DYER, quoted, 44
Eagles, adventure with, 75-77.
Echidna, the, natural history of, 373, 374.
_Echinacea purpureas_, 261.
Egagra, the, reference to, 67.
Egypt, desert of, described, 120;
soil, 152;
vegetable life of, 152-154;
inhabitants of, 183, 184.
_Elæis Guinensis_, 412.
Eland, the, natural history of, 65, 66.
Elburz, Mount, 592.
_Eleasine Corocana_, 242.
_Eleasine Tocussa_, 242.
Electric Eel, the, its nature and phenomena, 364;
mode of catching them, 365, 366.
Elephant, the, natural history of, 286, 450;
various species, habitat, mode of march, 451;
treatment of the young, 451, 452;
mode of entrapping, 452-455;
elephant hunts in Hindostan and Ceylon, 455, 456;
general characteristics, 456-459.
Elephant Seal, the, 568.
El-Kantara, Oases of, described, 158, 159.
ELLIS, Rev. WILLIAM, quoted, 427, 527.
EMERSON, R. W., quoted, 516.
Emu, the, natural history of, 375, 376;
the "Wingless," 377.
England, colonial empire of, 209.
Epacridæ, the, natural history of, 277.
_Ephedra_, 264.
_Ephedra alata_, 148.
Epicea, the, described, 599.
Equatorial Africa, expedition in, by Burton and Speke, 201;
Barth and Denham, 203, 204.
_Erica Cavendishiana_, 255.
Eriocaulons, the, description of, 262.
_Eriodendron Samaüma_, 388.
Erosion, Desert of, its physical features, 128, 131.
Eskimos, or Esquimaux, the, in Arctic America, their
appearance, character, habits, and manners, 578.
Etna, mount, description of, 590;
physical character of, 591.
Eucalyptic, or gum-trees of Australia, described, 279, 280.
Euhydra tribus, 564, 565.
Euphorbiaceæ, the, description of, 248, 254.
Europe, invasions of, by Asiatic tribes, 79.
Falls of the Zambesi, described, 198, 201.
FELINSKA, Madame, quoted, 575.
Fen country of England, the, described, 41;
extent of, 42;
ancient aspect, 42;
modern landscapes, oases, drainage, 43, 44;
present productiveness, 44;
general character, 45.
Fennec, the, characteristics of, 314, 315.
Ficus Indica, or Banyan-tree, 404, 405;
of the Indian Archipelago, 412.
Fish Hawk, the, described, 356.
Fishing Eagle, the, described, 355, 356.
Flamingo, the, description of, 320;
habits of, 321;
varieties of, 353.
Flax, Australian, its properties, 276.
FLETCHER, quoted, 24.
Flying Squirrel, the, natural history of, 500, 501.
Fontainebleau, forest of, described, 17.
FORBES, Professor, quoted, 573.
Forest, a petrified, account of, 117.
Forests, their general features, 379, 380;
botany of, 380;
influence of, on temperature, and properties, 383, 384;
in Europe and Asia, 384;
in America, 385-389;
flora of, 389-394.--See WOODS.
FORGUES, M., quoted, 98, 99.
Fox squirrel, the, natural history of, 500.
Foxes, the Polar, characteristics of, 565.
France, deserts of, described, 13, 14;
mountains of, 14-17;
forests of, 17;
marshes, 17, 18.
FROMENTIN, M., quoted, 132.
Gallago, the, account of, 491.
Gamboge, Indian, its uses, 415, 416.
_Gangeticus Crocodilus_, 323.
Gariep river, the, in South Africa, 191.
Gascony, characteristics of the Llandes of, 24, 27-29;
its sand-hills, 35, 36.
Gavial, the, natural history of, 323.
_Gazella Soemmeringii_, 169.
Gazelles of the Steppes, description of the, 169.
Genets, the, natural history of, 316.
Gentian, the yellow, described, 599.
GERVAIS, M. PAUL, quoted, 371-373, 466.
Ghauts, mountain-range of the, in Hindostan, 595.
Ghonds, cannibalism amongst the, 511.
GIBBON, the historian, quoted, 178, 179.
Gibbon-Lar, the, 478.
Gibbon Monkey, the, character of, 470;
habitat, and natural history of, 477;
various species of, 477-479.
Gibbon-Siamang, the, 477.
Gipsies, the, their habitats, 84;
their various names, and immigration into Europe, 85;
peculiarities of, 86;
in Russia, 87.
Giraffe, the, natural history of, 293, 294.
Glutton, the Arctic, described, 563.
Gneiss mountains, characteristics of, 585, 586.
Gnu, the, natural history of, 294, 295.
Goat, the Wild, described, 67, 607.
Goats' Serpent, the, account of, 326, 327.
Gobi, desert of, its physical features, 97;
plateau of, 47.
GOETHE, quoted, 190.
Goose, the Cerefaced, described, 376.
Gorilla, the, natural history of, 481-486;
its appearance and habits, 482, 483;
mode of hunting, 484.
Gossypium, the, account of, 407.
GOULD, quoted, 371.
Grallatores, the African, characters of, 321.
Gramineæ, the, family of, 437.
Granite, structure of, 585.
Grasses of the American Steppes, 267.
GRAY, Dr., quoted, 291.
Gray Squirrel, the, account of, 499, 500.
Great Karoo, the, described, 188.
Green Climber, the, account of, 327.
GREY, Sir GEORGE, quoted, 376.
Grisly Bear, the, habits and physiology of, 610.
Guacho of the Pampas, the, 230, 231.
Guaiacum, its properties, 264.
Guaranis, the, manners and customs of, 538, 539.
Guatemala, flora of, 266.
Guépard, the, natural history of, 310.
Guiana, savannahs of, 245, 246.
Guinea corn, its properties, 242.
