steam-car, nor a steamboat. They had never used a telephone nor a
telegraph nor a bicycle. My own grandfather never saw a trolley-car
nor an electric light. Even my father never saw a phonograph, a moving
picture, an automobile, nor a flying-machine.
More wonders have been made in the last hundred years than in all the
previous centuries of the world put together.
A Scotchman named James Watt was one of the first of these magicians
whom we call inventors. Watt had watched a boiling kettle on the stove
and noticed that the steam lifted the lid. This gave him an idea that
steam might lift other things as well as the lid of a tea-kettle. So he
made a machine in which steam lifted a lid called a piston in such a
way as to turn a wheel. This was the first steam-engine.
Watt’s steam-engine moved wheels and other things, but it didn’t move
itself. An Englishman named Stephenson put Watt’s engine on wheels and
made the engine move its own wheels. This was the first locomotive.
Soon funny-looking carriages drawn by funny-looking engines were made
to run on tracks in America. At first these trains ran only a few miles
out from such cities as Baltimore and Philadelphia.
Then a young fellow named Robert Fulton thought he could make a boat
go by putting Watt’s engine on board and making it turn paddle-wheels.
People laughed at him and called the boat he was building “Fulton’s
Folly,” which means “foolishness.” But the boat worked, and Fulton
had the laugh on those who had laughed at him. He called his boat the
_Clermont_, and it made regular trips up and down the river.
No one had ever before been able to talk to another far off until
the telegraph was invented. The telegraph makes a clicking sound.
Electricity flows through a wire from one place to another place
which may be a long distance off. If you press a button at one end of
the wire you stop the electricity flowing through the wire, and the
instrument at the other end makes a click. A short click is called a
dot, and a long click is called a dash. These dots and dashes stand for
letters of the alphabet, so you can spell out a message by dots and
dashes.
A is . -- dot-dash
B is -- ... dash-dot-dot-dot
E is . dot
H is .... dot-dot-dot-dot
T is -- dash
An American painter named Morse invented this wonderful little
instrument. He built the first telegraph line in America between
Baltimore and Washington, and this was the first message he clicked
across it: “What hath God wrought!”
A school-teacher named Bell was trying to find some way of making deaf
children hear, and in doing so he invented the telephone. The telephone
carries words as the telegraph carries clicks. You do not have to know
a special alphabet or spell out words by dots and dashes as you do on
the telegraph. With the telephone any one can talk from one side of
America to the other.
Many inventions now in every-day use have been partly invented by
several people, so that it is hard to say just which one thought of
the invention first. Several people thought of a way to run a machine
by feeding it electricity. This was the electric motor. Then others
thought of a way to run a machine by exploding gas. This was the motor
used in automobiles.
Electric lights, such as we use indoors, were invented by Thomas Alva
Edison. Edison is called a wizard, because in the Middle Ages wizards
were supposed to be able to do and to make all sorts of wonderful and
impossible things, to turn lead into gold, to make people invisible,
and that sort of thing. But Edison has done things that no wizard of a
fairy-tale had ever even thought of. Edison was a poor boy who sold
newspapers and magazines on a train. He was interested in all sorts of
experiments and fitted up a place in the baggage-car where he could
make experiments. But he made so much of a mess in the car that at last
the baggage-man kicked Edison’s whole outfit off the train. Edison
invented many things connected with the phonograph and the movies, and
he has probably made more useful and important inventions than any
other man who has ever lived, so that he is much greater than those
mere kings who have done nothing but quarrel and destroy--without whom
the world would have been much better off if they had never lived!
Thousands of people who have lived in the past ages have tried to fly
and failed. Millions of people have said it was impossible to fly and
foolish to try. Some have even said it was wicked to try, that God
meant that only birds and angels should fly. At last, after long years
of work and thousands of trials, two American brothers named Wright did
the impossible. They invented the airplane and flew.
An Italian named Marconi invented the radio, and others every day are
still making wonderful inventions, but you will have to read about
these yourself, for we are near the end of our history.
Here is a good subject for an argument or debate: Are we any happier
_with_ all these inventions than people were a thousand years ago
_without_ them?
