by Frederick William. See "GROWTH OF PRUSSIA UNDER THE GREAT ELECTOR," xii,
138.
Beginning of the building of St. Paul's, London, by Sir Christopher Wren.
Leeuwenhoek discovers animalculae in various waters.
1676. Rebellion of Bacon in Virginia.
Defeat of the Dutch admiral, De Ruyter, by the French, under Duquesne, off
the Sicilian coast.
Building of Versailles.
1677. William of Orange defeated by the French at Casel. Freiburg captured
by the French.
Mary, daughter of the Duke of York (James II), marries William of Orange.
1678. Invention of the Popish Plot by Titus Oates.
Peace of Nimeguen between France, Spain, and Holland.
First war between Russia and Turkey.
Struggle of the Hungarians, under Tokolyi, against Austria.
1679. Persecution of the Covenanters in Scotland; they take up arms but are
defeated by Monmouth, at Bothwell Bridge. Murder of the primate, Sharp.
Passage in England of the Habeas Corpus Act.
La Salle builds the Griffon on Niagara River.
Peace of Nimeguen between France and the German Emperor.
1680. Beginning of the captivity of the Man with the Iron Mask. (Date
uncertain.)
Execution of Viscount Strafford for alleged participation in the Popish
Plot.
Alsace incorporated with French territory.
The Whig and Tory parties first so named in England.
1681. Strasburg seized by Louis XIV.
A patent by the crown granted to William Penn. See "WILLIAM PENN RECEIVES
THE GRANT OF PENNSYLVANIA," xii, 153.
Renewed persecution of Protestants in France.
First museum of natural history in London.
1682. Attempt of Louis XIV to seize the Duchy of Luxemburg.
Bossuet, in behalf of the French clergy, draws up a declaration which sets
forth the liberties of the Gallican Church.
Colonizing of Pennsylvania by William Penn; he founds Philadelphia; also,
with other Friends, purchases East Jersey.
Expedition of La Salle to the mouth of the Mississippi. See "DISCOVERY OF
THE MISSISSIPPI," xii, 108.
Death of Czar Feodor III; his sister, Sophia, regent in the name of her
brothers Ivan V, of weak intellect, and Peter I (Peter the Great).
%1683%. A penny-post first established in London, by a private individual.
Execution in England of Lord Russell and Algernon Sidney, for participation
in the Rye House Plot.
Siege of Vienna by the Turks. See "LAST TURKISH INVASION OF EUROPE," xii,
164.
Attack on the Spanish Netherlands by Louis XIV.
%1684%. Forfeiture of the charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company.
Formation of the Holy League by Venice, Poland, Emperor Leopold I, and Pope
Innocent XI against the Turks.
Genoa bombarded by the French. Louis XIV forcibly occupies Luxemburg.
An embassy sent from the King of Siam to France.
Publication by Leibnitz of his invention of the differential calculus. (See
Newton, 1665.)
%1685%. Death of Charles II; his brother, James II, ascends the English
throne. Insurrection of Argyle and Monmouth; they are both executed.
Jeffries' Bloody Assizes. See "MONMOUTH'S REBELLION," xii, 172.
Pillage of the coast of Peru by the buccaneers.
"REVOCATION OF THE EDICT OF NANTES." See xii, 180.
A demand made for the surrender of Connecticut's charter; it is hidden in
Charter Oak.
Bradford's printing-press arrives in Pennsylvania. See "ORIGIN AND PROGRESS
OF PRINTING," viii, i.
%1686%. Attempt of James II to restore Romanism in the British domains; a
camp established by him at Hounslow Heath. Revival of the Court of High
Commission.
League of Augsburg formed by William of Orange, by which the principal
continental states unite to resist French encroachments.
A bloody crusade waged by Louis XIV, and Victor Amadeus II of Savoy,
against the Waldenses of Piedmont.
Recovery of Buda by the Austrians from the Turks.
Appointment of Sir Edmund Andros as Governor over the consolidated New
England colonies.
%1687%. Refusal of the University of Cambridge to admit Francis, a
Benedictine monk, recommended by James II.
Leopold I compels the Hungarian Diet to make the kingdom hereditary in the
Hapsburg family.
Battle of Mohacs; defeat of the Turks by the Duke of Lorraine.
Capture of Athens by the Venetians.
