OF THE FOOD, JOURNEYS, AND OTHER PARTICULARS OF
THE ECONOMY OF THE ABIPONES.
The wild Abipones live like wild beasts. They neither sow nor reap, nor
take any heed of agriculture. Taught by natural instinct, the
instructions of their ancestors, and their own experience, they are
acquainted with all the productions of the earth and the trees, at what
part of the year they spontaneously grow, what animals are to be found
in what places, and what arts are to be employed in taking them. All
things are in common with them. They have no proprietors, as with us, of
lands, rivers, and groves, who possess the exclusive right of hunting,
fishing, and gathering wood there. Whatever flies in the air, swims in
the water, and grows wild in the woods, may become the property of the
first person that chooses to take it. The Abipones are unacquainted with
spades, ploughs, and axes; the arrow, the spear, the club, and horses,
are the only instruments they make use of in procuring food, clothing,
and habitation. As all lands do not bear all things, and as various
productions grow at various times of the year, they cannot continue long
in one situation. They remove from place to place, wherever they can
most readily satisfy the demands of hunger and thirst. The plains abound
in emus, and their numerous eggs, in deer, tigers, lions, various kinds
of rabbits, and other small animals peculiar to America, and also in
flocks of partridges. Numbers of stags, exactly like those of our
country, frequent the banks of the larger rivers. Innumerable herds of
wild boars are almost constantly to be seen in marshy places, which they
delight in, in the neighbourhood of a wood. The groves, besides antas,
and tamanduas, contain swarms of monkeys and parrots. The lakes and
rivers, which abound in fish, produce water-wolves, water-dogs,
capibaris, innumerable otters, and flocks of geese and ducks. I do not
mention the great multitude of tortoises, as neither the Abipones nor
Spaniards eat them in Paraguay. At stated times of the year, they
collect quantities of young cormorants, on the banks of rivers, and
reckon them amongst the delicacies of the table. Were none of these
things to be procured, tree fruits and hives of excellent honey would
never be wanting. The various species of palms alone will supply meat,
drink, medicine, habitation, clothes, arms, and what not, to those that
are in need. Under the earth, and even under the water, grow esculent
roots. Two species of the alfaroba, commonly called St. John's bread,
throughout great part of the year, produce extremely wholesome, and by
no means unsavoury food, both meat and drink. See the munificence of God
even towards those by whom he is not worshipped! Behold a rude image of
the golden age! The Abipones have it in their power to procure all the
appurtenances of daily life, with little or no labour, and though
unacquainted with money of every kind, are commodiously supplied with
all necessaries; for if a long drought have exhausted the rivers, they
will find water even in the most desert plains, under the leaves of the
caraquatà, or they can suck little apples, which are full of a watery
liquor like melons, and grow under the earth, or dig a well in the
channel of a dried-up river, and see water sufficient for themselves and
their horses spring up from thence. A Spaniard, in the wilds of America,
will pine with thirst, either from being ignorant of these things, or
impatient of the labour of obtaining them.
As the supports of life are not all found collected together in one
place, nor will suffice for a long time, or a great number of hordesmen,
the Abipones are obliged to change their residence, and travel about
continually. Neither rugged roads, nor distances of places, prevent them
from a journey; for both men and women travel on horses which are swift
and numerous there, and if they are in haste, traverse vast tracts of
land every day. I shall now describe the equipment of the horse, and the
method of riding. The bit which they use is composed of a cow's horn
fastened on each side to four little pieces of wood placed transversely,
and to a double thong which supplies the place of a bridle. Some use
iron bits, of which they are very proud. The major part have saddles
like English ones, of a raw bull's hide stuffed with reeds. Stirrups are
not in general use. The men leap on to their horse on the right side.
With the right hand they grasp the bridle, with the left a very long
spear, leaning upon which they jump up with the impulse of both feet,
and then fall right upon the horse's back. The same expedition in
dismounting, which would excite the admiration of a European, is very
useful to them in skirmishes. They use no spurs even at this day. For a
whip, they make use of four strips of a bull's hide twisted together,
with which they stimulate new or refractory horses to the course, not by
the sense of pain, but by the fear excited by the cracking of the whip.