Life is faster and more exciting; but it is more difficult and more
dangerous. Instead of enjoying a book curled up in the corner of a
sofa by a crackling fire, we leave a steam radiator and go out to
the movies. Instead of singing or playing the violin, we turn on the
graphophone or the player-piano and miss the chief joy in music, the
joy of making it ourselves. Instead of the jogging drive in an old
buggy behind a horse that goes along through the country-side almost by
himself, we speed on in dangerous autos, to which we must pay constant,
undivided attention or be wrecked.
[Illustration: 1905]
78
GERMANY FIGHTS THE WORLD
The last chapter was one of the few without a fight in it. But now,
to make up for that, I must tell you about the greatest and the worst
fight in history.
There is a little country in Europe called Serbia. It is next door
to Austria. A young man who lived in Serbia shot an Austrian prince.
Little Serbia apologized to Austria for what one of her people had
done. But Austria insisted that the Serbian nation was to blame for
what had been done; she refused to accept the apology and started in to
punish Serbia.
I once saw a little dog snap at a big boy. The owner of the little dog
apologized to the big boy for what his dog had done. But the big boy
did not accept the apology, and he started in to thrash the little
boy for what his dog had done. Presently a crowd gathered round, the
friends of each boy took sides, and there was a general free-for-all
“scrap.”
So it was in this case. One of Austria’s big friends, Germany, took
sides against Serbia, and Russia took the side of Serbia. Ever since
the time of the Franco-Prussian War and Bismarck and William, Germany
had been in training for a fight, and so had her neighbors. Nearly all
the countries of Europe had for years been getting together into two
groups, made up of the friends and the enemies of Germany; and the two
were ready to jump at each other as soon as Austria, or Germany, or
anybody else, struck at any one.
But Germany didn’t strike at Serbia; Austria didn’t really need her
help against Serbia. Germany was sure that France, who was her enemy
and Russia’s friend, would take sides against her; and so she rushed
at France to destroy her before Russia could hit hard from the other
side. Now, to get at France Germany had to get through the little
country of Belgium. She and France had agreed that neither would march
armies through Belgium, but when the war began her armies marched in
anyway and pushed aside the Belgians, who tried to stop them. And so
her armies rushed on toward the capital of France, Paris. She got as
far as a little stream called the Marne, only twenty miles from Paris.
But here the French under General Foch stopped her army. This battle of
the Marne is probably the most famous of all the battles you have heard
about in history, for though the war was not ended for four years after
this battle, if the Germans had won at the Marne, the war would have
been over, with Germany victor, and the rest of the world would have
had to do what Germany said.
Germany was the first to use poison gas, trying to smother her enemy;
she fought with submarines from under the sea; she attacked passenger
ships that could not fight back. The English navy was the strongest,
and it was only with submarines that Germany could fight at sea. This
war was the first one in history in which battles were fought not only
on land but up in the air and down under the water.
England took sides with France and Russia--and these were called
Allies--to fight against Germany and Austria, and at first the war was
between these countries only. Before the war ended, however, almost all
the countries of the world had taken sides against Germany, for they
knew that if she won she would be able to tell the rest of the world
what to do. Then all of a sudden Russia had a revolution. The Russian
people killed their ruler, the czar, and his family, and refused to
fight any longer. Things began to look pretty bad for the Allies.
The United States did not start into the war until 1917, almost three
years after it had begun; then she did so because German submarines
were sinking American passenger ships and killing Americans.
[Illustration: Surrender of Germans.]
America was so far off--three thousand miles away--and across an ocean
that it seemed impossible that she could do much in the war. But in
a very short time she had sent two million soldiers across in ships.
Under General Pershing they fought great battles. At last Germany was
utterly beaten, and on Armistice day, November 11, 1918, Germany
signed a paper agreeing to do everything the Allies asked; and so the
greatest war in history ended. The kaiser went to live in Holland, and
Germany became a republic.
[Illustration: 1918]
79
Yesterday, To-day, and To-morrow
There is a candy shop near where I live. On its sign it says, “Made
Fresh Every Hour.” History is being made every day. It is being made
fresh almost every hour. The newsboy even now is calling outside of my
window, “Extra! Extra!” Is it a new war? Is it a new discovery? If you
had clipped head-lines from the papers since the World War, here are
some of the things you might have pasted in your scrapbook.