Appointment of Tyrconnel, a Roman Catholic, as Lord Deputy of Ireland.
Publication of Newton's _Principia_.
Assumption of power by Peter the Great, in Russia.
1688. Louis XIV declares war against Holland: he makes war on Germany.
Capture of Philippsburg by the French.
Battle of Enniskillen in Ireland.
Landing in England of William of Orange, on invitation of the malcontents
in that country. See "THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION," xii, 200.
New York and New Jersey united with New England under Governor-General Sir
Edmund Andros.
1689. William and Mary, she being daughter of the ex-king, are proclaimed
King and Queen of England. Passage of the Bill of Rights.
James II lands in Ireland; he unsuccessfully besieges Londonderry: battle
of Newtown Butler, defeat of the Irish Catholics.
Great Britain joins the League of Augsburg.
Overthrow of Andros in New England. See "TYRANNY OF ANDROS IN NEW ENGLAND,"
xii, 241.
At the instance of Louvois, his war minister, Louis XIV lays waste the
Palatinate.
Battle of Killiecrankie, Scotland; defeat of the government forces by the
Highlanders; Claverhouse, their leader, slain.
"MASSACRE OF LACHINE, CANADA." See xii, 248.
"PETER THE GREAT MODERNIZES RUSSIA." See xii, 223.
1690. Battle of the Boyne. See "SIEGE OF LONDONDERRY," xii, 258.
Presbyterianism reestablished in Scotland.
Defence of Canada by Frontenac.
James II leaves Ireland and returns to France.
Destruction of Schenectady by the French and Indians.
Conquest of Acadia and unsuccessful attempt on Québec by the English.
John Locke publishes his _Essay Concerning the Human Understanding_.
1691. Overthrow of the Jacobites in Scotland.
Battle of Salankeman; victory of Louis of Baden over the Turks.
Execution in New York of Jacob Leisler.
1692. Union of the colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts.
Beginning of the witchcraft mania in New England. See "SALEM WITCHCRAFT
TRIALS," xii, 268.
The duchies of Hanover and Brunswick become an electorate; Ernest Augustus
elector.
Battle of La Hogue; the attempted French invasion of England defeated by
the victory of the English and Dutch fleets.
Massacre, at Glencoe, of the MacDonalds.
1693. Defeat of the English fleet, off Cape St. Vincent, by Tourville,
admiral of the French fleet.
Distress in France from famine and the expense of the war with England.
Founding of the College of William and Mary, Virginia.
Bradford's printing-press removed from Pennsylvania to New York. See
"ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING," viii, i.
1694. Attacks on the coast of France by the English.
Death of Queen Mary, consort of William. Cessation of the censorship of the
press in England.
"ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BANK OF ENGLAND." See xii, 286.
Peter the Great of Russia employs Brant, a Dutch shipwright, to build a
vessel at Archangel.
1695. Peace arranged between France and Savoy.
Azov captured from the Turks by Peter the Great.
1696. On the death of John Sobieski the Polish crown is purchased by
Frederick Augustus, Elector of Saxony.
1697. Barcelona captured by the French.
Peace of Ryswick between France, Holland, England, and Spain.
Election of Francis I as King of Poland.
Battle of Zenta; crushing defeat of the Turks by Leopold I.
1698. Foundation of Calcutta by the English.
A Scotch colony established on the Isthmus of Darien: abandoned in 1700.
Peter the Great recalled from England by a revolt of the Strelitz guards;
he subdues and disbands them.
Society for Propagating Christianity formed in London.
Partition of Spain arranged between England, France, and the Netherlands.
1699. Iberville settles a French colony in Louisiana. See "COLONIZATION OF
LOUISIANA," xii, 297.
Reduction of the Turkish territories in Europe, by nearly one-half,
arranged by the Peace of Carlowitz, between Turkey, Austria, Venice, and
Poland.
Peter the Great introduces the computation of time in Russia by the
Christian era, but adheres to the old style, which still obtains in that
country.
1700. Russia, Poland, and Denmark make joint war against Sweden. The army
of Peter the Great overwhelmed at Narva, by Charles XII of Sweden.
Foundation of the future Yale College, Connecticut.
1701. Frederick III of Brandenburg crowns himself King of Prussia. See
"PRUSSIA PROCLAIMED A KINGDOM," xii, 310.
