The most destructive storm yet recorded occurred on the afternoon of

April 14, 1886. The clouds were first seen from St. Cloud to gather a

short distance over the basin of the Masour cemetery about three

o'clock, Sunday afternoon, in dark, overhanging masses. Then sharp

tongues of lightning darted down with terrific force, and the storm

with all its fury burst upon the doomed cities. The south end, or

beginning of the cyclone track, was located two or three miles south

and a little west of St. Cloud and its total length was twenty-four

miles. The property destroyed amounted to over a quarter of a million

of dollars, and the loss of life at St. Cloud and Sauk Rapids was

seventy-five. If we include those who died later of injuries from

wounds, exposure and fright, we may safely say a hundred.

The first victim of the cyclone was Nicholas Junneman. The cyclone

rising, as we have said, over or near Calvary cemetery, for a space of

about three hundred yards in diameter the trees were uprooted or

twisted off, gravestones were thrown flat, and fences demolished.

Crossing over Calvary Hill, in a path about one hundred feet wide, it

wrecked the small Catholic chapel and badly injured the crucifix

located there. Next in its course was the farm house of Nicholas

Junneman which was left a pile of ruins, and Mr. Junneman was killed,

while his wife was dangerously injured. The first house struck within

the city limits was J. W. Tenvoorde's. Just across the street J.

Schwartz's two story brick house was almost wrecked. Here the path of

the tornado was about two hundred feet wide, and increased until by

the time it reached the Manitoba depot the width was six hundred feet,

taking in in its fearful embrace during the length of its course half

a hundred or more buildings, which were totally wrecked, moved from

their foundations, or more or less damaged. In many instances there

was nothing left to show where a house had stood, and the prairie was

covered far and wide with the debris of the demolished buildings. Over

fifty houses in St. Cloud were totally destroyed and as many more

badly damaged. Before striking the river it swerved slightly

northward, and thus the costly building blocks and crowded streets in

the heart of the city were spared. Had the cyclone veered in its

course more to the south, the loss of property and life in St. Cloud

would have been incalculable.

Striking the river the cyclone appeared to be almost motionless for a

few moments, or moved so slowly as to seem to hang over the face of

the water, its huge black column rising toward the zenith. Then

leaving the river, this monster of the air struck Sauk Rapids at

Stanton's large flouring mill, which was left a heap of ruins. It then

took Demeules' store and the Northern Pacific depot, and passed on

through the main business part of the place, leaving but one important

business house standing, Wood's store, which was badly damaged. Court

house, church, school building, post office, newspaper offices,

hotels, dwelling houses, all went down under the relentless power of

the storm. Streets were blockaded with the wreck so as to be

practically impassable. The list of dead out of a village of about

1,000 population included some of the leading county officials and

prominent citizens. Amongst them were John Renard, county auditor, and

Gregg Lindley, register of deeds; also Edgar Hull, president of the

German-American National Bank; E. G. Halbert, of the New York

Insurance Company, with whom Mr. Hull had just filed an application

for a $5,000 policy, was so badly injured that he died in a few days.

The destruction of property in Sauk Rapids was far greater than in St.

Cloud, as the business portion of the city was almost entirely swept

away. The loss of life was also proportionately greater.

After leaving Sauk Rapids the cyclone struck Rice's, a station on the

Northern Pacific road, about fourteen miles from the former village.

Some four miles southeast of the station, at the house of a farmer

named Schultz, a happy wedding party was gathered, a daughter of the

farmer having been married to Henry Friday, chairman of the board of

supervisors of Langola. Almost before they realized it the terrible

power of the storm encircled them, and in the twinkling of an eye nine

of the goodly company were mangled corpses, among the number being the

groom, while the bride was dangerously if not fatally injured. The

victims also included the Rev. G. J. Schmidt, pastor of the German

Evangelical church of Sauk Rapids. The Rev. Mr. Seeder, pastor of the

Two Rivers district, was found out on the prairie with both legs

broken.

At Buckman, Morrison county, several persons were killed, and six or

seven farm houses destroyed. The suffering caused by this most

terrible of cyclones evoked the liveliest sympathy, and large

contributions of money, food and clothing were forwarded by the

citizens of St. Paul, Minneapolis and other cities throughout the

State.

G. W. Benedict, of Sauk Rapids, relates his experience in the storm as

follows: "I was in the yard at my residence half a mile north of the

depot, when I heard a terrible deafening roar, and on looking up I saw

what first appeared to be a very heavy black volume of smoke from a

railroad engine, but in a moment I realized what it was. The volume of

black cloud soon increased to double its size, and had a funnel shape,

gyrating in a peculiar zigzag form. Untold amounts of debris of

houses, fences and everything above the surface were shooting and

flying with terrific velocity from the cloud, which took a northerly

direction. The horrible writhing demon of destruction, with its

deafening roar, increased in volume and force, and hurled to utter

destruction everything in its path, a great portion of which was

carried miles in the air out of sight as though but trifles of

lightest chaff."

Thos. Van Etten was walking on the street, going home, when the

cyclone struck the town, and he was bodily lifted into the air,

carried four hundred feet up a steep hill and landed in a street,

literally plastered over with mud. A young man fishing near the end of

the bridge, on the opposite side from Sauk Rapids, says that many of

the houses were lifted high in the air, and did not seem to be injured

until they were dashed to the ground, when they collapsed, and the

pieces were scattered in all directions. None of the very large number

of persons who went into a cellar for protection from the storm were

badly injured. The Fink family, the mother and four children of which

were almost instantly killed, were in a house which had an excellent

cellar, but the family forgot to utilize it. Near the ruins of the

Carpenter house is a tree about ten inches in diameter, through which

a pine board was driven so that it protruded at both sides of the

tree. The property loss in Benton county was estimated at $300,000,

and in St. Cloud at $56,000.

STRUCK BY LIGHTNING.

Some time in the '50s Messrs. Oaks, Rand, Witham, Carson, and twelve

other men were in a tent on the banks of Lake St. Croix, just below

the mouth of Willow river, during a severe thunder storm. It was about

9 o'clock P. M. when lightning struck the tent and passing down killed

Witham and Carson, and severely stunned Oaks and Rand. The other men

were not injured, but, being badly frightened, ran away, and did not

return till the following morning, when they found two of the men

supposed killed still alive, but dazed and motionless. The two killed

were lying close together, while Mr. Oaks lay upon one side and Mr.

Rand upon the other. The lightning had struck the men who were killed

upon the head, and traversing the body had passed out below the

ankles. The current of electricity had passed up the arm of Mr. Oaks

and down his body, burning spots the size of a pea, and plowing lines

under the skin, the scars of which, after recovery, were raised in

welts nearly as large as a whipcord. Mr. Oaks was nearly a year

recovering. He says that during the time he lay motionless and

apparently stunned he was in full possession of his faculties. Mr.

Rand had one side of his body burned to a blister. Prior to this he

had been affected with weak eyes, but the electrical treatment there

received effected a complete cure.

ASIATIC CHOLERA.

Minnesota was early visited by this scourge of the eastern world. It

was brought up the river on the crowded steamers and created the

utmost consternation, and even panic. No one on board the Royal Arch,

May, 1853, can forget the dreadful scenes upon this boat. The first

case occurred at Galena, that of a child, and the next at La Crosse,

that of a woman, who was put ashore in a dying condition twenty miles

above. From thence to St. Paul the boat was a floating hospital, and

thirteen corpses lay under a canvas on the lower deck.

Notwithstanding the ghastly freight carried by the steamer, and its

sick and dying passengers in the cabin above, kind hearts sympathized

and kind hands were extended to help; and the dead were buried and

every thing possible was done for the sick and suffering survivors,

many of whom died after being carried ashore at St. Paul. What these

good Samaritans did was at the risk of their own lives, and more than

one, among them Henry P. Pratt, editor of the St. Paul _Minnesotian_,

sickened and died from infection caught by ministering to the stricken

ones.

DECREE OF CITIZENSHIP.

The first naturalization papers on record in Minnesota are somewhat

unique, and for that reason worthy of preservation, and are herewith

presented _et literatim_:

DECREE OF CITIZENSHIP.

TERRITORY OF WISCONSIN,

ST. CROIX COUNTY.

I, William Willim, an alien by birth, aged twenty-six years,

do hereby, upon my oath, make known that I was born in the

county of Hereford, in the kingdom of Great Britain and

Ireland, on the twenty-sixth day of June, A. D. 1821; that I

emigrated from the kingdom aforesaid, and landed in New

York, in the state of New York, on the first day of October,

1838; that I was at that time a minor aged seventeen years,

and that I have since that time resided in the United States

of America; that it is my _bona fide_ intention to become a

citizen of the United States, to renounce forever all

allegiance and fidelity which I, in anywise, owe to any

foreign power, potentate, state or sovereignty whatever, and

more particularly all allegiance and fidelity which I, in

anywise, owe to Victoria, queen of Great Britain, of whom I

have heretofore been a subject, and, further that I do not

possess any hereditary title, or belong to any of the order

of nobility in the kingdom from whence I came; so help me

God.

WILLIAM WILLIM.

Sworn and subscribed to before me on this eighteenth day of

June, 1847, in open court.

JOSEPH R. BROWN,

_Clerk of District Court of St. Croix County, Wisconsin Territory._

Another oath, such as is now administered, to support the constitution

of the United States, was signed and attested in like manner.

BURNING OF THE INTERNATIONAL HOTEL.

On a clear, cold night in February, 1869, the International Hotel,

located at the corner of Seventh and Jackson streets, took fire and

was speedily consumed. The alarm was sounded at two o'clock in the

morning. The hotel was crowded with boarders, among whom were many

members of the legislature, then in session, and their families. The

writer occupied a room on the second floor and was among the first

aroused. Hastily seizing my trunk I hurried down stairs and returned

to assist others, but was stopped by the smoke at the entrance. The

guests of the house were pouring from every outlet. A group of ladies

had escaped to the sidewalk, partly clad, some with bare feet. Ladders

were placed to the windows to save those who had failed to escape in

the hallway. Senators C. A. Gilman and Seagrave Smith, with their

wives, were rescued in this manner. Many diverting circumstances

occurred illustrative of nonchalance, coolness and daring, as well as

of bewilderment and panic.

Senator Armstrong tried in vain to throw his trunk from a window in

which it was wedged fast and was obliged to leave it to the flames.

Judge Meeker came out of the house carrying his clothing upon his arm,

having a shawl wrapped round his head, and bewailing the loss of the

maps and charts of Meeker's dam. Seagrave Smith tarried too long

searching for a senate bill, and narrowly escaped sharing the fate of

the bill. Many of the guests escaped in their night clothing, and

carrying their clothing with them completed their toilet standing in

the snow in the light of the burning building. Considering the

rapidity of the fire, and the hour at which it occurred it seemed

marvelous that no lives were lost.

GRASSHOPPERS.