TREATY OF PEACE
SIGNED AT VERSAILLES
Nations Agree on Terms of Peace
The Mohammedan Turks in the East Are
Again Threatening the Christian
Nations of the West
THE IRISH FREE
STATE ESTABLISHED
After Centuries of Struggle to Become
Independent of England, Ireland at
Last, with England’s Permission, Has
Set Up a Government of Her Own
COLUMBUS OF THE AIR
Read, an American, Crosses Atlantic
Ocean for First Time in an Airplane;
Lands at the Azores and Then in
Portugal; Several Others Soon Follow,
and the Ocean Is Crossed a Number of
Times
WOMEN CAN VOTE AT LAST
All Through the Ages Women Have Had
Little or No “Say” in the Government;
Now, for the First Time, They Can
Vote in Our Country and in Most
Other Civilized Countries
STRONG DRINK PROHIBITED
The Use of Wine and Strong Drink,
Which Has Caused So Much Crime,
Disease, Death and Unhappiness, Has
Been Forbidden in the United States
and Limited in Many Other Countries;
in the Generations to Come, Men Will
Probably Marvel That There Was Once
a Time When People Drank Poison for
Pleasure
From now on you will have to read your history in the daily papers.
Up to this time, history has been marked by the story of one war after
another, some big, some small, some short, some long. Almost always a
fight has been going on somewhere. It has been War, War, War; Fight,
Fight, Fight. Children scratch, kick, and bite. But the older we get,
the less do we use our fists and feet to settle quarrels. So fighting
seems to be a sign of childhood--that we are “kids”--and our fights,
that we call wars, a sign of how young the world really is and we
really are; a sign that the world is still but a minute or two old.
Now, we admire and praise as heroes Horatius, Leonidas, Joan of Arc,
and General Foch and those others who have defended their countries
against the attacks of the enemy, as we would admire a man who shoots a
burglar or a murderer that attacks his family in the night. But those,
whether kings, generals, or princes, who do the attacking and take life
with no other excuse than to add to their power or wealth or glory,
are no better than burglars who go forth with a gun and a blackjack to
waylay, rob, and murder for the same purpose. War kills, war destroys,
war costs millions of lives and billions of dollars--money that could
be used to make us happy, instead of causing bitterness, suffering,
misery, and unhappiness; blind men and cripples, widows and orphans. No
one is better off, not even the winner. It is a terrible game, in which
even the winner loses. And yet in the long run who knows? It may be the
only way the world can grow!
But this is certain: if wars do not end, they will be fought with
something more deadly, more terrible than shot and shell. Sooner or
later, some man of science will invent a disease more catching than
the terrible plague, more deadly than the Black Death with which to
attack the enemy. But if such a disease is let loose, once started it
will spread from one being to the next till every one has caught it and
died and no one will escape. Or he will invent a poison to poison the
air we breathe that will spread like the wind or like wildfire in dry
grass, and there will be no stopping it. The air that wraps the globe
will be a sea of poison gas. Every thing that breathes will take only
one breath, and every man, woman, and child, every beast of the field,
every bird and flying thing will drop dead. Or he will invent something
a million times more powerful than gunpowder or dynamite--something so
explosive that when discovered by some Mr. Swartz it will blow him, his
house, his town, his country, and the whole world to kingdom come--and
that will be the end of this little spark off the sun.
Perhaps you have looked through a microscope at what seem to be wars
between germs. As germs might look up at the eye of the microscope
through which we watch their life-and-death struggles, and wonder what
is up above on the other side looking down at them, so we may look
up at the blue eye of heaven above us and wonder what all-seeing,
all-knowing, all-powerful being up there is watching our own
life-and-death struggles here below.
Our little world, which seems so immense to us, is really only a tiny
speck, only one of countless other specks floating in space; it is like
one of the tiny motes which you may see any time in a sunbeam that
shines in at the window. Who has an eye so keen that he can count the
moving motes in such a beam of light? Who would miss one such grain of
dust if it should disappear? So this grain of dust we call the World
and all of us who live upon it could vanish without ever being noticed!
This story ends here, but only for the present, for history is a
continued story and will never end.
If you were living in the Year 10,000 A.D., as some boy will be, your
history would only be just begun when you had reached where we are now.
Even the World War would then seem as long ago as the fights of the
Stone Age men seem to us. You might think of us and all the inventions
we consider so wonderful as we think of the discovery of copper and
bronze.
Will the history that is written in the Year 10,000 have any wars to
tell about? If the wars on Earth cease, will there be wars with other
worlds?
And if there are no more wars, what will history tell about? Will it
be new inventions? What kinds? Will it be new discoveries? We know
every corner of the world now. Will it be the inside of this world or
other new worlds or a spiritual world?