Guinea palm, the, character of, 413.
Guinea pepper, nature of, 246.
_Gulo Arcticus_, 563.
Gymnoti, the, 364.--See ELECTRIC EEL.
_Gynerium saccharoides_, 273.
_Haliætus Leucocephalus_, 355.
Hare, the Arctic, 561.
Hare, the Varying, 67.
Harpy Eagle, the, natural history of, 355.
HARRIS, Major, quoted, 472.
Heather-cock, the, described, 75.
_Hectia Pitcairniæfolia_, 279.
_Helichrysum fruticosum_, 255.
HELL, Madame HOMMAIRE DE, quoted, 50, 58, 61, 62, 63, 81, 84.
HELPS, ARTHUR, quoted, 508, 515, 516.
Hemionus, or Wild Horse, the, natural history of, 290, 291.
Hemippus, or Wild Mare, the, natural history of, 291.
Henna plant, the, properties of, 410.
Heron of the Steppes, the, described, 72;
species of, 72.
HERSCHELL, Sir JOHN, quoted, 589.
HERVE and LANOYE, MM., quoted, 543, 549.
Himalaya Mountains, configuration, structure, and vegetation of, 593;
glaciers of, 594;
cedars and rhododendrons of, 604, 605;
flora of, 605.
Hindostan, flora of, 398-401.
Hindu reverence for the banyan, 405.
Hippopotamus, the, natural history of, 286, 287;
adventure with, 288.
HOMER, quoted, 49, 146.
Honey-guide, the, why so called, 317.
Honeysuckle, the Arctic, described, 556.
HOOKER, Dr. JOSEPH, quoted, 593, 603.
Hops, the African, description of, 298, 299.
HORACE, quoted, 193.
Horeb, Mount, description of, 112.
Horse, the, in America, 350.
Horse, the Wild, description of, 290.
Hottentots, the, character of, 521.
Howling Monkey, physiology of the, 488, 489.
Huanacu, the, uses of, 335.
HUC, the Abbé, quoted, 69, 70, 75, 76, 77.
Hudson's Bay, account of, 546.
HUMBOLDT, A. VON, quoted, 48, 49, 78, 226, 268, 350,
359, 389, 439, 469, 555.
Hungary, mountain system of, 592.
Hurricane in the Steppes, account of, 230.
Hyæna of the Cape, the, natural history of, 313.
_Hyæna villosa_, 313.
_Hydrochærus capybara_, 341.
Hydrophis, the, account of, 378.
_Hylobates cinereus_, 479.
_Hylobates leuciscus_, 478.
_Hylobates syndactylus_, 477, 478.
Hyperborean races, the, their manners, customs, and
characteristics, 570, 571.
Ibis, the, natural history of, 321.
Ice-fields, their aspect, 552.
Ice-mountains, features of, 551.
Ichneumon, the, natural history of, 316.
_Ignatia amara_, 440.
Immortelle, the, characteristics of, 255.
India, palms of, their physiology, 401, 402.
Indian millet, uses of, 242.
Indian oak, its properties, 406.
Indians of North America, their history and character, 532-534.
Indigo, nature and properties of, 246, 407.
_Indigofera tinctoria_, 245.
Ipo-antiar, the, its nature and properties, 416, 417.
Iron Bark Tree, the, uses of, 279, 280.
Iron Mountains, the, vegetation of, 260, 262.
_Isonandra-Percha_, the, its nature, 418.
Jacana, the, characteristics of, 321.
Jaguar, the, natural history of, 350.
_Jalapa officinalis_, 439.
JANIN, JULES, quoted, 18.
_Jatropha manihot_, 242.
Java, vegetable life in, 418, 421.
Jebel-Gaouss, reference to the, 128.
Jebel-Tougour, reference to the, 127.
JEPHSON, quoted, 20.
Jerbilla, the, natural history of, 170, 171.
Jerboa, the, natural history of, 170.
Jocko, the, of Buffon, 479.
JOMARD, M., quoted, 147.
Jordan, valley of the, its physical features, 101, 102.
Kabara, the port of, 204.
Kaffirs, the, character of, 520, 521.
Kaffraria, physical features of, 191;
flora of, 252-256.
Kalihari Desert, physical features of, 191-193;
flora of, 256, 257.
Kalmüks, the, ethnology, religion, character, customs of, 83, 84.
Kamtschatdales, the, physical features of, 577.
Kamtschatka, mountains of, 595.
Kanaks, the, 532.
Kandelung valley, the, account of, 196, 197.
Kangaroo, the Great, physical character, habits, and manners of, 368, 369.
Karroos of South Africa, the, 188, 191.
KEATS, quoted, 196.
Kenia, Mount, in Equatorial Africa, 597.
Kerman, Desert of, 97, 98.
_Khaya Senegalensis_, 410.
Khirgiz, the, races of, 87, 88;
customs, dwellings, attire, 89, 90, 91;
character and mode of life, 91.
Kilimandjaro, Mount, in Equatorial Africa, 597.
Kina-balu, Mount, in Africa, 596.
KINGSLEY, Rev. CHARLES, quoted, 42.
Kite, the Black, reference to, 75.
Kong Mountains, the, in Africa, 596.
Kooloo-Kamba, the, 481.
Koragum, the, described, 71.
Koran, reference to the, 177.
Kordofan, physical features of, 247.
Korosko, Desert of, its physical features, 121, 122.
Korsak, the, described, 71.
Kuen-lun Mountains, the, in Asia, 595.
_Lacerta crocodilus_, 322.
Lagomys, the, natural history of, 561, 562.
LANDOR, W. S., quoted, 282.
LANOYE, F. DE, quoted, 398, 401.
LAORTY-HADJI, Father, quoted, 101, 102.
Laplanders, the, their character, occupation, mode of
life, cradles, huts, and general characters, 571-573.