Minnesota has been visited at intervals by that scourge of some of the

Western States, grasshoppers. The first visitation was from the

Selkirk (now Manitoba) settlement, about 1838-9. The pests are said to

have accompanied some of the early immigrants from Selkirk who came

down to the reservation about Fort Snelling. They made yearly

visitations and threatened to become a serious obstacle to the

settlement of the country. Some seasons they proved quite destructive.

In 1874-5-6-7 the state legislature made appropriations to relieve

those suffering from their ravages in the western and southwestern

parts of the State. There were also large private contributions to the

relief fund. One of the acts passed at the session of 1877

appropriated $100,000 for bounties to pay for the destruction of

grasshoppers and their eggs. Townships and villages were also

authorized to levy taxes for the destruction of the common enemy, and

$75,000 was appropriated to furnish seed grain for those who had lost

their crops, and $5,000 was voted for a common relief fund. Special

prayers were offered for an abatement of the scourge. In 1877, when

the grasshopper appeared in myriads again, the governor appointed a

day of fasting and prayer for riddance from the calamity. From some

unknown cause the grasshoppers disappeared, and have not since

returned in such numbers as to prove a plague. These grasshoppers were

a species known as the Rocky Mountain locusts.

ANCIENT MOUNDS.

The valley of the Mississippi and the valleys of its tributary streams

abound with mounds of various sizes and fashions, circular, oval or

oblong, serpentine and sometimes irregular in outline, and all works

of intelligence and design, wrought by some ancient people for

purposes now not fully known. It is probable, however, that some were

used as places of defense, others were built for sacrificial or

religious purposes, others for sepulture, and others still may be the

remains of dwellings. Most of them contain relics, coins or implements

made of shells, of flints and in some instances of baked earthenware,

and lastly human remains. These relics are not necessarily of

cotemporaneous date, and many of them are comparatively modern. Such

mounds were used for burial places long after their original builders

had passed away.

That they are very ancient is unquestionable. They outdate the

traditions of the Indians who inhabited this country at the date of

its discovery, while the most ancient remains taken from them indicate

as their builders a people widely different from the present

aborigines, and possessed of arts unknown to them. Conjecture points

to a race from the South, probably the Aztecs, as the mound builders.

This race was exterminated in some way, or driven away by some

stronger tribes, who may in turn have given place to our present race

of Indians. A full description of these ancient works would require

volumes; we can therefore allude only to a few that may be considered

typical specimens of their class.

At Prairie Village, now Waukesha, Wisconsin, in 1836, the writer saw a

mound six feet high, representing a tortoise, the head, feet and tail

being still distinctly traceable. Many mounds exist at Prairie du

Chien, some quite large, and of varying shape, some representing

inclosures or fortifications, with gateways or openings. These are

located on the high bluffs east of the Prairie. Many of these, very

distinct in the early days, are now almost obliterated by the

plowshare of the farmer and the spade of the relic hunter.

The builders of the ancient mounds certainly exercised great taste in

their location, as they are generally found in pleasant localities, on

grassy plateaus or elevated lands, and by the shores of lakes and

streams. Some, originally built on plains, have since been overgrown

with trees. In some cases trees of immense size have been found

growing even on the summit of the mounds. The most notable mounds of

the St. Croix valley are at Vasa village, in Marine township,

Washington county, Minnesota, and in the neighborhood of Osceola

Mills, Polk county, Wisconsin. We append notes of a survey of the

latter, made in 1870. They are sixteen in number and we mention only

the most remarkable.

No. 1 is of circular form, 20 feet in height and 60 in diameter. Trees

2 feet in diameter are found on this mound. Mound No. 2 has a diameter

of 90 feet, and was originally 30 feet high; at present but 20. This

mound is also of circular formation. Mound No. 3 is circular in form,

36 feet in diameter and 2 feet high. Mound No. 4 is circular, 40 feet

in diameter and 5 feet high. Mound No. 5 is oblong and 40×60 feet in

dimensions, and 4 feet high. The largest and finest of these mounds

have been nearly destroyed by the encroachments of the road makers.

These mounds are located two miles north of Osceola, on Close creek.

Alanson Thompson made a homestead of the land on which they are

situated, and built his home immediately in the rear of the two larger

mounds. His garden included many of the mounds.

Mr. T. H. Lewis, of St. Paul, made a later survey of these ancient

mounds. In the group north of the creek and near the school house,

which he classifies as the upper group, he finds ninety-six well

developed mounds, and some of them of peculiar shape and great

interest. In the group south of the creek, which he calls the lower

group, he finds forty-nine mounds, a total of one hundred and

forty-five in the two groups; at least five times as many as has been

supposed to be there.

But one of the mounds is an effigy mound, and this is not clearly

defined, plowing in the field having disturbed the outline of the

effigy. The most of them contain bones, as has long been known, and

Mr. Lewis finds in them shell relics, which are rarely found in any

mounds; also pottery, and beads made from shells.

Another peculiar mound not included in this description may be found

on the bluff overlooking the St. Croix, not far from the Close creek

series of mounds. It is over one hundred feet in length and serpentine

in form, one end being enlarged to represent the head. There are also

fine specimens of ancient mounds on Chisago lake, near Centre City and

Chisago City.

The subject is a fascinating one to the archaeologist, but it behooves

him to make haste with his investigations, as these marvelous works

are rapidly disappearing, being dug over by the irresponsible and

unscientific relic hunter, or worn down by the plow, or carted away

for loose earth to mend a roadway or fill a sinkhole.

LAKE ITASCA.

The Mississippi appropriately takes its name at the outlet of Lake

Itasca, its reputed source. This lake, although known to the fur

company adventurers of the eighteenth, and the early part of the

nineteenth centuries, received the name Itasca in 1832 from

Schoolcraft and Boutwell. A complete account of the naming of the lake

will be found in the biography of Rev. W. T. Boutwell, attached to the

history of Pine county in this work. Itasca lies in range 36,

townships 133 and 134, and is about three miles in length by one and

one-half in width. Its title to the distinction of being the true

source of the Mississippi has been frequently called in question.

There are tributary lakes of smaller size lying near it, connected

with it by small streams, barely navigable for birch canoes. Elk lake,

a body of water three-fourths of a mile in length, lying south, is

connected with it by a stream 25 links wide and 30 rods in length.

Elk lake has an influent stream 2 miles in length, which drains a

swamp lying south.

Another stream from the south, two miles in length, flows into Itasca,

and has its source in a lake one-fourth of a mile long. As this lake

has not been named in any original or later township map, United

States Surveyor Chandler, Chief Clerk B. C. Baldwin and the writer, in

January, 1887, agreed to give it the name of Boutwell, in honor of the

devoted missionary who visited Itasca in company with Schoolcraft in

1832. This lake is really the source of the Mississippi, though from

its small size is not likely to receive general recognition as such.

Lakes Itasca, Elk and Boutwell lie in range 36, township 143, west of

the 5th principal meridian, United States survey, latitude 47.10, and

longitude 95.30 west from Greenwich United States survey. The lands

bordering on and adjacent to these lakes were surveyed in October,

1875, by Edwin Hall, and lie in Beltrami county, which was named after

an Italian traveler who visited this section in 1823.

Hon. B. C. Baldwin, a member of the Minnesota constitutional

convention of 1857, told the writer that when surveying government

lands in 1874, he discovered in range 37, township 143, six miles west

of Itasca, a lake two and a half miles in length, without inlet or

outlet, the waters apparently rising, as trees were standing in the

water near the shore and submerged at least eight feet. Small lakes of

similar character were also discovered. Twelve miles west of Itasca

the tributaries of the Red River of the North have their source.

The latest claim made as to the discovery of the source of the

Missispippi is that of Capt. Willard Glazier, who, in 1881, claimed to

have discovered Elk lake as the source of the Mississippi. The

Minnesota State Historical Society promptly repudiated his

assumptions, and protested against affixing to Elk lake the name

Glazier, as the captain was in no sense a discoverer, either of the

lake or its connections with Itasca, the adjacent lands having been

surveyed in 1875, and partially covered with claims in 1881. With far

more justice we might claim for Lake Boutwell, a more remote lake, the

distinguished honor of being the true source of the Mississippi.

COPPER MINING ON THE ST. CROIX.

As early as 1842, a company, composed of the Harris brothers and

others, of Galena, Illinois, prospected in the Upper St. Croix valley

for copper. Their superintendent, Mr. Crosby, located a mineral permit

at Pine island, one mile above St. Croix Falls, where he found rich

specimens. Citizens and operatives at St. Croix Mills gave liberally

to aid the enterprise, but Mr. Crosby's health having failed he left

expecting to spend the winter in Cuba, but sickened and died at New

Orleans, and the mining enterprise of the Galena company was never

resumed.

In 1847, a Boston company, composed of Caleb Cushing, Robert Rantoul,

Dexter and Harrington, and others, of Boston, and some other

capitalists, located a mineral permit one mile square at St. Croix

Falls, and another of the same dimensions on the St. Croix and Kettle

River rapids. This proved to be a speculative scheme of Boston and

Washington capitalists and politicians.

In 1848, David Dale Owen, a prominent geologist, made an exploration

of the territory now included in Minnesota and Wisconsin and published

a report. His work being done at the order of the government, he was

accompanied by a corps of scientific men, and had time and means to

make thorough investigations. He reported that the trap rock ranges of

the St. Croix, a continuation of the copper ranges of Superior, are

rich in specimens of copper. These ranges crop out every few miles in

a southwesterly direction from Superior. The most southerly are those

known as the Dalles of the St. Croix, including as a part the

Franconia ledge three miles below. The Kanabec river range crops out

near Chengwatana. The Kettle river range crosses the St. Croix further

north.

In 1865 the Minnesota legislature placed the sum of $1,000 in the

hands of N. C. D. Taylor for the purpose of examining and reporting

the different mineral prospects on the St. Croix and its tributaries.

He reported the Kettle river veins as being very promising. Mr. Taylor

sunk a shaft in a locality in Taylor's Falls to a depth of forty feet

and found excellent indications of copper, and some good specimens. He

reports most of the rock in the St. Croix valley above Taylor's Falls

to be of the different kinds of trap rock, with belts of conglomerate

running through them in a direction from northeast to southwest, the

conglomerate being most abundant on the Kettle river. There are

limited patches of sandstone which in places contain marine shells,

but no rock in place. Prof. Hall says of the Taylor's Falls vein that

it is a very distinct vein and shows quite equal to the early showing

of many of the best paying mines of Superior. He regards the Kettle

river vein as one of the most promising yet found in the country.

Other veins have been discovered in the vicinity of the St. Croix

Dalles. Considerable money has been spent in prospecting and

development, but more capital is needed than miners have yet been able

to obtain.

Taylor's Falls Copper Mining Company was organized Dec. 15, 1874, W.