Perhaps then people will no longer use trains, steamboats, automobiles,
or even flying-machines, but go from place to place as on some magic
carpet, simply by wishing. Perhaps then they will no longer use
letters, telephones, or telegraphs, or even radio, but read each
other’s thoughts at any distance.
And so on--World without end--AMEN!
[Illustration: NOW]
PRONOUNCING INDEX
This list of the most important names in the book tells you on what
page you may find each name and how to sound those you may not know.
Sound a as in hat.
“ aw “ “ saw.
“ ah “ “ ah!
“ ee “ “ see.
“ e or eh “ “ get.
“ er “ “ her.
“ i or ih “ “ hit
“ igh “ “ right.
“ o “ “ hot.
“ oh “ “ oh!
“ ow “ “ how.
“ u or uh “ “ up.
“ ew “ “ few.
Aaron (air´ un), 262
Abednego (a bed´ nee go), 261
Abraham (ay´ bra ham), 49, etc.
Acropolis (a krop´ o lis), 145
Adolphus, Gustavus (a dolf´ us), 396
Æneas (ee nee´ as), 190 etc., 196
Æneid (ee nee´ id), 196
Æsop’s Fables (ee´ sop), 447
Africa, 169, 348, 352
Age of Discovery, 347
Age of Miracles, 454
Aix-la-chapelle (ayks - la - sha pell´), 258, 298
Alaric (al´ a rik), 224
Alcuin (al´ kwin), 259, 260
Alexander the Great, 159 to 168
Alexandria, 163, 164
Alfred the Great, 264 to 270
Allah (al´ ah), 244 to 247
Alps, 173, 429
America, 271, 346
Americus, 346
Angle-land, 223
Angles, 223 to 230
Anglo-Saxons, 223, 229
Anno Domini, 26
Antony (an´ to nih), 190 to 192
Aphrodite (af ro digh´ tih), 60
Apollo (a pol´ lo), 58 to 63
Arabesques (air a besks´), 252
Arabia, 242, 252 to 256
Arabian Nights, 442
Arabs, 244 to 256
Ares (ay´ reez), 58
Arch of Constantine, 216
Arch of Titus, 216
Aristides (air is tigh´ deez), 133, 134
Aristotle (air is tott´ ell), 160, 166
Artemis (ar´ tee mis), 58
Arthur, 234, 311
Aryans (ar´ yans), 23, 56, 220, 256
Asia, 162, 248
Assurbanipal (ass er ban´ ih pal), 97, 98, 164
Assyria (as seer´ ih ah), 42, 94 to 98
Astarte (ass tar´ tih), 76
Athene (a thee´ nih), 59, 60, 145 to 154
Athene Parthenos (par´ the nos), 194
Athenians, 83, 114, 140 to 145, 236
Athens, 60, 83, 114, 126, etc.
Attila (at´ tih lah), 225 to 227
Augustan Age, 196
Augustus, 195 to 197
Austria, Austrian, 396, 408, 409, 440, 462
Azores, 466
Aztecs (az´ tecks), 355 to 357
Baal (bay´ al), 76
Babylon (bab´ in lun), 98 to 103, 106 to 108
Babylonia, 43 to 48
Babylonians, 45 to 49, 75
Bach (bahk), 439
Bacon, Roger, 324
Bagdad, 243, 254, 262
Balboa (bal boh´ ah), 350, 351
Baltimore, 455, 456
Bastille (bas teel´), 421, 422
Beethoven, Louis (bay´ to ven), 441, 442
Belgium, 461
Bell, 457
Belshazzar (bel shaz´ zar), 108
Benedict and Benedictines (ben´ eh dickt), 237
Bethlehem, 197, 216
Bible, King James, 387
Bishop of Rome, 218
Bismarck, 450, 451, 461
Black Death, 328, 468
Black Sea, 21, 169, 444
Blondel (blon dell´), 300
Boleyn, Anne (bool´ in), 370
Bourbon (boor´ bun), 449
Brahma, Brahmanism, Brahmanists (brah´ mah), 111, 112
Britain, 186, 223, 229
British Museum, 33
Bronze Age, 19 to 22
Brutus, 121, 189, 190
Bucephalus (bew sef´ a lus), 160