Passage of the Act of Settlement in England; the Hanoverian succession
founded.
Beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession.
Charles XII defeats the Poles and Saxons.
1702. Death of William III; Queen Anne succeeds to the throne of England.
Command of the army of the States-General given to Marlborough, the English
general.
Battle of Vigo; naval victory of the English and Dutch over the Spaniards
and French.
Beginning of Queen Anne's War in America.
Foundation of a French settlement on the Mobile River, Alabama.
Charles XII occupies Warsaw; he defeats Augustus II at Klissow; Cracow
entered by him.
1703. Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal, for facilitating
commerce between those countries.
Peter the Great lays the foundation of St. Petersburg. See "FOUNDING OF ST.
PETERSBURG," xii, 319.
Defeat of Augustus II by Charles XII at Pultusk.
1704. English conquest of Gibraltar from Spain. "BATTLE OF BLENHEIM." See
xii, 327.
At Boston is published the first newspaper in the American colonies of
England. See "ORIGIN AND PROGRESS OF PRINTING," viii, i.
Sack, burning, and massacre of the inhabitants of Deerfield, Massachusetts,
by French and Indians.
Charles XII completes the subjugation of Poland.
1705. Failure of the French and Spaniards in an attempt to recapture
Gibraltar.
Invasion of Spain by the English under the Earl of Peterborough; capture of
Barcelona.
1706. Battle of Ramillies; Marlborough defeats the French under Villeroi.
Unsuccessful attempt of the French and Spaniards on Barcelona. Birth of
Benjamin Franklin.
1707. Sanction of the Union of England and Scotland by the Scotch
Parliament. See "UNION OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND," xii, 341.
Charles XII subjugates Saxony; he dictates the Peace of Altranstaedt.
1708. Russia invaded by Charles XII.
Battle of Oudenarde; victory of Marlborough and Prince Eugene over the
Dukes of Burgundy and Venddme.
1709. Annihilation of the army of Charles XII at Poltava See "DOWNFALL OF
CHARLES XII," xii, 352.
Invasion of Sweden by the Danes. Recovery of Poland by Augustus II.
1710. Expulsion of the Danes from Sweden by Stenbock. Request of the Irish
Parliament for union with that of Great Britain. "CAPTURE OF PORT ROYAL,
CANADA." See xii, 373.
1711. After further successes in Flanders, Marlborough is removed from
command; the Whig ministry falls in England.
Under Walker, the English and New England forces make an unsuccessful
attempt on Canada.
Having taken up arms for Charles XII, the Turks nearly achieve the ruin
of Peter the Great, whose army is hemmed in near the Pruth River; peace
arranged, the Turks recovering Azov and other towns.
%1712%. Peace conference at Utrecht.
Newspapers come under the operation of the Stamp Act, in England; so many
discontinue publication that it is called the "Fall of the Leaf."
Second Toggenburg War between the Reformed and Catholic cantons of
Switzerland.
%1713%. Peace of Utrecht ending the War of the Spanish Succession. Great
Britain acquires Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Gibraltar, Minorca, Hudson Bay,
and the Isle of St. Kitts; with the title of king the Duke of Savoy is
ceded Sicily by Spain, and by France, Savoy and Nice with certain fortified
places; the King of Prussia exchanges the principality of Orange and
Châlons for Spanish Gelderland, Neuchâtel, and Valengin; Spain cedes to
Austria, Naples, Milan, Spanish Tuscany, and sovereignty over the Spanish
Netherlands; the harbor and fortifications of Dunkirk to be destroyed.
Charles I issues the Pragmatic Sanction securing succession to the female
line in default of male issue.
%1714%. Establishment of the Clarendon Press at Oxford, from the profits of
Clarendon's _History of the Rebellion_.
Death of Anne and accession in England of George (I), Elector of Hanover.
Capture of Barcelona by the French and Spanish forces; the citizens
deprived of their liberties.
Fahrenheit invents his thermometer.
%1715%. Jacobite rebellion in Britain in behalf of the Pretender.
Death of Louis XIV; he is succeeded by his great-grandson, Louis XV; the
Duke of Orléans regent.
A Barrier Treaty made between Austria, England, and Holland; it gave the
Dutch a right to garrison certain places in the Austrian Netherlands.