LATHAM, Dr., quoted, 93.
Lauraceæ, the, family of, described, 407.
_Laurus cinnamomum_, 414.
LAUTURE, Comte ESCAYRAC DE, quoted, 146, 147.
_Lavatera plebeia_, 276.
_Lawsonia inermis_, 410.
Lebanon, mountains of, 595.
_Lecythis ollaria_, 434.
Leeba river, the, 197, 198;
flora of, 257, 258.
Leguminosæ, the, family of, described, 277.
Leopard, the, natural history and anecdotes of, 303-305.
_Lepus variabilis_, 67.
Liana tieuté, described, 417.
_Lichen esculentus_, 173, 174.
_Lignum vitæ_, 264.
_Limoniastrum Guyanianum_, 149.
LINNÆUS (LINNE), quoted, 428, 463, 471, 491.
_Linum marginale_, 276.
Lion, the, natural history of, 300;
old fables respecting, 300;
habits of, 301;
general characters of, 303.
LIVINGSTONE, Dr., quoted, 192, 195, 197, 198, 256,
257, 298, 299, 302, 303, 325, 326.
Llama, the, natural history of, 333;
anecdotes respecting, 337.
Llaneros, the, account of, 220.
Llano-Estacado, the, 219.
Llanora, flora of, 266, 267.
Llanos, the.--See PAMPAS.
Lobata, plains of, 197.
Loganiaceæ, the, family of, described, 417.
LONGFELLOW, quoted, 42, 128, 385, 600.
Lorinthaceæ, family of, described, 251.
Loris, the, natural history of, 491.
LUCAN, quoted, 165.
LUND, Dr., quoted, 496.
Lupata Mountains, in Africa, 191.
LYON, Captain, quoted, 566.
Maca, the, account of, 229.
_Macropus giganteus_, 368, 369.
Madagascar, flora of, 424-428.
Mahari, the, natural history of, 163, 164.
Mahogany Tree, the, account of, 410.
Maïs del Agua, 270.
Makis, the, habits of, 492, 493.
Malabar Squirrel, the, natural history of, 500.
Malays, the, character and habits of, 526, 527.
Mamanchota, Organ Mountain of, 587.
Mammoth, the, natural history of, 448-450.
Man, supposed analogy between the Ape and, 471;
early history of, 515.
Manchineal, the, nature and qualities of, 427, 440.
Mandinké, the, tribe of, 518.
Mandrill, the, described, 469.
Mangrove tree, the, physiology of, 411, 412, 442.
Manioc, the, properties of, 242.
Manna plant, particulars of, 173.
MANT, Bishop, quoted, 72-75.
Mara, the, reference to, 342.
Marmot, the Alpine, account of, 608, 609.
Marquesas Islands, the, inhabitants of, 529, 530.
Marsupials, their physiology and characteristics,
367.--See KANGAROO, PHALANGA, PHASCOLARCTOS, THYLACYNI.
Martagon, the, described, 599.
Martens of the North, the, account of, 562, 563.
MARTIN, Sir ROGER, his exploits as a tiger-killer, 310.
MARTINS, M. CHARLES, quoted, 124, 127, 131, 132, 133, 136,
138, 154, 601, 602.
Massaranduba, the, described, 388, 435.
Mastodon, the, particulars of, 447, 448.
Mauritia Palm, the, uses and importance of, 268.
MAURY, Captain, quoted, 526, 532, 533, 534, 586.
Mauvaises Terres, in Nebraska, description of the, 212.
Mediterranean, the, 542.
Mekran, Desert of, 98.
_Melantha punctuata_, 150, 154, 161, 601, 602.
Mesembryanthema described, 253, 257.
Mexico, Pampas of, 219;
Savage Man in, 537.
MICHELET, quoted, 321, 322.
MILTON, the poet, quoted, 100, 197, 265, 393.
MILTON, Lord, and Dr. CHEADLE, quoted, 385, 386.
_Milvus ater_, 75.--See KITE.
Minizan, destruction of, 38.
Minosa, the, account of, 268.
Mint, Australian, described, 276.
Mirage, the, description of, 143;
its effects and origin, 144, 145;
explanation of, 146;
characteristics of, 147, 148.
Mohammed, reference to, 178.
_Mollugo cerviana_, 253.
Moluccas, Flora of the, 421.
Mongolia, its position, history, present condition, ruined cities, 92;
religion, races, and physical characteristics, 93, 94.
Mongolian family, the, offshoots of, 175.--See ARABS, SHEMITES.
Monkey, the, of the Old World, 468;
of South America, 468, 488.--See CHACMA, DERRIAS,
DOUC, MANDRILL, HOWLING MONKEY, PREACHER MONKEY, RED MONKEY,
SPOTTED MONKEY.
_Monodora myristica_, 246.
Monostremata, the, natural history of, 373-375.--See ECHIDNA.
Montoir, marshes of, 17, 18.
MOORE, quoted, 98, 136, 143, 155, 156.
MORIN, quoted, 203.
Mossamedes, gardens of, 251.
Mosses, Arctic, properties of, 556.
Moufflon, the, description of, 606.
Mount Despair, 238.
Mountains, the, atmosphere of, 582, 583;
distribution and configuration of, 585;
constituents of, 585, 586;
of Europe, 588, 592, 597, 598;
of Asia, 593-596;
of Africa, 596, 597;
vegetable and animal life of, 598-614.
Mourad, Desert of, 127.
Mpongwes, the, account of, 518.
Mulhaçen, Peak of, in the Pyrenees, 591.
MÜLLER, MAX, quoted, 79, 88, 92.
MURRAY, C. A., quoted, 351, 352, 360.
Murray, the river, 235.
_Musa, ensete_, 249.
_Musimon argali_, 606.