Buddha, Buddhism, Buddhists (bood´ dah), 112, 113
Byron, 97
Byzantium (bi zan´ shi um), 217
Cabot (kab´ ut), 350, 379
Cadmus (kad´ mus), 74
Cæsar, Augustus (see´ zer), 193, 196
Cæsar, Julius, 184 to 192
Cairo (kigh´ ro), 38, 196
Canaan (kay´ nan), 50, 54, 55, 70
Canada, 350, 417
Canary Islands, 340
Canterbury Cathedral, 309
Cape of Good Hope, 348
Cape Horn, 351
Cape of Storms, 348
Carthage and Carthaginians (kar´ thij), 78, 170 to 176
Caspian Sea, 21
Cathay (ka thay´), 316 to 322, 328
Cathedral of Notre Dame (nohtr´ dam), 309
Cathedral of Rheims (rhance), 309
Cathedral of St. Peter, 201
Catherine, 406
Catholic, 365 to 371
Cave Man, Men, People, 12, 22, 66
Cavour (ka voor´), 452
Caxton, 334
Ceres (see´ reez), 61
Chaldea, Chaldeans (kal dee´ ah), 43, 49, 55
Châlons (sha lahng´), 226
Charge of the Light Brigade, The, 445
Charlemagne (sharl maign´), 257 to 263
Charles the Great, 257, 259, 264
Charles I, 390 to 393
Charles II, 393
Charles V. of Spain, 367 to 369
Charles XII, 404, 405
Charles the Hammer, 249, 250, 257
Cheops (k ee´ ops), 38, 39
China, 316, etc.
Christ, 197 to 202
Church of St. Peter, 258, 366
Cincinnatus (sin sin nah´ tus), 122
Circus Maximus, 195
Civil War, 446
Clavichord (klav´ ih kord), 438
Cleopatra (klee o pah´ tra), 30, 188, 192
Clermont (kler mont´), 456
Clisthenes (klis´ the neez), 116, 117 133
Clotilda (klo till´ dah), 233
Clovis (klo´ vis), 233, 234
Cologne Cathedral, 309
Colosseum (kol o see´ um), 195, 205
Columbia, 346
Columbus, Christopher, 337 to 345
Commodus (kom´ mo dus), 213, 214
Confucius (kon few´ shus), 113
Constantine, 215 to 218
Constantinople, 217, 228, 231, 232, 248, 335, 336
Corday, Charlotte (kor day´), 427
Cordova (kor´ do vah), 243, 254
Corinthian, 148, 149
Cornelia, 182, 183
Cornwallis, Lord, 418
Corsica, 428
Cortés (kor´ te), 356, 357
Crécy (kres´ sih), 327 to 329, 336
Crimea, Crimean War (krigh mee´ ah), 444, 445, 446
Crœsus (kree´ sus), 104 to 106
Cromwell, Oliver, 391 to 393
Crusades (kroo say´ dz), 297 to 299, 302, 303
Cuneiform (kee nee´ ih form), 45, 75, 97, 99
Cupid, 60
Cyrus (sigh´ rus), 104 to 109, 124
Czar (zahr), 190
da Gama, Vasco (day gah´ mah), 348 to 350
Damascus (da mas´ kus), 254
Danes, 265, 266
Dardanelles (dar da nellz´), 135
Dare, Virginia, 379
Darius (dah righ´ us), 124 to 127, 132
Dark Ages, 229, 231, 261
David, 70, 71
da Vinci, Leonardo (dah vin´ chih), 364
Declaration of Independence, 416, 417, 423
Declaration of Right, 394, 423
Defender of the Faith, 369
Delphi (dell´ figh), 63, 106, 139
Delphic Oracle, 63, 107
Demeter (dee mee´ ter), 61
Demosthenes (dee mos´ the neez), 157 to 159
De Soto, 354
Diana (digh an´ ah), 58
Divine Right of Kings, 386, 390, 398
Domesday Book, 290
Doric (dor´ ik), 148, 149
Draco (dray´ co), 114, 115
Dutch, Dutchman, Dutch Republic, 374
Edison, Thomas Alva, 457
Edward III, 327
Egypt and Egyptians, 22, 27, 28, 30 to 41, 188, 192, 430
Elba, 432, 449
El Dorado (el do rah´ do), 354, 355
Elizabeth Tudor, 372, 374 to 381
England, 186, 223, 264 to 268, 284, 312, etc.