H. C. Folsom, president; Geo. W. Seymour, secretary; Levi W. Folsom,

treasurer; David A. Caneday, mining agent. They sunk a shaft one

hundred and thirty feet deep and found good indications. This mine was

worked in 1875-76, at an expenditure of over $5,000. Excellent

specimens were found but not in paying quantities. The rock increased

in richness as the shaft sunk in depth. The work was suspended for

want, of material aid. There is but little doubt that as the valley

becomes known and populated, that as wealth increases, the mineral

resources of the country are better known, mining will become a

prominent and profitable industry.

REMINISCENCES OF REV. JULIUS S. WEBBER.[K]

We reached Stillwater, June 3, 1850, and moved into the Elfelt house

on North Hill. The village contained at that time about thirty

dwellings, two hotels, three stores, and a number of saloons. Three

religious denominations held services each Sabbath, the missionaries

in charge alternating through the successive Sabbaths, and supporting

in addition a union prayer meeting and Sabbath-school, of which Capt.

Wm. Holcomb was the first superintendent. The meetings were held in a

school house on Third street.

My appointments outside of Stillwater were at Willow River, Kinnikinic

and Prescott, Wisconsin, and at Cottage Grove and Point Douglas in

Minnesota. In 1852 Rev. S. T. Catlin was appointed to that part of my

field lying east of the St. Croix river, and I formed appointments at

Arcola, Marine, Taylor's and St. Croix Falls. We organized a Baptist

society at Stillwater, Oct. 26, 1850, consisting of eight members;

Rev. J. P. Parsons and wife, Dean A. H. Cavender and wife of St. Paul,

J. S. Webber and wife, constituting a council of recognition. Rev. J.

P. Parsons preached the sermon of recognition, and J. S. Webber

extended the right hand of fellowship. The first baptism by immersion

in the county was administered in a large spring just below Nelson's

store, Jan. 30, 1853, the waters of the spring being free from ice.

The candidate was Margaret Towner, of Pembina. In 1853 I made a tour

of the Minnesota valley to Mankato. On the first day, September 23d, I

traveled from Fort Snelling to Shakopee and saw not a human habitation

nor a human being on the trail. At Shakopee I found a home with Judge

Dowling. On the next day I traveled to Le Sueur. On Sabbath morning I

preached at Traverse des Sioux, and in the afternoon I went to

Mankato, and stopped at the house of Mr. Hannah, where I preached in

the evening, to a congregation that had come together hastily from the

neighborhood, the first sermon preached in Mankato. On the

twenty-sixth I preached the first sermon at Le Seuer, and the first

sermon at Shakopee on my return.

In 1854 I opened on the South Hill, known later as Nelson's addition

to Stillwater, a school known as Washington Seminary, which received

liberal patronage from the citizens of Stillwater and surrounding

country. In May, 1855, I sold the school to Mr. Kent, and it passed

into the hands of an Episcopal clergyman. I returned to New York where

I have since lived, pursuing my calling, which has suffered thus far

no interruption from sickness or infirmities.

The remembrance of my association with the people of the St. Croix

valley is pleasant. Amongst the most pleasant of my recollections are

those of the lumbermen of St. Croix, who often made up a large portion

of my congregation. They were kind and courteous, attentive hearers

and valued as friends and associates.

AN AMUSING INCIDENT.

An amusing incident occurred in Carver county, in Judge E. O. Hamlin's

district (an account of which was published in "The Drawer" of

Harper's _Monthly_, some years after it occurred). Judge Hamlin,

going to Chaska to hold his first term of court in Carver county,

found the sheriff absent, and his deputy, a foreigner who could speak

English very imperfectly, ignorant alike of his duties and of the

language in which they were to be performed, confessed his entire

ignorance of "how to open court," but said he could read writing.

Therefore Judge Hamlin wrote out the form for opening court, and

instructed him when the order was given for "the sheriff to open

court," to stand up and read distinctly the form prepared for him.

This was in the usual terms, beginning "Hear ye, hear ye, all manner

of persons having any business," etc., etc., and ending with "come

forward and give your attendance, and you shall be heard." At the hour

fixed the court room was reasonably well filled. Parties, witnesses

and jurors, together with the district attorney (who at that time went

with the judge over the whole district) were in attendance. The judge

was on the bench, and the deputy sheriff, fully conscious of the

dignity of his office, awaited the order of the judge. Upon being told

to "make proclamation for the opening of court," this officer arose,

and holding the written form before his eyes, roared out in stentorian

tones: "_Here we are! Here we are!_" and running through the remainder

of the form closed with "come forward and give your attendance, and

you _will be sure to be here_!" The air of importance with which it

was said, together with his self complacency in the discharge of his

new duties, was scarcely less amusing than the mistake he had made.

Its effect may be better imagined than described.

THE OLD SETTLERS ASSOCIATION.

By an act of the legislature approved May 33, 1857, the "Old Settlers

Association" was incorporated with the following charter members: H.

H. Sibley, Socrates Nelson, Franklin Steele, A. L. Larpenteur, Wm.

Holcombe, Wm. H. Randall, Wm. Hartshorn, Cornelius Lyman, Lorenzo A.

Babcock, J. D. Ludden, David Olmsted, H. M. Rice, Alex. Ramsey, Wm. R.

Marshall, Jos. R. Brown, Chas. W. Borup, Henry Jackson, Martin McLeod,

Norman W. Kittson, Vetal Guerin, J. W. Selby, Aaron Goodrich, and

Philander Prescott. These members, with those whom they might

associate with them, were duly empowered to buy, sell, hold property,

to sue or be sued, to receive donations, to keep a common seal, and to

enjoy all the franchises incident to a corporate body.

It was provided that no person should be eligible to a membership who

had not been a resident of the Territory prior to Jan. 1, 1850. The

seal of the association was devised by Aaron Goodrich. On the two

sides of the seal were represented the past and the future. In the

background of the side representing the past is delineated a plain; in

the distance are seen the last rays of the declining sun; nearer are

seen Indian hunters, their lodges, women and children, and a herd of

buffalo.

Prominent in the foreground of the side representing the future stands

an aged man with silvered hair; he leans upon his staff; he is in the

midst of a cemetery; the spire of a church is seen in the distance; as

he turns from a survey of the various monuments which mark the resting

place of departed old settlers, his eye rests upon a new made grave.

It is that of his last associate; _he is the last survivor_; his

companions have fallen asleep. A group of children in the foreground

represents the rising generation of Minnesota which shall reap the

fruits of the pioneer's toil.

[Illustration: SEAL OF THE ASSOCIATION.]

ORGANIZATION.

The first meeting of the Old Settlers Association was held, in

pursuance of public notice, at the hall of the Historical Society of

Minnesota, in the capitol, in St. Paul, on Saturday, Feb. 27, 1858.

On motion of Judge Goodrich, his excellency Henry H. Sibley was

unanimously elected president. Hon. Aaron Goodrich and Hon. L. A.

Babcock were unanimously elected vice presidents, A. L. Larpenteur,

Esq., secretary, and J. W. Bass, Esq. treasurer. After which Gov.

Sibley addressed the meeting in a manner able, pertinent and feeling.

Several other members spoke.

On motion a committee of three was appointed by the chair to report

by-laws for the government of the association. Also a committee of

three to report such measures as shall be deemed best calculated to

effectuate the objects of the charter.

The president appointed H. L. Moss, L. A. Babcock and T. R. Potts

committee on by-laws, and Aaron Goodrich, B. W. Lott and Chas. S. Cave

committee on charter.

Judge Goodrich said this occasion was one of deep and abiding interest

to the pioneers of Minnesota; that there were epochs in our history

that should be commemorated. He desired that the first day of June be

fixed upon as the day for the future meetings of the association; he

named this day for the reason that on the first day of June, 1849, the

local organization of this Territory took place.

The following resolution was adopted:

_Resolved, That the annual meeting of this association be held_ on the

first day of June, providing that when said month shall commence on

the Sabbath, said meeting shall be held on the following Monday.

On motion of Judge Goodrich the following preamble and resolution were

adopted:

WHEREAS, The object of this association and the individuals composing

the same are closely _allied_ to and identified with that of the

Historical Society of Minnesota, therefore

_Resolved_, That up to the period in which this association shall

possess a hall in which to meet, its place of meeting shall be the

hall of said Historical Society.

As a matter of history we record the names of the members originally

and subsequently enrolled.

Ames, Michael E.*

Ayer, Frederick.*

Abbott, G. S.+

Altenberg, William.*

Armstrong, William.+

Atkinson, John W.

Anderson, John.+

Arpin, A.*

Babcock, Lorenzo A.*

Bailly, Alexis.*

Bass, Jacob W.

Beatty, James.

Banfill, John.*

Barton, Thomas.*

Bazille, Charles.*

Becker, George L.

Berard, Antoine.+

Bevans, Henry L.*

Black, Mahlon.

Bautien. V.+

Beaulieu, Clement H.

Beau, James.+

Bishop. Thornton.

Beaupre, Philip.

Blackburn, John T.

Burns, Hugh.

Berriwick, J.*

Blair, O. H.*

Boutwell, W. T.

Blakeley, Russell.

Bolles, Lemuel.*

Borup, Chas. W. W.*

Bostwiek, Lardner.*

Bradley, J.*

Brady, Patrick.*

Brawley, Daniel J.*

Brisette, Edmond.*

Bromley, C. B.

Brown, Joseph R.*

Brown, Wm. R.*

Brunson, Benj. W

Bryant, Alden.+

Buffit, C.+

Burkelo, Samuel.*

Bottineau, Pierre.

Bettington, John C.+

Beauchier, Francis.+

Besour, A. C.*

Bailly John.+

Boal, James Mc C.*

Campbell, George W.*

Cavalier, Charles.

Cave, Chas. S.

Cavender, A. H.

Chute, Rirchard.

Clewitt, James R.*

Colter, William.*

Conway, Chas. R.

Cooper, David.*

Cormack, John.*

Cave, William.

Culver, George.*

Culver, J. B.*

Connell, William.+

Cummings, R. W.

Curtis, Harley.*

Chapman, John J.+

Cloutier, A.+

Colby, Wm. F.

Colter, Charles.

Carlie, C.*

Chase, A. M.

Comer, Elias H.

Church, Cal.+

Dana, Napoleon, J. T.

Day, David.

Day, James.*

Dayton, Lyman.*

Desmarais, Louis.

Desnoyers, Stephen.*

Dewey, John J.

Dibble, William B.*

Doe, William E.*

Day, Henry T.

Day, Leonard P.*

Dorr, Caleb D.

Dobney, John.

Durant, E. W.

Day, William P.+

Dudley, John.

Davis, Patten W.

Dresser, Horace.+

Elfelt, Charles D.

Ely, Edmund F.*

Ellison, Smith.

Eddy, Frank S.*

Eldridge, Ariel.

Eaton, Alonzo.+

Elfelt, L. C.*

Faribault, J. B.*

Faribault, Alex.*

Farrington, G. W.+

Fisher, Jacob.