_Musimon montanus_, 606.
Musk-deer, the, 608.
Musk-ox, the, 557, 558.
Mustelidæ, the, natural history of, 317.
_Mycetes Beelzebub_, 468, 469.
_Mycetes strumineus_, 468.
Myosotis, the, 601.
_Myrmecophaga piliata_, 346-348.
_Myrsine variabilis_, 277.
Nadjed, table-land of, 111.
Nandau, the, account of, 353.
Nanguer (Gazelle), the, described, 169.
_Narsilia macropus_, 276, 277.
_Nasalis larvatus_, 468.
Natal, coast of, 191.
Nature, the study of, 428, 429.
Negro Cynopithecus, the, described, 467.
Negro, the, habitat of, 516, 517;
his physical peculiarities, 517;
in Africa, 517-521;
in Australia, 522.
_Nelumbium calophyllum_, 259, 262.
_Nepenthes distillatoria_ (or Pitcher Plant), the, described, 421.
New Holland, rivers of, 232.
Ngami, Lake, in Central Africa, 194;
flora of, 257.
Nieuveld Bergen, in South Africa, 187, 597.
Niger, the, delta of, 193; valley of, 204.
Nigritia, vegetation of, 246, 247.
Nile, river, fecundity of, 118, 152;
struggle between it and the Desert, 118;
mountains of, 119;
scenery of the valley of, 120;
sources of the, 203;
valley of, 152.
_Nipa fructicans_, 418.
North America, superiority of, over South America, 209;
Deserts of, 210.--See PRAIRIES.
Noukahiva, islanders of, 530-532.
Nova Zembla, described, 550.
_Nshiégo-Mbouvé_, the, account of, 481.
Nubia, women of, 184, 185.
_Nuphar lutea_, 263.
Nutmeg, the Calebash, account of, 246.
Nux Vomica, its properties, 417.
N'yanyizi-Nyassa, lake in Central Africa, 201.
Nylghau, the, description of, 295.
Oases of the Sahara, 128;
their formation, 154;
vegetable life of the, 155-157;
of El-Kantara, described, 158, 159;
of Ouargla, 159, 160;
springs of, 161;
precarious conditions of the existence of 161, 162.
_OEnothera macrocarpa_, 261.
OEstre, the, 558, 561.
Ombai, inhabitants of, 528, 529.
Onagra, the, natural history of, 291;
description of, 56;
properties and uses, 56-58.
Ophidia, the, physiology and characteristics of, 224, 325.
_Oplismenus colonus_, 242.
_Opuntia frutescens_, 266.
Orang-Outang, habitat of, 472;
description of, 473;
habits of, 473, 474;
general details, 474-476.
Organ Mountains of Brazil, described, 587.
Orinoco, the river, 220, 223.
_Oriza sativa_, its properties, 242.
Ostiaks, the, described, 575;
priests and worship of, 575;
mode of hunting of, 576.
Ostrich, the, natural history of, 317;
anecdotes of, 318;
American species of, 353.
Otter of Kamtschatka, the, described, 564.
Ouaregla, oasis of, described, 159, 160.
Ouistitis, the, account of, 490, 491.
Ourmiah, or Urumiyeh, Salt Lake of, 111.
Ox, the, in America, 330.
Paca, the, natural history of, 341, 342.
Pachydermata, the, characteristics of, 285, 286.
Palisades of the Hudson, 587;
of the Rocky Mountains, 588.
PALLISER, Captain, his expedition of discovery, 385.
Palmaceæ, the, physiology of the family of, 408.
Palm Moriche, the, described, 268, 269.
Palm tree, in Egypt, 152;
growth of, in oases, 156;
properties and uses of the fruit, 157;
general details, 401, 402.
Pampas, the, description of, 219, 220;
inhabitants, 220;
area and physical aspects, 220-231.
Pampas grass, the, uses of, 273.
Pampas Indians, the, characteristics of, 539, 540.
Pampero, the, phenomenon of, 230.
_Pandarus candelabrum_, 245.
Panther, the, natural history of, 303.
Papaw tree, the, character of, 442.
Papuans, the, their manners and customs, 524, 525.
Paradoxures, the, described, 316, 317.
Paraguay river, the, 201.
Pariah Dog of India, described, 315.
PARKYNS, MANSFIELD, quoted, 249, 462.
_Parry_, Captain, expedition of, 580.
_Partux picta_, 295.
Pashiúba tree, the, account of, 388, 389, 446.
Pasom, the, described, 295.
Passiflora, the, order of, 439.
Patagonia, Pampas of, their physical aspect, 227, 228, 273;
vegetable life in the, 258-266.
Patagonians, character of the, 540.
_Paullinia pinnata_, 439.
Peccary of America, its natural history, 330.
Pecherais, the, their habits, 542.
Pelican, the, natural history of, 74, 75.
PENNANT, quoted, 307.
_Pennicellaria spicata_, 242.
_Pennisetum fasciculare_, 275.
Pernambuco, Pampas of, described, 219, 226.
PERRIS, M., quoted, 37.
Peru, conquest of, 206, 209;
plains of, 267, 268.
_Petrogale brachiotis_, 375.
_Petrogale penicillata_, 375.
Phacocoerus, the, natural history of, 289, 290.
Phalanga, the, account of, 371.
Phascolarctos, the, described, 370.
Phascolomys (or Wombat), the, introduced into Europe, 369;
discovery of, 370;
description of, 371.
Philippine Islands, the, vegetable life in, 423.
Phlox, the, character of, 261.
Picakolou, the, natural history of, 325, 326.
_Pimelia axiflora_, 277.
Pine Barrens of Mexico, the, description of, 215, 216.
Pine of New Caledonia, the, 424.
Pipa, the, account of, 363.
_Piper nigrum_, 245.
Pirates of the Desert, 175.