The saddles used by the women are the same as those of the men, except
that the former, more studious of external elegance, have theirs made of
the skin of a white cow. When an Abiponian woman wants to mount her
horse, she throws herself up to the middle upon its neck, like men in
Europe, and then separating her feet on both sides, places herself in
the saddle, which has no cushion; nor does the hardness of it offend her
in journeys of many days; from which you may perceive that the skin of
the Abipones is harder than leather, being rendered callous by their
constantly riding without a cushion. Indians who ride much and long
without saddles, frequently hurt and wound the horse's back, without
receiving any injury themselves. I will now describe their manner of
travelling when they remove from one place to another. The wife, besides
her husband's bow and quiver, carries all the domestic furniture, all
the pots, gourds, jugs, shells, balls of woollen and linen thread,
weaving instruments, &c. These things are contained in boar-skin bags,
suspended here and there from the saddle; where she also places the
whelps, and her young infant if she have one. Besides these things, she
suspends from the sides of the saddle a large mat, with two poles, to
fix a tent wherever they like, and a bull's hide to serve for a boat in
crossing rivers. No woman will set out on a journey without a stake like
a palm branch, broad at each side and slender in the middle, made of
very hard wood, and about two ells long, which serves admirably for
digging eatable roots, knocking down fruits from trees, and dry boughs
for lighting a fire, and even for breaking the heads and arms of
enemies, if they meet any by the way. With this luggage, which you would
think a camel could hardly carry, are the women's horses loaded in every
journey. But this is not all. You often see two or three women or girls
seated on one horse: not from any scarcity of beasts, all having plenty,
but because they are sworn enemies to solitude and silence. As few
horses will bear more than one rider, unless accustomed to it, they
immediately throw the female trio, but generally without doing them any
injury, except that these Amazons, when seen sprawling like snails upon
the ground, excite the mirth of the spectators, and amidst mutual
laughter, try to scramble again on to the rustic steed, as often as they
are thrown off.
The company of women is attended by a vast number of dogs. As soon as
they are mounted, they all look round, and if one be missing out of the
many which they keep, begin to call him with their usual _nè nè nè_
repeated as loud as possible a hundred times, till at last they see them
all assembled. I often wondered how, without being able to count, they
could so instantly tell if one were missing out of so large a pack. Nor
should they be censured for their anxiety about their dogs; for these
animals, in travelling, serve as purveyors, being employed, like hounds,
to hunt deer, otters, and emus. It is chiefly on this account that every
family keeps a great number of dogs, which are supported without any
trouble; plenty of provender being always supplied by the heads, hearts,
livers, and entrails of the slaughtered cattle; which, though made use
of by Europeans, are rejected by the savages. The fecundity of these
animals in Paraguay corresponds to the abundance of victuals. They
scarce ever bring forth fewer than twelve puppies at a birth. When the
period of parturition draws nigh, they dig a very deep burrow, furnished
with a narrow opening, and therein securely deposit their young. The
descent is so artfully contrived with turnings and windings, that,
however rainy the weather may be, no water can penetrate to this
subterranean cave. The mother comes out every day to get food and drink,
when she moans and wags her tail as if to excuse her absence to her
master; at length, at the end of many days, she shows her whelps abroad,
though she certainly cannot boast of their beauty: for the Indian dogs
have no elegance of form, they are generally middle-sized, and of
various colours, as with us. They are neither so small as the dogs of
Malta and Bologna, nor so large as mastiffs. You never see any of those
shaggy curly dogs, which are so fond of the water, and so docile, except
amongst the Spaniards, who have them sent over in European ships. But
though the Indian dogs do not excel in beauty, they are by no means
inferior to those of Europe in quickness of scent, in activity,
vigilance, and sincere affection for their masters. In every Abiponian
colony, some hundred dogs keep continual watch, and by the terrible
howling and barking which they nightly utter in chorus, at the slightest
motion, perpetually disturbed our sleep, but never secured us from being
surprized by the enemy; a troop of whom would often steal into the
colony, whilst the whole of the dogs maintained a profound silence. Yet
none of the Abipones ever blamed them, foolishly imagining them
bewitched by the magic arts of the enemy's jugglers. It may be reckoned
amongst the blessings of Paraguay, that it is unacquainted with madness
in dogs, or any kind of cattle, and that hydrophobia is unknown here.
This must be accounted a singular benefit of Providence, and one of the
wonders of nature in a country where beasts are frequently distressed
both with the burning heat of heaven, and with long thirst, for want of
water, which is not to be got for many leagues. But let us now take
leave of the female riders, and of the dogs that accompany them, and
direct our attention to the Abipones, their husbands.