Forbes, W. H.*

Ford, J. A.+

Finch, T. M.+

Findley, S. J.*

Foster, A. D.*

Foster, Thomas.*

Freeborn, William.*

French, A. R.*

Folsom, S. P.

Furber, J. W.*

Furber, P. P.*

Fuller, A. G.+

Folsom, W. H. C.

Fox, Patrick.

Fairbanks, John H.

Foster, Henry.+

Furber, Theodore.

Fisk, Frank.

Folsom, Edgar.

Folsom, Ward W.

Farnham, S. W.

Fillmore, R. G.

Fisher, John.

Finn, William.

Farnham, Rufus, Jr.

Gammel, Irenus.*

Gibbs, H.R.

Gilman, David.*

Godfrey, Ard.

Goodrich, Aaron.*

Greely, Elam.*

Guerin, Vetal.*

Gautier, Napoleon.

Guernsey, W.H.

Glenn, Samuel.*

Getchel, W. W.

Gervais, Benjamin.

Gardner, Charles R.

Gardner, John C.*

Gray, Isaac.

Guion, Joseph.

Hartshorn, W.*

Hartshorn, W. E.

Hobart, Chancey.

Holcombe, William.*

Holmes, Thomas.*

Hoyt, B. F.*

Hoyt, Lorenzo.

Hopkins, Daniel.*

Hopkins, Peter.

Humphrey, J. K.

Harris, George.

Holton, John.*

Houghton, George.

Houghton, James.

Haskell, Joseph.

Hone, David.*

Henkly, J. S.+

Hoffman, James.+

Haskill, Hiram.+

Hetherington, Thomas,*

Holcombe, W. W.

Hill, Lewis.

Irvine, J. R.*

Irvine, B. F.

Jackson, Henry.*

Jarvis, W. H.*

Johnson, P. K.

Johnson, R. W.

Jackins, John.*

Jackman, H. A.

Kellogg, M. N.

Kennedy, Robert.

Kittson, N. W.*

Keogh, James.

Knox, M. C.

Kent, William.

Kattenberg, Henry.

Lambert, H. A.*

Larpenteur, E. N.*

Larpenteur, A. L.

Lennon, J. G.*

Lennon, J. E.

Leavitt, Martin.

Lull, C. P. V.

Lyman, Cornelius S.*

Lott, B. W.*

Ludden, J. D.

Leonard, C. E.

Loomis, D. B.

Lowry, S. B.*

Lyman, Stoers B.

Lyman, David P.

McKenny, J. H.*

McKenzie, J. G.

Masterson, H. F.

McKusick, John.

McKusick, J. E.

Mitchell, J. B. H.

Marshall, W. R.

McLeod, Martin.*

McCleod, Alexander.*

McLean, N.*

Murphy, Edward.*

Meeker, Bradley B.*

Murphy, Alfred C.+

McKusick, William.

McHattie, Alexander.

Manaege, Peter.

Mackey, Andrew.

McDonald, R.+

Masier, Josiah.*

Marks, Isaac.*

Moreau, Charles.*

Mahoney, Wm.*

Mahoney, Jeremiah.

Morgan, John.*

Moffett, Lot.*

Morrison, W. C.

Morrison, Allen.*

Morton, T. F.*

Moss, H. L.

Murray, M. P.

Murphy, J. W.

Myrick, Nathan.

McComb, J. D.

McKean, Elias.

McMullen, James.+

McLean, Henry.+

Masterman, Joseph.

Mause, John.

Mower, Wm.*

Mower, Martin.

Mower, John E.*

Mosher, Jacob.

McHale, M.+

McHattie, John.

McLery, Charles.+

Moulton, E. (Jr.)+

McCarty, A.+

Manse, Charles.+

Neill, E. D.

Nichols, G. C.*

Nelson, Socrates.*

Nobles, W. H.*

Norris, J. S.*

North, J. W.

Northrup, Anson.

Newbury, H. H.

Oakes, C. H.*

Oakes, David.*

Odel, T. S.*

Olmsted, David.*

Owens, J. P.*

Parker, Rodney.*

Perin, Moses.

Potts, T. R.*

Prescott, Philander.*

Presley, Bartley.*

Pomeroy, J. H.

Proctor, J. S.

Pond, G. H.

Powers, Simon.*

Potter, Colver.+

Perro, Joseph.

Parker, L. N.

Parsons, Oliver.

Quinn, W. B.

Quinn, Peter.+

Randall, B. H.

Randolph, S. R.*

Ramsey, Alexander.

Ramsey, J. C.*

Ravoux, Auguste.

Reed, C. M.*

Rice, H. M.

Rice, Edmund.

Robertson, Andrew.*

Rice, C. R.*

Robert, Louis.*

Robert, Joseph.*

Richardson, R. M.

Rollins, John.*

Rose, Isaac.*

Russell, R. P.

Russell, Jeremiah.*

Riggs, S. R.*

Robert, Alexis.+

Roy, Peter.*

Russell, William.

Rohrer, Daniel.

Robert, Nelson.

Rogers, John.

Ramsden, Thomas.

Rutherford, Wm.*

Rogers, Richard.+

Rutherford, James.*

Selby, J. W.*

Simons, Orlando.

Simpson, J. W.*

Simpson, Robert.

Shaffer, C. E.

Shearer, A. L.*

Sherman, M.

Spencer, J. B.

Spicer, Nathan.+

Shelley, E. Y.

Steele, Franklin.*

Spencer, John H.+

Sawyer, Seth M.*

Spates, Samuel.+

Somerville, John.+

Stevens, J. H.

Stone, Lewis.*

Sturgis, W.*

Sweet, G. W.

Setzer, H. N.

Stanchfield, Sam.*

Sibley, H. H.

Stinson, C. F.+

Santel, A.+

Staples, Josiah.+

Shamley, John+

Sanford, H. S.+

Shearer, James.

Stratton, L. W.*

Scott, C. P.+

Short, A. J.

Shoasby, John.*

Stiles, W. L.+

Taylor, J. L.

Taylor, Jesse W.*

Taylor, N. C. D.*

Terry, J. C.

Tinker, W. H.

Thompson, James (colored).*

Trask, Sylvanus.

Trower, John.+

Thompson, G. W.*

Terry, Robert.*

Van Voorhes A.*

Villaume, Thomas.*

Von Tassel, William.*

Walker, Orange.*

Whitaker, E. H.

Whitney, J. C.

Wilkinson, M. S.

Wilkin, Alex.*

Wells, James.*

Wilson, Harvey.*

Woodbury, Warren.*

Willoughby, A.*

Wright, Thomas.+

Williamson, T. S.*

Willim, William.

Wilmarth, Alvin M.

Wallis, John.+

Worthingham, Wm.+

White, Asa.*

Westing, Henry.*

Welshance, M.*

Williams, D. D.*

Whalen, Patrick.*

Yorks, J. C.

[Note: * Deceased.]

[Note: + Unknown.]

OBJECTS AND ORGANIZATION.

The society was organized in 1849 by a few of the pioneers of the

Territory, and incorporated by an act of the first territorial

legislature, approved Oct. 20, 1849, this being the first literary

institution organized in the Territory; and its "library," then only a

few volumes, was the first ever established in Minnesota. The original

charter of the society stated its objects to be: "The collection and

preservation of a library, mineralogical and geological specimens,

Indian curiosities, and other matters and things connected with, and

calculated to illustrate and perpetuate the history and settlement of

said Territory." The amended charter of 1856 enacted: "The objects of

said society, with the enlarged powers and duties herein provided,

shall be in addition to the collection and preservation of

publications, manuscripts, antiquities, curiosities, and other things

pertaining to the social, political and natural history of Minnesota,

to cultivate among the citizens thereof a knowledge of the useful and

liberal arts, science and literature."

The work of this society may therefore be formulated thus:

I. (1) The collection, (2) the preservation, (3) the publication of

materials for the history of Minnesota and its people.

II. The collection and management of a library containing useful works

of reference on the most valuable departments of knowledge.

III. The diffusion among citizens of the State of useful knowledge.

ITS PROGRESS.

In the early days of the Territory, owing to its want of means, the

sparse population and its poverty, and the infancy of the commonwealth

generally, the society accomplished but little beyond collecting some

information regarding the early history of this region, and printing

the same in several pamphlet volumes. In 1864 it had only eight

hundred and forty volumes in its library. It was then reorganized, and

with the aid of a small annual appropriation from the State, since

enlarged, has been able to make very gratifying progress.

ITS PRESENT CONDITION.

It has now comfortable apartments in the state capitol, a building

believed to be fireproof; a sufficient income to pay its current

expenses, granted partly by the State and partly contributed by its

members; one of the largest and most valuable libraries in the State,

containing 22,000 volumes of choice works, together with a cabinet or

museum of historical and archælogical curiosities, and a number of

historical pictures, engravings, manuscripts, etc. An endowment fund

of several thousand dollars, accumulated by gifts and membership fees;

two lots, eligibly situated, on which at no distant day, will be

erected a fireproof building.

PROPOSED BUILDING FOR THE SOCIETY.

Reference was made before to the building lots of the society. These

were purchased by a subscription of the members in 1855, for the sum

of $1,500, in hopes that the society would be enabled to erect thereon

a fireproof building for its use, but up to this time it has not been

able to do so. The lots are now valued at $20,000 or more. Several

months ago an effort was made by the president of the society to raise

enough by subscription to insure the commencement of a building to

cost, completed, $50,000; of this amount $14,500 was subscribed, and

it is believed that there are liberal and public spirited citizens of

our State who will contribute the balance when called on, or provide,

by will, for bequests in its aid. Such an edifice would be a

perpetual monument to their generosity and public spirit, and would be

an inestimable boon to succeeding generations, who will frequent our

library in pursuit of knowledge.

PRESIDENTS OF THE OLD SETTLERS ASSOCIATION.

1858. Henry H. Sibley.

1859. Socrates Nelson.

1860. J. E. McKusick.

1861. Wm. H. Nobles.

1862. Dr. T. R. Potts.

1863. Frank Steele.

1864. R. M. Richardson.

1865. John D. Ludden.

1866. Socrates Nelson.

1867. Abram Van Voorhes.

1868. Henry H. Sibley.

1869. Nathaniel McLean.

1870. Bartlett Presley.

1871. John H. Stevens.

1872. George L. Becker.

1873. David B. Loomis.

1874. Henry M. Rice.

1875. Alex. Ramsey.

1876. Norman W. Kittson.

1877. Charles H. Oakes.

1878. Mahlon Black.

1879. Charles E. Leonard.

1880. Benj. H. Randall.

1881. S. P. Folsom.

1882. Jacob W. Bass.

1883. Benj. W. Brunson.

1884. Clement H. Beaulieu.

1885. Henry L. Moss.

1886. R. W. Johnson.

1887. Anson Northrup.

1888. David Day.

Judge Goodrich was secretary of the Old Settlers Association from 1859

until his death, in 1887.

THE ST. CROIX VALLEY OLD SETTLERS ASSOCIATION.