_Pistacia lentiscus_, 148.
_Pistacia terebinthus_, 148.
_Pistia spatulata_, 264.
_Poa Abyssinica_, 142.
Polar Regions, the, extent and area of, 544, 545;
of America, described, 545;
of Asia, 549, 550;
of Europe, 550, 551;
discoveries in, 551-555;
animal and vegetable life in, 555-568;
characters of the inhabitants of, 569-579.
Polecat, the Arctic, described, 563.
Polynesia, cannibalism in, 513;
inhabitants of, their manners and customs, 528-532.
POPE, the poet, quoted, 151, 509.
Porcupine Ant-Eater, the, natural history of, 373, 374.
Porphyry, mountains of, 586.
Portuguese, discoveries of the, in the Terra Australis, 231, 232.
POTT, Professor, quoted, 86.
Prairies of North America, description of the, 211-215;
of Central America, 216-219;
vegetable life in the, 258-266.
Preacher Monkey, the, described, 468.
Primeval Forests, the, characters of, 385, 386.
PRINGLE, quoted, 194.
Proboscideæ, the, physiology of, 447, 448.
Protaceæ, the, account of, 256.
_Proteles Lalandii_, 313, 314.
_Protococcus nivalis_, 601.
_Psamma arenaria_, 31.
_Pteris caudata_, 271.
_Pteromys splendens_, 501.
_Pteromys volans_, 501.
_Pteromys volucella_, 501.
PTOLEMÆUS, reference to, 151.
_Pudonta gigas_, 345.
Puff Adder, the, characters of, 326, 327.
Puma, the, natural history of, 348, 349.
Pyrenees, the, description of, 591.
_Pythecus lar_, 478.
Python Mouse, the, described, 325.
Python of Sunda, the, described, 325.
Quagga, the, natural history of, 291, 292.
Quango, the, valley of, 258.
QUARTERLY REVIEW, quoted, 188.
Quichuas, the, manners and habits of, 540, 541.
Quicksands in Arabia, described, 110, 111.
Quinquina, the, properties of, 441.
Race, influence of, on the world's history, 515, 516.
Races of the Desert, their characteristics, 174-185.
RADIQUET, M. MAX, quoted, 530, 531.
Rafflesia Arnoldi, discovery of, 417;
description of, 418.
Rain in the Sahara, 155.
_Ratellus mellivorus_, 317.
Rattlesnake, the, physiology of, 359-361.
Ravenala Madagascariensis, the, account of, 427.
REACH, ANGUS, quoted, 29, 35.
Red Monkey, the, peculiarities of, 469.
Red Skins, the, ancient distribution of, 534;
false romance with which they have been invested, 534, 535;
various races of, 535, 536;
physical peculiarities of, 536.
Reinaondaban, the, account of, 210.
Reindeer, the, natural history of, 558-561.
RENAN, M., quoted, 176.
RENNIE, JOHN, reference to, 44.
_Retama Duriæi_, 148.
Rhinoceros, the, physiology of, 459, 460;
its habitats, 460;
the Indian species of, 460;
Javanese, 460, 461;
African, 461, 462;
adventure with a, 462.
_Rhizophora mangle_, 411.
_Rhus toxicodendrum_, 259.
RICHARDSON, Sir J., quoted, 211, 561.
Rocellæ, the, nature and properties of, 251.
Rocky Mountains of North America, the, 210, 211.
Rodentia, family of the, described, 169.
Roebuck of Tartary, the, described, 65.
Roggeveld Bergen, the, in South Africa, 187.
ROSE, COOPER, quoted, 462.
Rose of Jericho, the, described, 149.
ROSS, Sir JAMES, quoted, 556, 561;
Arctic discoveries of, 554, 555.
ROWE, Rev. J., quoted, 40.
ROWE, NATHANIEL, quoted, 300.
RUSKIN, J., quoted, 383, 384, 579.
_Saccharum officinarum_, 246.
SACHOT, M. OCTAVE, quoted, 527.
Sagalien, inhabitants of, described, 579.
Sago-palms, the, properties of, 421.
Sahara, the African, its physical aspects, 123, 124;
mountains, 127;
oases, described, 128, 154;
its peculiarity of aspect, 151;
area, 151, 152;
climate of, 155.
Saiga, the, natural history of, 66, 67.
Salsolaceæ, the, properties of, 148.
Salt Desert, the, character of.--See DESERTS.
Salt-wort, described, 148.
Samoiedes, the, history and character of, 573-575.
Sand, Deserts of.--See DESERTS.
Sand-hills of Brittany, the, 32;
their mode of formation, 35;
of Gascony, 35;
density and configuration, 36, 37;
inland encroachments, 37, 38;
their peculiar influence, 38;
of Africa, 133, 134.
_Santalum acuminatum_, 279.
Sapucaya, or Monkey's Nut, the, described, 434.
Sarcoramphus Papa, the, account of, 354.
Sarkha, Desert of, 97.
Sarmiento, Mount, California, 598.
Sarracenia, the, characters of, 262.
Sassafras laurel, the, described, 261, 262.
Savacou, the, described, 354.
Savage Man, his abasement and mean pleasures, 503;
his sanguinary instincts, 504, 505;
his love of intoxicating drinks, want of a literature
and of science, 505;
his intellectual deficiencies as compared with Civilized Man, 506;
his neglect of trade and commerce, imperfect
conceptions of the Supreme Being, 507;
sun-worship, 508;
his priestcraft and superstition, 509;
his low moral standard and cannibal tastes, 510.--For
SAVAGE RACES, see pp. 516-542, and 569-679.
Savannahs of Guinea, their features, 245.
Savenay, marshes of, described, 17, 18.
Saxifragas, the, properties and uses of, 601.
SCHOMBURGK, Sir R., quoted, 417, 439.
