at $1 75. The

smaller, which is not more than six inches high, and may be

carried in the pocket, is only 75 cents. Not mailable.

=Phrenology at Home.=—How can I learn Phrenology? What books are

best for me to read? Is it possible to acquire a knowledge of it

without a teacher? These are questions put to us daily; and we may

say in reply, that we have arranged a series of the best works,

with a Bust, showing the exact location of all the Phrenological

Organs, with such Illustrations and Definitions as to make the

study simple and plain without the aid of a teacher. The cost for

this “Student’s Set,” which embraces all that is requisite, is

only $10. It may be sent by express, or as freight, safely

boxed—not by mail—to any part of the world.

“=Mirror of the Mind=;” Or, Your Character from your Likeness. For

particulars how to have pictures taken, inclose a prepaid

envelope, directed to yourself, for answer. Address, SAMUEL R.

WELLS, No. 389 Broadway, New York.

STANDARD WORK ON PHYSIOGNOMY.

=New Physiognomy=; Or, Signs of Character, as manifested through

Temperament and External Forms, and especially in the “Human Face

Divine.” With more than One Thousand Illustrations. By S. R.

WELLS. In three styles of binding. Price, in one 12mo volume, 708

pp., handsomely bound in muslin, $5; in heavy calf, marbled edges,

$8; Turkey morocco, full gilt, $10.

This work systematizes and shows the scientific basis on which each

claim rests. The “Signs of Character” are minutely elucidated, and

so plainly stated as to render them available. The scope of the work

is very broad, and the treatment of the subject thorough, and, so

far as possible, exhaustive. Among the topics discussed are—“General

Principles of Physiognomy;” “the Temperaments;” “General Forms” as

Indicative of Character; “Signs of Character in the Features”—the

Chin, the Lips, the Nose, the Eyes, the Cheeks, the Ears, the Neck,

etc.; “The Hands and Feet;” “Signs of Character in Action,”—the

Walk, the Voice, the Laugh, Shaking Hands, the Style of Dress, etc.;

“Insanity;” “Idiocy;” “Effects of Climate;” “Ethnology;” “National

Types;” “Physiognomy of Classes,” with grouped portraits, including

Divines, Orators, Statesmen, Warriors, Artists, Poets, Philosophers,

Inventors, Pugilists, Surgeons, Discoverers, Actors, Musicians;

“Transmitted Physiognomies;” “Love Signs;” “Grades of Intelligence;”

“Comparative Physiognomy;” “Personal Improvement; or, How to be

Beautiful;” “Handwriting;” “Studies from Lavater;” “Physiognomy

Applied;” “Physiognomical Anecdotes,” etc.

It is an Encyclopædia of biography, acquainting the reader with the

career and character, in brief, of many great men and women of the

past one thousand years, and of the present—such, for instance, as

Aristotle, Julius Cæsar, Shakspeare, Washington, Napoleon, Franklin,

Bancroft, Bryant, Longfellow, Barnes, Irving, Rosa Bonheur,

Theodosia Burr, Cobden, Bright, Lawrence, Whately, Thackeray, Knox,

Richelieu, Dickens, Victoria, Wesley, Carlyle, Motley, Mill,

Spencer, Thompson, Alexander, etc.

Apparatus for Phrenological Lectures.

=Phrenological Specimens=, for the use of Lecturers, Societies, or

for Private Cabinets. Forty Casts, not mailable. May be sent as

freight. Price, $35

These specimens were cast from living heads, and from skulls. They

afford as excellent contrast, showing the organs of the brain, both

large and small. Lecturers may here obtain a collection which

affords the necessary means of illustration and comparison. This

select cabinet is composed, in part, of the following:

John Quincy Adams, Aaron Barr, George Combe, Elihu Burritt, Col.

Thomas H. Benton, Black Hawk, Henry Clay, Rev. Dr. Dodd, Thomas

Addis Emmet, Clara Fisher, Dr. Gall, Rev. Sylvester Graham, M. D.,

Gosse, Gottfried, Harrawaukay, Joseph C. Neal, Napoleon Bonaparte,

Sir Walter Scott, Voltaire, Hon. Silas Wright, Water-Brain, Idiot,

etc. Masks of Brunell, Benjamin Franklin, Haydn, etc. CASTS FROM THE

SKULLS of King Robert Bruce, Patty Cannon, Carib, Tardy, Diana

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the naked Brain on one side, and the Skull on the other, and the

Phrenological Bust.

The entire list, numbering Forty of our best phrenological

specimens, may be packed and sent as freight by railroad, ship, or

stage, to any place desired, with perfect safety.

=Human Skulls=, from $5 to $10, or $15. Articulated, $25 to $80.