This association was organized Nov. 5, 1875, at the office of Durant &

Wheeler, in the city of Stillwater. Charles E. Leonard was elected

president, and David B. Loomis, secretary. The latter has been

re-elected and served continuously to the present time. It is a

requisite that members shall have been residents in the Northwest

prior to 1850.

The following have been presidents of the association, the term of

service being limited to one year:

1875. D. B. Loomis.

1876. Christopher Carli.

1877. W. T. Boutwell.

1878. John D. Ludden.

1879. Henry L. Moss.

1880. Wm. R. Marshall.

1881. Daniel Mears.

1882. Henry A. Jackman.

1883. W. H. C. Folsom.

1884. Edward W. Durant.

1885. Albert Stimson.

1886. Henry N. Setzer.

1887. Morton S. Wilkinson.

The annual meetings are held on or about the middle of September, at

Stillwater.

NEWSPAPER HISTORY IN RAMSEY COUNTY.

The St. Paul _Weekly Pioneer_, established by James M. Goodhue as the

_Minnesota Pioneer_, issued its first number April 28, 1849, one day

later than the St. Paul _Register_, but, unlike that paper, it was

printed in the place of publication. In March, 1854, Earl S. Goodrich

purchased the _Pioneer_, and on May 1st issued the first number of the

_Daily Pioneer_. On Oct. 31, 1855, the _Democrat_ was merged in the

_Pioneer_, which became the _Pioneer and Democrat_, which name it

continued to bear for six years, when it resumed its former name, the

_Pioneer_. Nov. 8, 1865, the _Pioneer_ was sold to H. P. Hall and John

X. Davidson. July 29, 1866, the _Pioneer_ was sold to Capt. H. L.

Carver, C. W. Nash and others. April 22, 1874, the _Pioneer_ became

the property of David Blakely. April 11, 1875, the _Pioneer_ and

_Press_ consolidated, and the name was changed to St. Paul _Pioneer

Press_, under the management of the Pioneer Press Company, with J. A.

Wheelock editor-in-chief. The _Pioneer Press_ now embodies, by

consolidation, twenty-five distinct newspapers. Its daily issue is

about 18,000 copies. The stock company is now officered by J. A.

Wheelock, president; F. Driscoll, Sr., vice president and treasurer;

F. Driscoll, Jr., secretary. The management is in the hands of J. A.

Wheelock, editor-in-chief; F. A. Carle, managing editor; F. Driscoll,

business manager; A. W. Dunn, city editor.

The St. Paul _Globe_ was established Jan. 15, 1878, by H. P. Hall, and

conducted as an individual enterprise until July 1, 1881, when it was

made into a stock company with a capital of $150,000. Its first

officers were: President, H. H. Sibley; vice president, P. H. Kelly;

treasurer, Albert Scheffer; secretary, Ansel Oppenheim; general

manager, H. P. Hall. This company, which was called the St. Paul Globe

Printing Company, was sold to a new company, styled the St. Paul Globe

Publishing Company, Feb. 1, 1885. The first officers of that company

were: President, N. W. Kittson; vice president, P. H. Kelly;

treasurer, Albert Scheffer; secretary and general manager, Lewis

Baker. All the officers of each company were resident in St. Paul. The

_Globe_ publishes daily and weekly editions.

The St. Paul _Dispatch_ was founded by H. P. Hall and David Ramaley,

Feb. 29, 1868. It has passed through many ownerships. The company

publish a weekly and evening daily paper.

The St. Paul _Daily Times_ was established in 1854, by T. M. Newson,

M. J. Clum and J. B. H. Mitchell. In 1869 it was merged into the St.

Paul _Press_.

The _Register_, _Chronicle_ and _Democrat_ were published in

territorial days, and have been discontinued.

_Die Volkszeitung_, the first German paper of St. Paul, was

established in 1857. Another German paper was subsequently

established, and the two were consolidated, Sept. 6, 1877, as _Die

Volkszeitung_. It issues daily and weekly editions. Chas. H. Lineau is

general manager, A. Wolff, editor-in-chief; C. Newhausen, city editor,

and Louis Hern, literary editor.

The _Northwest Magazine_ is a monthly journal, devoted to the

interests of the Northwest. It was established in 1883. E. V. Smalley

is the editor.

OTHER ST. PAUL PUBLICATIONS.

_A. O. U. W. Guide_, weekly Guide Publishing Company, established

1883.

_Pythian Advocate_, monthly, Pythian Company, established 1884.

_Northwestern Chronicle_, weekly (Catholic), Northwestern Publishing

Company, established 1866.

_Herald_, weekly, Chantler & Nichols, established 1883.

_Der Wanderer_ (German), weekly, Wanderer Publishing Company,

established 1867.

_Familien Zeitung_ (German), weekly, Engel-Dreis Company, established

1885.

_Le Canadien_ (French), weekly, E. R. Dufresne, L. N. Dixon,

established 1877.

_Nordvesten_ (Scandinavian), weekly, C. H. Brandt, established 1880.

_Skaffaren_ (Swedish Lutheran), weekly, J. E. Osborn, established

1877.

_Northwestern Lancet_, semi-monthly, C. B. Witherle, established 1882.

_Northwest Reporter_ (legal), weekly, West Publishing Company,

established 1881.

_Saturday Evening News_, weekly, Lewis & Bole, established 1883.

_Western Appeal_, weekly, F. D. Parker, established 1885.

_Home Gazette_, monthly, S. Sherin, established 1883.

St. Paul _Daily Evening News_, established 1888.

St. Paul _Labor Echo_, Eric Olson, established 1884.

White Bear _Lake Breeze_, A. H. S. Perkins, established 1879.

HENNEPIN COUNTY.

The first paper established in Hennepin county as now bounded was the

St. Anthony _Express_, E. Tyler, publisher, Isaac Atwater, editor. The

first number was issued May 31, 1857. The Minneapolis _Democrat_ was

established in 1854. Neither of these papers is to be found in the

directory.

PAPERS OF MINNEAPOLIS.

_Evening Journal_, daily, D. B. Blakely, established 1887.

_Evening Mercury_, daily, E. Ferwald, established 1885.

Minneapolis _Gazette_, daily, W. Bickley, established 1870.

Minneapolis _Tribune_, daily, Will E. Haskell, Tribune Publishing

Company, established 1867.

_Commercial Bulletin_, weekly, Commercial Publishing Company,

established 1883.

Minneapolis _Life_, weekly, W. E. Atkins, established in 1885.

_Saturday Evening Spectator_, weekly, C. H. Dubois, established 1879.

_Temperance Review_, weekly, L. Bixby, established 1865.

_Budstikken_ (Norwegian), Johann E. Gidde, established 1873.

_Folkebladt_ (Norwegian), weekly, Folkebladt Publishing Company,

established 1878.

_Svenska Posten_ (Swedish), weekly, Svenska-American Publishing

Company, established 1885.

_Svenska Tidning_ (Swedish), weekly, Svenska Publishing Company,

established 1883.

_Svenska Kistna Herolden_, weekly, Svenska Herolden Publishing

Company, established 1885.

_Herold_ (German), weekly, German Press Association, established 1884.

_Freie Presse_ (German), weekly, F. Doerr, established 1869.

_Le Progres_ (French), weekly, J. B. A. Paradis, established 1884.

_Echo De L'Ouest_ (French), weekly, A. F. Carrier, established 1883.

_Free Baptist_, weekly, A. A. Smith, established 1882.

_Northwestern Standard_, weekly, Ed. O'Brien, established 1885.

_Northwestern Presbyterian_, weekly, Edgar A. Gay, established 1884.

_Our Church_ (Unitarian), semi-monthly, Rev. L. D. Boynton,

established 1885.

_Farm, Stock and Home Journal_, monthly, Farm, Stock and Home Company,

established 1884.

_Mississippi Valley Lumberman_, weekly, Platt B. Walker, established

1876.

_Northwestern Miller_, weekly, C. M. Palmer, established 1873.

_Northwestern Trade_, bi-weekly, E. E. Haynes, established 1883.

_Homestead_, monthly, Homestead Publishing Company, established 1885.

_Housekeeper_, monthly, Buckeye Publishing Company, established 1878.

_Medical Mirror_, monthly, N. M. Cook, M.D., established 1881.

_Northwestern Architect_, monthly, Bruce & Brundage, established 1884.

_Pilgrim_ (Congregational), monthly, Pilgrim Publishing Company,

established 1881.

_Poultry and Farm Journal_, monthly, I. I. Bachellor, established

1877.

_Real Estate Review_, monthly, C. H. Dubois & Co., established 1883.

_Temperance Educator_, monthly, L. Bigby, established 1882.

_To-Day_ (Evangelical), Geo. F. Wells, A. S. Edwards, established

1880.

_Wood and Iron_, monthly, Wood and Iron Publishing Company,

established 1880.

_Methodist Herald_, weekly, R. H. Young, established 1887.

EXCELSIOR.

Minnetonka _Mirror_, weekly, W. H. Mitchell, established 1885.

_Northwestern Tourist_, weekly, A. S. Dimond & Son, established 1876.

WASHINGTON COUNTY.

The first newspaper published in Washington county was the St. Croix

_Union_, established Oct. 8, 1854, in Stillwater. It was continued

under the management of Cable & Easton one year, when F. S. Cable sold

out to Milton H. Abbott. Soon after Mr. Abbott bought out the interest

of M. S. Easton. The paper went down in the crash of 1857.

The Stillwater _Messenger_ made its appearance under the management of

A. T. Van Voorhes, Sept. 11, 1856. It changed ownership several times,

and in 1871 Seward & Taylor, the present owners, came into possession.

The Stillwater _Democrat_ succeeded the defunct _Union_ in 1858. L. F.

Spaulding and C. P. Lane became the editors and proprietors. It was

discontinued in 1861.

A. B. Easton and J. N. Castle established the Stillwater _Gazette_,

the first number appearing Aug. 6, 1870. This paper was successful

from the first, and with but few changes in proprietorship is

published at the present day as a daily and weekly by Clewell &

Easton.

The Stillwater _Lumberman_ was established April 9, 1875, by Ed. H.

Folsom. It afterward passed into the hands of a stock company, and was

discontinued in 1884.

The Stillwater _Post_, a German paper, was established by W. P.

Shilling & Co. Aug. 26, 1876. Two years later it passed into the hands

of Wm. Schermuly, and in 1880 it was taken charge of by Julius Duel,

who is succeeded by F. C. Neumeier.

CHISAGO COUNTY.

Taylor's Falls _Reporter_, F. H. Pratt, established February, 1860; in

1862 the name was changed to Taylor's Falls _Monitor_; in 1883 the

name was again changed to Taylor's Falls _Journal_; present editor,

Ed. H. Folsom.

Rush City _Pos._, Hial P. Robie, established in 1875.

Chisago County _Times_, Taylor's Falls, Rowe & Walker, established

April 19, 1888.