The luggage being all committed to the women, the Abipones travel armed
with a spear alone, that they may be disengaged to fight or hunt, if
occasion require. If they spy any emus, deer, stags, boars, or other
wild animals, they pursue them with swift horses, and kill them with a
spear. If they can meet with nothing fit to kill and eat, they set fire
to the plain which is covered with tall dry grass, and force the
animals, concealed underneath, to leap out by crowds, and in flying from
the fire to fall into the cruel hands of the Indians, who kill them with
wood, iron, or a string, and afterwards roast them. Should every thing
else be wanting, the plains abound in rabbits, to afford a breakfast,
dinner, or supper. To strike fire, they have no occasion for either
flint or steel, the place of which is supplied by pieces of wood, about
a span long, one of which is soft, the other hard. The first, which is a
little pierced in the middle, is placed underneath; the harder wood,
which has a point like an acorn, is applied to the bole of the softer,
and whirled quickly round with both hands. By this mutual and quick
attrition of both woods, a little dust is rubbed off which at the same
moment catches fire and emits smoke; to this the Indians apply straw,
cow-dung, dry leaves, &c. for fuel. The soft wood used for this purpose
is taken either from the tree ambaỹ from the shrub caraquatà, or from
the cedar; but the harder, which they whirl round with the hand, comes
from the tree tataỹi, which affords a saffron-coloured wood, as hard as
box, and fit for dying clothes yellow, together with mulberries very
like those of our own country.
Whenever they think fit to sleep at noon, or pass the night by the way,
they anxiously look out for some place affording an opportunity of
water, wood, and pasture. If there arise any suspicion of a hostile
ambuscade, they hide themselves in lurking holes, rendered inaccessible
by the nature of the place. You would say that they and their families
are at home, wherever they go, for they carry about mats to serve for a
house, as a snail does its shell. Two poles are fixed into the ground,
and to them is tied a mat, twice or thrice folded to exclude the wind
and rain. That the ground upon which they lie may not be wetted by a
heavy shower, they providently dig a little channel at the side of their
tent, that the waters may flow off, and be carried elsewhere. They
generally send a tame mare with a bell about her neck to a drove of
horses, when they are sent to pasture; for they will never go out of
sight of her, and if dispersed up and down the plain, through fear of a
tiger, return to her as to their mother; on which account the Spaniards
call this mare _la madrina_, and the Abipones, _latè_, which means a
mother. For the same reason, on a few of the horses they place shackles
of soft leather, that they may crop the grass without wandering far from
the tent, and be at hand, if it be found necessary to travel in the
night. Not only the men, but even very young women cross rivers without
ford, bridge, or boat, by swimming. The children, the saddles, and other
luggage are sent over on a bull's hide, called by the Abipones,
_ñata`c_, and by the Spaniards, _la pelota_, and generally made use of
in crossing the smaller rivers. I will describe the rude structure of
it. A hairy, raw, and entirely undressed hide is made almost square, by
having the extremities of the feet and neck cut off. The four sides are
raised like a hat, to the height of about two spans, and each is tied
with a thong, that they may remain erect, and preserve their squareness
of form. At the bottom of the pelota, the saddles and other luggage are
thrown by way of ballast, in the midst of which the person that is to
cross the river, sits, taking care to preserve his balance. Into a hole
in the side of the pelota, they insert a thong instead of a rope, which
a person, swimming, lays hold of with his teeth and with one hand,
whilst he uses the other for an oar, and thus gently draws the pelota
along the river, without shaking or endangering the person within in the
least, though a high wind may have greatly agitated the waves. If the
coldness of the water cramps the man that drags the pelota, so that he
is disenabled from swimming, and would otherwise be drowned, he will be
carried safely along with the pelota to the opposite bank, by the force
of the waves. If rivers of a wider channel and a more rapid stream are
to be crossed, the swimmer holds the tail of the horse, which swims
before, with one hand, to support himself, and drags the pelota with the
other. In so many and such long JOURNEYS, I practised this sort of
navigation almost daily, and not unfrequently repeated it often on the
same day. At first it appeared very formidable and dangerous to me. But
instructed by frequent practice, I have often laughed at myself and my
imaginary danger, and always preferred a hide in crossing a river, to a
tottering skiff or boat, which is constantly liable to be overturned. If
many days' rain has wetted the hide, and made it as soft as linen,
boughs of trees are placed under the four sides, and the bottom of the
pelota, which supports the hide, and strengthens it to cross the river
in safety. American captains of Spanish soldiers will not swim, although
they know how, that they may not be obliged to strip before their men.