_Scindapsus pertusus_, 421.
_Sciurus Alpinus_, account of, 499;
_Carolinensis_, 499, 500;
_getulus_, 500;
_maximus_, 500;
_vulgaris_, 499;
_vulpinus_, 500.
Sea-Bear, the, natural history of, 568.
Sea-Lion, the, natural history of, 568.
Sea-shore Wolf, the, natural history of, 313.
Seal, the, habitats, manners, and physiology of, 568.
Sechura, pampa of, described, 219.
Senegal, serpent-worship of, 323;
serpents of, described, 324.
Senegambia, physical features of, 240, 241;
flora of, 241;
cereal growth of, 241, 242.
Sennaar, physical features of, 247.
Sensitive plant, the, described, 268.
Serpent-Bird, the, of the Cape, natural history of, 321.
Serpents of the Steppes, the, described, 77;
of Asia and Africa, 323-328.--See OPHIDIA, VIPER.
SHAKSPEARE, quoted, 322.
Shekanis, the, account of, 518, 519.
SHELLEY, the poet, quoted, 43, 105, 379.
Shemites, the, characteristics of, 175, 176.--See ARABS,
TIBBOOS, TOURAREGS.
Shepherd races of Asia, their history, manners, customs,
and character, 78, 79.
Shirwa, Lake, in Africa, 201.
Shoa, vegetable life in, 249.
Short-eared Rock Kangaroo, the, natural history of, 375.
Silk-cotton tree, the, properties of, 388.
_Silphium laciniatum_, 260.
_Silphium terebinthinaceum_, 266.
Simoom, the, phenomena and effects of, 135-138.
Sinai, Mount, physical aspect and associations of, 112, 113, 114, 597.
Sioux Indians, cemeteries of the, 215.
Sivas, quicksands of, described, 110, 111.
Skags-tol-tind, Mount, referred to, 588.
Sloth, natural history, habits, and manners of the, 494-496.--See
THREE-TOED SLOTH, TWO-TOED SLOTH.
_Smilax rotundifolia_, 259.
SMITH, SYDNEY, quoted, 274.
SMYTH, Admiral, quoted, 590.
Sneebergen, mountain-range so called, 187, 597.
Snow, perpetual, limit of, 581.
Socotrine aloes, value of, 249.
Solidungulæ, the, order of, 290, 291.
SOMERVILLE, Mrs., quoted, 97, 98, 211, 223, 589.
SONNERAT, M., quoted, 494.
Sorgho grass, properties of, 242.
SOUTHEY, quoted, 404, 405, 508.
South America, inferiority of, to North, 209;
its deserts, 210.--See PAMPAS, VIRGIN FORESTS.
Spain, its conquests in America, 206, 209.
SPENSER, quoted, 356.
Sphagnum, the, properties of, 556.
Spider Monkey, the, described, 489, 490.
Spitzbergen, description of, 550, 551.
Spotted Monkey, the, described, 469.
Squirrel, the, natural history, habits, and characteristics
of, 497-499.--See ALPINE SQUIRREL, BARBARY SQUIRREL,
COMMON SQUIRREL, FLYING SQUIRREL, GRAY SQUIRREL, MALABAR SQUIRREL.
Squirrel Monkey, the, 490.
Stag, the Spotted, described, 340;
Yellow, described, 57.
Staghorn, the, described, 277.
STANLEY, Dean, quoted, 99, 100, 101, 137.
_Stapelia hirsuta_, 234.
Steppes, the, in Europe and Asia, their extent, 46, 47;
their plateaux, 47;
their vegetable life, 47-49;
phenomena connected with, 49, 50;
animal life of, 51;
ornithology, 71-77;
herpetology, 78;
inhabitants, 78.
Steppes of South America, the, surface of, 220;
vegetation, swamps, and conflagrations of, 221-224;
a night on, 225;
inundations of, 226;
solitude of, 227;
Steppes of Patagonia, 227, 228;
Buenos Ayres and the Andes, 228, 229;
of Desplobado, 229;
hurricanes of, 230;
animal life of, 230, 231.
_Sterculia acuminata_, 445.
_Sterculiaceæ_, the, family of, 411.
ST. HILAIRE, AUGUSTUS, quoted, 539.
ST. JOHN, SPENSER, quoted, 596.
_Stipa crinita_, 279.
_Stipa tenacissima_, 150.
STOCQUELER, quoted, 309.
Stork, the, description of, 320.
STRACHEY, Captain, quoted, 593.
_Strelitza regina_, described, 256.
_Struthio camelus_, 318.--See OSTRICH.
Strychnine, nature and properties of, 417.
Styraceæ, family of, their characteristics, 406.
Sugar cane, history of, 246.
Sugar palm, the, described, 418.
Sumatra, vegetable life in, 416, 417;
cannibalism in, 511, 513.
Sun, worship of, once prevalent, 508.
Surinam toad, the, described, 363.
Swamp oak, the, qualities of, 277.
Swan's Marsh, the, reference to, 259.
_Swietenia Mahogani_, its uses, 410.
Table Mountains, the, geography of, 597.
TALFOURD, Sir T. N., quoted, 504, 505.
Tallow tree, the, properties and uses of, 408.
Tamanoir, the, described, 346.
Tamarind, the, characteristics of, 411.
Tamias, the, account of, 502.
Tanganyika, Lake, in Central Africa, 201, 202.
Tanguen, or Tanghin, the, properties of, 427.
Tapioca, commercial value of, 242.
Tapir, the, 288, 289;
natural history of the American, 328;
mode of defence, and peculiarities of, 329, 330.
Tarpan, the, natural history of, 51-55;
reference to, 291.
Tartar-Nogaïs, the, their territories, customs, and religion, 80, 81.
Taro, the, account of, 245.