PINE COUNTY--PINE CITY.

_Pine County Pioneer_, weekly, Ed. C. Gottry, established 1885.

CARLTON COUNTY--CLOQUET.

_Pine Knot_, weekly, Dr. H. B. Allen, established 1884.

_Industrial Vidette_, established 1887.

ST. LOUIS COUNTY--DULUTH.

_Tribune_, weekly and daily, R. C. Mitchell, established 1881.

_Lake Superior News_, weekly, Wm. S. Woodbridge, established 1878.

Duluth _Daily News_, established 1885.

Duluth _Skandinav_, Wesenbergad Hurst, established 1887.

_Paragrapher_, established 1887.

_Volksfreund_, Dworsehak & Son, established 1886.

_Evening Journal_, established 1887.

TOWER.

Tower _Press_, C. T. Bingham, established 1885.

TWO HARBORS.

_Iron Post_, A. De Lacy Wood, established 1887.

AITKIN COUNTY--AITKIN.

Aitkin _Age_, weekly, E. F. Barrett, established 1883.

CROW WING COUNTY--BRAINERD.

Brainerd _Dispatch_, weekly, Ingersoll & Willard, established 1881.

Brainerd _Journal_, weekly, H. C. Stivers, established 1882.

_Northwestern Tribune_, weekly, Halsted & Pennell, 1872.

The _News_, daily, established 1887.

KANABEC COUNTY--MORA.

Mora _Times_, weekly, R. W. Safford, established 1882.

MILLE LACS COUNTY--PRINCETON.

Princeton _Union_, weekly, R. C. Dunn, established 1876.

MORRISON COUNTY--LITTLE FALLS.

Little Falls _Sun_, weekly, Little Falls Publishing Company, Cyrus D.

Auyer, editor, established 1882.

Little Falls _Transcript_, weekly, W. M. Fuller, established 1877.

_Morrison County Democrat_, weekly, Cyrus D. Auyer, established 1886.

ROYALTON.

Royalton _Record_, weekly, changed name to Royalton _Banner_, A. W.

Swanson, editor, established 1884.

The first newspaper in Morrison county was the _Northern Herald_,

established in Little Falls, 1856, suspended in 1858. The Little Falls

_Courier_ was established later, but discontinued and the _Transcript_

took its place.

STEARNS COUNTY--MELROSE AND SAUK CENTRE.

_Herald and Record_, weekly, C. F. Hendryx, established 1867.

SAUK CENTRE.

_Democrat_, weekly, Barnum and Henshaw, established 1885.

_Tribune_, weekly, W. C. Brower, established 1873.

ST. CLOUD.

_Der Nordstern_ (German), weekly, Rosenberger & Remer, established

1874.

_Journal-Press_, weekly; W. Mitchell, established 1857.

_Times_, weekly, C. F. MeDonald, established 1861.

The first paper in St. Cloud, and in Stearns county, was styled the

_Minnesota Advertiser_. The first number appeared Jan. 1, 1857, H.

Cowles, editor, and James Mowatt, publisher. Mrs. Jane G. Swisshelm

succeeded to the proprietorship in December, 1857, and changed the

name to the St. Cloud _Visitor_, and edited it till the destruction of

her press and material by a mob, March 24, 1858. The paper reappeared

under new auspices and with the name changed to the _Democrat_. In

1866 W. B. Mitchell changed the name to the _Journal_. In 1876 he

purchased the _Press_ and consolidated it under the name of

_Journal-Press_.

The St. Cloud _Union_ was established in 1861, by C. C. Andrews,

afterward a general in the Union Army and minister to Sweden and

Norway. In 1862 Mr. Wood purchased the paper, but sold it in 1863 to

Spafford & Simonton, who sold it in 1864 to R. C. Moore, who published

it as the St. Cloud _Times_. In 1875 it was purchased by the present

owner, C. F. McDonald.

The _Nordstern_ was originally established by Peter E. Kaiser and

Peter Brieke and has now a circulation of 25,000 copies.

SHERBURNE COUNTY--ELK RIVER.

_Sherburne County Star News_, weekly, A. N. Dare, established 1875.

A. J. Clark started the Sherburne _Weekly_ in 1867, and published it

one year, when John W. Thompson started the Elk River _News_. The

_Sherburne County Star_ was established in 1875, and consolidated with

the _News_ in 1861.

ISANTI COUNTY--CAMBRIDGE.

_Isanti County Press_, weekly, C. W. Van Wormer, established 1874.

BENTON COUNTY.

Watab _Reveille_, weekly, J. W. Chasanack, editor, established 1850.

_Free Press_, weekly, A. De Lacy Wood, established 1885.

In 1854 Jeremiah Russell and George W. Benedict started the Sauk

Rapids _Frontiersman_, and continued the publication three years, when

the _New Era_ made its appearance, published by W. H. Wood assisted by

G. W. Benedict. The _Era_ was afterward merged in the St. Cloud

_Times_. In 1868 G. W. Benedict established the Sauk River _Sentinel_

which, with a few changes, has continued to the present time.

ANOKA COUNTY--ANOKA.

_Anoka County Union_, weekly, Granville S. Pease, established 1865.

_Anoka County Herald_, weekly, Alvah Eastman, established. 1865.

DAKOTA COUNTY--FARMINGTON.

_Dakota County Tribune_, weekly, C. P. Carpenter, established 1884.

Hastings _News_, daily, D. F. Chamberlain, established 1881.

Hastings _Banner_, weekly, E. D. Barker, established 1865.

Hastings _Gazette_, weekly, Irving Todd, established 1857.

Hastings _Bugle Call_, monthly, Chamberlain & Smith, established 1886.

GOODHUE COUNTY--CANNON RIVER FALLS.

_Beacon_, weekly, S. S. Lewis, established 1876.

KENYON.

_Leader_, weekly, U. Curtis, established 1885.

PINE ISLAND.

_Journal_, weekly, Holmes & Ingalls, established 1882.

RED WING.

Red Wing _Republican_, daily, Red Wing Publishing Company, established

1885.

Red Wing _Advance Sun_, weekly, Red Wing Publishing Company,

established 1884.

Red Wing _Argus_, weekly, C. L. Davis, established 1864.

ZUMBROTA.

_Independent_, weekly, E. A. Mitchell, established 1875.

_News_, weekly, Thompson & Bradford, established 1877.

WABASHA COUNTY--MAZEPPA.

_Tribune_, weekly, M. Schrane, established 1877.

PLAINVIEW.

_News_, weekly, Ed. A. Paradis, established 1874.

_Wabasha County Herald_, weekly, O. F. Collier &.Co., established

1857.

_Wabasha County Post_, weekly, John P. W. Weller, established 1885.

WINONA COUNTY--ST. CHARLES.

St. Charles _Union_, weekly, J. S. Whitten, established 1877.

Winona _Republican_, daily and weekly, Sinclair Publishing Company,

established 1855.

_Adler_, weekly, Adler Publishing Company, established 1873.

_Herald_, weekly, Boynton & Metcalf, established 1869.

_Westlicher Herald_, weekly, Joseph Leicht, established 1881.

_Wiarus_ (Polish), weekly, Wiarus Publishing Company, established

1885.

NEWSPAPERS IN WISCONSIN.

PIERCE COUNTY--ELLSWORTH.

_Pierce County Herald_, weekly, Case & Doolittle, established 1868.

_Ariel_, weekly, John M. Pryse, established 1884.

_Pierce County Plaindealer_, weekly, E. H. Ives, established 1874.

RIVER FALLS.

_Journal_, weekly, S. B. Merrick. W. S. Fowler, established 1874.

The first paper named in Prescott was the _Paraclete_, published by C.

E. Young, Feb. 14, 1854. The name was changed in 1855 to the

_Transcript_. In 1857 the _Northwestern Democrat_ was issued by Lusk,

Wise & Bailey. In 1861 Lute A. Taylor moved the River Falls _Journal_

to Prescott, changing the name to Prescott _Journal_. In 1868 Flint &

Webber purchased the _Journal_. In 1872, after the fire, the River

Falls _Journal_ was revived at River Falls by A. Morse; the office and

material were burned. In 1873 M. B. Kimball issued the Prescott

_Clarion_ and changed the name to _Pierce County Plaindealer_. In 1876

E. H. Ives became editor and proprietor.

ST. CROIX COUNTY--BALDWIN.

_Bulletin_, weekly, Ferd. Peachman, established 1879.

HAMMOND.

_Hammond Review_, weekly, ---- Frost, established 1886.

HUDSON.

_Star and Times_, weekly, Taylor & Price, established 1855.

_True Republican_, weekly, Cline & Cogswell, established 1871.

NEW RICHMOND.

_St. Croix Republican_, weekly, Abe C. Van Meter, established 1869.

The _Voice_, weekly, E. P. Huntington, established 1886.

The _St. Croix Banner_, the first paper in the St. Croix valley, was

issued Jan. 20, 1850, by Col. and Mrs. James Hughes. It was printed in

the _Pioneer_ office, St. Paul. Saxton & Johnson in the same year

commenced publishing the _St. Croix Enquirer_. These papers were

short-lived. In 1853 U. B. Shaver started the Hudson _Journal_,

afterward edited by Col. Hughes as the Hudson _Republican_. The office

was destroyed by fire and the paper discontinued in 1854. The _Star_

was established by Dr. Otis Hoyt in 1855, and in the same year U. B.

Shaver established the _Chronicle_. In 1860 these two papers were

purchased by Horace A. Taylor, and consolidated as the _Star and

Times_.

In 1856 Col. Hughes issued the _Shield and Banner_, which was

succeeded by a campaign paper called the _Pathfinder_. The Hudson

_Democrat_ was established in 1864 by E. O. Jones and discontinued in

1875. The _True Republican_ was established by M. A. Fulton in 1875,

and sold to the present owners in 1886.

POLK COUNTY--CLEAR LAKE.

Clear Lake _Herald_, weekly, A. T. Churchill, established 1884.

_North Wisconsin News_, weekly, Johnson E. Russell.

OSCEOLA MILLS.

_Polk County Press_, weekly, Charles E. Mears, established 1860.

ST. CROIX FALLS.

_St. Croix Valley Standard_, weekly, George F. Ely, established 1885.

The _St. Croixian_ was first established at St. Croix in 1860 by John

D. Reymert and Junius Bartlett. S. S. Fifield bought the paper in

1861, and removed it to Osceola, changing the name to _Polk County

Press_. In 1872 C. F. Meara succeeded to the ownership. In 1874 C. C.

Jordan established the _New Era_ at Osceola, but soon discontinued it.

The _Dalles of the St. Croix_ was established at St. Croix Falls in

1881 by D. A. Caneday, and discontinued in 1884. The _Polk County

News_ was established at St. Croix Falls in 1885 by George H. Ely, who

was succeeded by L. A. Ingersoll, who changed the name to _St. Croix

Valley Standard_.

BARRON COUNTY--BARRON.