=Human Skeletons=, from $35 to $75. =French Manikins=, to order.

=Sets of Forty India Ink Drawings=, of noted Characters, suitable

for Lecturers. Price, $30. On Canvass, in sets, $40.

=Oil Paintings=—=Portraits=,—can be had to order, from $5 each,

upwards.

=Anatomical and Physiological Plates Mounted.=—WEBER’S, 11 in

number, $100. TRALL’S, 6 in number, $20. LAMBERT’S, 6 in number,

$20. KELLOGG’S, from the French of Bourgeoise and Jacobs. Very

fine. 20 in number, $50.

For additional information, descriptive Circulars, inclose Stamps, and

address S. R. WELLS, 389 Broadway, New York.

WORKS ON PHYSIOLOGY.

=Food and Diet, A Treatise.=—With observations on the Dietetical

Regimen, suited for Disordered States of the Digestive Organs, and

an account of the Dietaries of some of the Principal Metropolitan

and other Establishments for Paupers, Lunatics, Criminals,

Children, the Sick, etc. By JONATHAN PEREIRA, M.D., F. R. S. and

L. S. Edited by CHARLES A. LEE, M. D. Octavo. 318 pp. Muslin, $1

75.

An important physiological work. Considerable pains have been taken

in the preparation of tables representing the proportion of some of

the chemical elements, and of the alimentary principles contained in

different foods. The work is accurate and complete.

=Fruits and Farinacea the Proper Food of Man.=—Being an attempt to

Prove by History, Anatomy, Physiology and Chemistry, that the

Original, Natural and Best Diet of Man, is derived from the

Vegetable Kingdom. By JOHN SMITH. With Notes and Illustrations. By

R. T. TRALL, M. D. From the Second London Edition. 12mo, 314 pp.

Muslin $1 75.

This is a text-book of facts and principles connected with the

vegetarian question, and is a very desirable work.

=Hereditary Descent=: Its Laws and Facts applied to Human

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$1 50.

=Human Voice, The.=—Its Right Management in Speaking, Reading and

Debating. Including the Principles of True Eloquence, together

with the Functions of the Vocal Organs, the Motion of the Letters

of the Alphabet, the Cultivation of the Ear, the Disorders of the

Vocal and Articulating Organs, Origin and Construction of the

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Reading and Speaking, etc. By the Rev. W. W. EAZALET, A. M. 12mo,

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This work contains many suggestions of great value to those who

desire to speak and read well. Regarding the right management of the

voice as intimately connected with health, as well as one of the

noblest and most useful accomplishments; the work should be read by

all.

=Illustrated Family Gymnasium.=—Containing the most improved methods

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invigoration of their functions, the preservation of Health, and

the Cure of Disease and Deformities. With numerous illustrations.

By R. T. TRALL, M. D. 12mo, 215 pp. Muslin, $1 75.

In this excellent work, the author has aimed to select the very best

materials from all accessible sources, and to present a sufficient

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=Management of Infancy=, Physiological and Moral Treatment on the.

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JOHN BELL, M. D. 12mo, 307 pp. Muslin, $1 50.

This is one of the best treatises on the management of infancy

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kind of information which, in their circumstances, is especially

needed.

=Philosophy of Sacred History=, Considered in Relation to Human

Aliment and the Wines of Scripture. By GRAHAM. 12mo, 580 pp.

Cloth, $3 50.

A work highly useful, both for study and reference, to an who are

interested in the great question of Biblical History in relation to

the great moral reforms, which are acknowledged as among the most

prominent features of the nineteenth century. It is among the most

valuable contributions to Biblical and reformatory literature.

=Physiology, Animal and Mental=: Applied to the Preservation and

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12mo, 312 pp. Illustrated. Muslin, $1 50.

The title of this work indicates the character of this admirable

physiological work. Its aim is to preserve and restore health of

body and power of mind. The motto is, “A sound mind in a sound

body.”

=Physiology of Digestion.=—Considered with relation to the

Principles of Dietetics. By ANDREW COMBE, M. D. Fellow of the

Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. Tenth Edition.

Illustrated. 18mo, 310 pp. Price, 50 cents.

The object of this work is to lay before the public a plain and

intelligent description of the structure and uses of the most

important organs of the body, and to show how information of this

kind may be usefully applied in practical life.

=Practical Family Dentist.=—A Popular Treatise on the Teeth.

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------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Changed “wanted that what” to “wanted than what” on p. 155.

2. No paragraph number 9 on p. 216.

3. Silently corrected typographical errors.

4. Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed.

5. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.

6. Enclosed bold font in =equals=.

End of Project Gutenberg's Oratory Sacred and Secular, by William Pittenger