Tarsi, the, description of, 492.
TAYLOR, HENRY, quoted, 210.
TAYLOR, TOM, Professor, quoted, 20.
Tchad, Lake, discovery of, 203, 204;
description of, 204.
Teak, the, properties and commercial value of, 406.
Tegeter, Mount, referred to, 247.
Telfaria pedata, the, described, 246.
Temperature, laws affecting, 580.
Teneriffe, peak of, described, 597.
TENNYSON, quoted, 14, 28, 44, 151, 231, 596.
Tété, flora of, 258.
Texas, vegetable life of, 262-266.
_Theobroma cacao_, properties of, 245.
Thibet, bear of, 609.
THOMSON, quoted, 119.
_Thrasaëtus_, 355.
Three-toed Sloth, the, natural history of, 496.
Thylacyni, the, natural history of, 371-373.
Ti, the, described, 277.
Tibboos, the, of Africa, their habits and character, 181-183.
Tierra-del-Fuego, inhabitants of, 541.
Tiger, the, natural history of, 305;
described by Buffon, 306;
by Daubenton, 306;
characteristics, habits, swiftness of, 307, 308;
mode of hunting, 309, 310.
Tiger-cats, the, description of, 429.
Tigré, geological features of, 248;
flora of, 248, 249.
_Tillandra usneoides_, 264, 265.
Tip, desert of, 111.
Toads.--See AGUA, BULL-FROG, SURINAM TOAD.
Tocusra, the, 242.
_Todea Africana_, 256.
Toothache-tree, the, described, 264.
Topaz, the, account of, 540.
Touaregs, the, of Africa, their manners, habits, and
characteristics, 181-183.
Trachytic rocks, character of, 588.
Traveller's tree, the, described, 279, 427.
TRECUL, M., quoted, 254, 263, 264, 266.
Tree-ferns, their character, 436, 437.
Trees, colossal, of Peru, 387-389.
TREMAUX, M., quoted, 120, 137, 184, 185.
TREMBLET, M., quoted, 183.
_Trichecus_, 568.
Trigonocephalus, the, description of, 361.
_Tristegis gluttinosa_, 271.
TRISTRAM, Rev. H. B., quoted, 96, 97, 128.
Trumpet-Bird, the, description of, 354.
Tumboa, the, physiology of, 251, 252.
Tupinambis, the, described, 172.
Two-toed Sloth, the, natural history of, 496, 497.
Unau, the, described, 496, 497.
_Unghandia speciosa_, 265.
Upas-tree, the properties of, 416;
fables relating to, 417.
Upper Guinea.--See SENEGAMBIA.
Ural Mountains, the, geology of, 592.
_Urceola elastica_, 418.
_Uvaria Æthiopica_, 246.
Vaquois, the, character of, 421, 428.
Varan of the Nile, the, described, 173.
Varans of the Desert, the, natural history of, 171-173.
Variegated Baboon, the, account of, 469.
Venezuela, pampas of, 220-226.
Vesuvius, Mount, description of, 590.
Vibro, the genus, 429.
Victoria N'yanza, Lake, discovery and account of, 202.
Victoria regia, the, history and description of, 269, 270.
Vicuña, the, natural history of, 335-337.
Vine, the, account of, 246.
Viper, the camel-headed, description of, 361-363.
Vipera cerastes, the, natural history of, 171, 172.
Vipers, the, of the Desert, 166, 171, 172;
of South Africa, 325, 326.
Virgin Forests, their extent and characteristics, 385-392;
vegetable life in, 393, 394;
a day in, 395-397.
Vistula, the river, 592.
_Vitis vinifera_, 246.
Viverridæ, the, natural history of, 316, 317.
Vizcacha, the, described, 342.
Vouabembés, the, cannibalism among, 514.
VON MARTINS, the traveller quoted, 387.
VON TSCHUDI, quoted, 229, 333, 334, 337.
Vosges, the, mountain-range of, 14, 591.
WALLACE, Mr., quoted, 329, 330.
Walrus, the, natural history of, 568.
Water-lily, yellow, the, described, 263.
Water snake, the, habits of, 378.
WATERTON, the naturalist, quoted, 495, 496.
Wells in the Sahara, 161.
WELWITSCH, Dr., quoted, 251.
Welwitschia, the, described, 251, 252.
Whirlwinds of sand, description of, 141, 142.
WHITE, WALTER, quoted, 45.
White wormwood, the, properties of, 150, 151.
Whydah, serpents at, 324.
WILKES, Admiral, quoted, 541, 542;
Arctic discoveries of, 553, 554.
WILLS, W. J., quoted, 236, 238.
WILSON, ALEXANDER, quoted, 355, 356.
Wistman's Wood, description of, 40, 41.
Wolf of Tartary, description of, 68;
his ravages, 68-70.
Wombat, the, 370.--See PHASCOLOMYS.
WOOD, Rev. J. G., quoted, 343, 344.
Woods of Europe, their aspect and characteristics, 397, 398.
WORDSWORTH, quoted, 177, 209, 247.
Wourali, the poison, deadly nature of, 439.
Wou-wou, the, natural history of, 478.
WREDE, Baron DE, quoted, 107, 110.
_Xanthorroea arborea_, 278, 279.
Yakoutes, the, their habits and mode of hunting, 576, 577.
Yucca tréculeana, 266.
YVAN, Dr., quoted, 587.
Zambesi, the, course of, 195, 196;
delta and cascades of, 198, 201;
vegetation of, 258.
Zana, Lake, vegetation on the shores of, 247, 248.
Zebra, the, natural history of, 292.
Zebra Wolf, the, natural history of, 372.
Zibeth, the, described, 316.
Zopelotes, the, described, 354.
Zorga, the, account of, 194.
List of Illustrations.
WHOLE PAGE ENGRAVINGS.