_Barron County Shield_, weekly, Charles S. Taylor, established 1876.

CHETEK.

_Alert_, weekly, Walter Speed, established 1882.

CUMBERLAND.

_Advocate_, weekly, Cumberland Publishing Company, established 1885.

RICE LAKE.

_Barron County Chronotype_, weekly, P. H. Swift, editor, established

1874.

_Times_, weekly, Times Publishing Company, established 1883.

SAWYER COUNTY--HAYWOOD.

_North Wisconsin News_, weekly, E. O. Johnson, established 1878.

BURNETT COUNTY--GRANTSBURG.

_Burnett County Sentinel_, weekly, W. A. Talboy, established 1875.

ASHLAND COUNTY--ASHLAND.

Ashland _Press_, weekly and daily, Sam S. Fifield, established 1872.

Ashland _News_, weekly, John S. Saul, established 1885.

GLIDDEN.

Glidden _Pioneer_, weekly, R. M. Williams, F. A. Healy, established

1884.

HURLEY.

_Montreal River Miner_, weekly, Gowdey & Goodale, established 1885.

BAYFIELD COUNTY--BAYFIELD.

Bayfield _Press_, weekly, Currie G. Bell, established 1868.

WASHBURN.

Washburn _Bee_, weekly, Allan T. Williams, established 1885.

_Itemizer_, weekly, Bareger Brothers, established 1884.

DOUGLAS COUNTY--SUPERIOR.

Superior _Chronicle_, John C. Wise, established 185-.

Superior _Times_, Bardon Brothers, established 1870.

_Inter Ocean_, weekly and daily, Street & Co., established 1881.

Superior _Sentinel_, M. B. Kimball, established 1888.

_Sunday Morning Call_, established 1887.

WASHBURN COUNTY.

Shell Lake _Watchman_, William Irle, established 1882.

AN ODD CHAPTER IN POLITICAL HISTORY--THE BLACK HAWK WAR.

Gen. Winfield Scott, when a young man, was stationed at Fort Snelling,

at that day perhaps the remotest outpost of the United States. When

the Black Hawk War was inaugurated some militia from Illinois

proffered their services to aid in conquering the savages. With a view

to mustering them into the service of the United States two

lieutenants were sent by Scott to the then village of Dixon. One of

these was a very fascinating, good-looking, easy-mannered, affable,

and fluent young gentleman. The other equally pleasant, but an

exceedingly modest young man. On the morning when the mustering in was

to take place a tall, gawky, slab-sided, homely young man, dressed in

a suit of home-made blue jeans, presented himself to the two

lieutenants as the captain of the recruits, and was duly sworn in.

This was he who afterward became the president of the United

States--the lamented Lincoln. One of the lieutenants, the modest

youth, was he who fired the first gun from Sumter, Maj. Anderson. The

other, and he who administered the oath, was in after years president

of the southern confederacy, Jefferson Davis.

AN EARLY RUNAWAY MATCH.

We have gleaned from the newspapers the particulars of a love romance

in which Jefferson Davis was the central figure.

It was down at old Fort Crawford, whose ruins are still to be seen

just south of Prairie du Chien. It was away back in 1834, when

ex-President Zachariah Taylor, then a colonel in the regular army, was

commandant of the post. Jeff. Davis, who was then a young lieutenant,

was assigned to duty under Col. Taylor, and fell in love with his

commander's beautiful daughter. The love making between the young

people was the most natural thing in the world under the

circumstances, but for some reason Col. Taylor had taken the most

intense dislike to the young lieutenant and frowned upon his suit. In

order to prevent his daughter from marrying Davis the grim old warrior

sent her to a convent at Baton Rouge.

Some months afterward the young lieutenant appeared before Col. Taylor

with a document which required his signature. It was an order from

Gen. Wayne granting a furlough to Davis. Old Zach. understood human

nature well enough to know that when young Davis got his leave of

absence he would take a bee line for Baton Rouge, so he immediately

dispatched his swiftest messenger to bring his daughter home by the

most circuitous route, and thus thwart the young officer, who he knew

would be hurrying to meet her. When Davis returned to Fort Crawford

the coldness between himself and his old commander grew more frigid,

while the young woman pined away in the seclusion of a log hut, where

her father had established his headquarters, until at last she was

released from her imprisonment by her lover, who took her from her

father's roof by stealth and in the night, and taking her across the

river to a spot where a priest was in waiting, they were made man and

wife.

George Green, an old river man, now eighty years old, who still lives

at Prairie du Chien, is the person who rowed them over the river that

night. He says that Davis took the young woman from an upper window in

the log cabin and by the assistance of the chaplain was able to get

her beyond the picket lines unobserved. Green was at the river bank in

waiting with a canoe and took them to the spot where the marriage

ceremony was performed. He says the young lady cried a good deal

during the voyage across the river, but she leaned her head on the

young lieutenant's bosom in a way that assured him that she was not

altogether unhappy. Soon after the marriage a steamboat from St. Paul

came down the river and by a preconcerted arrangement halted, took the

bridal couple on board and passed on down the Mississippi to Jeff.

Davis' home in the South.

Gen. Taylor never did forgive Davis for marrying his daughter. He

never spoke to him from that time until the evening after the close of

the battle of Buena Vista. Jeff. Davis had undoubtedly won the battle

with his Mississippi Rifles, and as he lay wounded in his tent that

night Gen. Taylor walked in, extended his hand in friendly greeting

and thanked him for his gallant services. But there was no further

attempt at reconciliation after that. Mrs. Davis did not live long,

and the lady who now presides over Beauvoir is Mr. Davis' second wife.

She was a Miss Howell, of Georgia.

DRED SCOTT AT FORT SNELLING.

The following incident connected with the famous Dred Scott case,

taken from a St. Paul paper of 1887, may prove of interest to the

present generation of readers, few of whom are aware that the

principal personage in the case was a resident of Fort Snelling, or

more exactly speaking, the chattel of an American officer at that

place:

In the year 1839 the Fifth United States Infantry was stationed on the

Upper Mississippi and Wisconsin rivers, and, although Fort Crawford

(Prarie du Chien) was their headquarters, Fort Snelling was the most

important, it being the only military post north of Prairie du Chien,

between Lake Superior and the Pacific ocean, and far from the

frontier, as the nearest settlement was several hundred miles away.

During the season of open water the post was reached by boats, and in

the winter by pony or dog trains, but in the spring before the river

was free of floating ice and in the fall before it was frozen, the

inhabitants were almost cut off from civilization, as the place was

considered inaccessible, by all but the hardy voyageur and the

postman, who brought the mail on his back twice a month from Prairie

du Chien. Fort Snelling was the only post office in what is now

Minnesota, Dakota and Montana.

It was seldom that a stranger made his appearance after the close of

navigation, for the timid did not venture so far from the comforts of

life. During the winter the weather was severe, the houses were not so

comfortable as now, storm windows and furnaces were unthought of, and

stoves were considered luxuries.

It happened that on a cold, dreary day in the early winter the

quartermaster was distributing stoves, but did not have more than

enough to supply the officers and the married men of the command, and

not all of the latter. The surgeon, Dr. Emerson, a giant in body,

applied for one for his slave, Dred Scott, but was told by Lieut.

McPhail, the quartermaster, who was a man under size, that the darkey

would have to wait until the others were supplied, and it was doubtful

if there were enough for all. The doctor became very much excited and

insinuated that McPhail was lying, whereupon the latter hit the doctor

between the eyes, breaking his spectacles and bruising his nose.

Emerson, very much infuriated, rushed to his quarters, loaded a pair

of huge flintlock pistols, returned to McPhail, who was unarmed, and

without ceremony presented them to the head of the little

quartermaster. He, not liking their looks, sought safety in flight,

and with a speed that showed a good condition of body ran across the

parade ground, followed by the doctor. As they neared McPhail's

company quarters a friend of his, Lieut. Whitall, and a sergeant,

seized firearms and prepared to give their assistance if it was

needed. The commanding officer, Maj. Plympton, armed with a cane, ran

after the doctor, and upon overtaking him put him under arrest. By

this time the occupants of all the quarters had gathered upon the

scene, too excited to feel the cold or think of stoves, and two

parties were quickly formed. The smaller party consisted of the young

men, who, anxious for a fight, insisted that by running McPhail had

brought disgrace upon himself which could be wiped out only by blood.

The other and influential side was composed of men with families, who

knew that in case of illness no other physician could be had except

from Prairie du Chien, and the roads were such that it might be

impossible to get one at all; therefore they urged peace, and after

several days of excitement they were able to unfurl the flag of

triumph.

The terms of settlement between the belligerents were not made known,

and those who had hoped for a fight felt that the secrecy added

largely to their already heavy disappointment; but the men of peace

wore an expression of relief when they realized that if ill, their

victory would enable them to obtain the immediate services of the

doctor, and that there would not be a repetition of the duel which had

been fought there many years before, the first and last duel ever

fought in Minnesota. Although peace was declared, bitter feelings

which had risen during the strife still lingered in the heads of all

but Dred Scott, the innocent cause of the trouble, who for the first

time in his life became at all conspicuous. Shortly after, however,

his name was as well known, and oftener heard in social, military and

political circles than any other, not only in his own country, but

abroad. He left Fort Snelling with Dr. Emerson, and was afterward in

Missouri, where he was one day whipped, as he had often been before.

But this proved to be the last time the poor fellow intended

submitting as a slave, for immediately after a suit was commenced for

assault and battery, claiming that as he had been in a free territory

he was a free man. His master dying, his widow and daughter defended

the suit, which was decided in their favor two days after the

inauguration of President Buchanan, and Dred Scott was remanded to

slavery. This was considered a great victory for the South, but in

reality was not, for the civilized world became aroused in behalf of

freedom, and public opinion, the higher law, was invoked. Civil war

soon followed; slavery was abolished, and Dred Scott made free. It was

half a century ago that this simple-minded negro lived in slavery in

Hennepin, the historic county of Minnesota.

OLD BETZ AND THE ST. PAUL TRIBE OF INDIANS.

No history of the early days would be complete without mention of the

celebrated and picturesquely homely squaw known as Old Betz and the

tribe to which she belonged. The camp of the latter may still be seen

at South St. Paul to the number of three or four tepees. The Indians

are the descendants of the warriors of Little Crow. They live in

canvas tepees of primitive style, but with the exception of moccasins

and a few Indian trinkets they have conformed somewhat to the costumes

of the civilized people around them.

The Indians living in this vicinity, says A. L. Larpenteur in the

_Pioneer Press_, represent a remnant of the Minnesota Sioux who were

not taken to the reservation after the massacre of 1861. There may be

nearly a score of families in all, including the inhabitants of the

little Indian village at South St. Paul, the aboriginal residents at

Mendota, and some red men living near Newport. These are mostly

descendants of the members of Little Crow's band. Three or four

families have descended from the famous old squaw known as "Old Betz,"

who died at an advanced age only two years ago. At least two of old

Betz's daughters are living. They are very large, fleshy squaws, and

are frequently seen on the streets of St. Paul. When you catch sight

of a big squaw with a heavy pack slung over her shoulders, seated in

some doorway down street panting for breath, you may make up your mind

that it is one of Old Betz's daughters--either Doo-to-win (Scarlet

Female) or Pa-zen-ta-win (Medicine Woman); for such are their names.