Epicureans (ep ih kew ree´ ans), 236
Epicurus (ep ih kew´ rus), 213
Episcopalians, 304, 365
Eternal City, The, 195
Etruscans (ee trus´ kans), 121, 122
Euphrates River (ew fray´ tees), 21, 22, 26, 42, 100, 106
Excalibur (eks kal´ ih ber), 234
Exodus, 54
Fairfax, Lord, 416
Fates, 61
Father of his Country--Peter the Great, 402
Washington, 419
Ferdinand, King, 338, 344, 367
Feudal System (few´ dal), 273, 277
Florida, 354
Foch, General (fush), 461, 467
Forum of Rome, 195, 206, 216
France, 224, 297, 395, etc.
Franco-Prussian War (frang´ ko-prush´ an), 451, 461
Franklin, Benjamin, 414, 417
Franks, 224, 233
Frederick Barbarossa (bar bah ross´ ah), 297, 298
Frederick the Great, 407 to 410
French Assembly, 452
French Revolution, 420, 422, 429
Freya (fray´ ah), 222
Fulton, Robert, 456
Gabriel (gay´ brih ell), 244
Gargoyles (gar´ goilz), 308
Garibaldi (gar ih ball´ dih), 452
Gaul (gawl), 169, 186, 223
Gautama (gaw´ tah mah), 111 to 113
Genghis Khan (jen´ gis kahn), 316, 317, 402
Genoa (jen´ oh ah), 337
George II, 412
George III, 413 to 418
German, 297, 366, 407, 451, 460
Gipsies, 24, 26
Gladiators (gla dih ay´ tors), 181
Godfrey, 296
Goddess of Reason, 426
Golden Age, 19, 97, 143, 150
Goliath (go ligh´ eth), 70
Gordian Knot (gor´ dih an), 163
Goshen (go´ shen), 51
Goths (gahths), 224
Gracchi (grack´ igh), 183
Graces, 61
Grand Monarch (Louis XIV), 398
Great Fire, 394
Great War, 309
Greece, 56, etc., 64, etc., 124, etc.
Greene, General, 418
Greenland, 271
Guido (gwee´ doh), 437
Gutenberg (goo´ ten berg), 334
Guy, 437
Hamites (ham´ ights), 23, 26, 28, 56
Hamlet, 383
Hammurabi (hah mew rah´ bee), 48
Handel, 437 to 440
Hannibal, 173, 174, 175, 182, 395
Harold, 286, 287
Haroun-al-Rashid (hah roon´ al rah´ shid), 262, 263, 267
Hastings, Battle of, 289
Hathaway, Anne, 381
Hanging Gardens, 101, 108
Hegira (he jigh´ rah), 244 to 249
Hellas (hell´ as), 56
Hellen, 56
Helen, 65 to 67, 79
Helena, 216
Hellenes, 56
Hellespont (hell´ ess pont), 135, 162
Henry VIII, 369 to 372
Hephæstus (he fess´ tus), 58
Hera (hee´ rah), 57
Hercules (her´ kew leez), 214
Hermes (her´ meez), 58
Herodotus (he rod´ o tus), 149, 150, 157
Hieroglyphics (high´ er o gliff icks), 30, 33
Hiram, 76
Holland, 464, 374, 403
Holy City, Holy Land, 293, 296
Homer, 68, 69, 79, 89
Horace, 196
Horatius (ho ray´ shus), 121, 467
Horus (hoh´ rus), 34
Hundred Years’ War, 327 to 329, 335
Huns, 225 to 227
Iceland, 271
Iliad (ill´ ih ad), 67
Incas (in´ kas), 357
India, 109, etc., 165, 387
Indians, 109, 343
Indo-Europeans, 23
Inquisition, 373
Invincible Armada (ar mah´ dah), 375
Ionic (igh on´ ick), 148, 149
Ireland, 465
Irish Free State, 465
Iron Age, 19 to 22, 64, 66
Ironsides, 391
Isabelle, Queen, 339, 367
Isis (igh´ sis), 34
Islam (iss´ lam), 245 to 250
Israel (iz´ rah ell), 50, 51
Israelites (iz´ rah ell ights), 302
Italy, 89, etc., 173, 452
Jacob, 50
James I, 380, 385 to 387, 390, 412, 430
Jamestown, 413
Japan, 112, 445, 446
Jefferson Thomas, 416