To reach, therefore, the opposite shore, they sit upon a pelota, which,
scorning the assistance of another person, they impel forwards by two
forked boughs for oars.
The Abipones enter even the larger rivers on horseback: but when the
ford begins to fail, they leap from their horse into the water. With
their right hand they hold the reins of the horse, and row with the
same; in their left they grasp a very wide spear, at the end of which
they suspend their clothes in the air, that they may not be wetted.
Every now and then they give the horse a blow, if he suffers himself to
be carried down with the stream, to bring him back to the right course,
and make him strain to the appointed part of the opposite shore, which
should be neither marshy nor weedy, nor of a very high bank, so that it
may afford an easy ascent. It was laughable to see the crowds of savages
swimming at my side, with nothing but their heads above water, yet
conversing as pleasantly as others would on the green turf. How often
have I crossed those tremendous rivers sitting on a hide in the midst of
them! You would have called them so many Neptunes, so familiar were they
with the water. Their boldness exceeds the belief of Europeans. Whenever
they had a mind to go from St. Ferdinand to Corrientes, they swam across
that vast sea, which is composed of the united streams of the great
Paraguay and the great Parana, with their horses swimming beside them,
to the great astonishment of the Spaniards: for in this part the river
is formidable to ships even, from its width, depth, and incredible
rapidity, and often filled myself and my companions with terror when we
sailed upon it, whilst I resided in that colony. Formerly those savage
plunderers, whenever they hastened home with a great number of beasts
taken from the Spaniards, prudently crossed this immense river towards
the South, going from island to island; by which means they had time to
recruit themselves and their beasts, after the fatigue of swimming, in
each of the islands. It will be worth while to describe the manner in
which many thousands of horses, mules, and oxen, are sent across great
rivers to the opposite shore. The herd of beasts is not all driven by
one person, but divided into companies, each of which is inclosed behind
and on both sides, by men on horseback, to keep them from running away:
to prevent which, some erect two hedges, wider at the beginning, and
narrower at the shore itself, through which the beasts are driven, so
that more than two or three cannot enter the river at a time. The tame
oxen and horses are sent first into the water, and the wild ones follow
without delay. Great care must be taken, that they be not deprived of
the power of swimming, by being too much crowded. Behind and on both
sides the beasts are watched by Indians, either swimming, or conveyed in
a little bark, that they may make straight for the opposite shore: for
when left alone, they suffer themselves to be carried down by the
stream, and float to those places which forbid all access, on account of
the high banks, marshes, or trees, by which they are impeded. If an ox
or a horse be whirled round in swimming, it will be sucked up by the
water, unable to exert itself any longer. To prevent this, the Abipones,
even in the midst of the river, mount those oxen, that are either
sluggish or refractory, and taking hold of their horns with both hands,
sit upon their backs, striking their sides with both feet, till, in
spite of themselves, they are guided to the opposite shore. When arrived
at land, fear gives way to rage, and they attack every thing that comes
in their way, with their threatening horns. You will hardly believe that
I always found fierce bulls less dexterous in crossing rivers, than
cows, which, on account of the greater timidity of their nature, are
more obedient to the driver, and strain more eagerly to the shore. Oxen
tied by the horns to a tolerably large boat often swim across in perfect
security: for as the heads of the animals are suspended on each side the
boat, their bodies scarcely find any difficulty in swimming. In this
manner I sent twenty oxen at a time from the estate, to the colony of
the Rosary, across the river Paraguay. More or fewer oxen may be tied to
the bark, according to the size of it. Sometimes the herd of beasts is
surrounded by long barks or skiffs on every side, lest, when weary of
swimming, they should float down with the stream, and wander from that
part of the shore that had been fixed on for their ascent. But the
Abipones, not needing these precautions of the Spaniards, could
successfully transport crowds of swimming oxen across any rivers,
themselves swimming beside them. This expertness of the Abipones in
swimming across rivers, I have long desired to see in European armies,
which are often prevented from attacking the enemy, by the intervention
of some large river, though every thing conspired to yield them an easy
victory, if the soldiers could cross the river by swimming, without the
noise of bridges or boats. But, alas! out of a numerous army, how few
are able to swim! Much service has indeed been rendered the Austrian
camp, by the Croatian forces, who, not waiting for boats or bridges,
have so often surprized the enemy on the opposite shore, apprehending no
hostilities.