They obtain a livelihood suitable to their lingering aboriginal tastes

and their condition of life, by selling moccasins, ginseng and wild

flowers in their season, and the skins of animals which they hunt or

trap. These skins are chiefly muskrat skins. They bring several

hundred to market in the course of the season. Then the squaws do the

begging, and the great white packs which these dusky females carry

upon their backs as they trudge along the streets of the city are

filled with specked fruit, tainted chickens and meat, dried up

cranberries and other unsalable stuff that the commission men of the

city have kindly bestowed upon them. An Indian is not so particular

about what he eats as a white person. When meat is tainted he boils it

until he gets all the taint out. What remains serves as savory sauce

for the meat. The Indians are intelligent. They don't have much to say

to strangers, but among themselves they are quite sociable, and sit

together by the hour smoking pipes and recounting traditions and

incidents. They are very fond of story telling. They also discuss

topics of interest with a freedom and intelligence worthy of a modern

white man's debating society. "I have sat with them in their lodges by

the hour," says Mr. Larpenteur, "and have been vastly entertained by

their anecdotes and discussions." So it appears that the Indians

hereabout are not so glum and reticent as red men in general are

credited with being.

There are a great many people in St. Paul who remember Old Betz, and

the stories that were told in relation to her, quite well. She was

said to be one hundred and twenty years old when she died, and, as

there was no evidence to the contrary, and she certainly bore the mark

of great age, this estimate of her years was generally accepted. Mr.

Larpenteur has reason for thinking that her age has been very much

exaggerated. Old Betz told him one day, a short time before her death,

in a confidential way, that when soldiers first came to Fort Snelling

she was still in her teens. That was in 1819, and, therefore, Old Betz

could not have been over eighty-eight when she died.

FOOTNOTES:

[F] NOTE.--The Wah-tap--or Wa-tab--empties from the west into the

Mississippi just above Sauk Rapids--H. M. R.

[G] The rejection of Thomas P. Burnett as a member of the council, by

Gov. Dodge, created great excitement at the time, and the governor was

severely criticised for his action. In making the apportionment the

governor had made Crawford county a district, but had left it without

a representative in the council, although two had been assigned to the

house, the governor claiming that this was equivalent to one in the

senate and one in the house. His action, to say the least, was curious

and unprecedented.

[H] Jean Brunet was of French extraction. He made the first

manufacturing improvements at Chippewa Falls.

[I] Alexander McGregor, a Scotchman, built a large hotel in Prairie du

Chien, and located a claim on the western side of the Mississippi

rivers opposite which has become the site of the city of McGregor. In

the third session of the territorial legislature he was elected to

represent the Dubuque district, and charges were preferred against him

of accepting a bribe. Pending the investigation of the charges he

resigned, removed to the east side of the river and was elected to

represent the Crawford district. The ensuing session, the house, by

resolution, declared him unworthy of confidence.

[J] The loan amendment was approved by Gov. Medary, through his

private secretary, March 9, 1858. The amendment was adopted by the

people April 15, 1858, by a vote of 25,023 to 6,733. The amount of

bonds issued was $2,275,000. The expunging resolution was adopted Nov.

6, 1860, by a popular vote of 19,308 to 710.

[K] Rev Mr. Webber was born in the state of New York in 1821; was

educated for the ministry ordained and sent to Minnesota as a

missionary by the Calvinistic Baptist church. He came to Stillwater in

1850. He is now a resident of Fleming, Cayuga county, New York.

ADDENDA.

A history of the Northwest that would omit any mention of the war of

the Rebellion would be an unfinished work. It was the original

intention of the author of this work to add a military history in

which should be placed upon record not only some statistics as to the

number of troops contributed to the United States service from the

parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin lying along the Mississippi river,

but some account of incidents connected with the war, which the

citizens of the valley would take pride in perusing. The plan was

abandoned reluctantly on account of the want of space for such a

record. We are able to furnish a synopsis of the military history of

Minnesota taken from a recent address made by ex-Gov. Ramsey before

the Loyal Legion at St. Paul. It is doubly interesting, coming as it

does from the governor of the State during the earlier portion of the

war:

Ex-Gov. Alexander Ramsey was called upon to respond to the toast,

"Minnesota and the War; For God, Our Country and the Right." He said:

"Amid the many evidences of harmony and prosperity in all sections of

the great republic it is difficult to realize that the citizens of

Minnesota, within the memory of many still alive, were called upon to

preserve the integrity of the United States of America by the force of

arms.

"There has ever been a community of interest between our own State, in

whose midst are found the sources of the Mississippi, and the several

states on its borders toward the Gulf of Mexico; the wheat fields of

Minnesota, the cotton and sugar plantations of Mississippi and

Louisiana must be inseparable, yet it can not be disguised that a

short-sighted statesmanship made a vigorous attempt to separate those

whom an all-wise Providence had joined together.

"In the month of April, 1861, upon official business as governor of

Minnesota, I was called to the city of Washington. The knots of

earnest men and anxious faces in the corridors and reading rooms of

the hotels indicated a widespread belief that there was an impending

peril, a serious conspiracy upon the part of some in the cotton

producing and slave holding states to secede from the Union, although

the general government had never infringed upon their rights under the

constitution.

"On Saturday night, April 13th, the population of Washington was

deeply moved by the intelligence that Fort Sumter in the harbor of

Charleston had been attacked by insurgents, and that the garrison had

surrendered.

"Early Sunday morning, accompanied by two citizens of Minnesota, I

visited the war department, and found the secretary with his hat on

and papers in his hand about to leave his office. I said 'My business

is simply as governor of Minnesota to tender a thousand men to defend

the government.' 'Sit down immediately,' he replied, 'and write the

tender you have made, as I am now on my way to the president's

mansion.'

"This was quickly done, and thus Minnesota became the first to cheer

the president by offers of assistance in the crisis which had arrived.

"My action and the acceptance of this offer were dispatched to St.

Paul, and in a few days companies in the different towns in Minnesota

were being organized, and on the twenty-seventh of the month Adjt.

Gen. John B. Sanborn issued an order that more companies had been

organized than were necessary to complete the First regiment of

Minnesota, and on the third of May, having returned to St. Paul during

April, I sent a telegram to the president offering a second regiment.

"On the twenty-first of June the First regiment, under Col. Gorman,

left Fort Snelling, and in one month, on Sunday, the twenty-first of

July, distinguished itself as the advance of Heintzleman's division in

the battle of Bull Run, Virginia. The Second regiment, in command of

Col. H. P. Van Cleve, a graduate of West Point, left Fort Snelling in

October, and on the nineteenth of January was in close conflict with

the enemy near Mill Springs, Kentucky, Gen. Zollicoffer and other

insurgent officers having fallen under their fire. A third regiment,

under Col. H. C. Lester, left the State in November, 1861, and a

fourth regiment, under Col. John B. Sanborn, was soon organized, and

not long after a fifth, under Col. Borgersrode, was formed. In the

spring of 1862, within a few weeks of each other, the last two left

for the seat of war, and were assigned to the Army of the Mississippi,

and before the close of May were, with their comrades of the Second,

in the action at Corinth.

"But while Minnesota was thus rapidly sending forth her able bodied

men, she was called upon to endure a trial greater than any of her

sister states. On the nineteenth of August there rushed into the

governor's office at the capitol a dusty and exhausted messenger who

had been fifteen hours in the saddle with dispatches from Galbraith,

the Sioux agent, containing the startling intelligence that the Sioux

had risen and were murdering the settlers and plundering and burning

their houses. An hour or two later another messenger arrived from

Forest City with information that the Sioux had also killed many

whites at Acton. It was evident that there was a general uprising, and

that no time was to be lost.

"I immediately proceeded to Fort Snelling and consulted as to the best

measures to protect our people. Here were only raw recruits, without

arms or clothing, but at length four companies of the Sixth regiment

were organized, and that night sent up the Minnesota river to

Shakopee, and ex-Gov. H. H. Sibley, who had had a long acquaintance

with the Sioux, was placed in command.

"From that point they were directed to proceed by land. Telegrams were

sent to President Lincoln and the governors of Wisconsin, Iowa,

Illinois, and Michigan relative to the horrible outbreak and asking

for aid.

"When the troops reached St. Peter they were delayed in moulding balls

to fit their arms and in preparing canister shot. By September

portions of the Third regiment, which had returned to the State, and

the Sixth and Seventh regiments, which had been organized, were in the

field, and on the twenty-third of the month had a battle with the

Indians at Wood lake, Lieut. Col. Marshall, of the Seventh regiment,

your late commander of this legion, leading five companies of his own

and two of the Sixth in a successful charge, clearing a ravine of

hostile savages.

"Never before in the history of the republic had so many settlers

fallen from Indian barbarity. In ten days in August about eight

hundred white men, women and children were killed, and at least 15,000

persons fled from the scalping knife to St. Paul and other places of

security.

"During the summer of 1862 the Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Minnesota

regiments of Volunteers were organized. In January, 1863, having been

elected to represent the State in the United States senate, Lieut.

Gov. Swift on and after the tenth of July acted as governor for the

unexpired term, who was succeeded by Gov. Stephen H. Miller, both of

whom, in every way possible, sustained the general government.

"Minnesota during the war had surely not more than 40,000 citizens

able to bear arms. She furnished eleven regiments of infantry, one of

heavy artillery, three batteries of light artillery, four cavalry

organizations and two companies of sharpshooters, and official returns

show that she contributed 25,000 soldiers in all."

Mention of George H. Hazzard, of St. Paul, unintentionally omitted

from the body of the work, is appended below.

[Illustration: GEORGE H. HAZZARD.]

George H. Hazzard is one of St. Paul's wide awake, energetic young

men. He is a native of the state of New York. He came to the West

when a youth and located in St. Paul in 1859. He has been engaged in

general agencies and real estate, and has served as county

commissioner of Ramsey county and filled other city positions in St.

Paul. He was a member of the Methodist General Conference in New York

City in 1888. He married a daughter of Rev. Benjamin F. Hoyt, of St.

Paul.

LEGISLATIVE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE ST. CROIX VALLEY--WISCONSIN SIDE.

Thirty-eighth Session, 1885--Senators: Hans B. Warner, Joel F. Nason.

House: Thomas Porter, James Johnson, Charles S. Thayer, Frank M. Nye.

Thirty-ninth Session, 1887--First Biennial Session--Senate: Joel F.

Nason, William A. Rust. House: J. B. Thayer, John A. Murphy, H. L.

Humphrey, James N. McCourt, Charles S. Taylor.