1. A Pyrenean Landscape, 15
2. Celtic Memorials in Brittany, 21
3. The Shepherds of the Landes, 25
4. A Flood in Brittany, 33
5. Wild Horses terrified by a Storm, 53
6. The Dead Sea, 103
7. Caravan in the Desert, 107
8. Lake Baudouin (a Salt Lake), 115
9. Landscape in the Atlas (Region of Tablelands), 125
10. The Sahara (Desert of Erosion), 129
11. French Column surprised by the Simoom, 139
12. Night-Scene in the African Interior, 189
13. Victoria Falls, River Zambesi, 199
14. Prairies of North America, 207
15. View of the "Mauvaises-Terres," Nebraska, 213
16. A Prairie on Fire in Central America, 217
17. Pampas of South America, 221
18. Australian Landscape, 233
19. Vegetable Life in the African Plains, 243
20. Tiger hunting in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, 311
21. Hunter pursued by Peccaries, 331
22. The Virgin Forest of the Gaboon, 381
23. The Virgin Forest in Brazil, 391
24. Tropical Vegetation, 399
25. Flora of the East Indian Islands, 419
26. A Forest in Madagascar, 425
27. Flora of the New World, 443
28. Hunting the Elephant in Africa, 453
29. A Corral in Ceylon, 457
30. Death of an Orang-Outang, 475
31. A Gorilla killing a Negro, 485
32. A Cannibal Feast among the Battas of Sumatra, 511
33. The Desert of Ice (Arctic Pole), 547
34. The Reindeer of Lapland. 559
35. The Condor of the Andes, 611
VIGNETTES.
1. The Tarpan, or Wild Horse, 51
2. Onagra, or Wild Ass, 57
3. Bactrian Camel, 60
4. The Eland, 65
5. Capture of a Wolf by a Kirghiz Horseman, 69
6. Great Bittern--White Heron--Curlew, 73
7. The Eagle of the Steppes, and the Antelope Saiga, 76
8. Cossack Horsemen in the Steppes, 83
9. Night Encampment of Gipsies in the Steppes, 87
10. Khirgiz Aoul or Village, 90
11. Mount Sinai, 113
12. Ravines of Korosko, 122
13. Whirlwinds of Sand, 141
14. A Mirage in the Desert, 145
15. Jujube Tree--Lentiscus--Tamarisk, 150
16. Doum-Palm--Date Palm--Alfa, 153
17. A Street in Ouargla, 159
18. The Mahari--The Djemel, 163
19. Striped Hyænas of the Sahara, 165
20. Jackals disinterring Dead Bodies, 166
21. Gypaëtos--Sociable Vulture--Cathartes Percnopterus, 167
22. Gazelles--Antelope--Nanguer, 169
23. Gazelles of Arabia opposing a Panther, 170
24. Jerboas attacked by a Horned Viper, 171
25. Varan of the Nile--Varan of the Desert, 172
26. Bedouin Shepherds and Bedouin Nomades, 180
27. Touaregs, 181
28. Attack upon a Q'sour, 182
29. Nubian Women, 184
30. Burke, Wills, and King in the Deserts of
Central Australia, 239
31. Vegetable Life in South Africa, 250
32. Vegetable Life of Cape Colony, 253
33. Vegetable Life of Cape Colony, 254
34. Vegetable Life of Cape Colony, 255
35. Vegetable Life in the American Prairies, 261
36. Vegetable Life in Texas, 263
37. Vegetable Life in the Texan Prairies, 265
38. Vegetable Life in the Plains of the Meta, 269
39. Aquatic plants of Guiana, 271
40. Vegetable Life in the Pampas, 272
41. Vegetable Life in Victoria, 276
42. Vegetable Life on the Australian Plains, 278
43. Vegetable Life on the Australian Plains, 280
44. Hippopotamus and Crocodile of the River
Nile, 286
45. Rhinoceros, 289
46. The Daw and the Quagga, 290
47. Zebras, 292
48. A Lion rending a Giraffe, 294
49. Antelope Gnu--Oreas Lanna--Striped
or Banded Gnu, 296
50. An African Hopo, 298
51. The African Leopard, 304
52. Spotted Hyænas, 314
53. Zibeth and Indian Genet, 315
54. Striped Parodoxure devouring a Crested
Goura, 316
55. Ostriches, 319
56. Rose Flamingoes, 321
57. Python Molure--Echidna--Fennec, 326
58. American Tapir, 329
59. Guanaco--Llama--Vicuña, 337
60. Agouti--Capybara, 340
61. Armadillo Loricata--Ant-Eater, 347
62. Cougouars, or Pumas, 349
63. Bison attacked by Jaguar, 350
64. Prairie Wolves, 351
65. Cathartes-Urubu--King of the Vultures, 355
66. Alligators, or Caimans, 357
67. Crotalus, and Boa-Constrictor, 360
68. Trigonocephalus pursued by Birds, 362
69. Bufo Agua--Pipa Surinamensis, 364
70. Fishing for Gymnoti, 365
71. Large-Browed Wombat, 369
72. Thylacynus Cynocephalus, 372
73. Ornithorhynchus--Echidna, 374
74. Apteryx Australis, 377
75. The Banyan Tree, 404
76. Baobab--Guinea Palm--Acacia verek, 409
77. Bread-fruit Tree of Ceylon, 414
78. Nipa fruticans--Sugar Palm--Ipo-Antiar, 416
79. Ravenala Madagascariensia--Heritiera
argentea--Tanghin, 424
80. Large-leaved Magnolia--Virginian Catalpa--Pinas
Sabiniana, 431
81. Blechnum Brasiliense--Alsophila horrida--Panicum
plicatum--Maranta--Caladium violaceum, 436
82. Banana--Carolinea insignis--Clusia rosea, 438
83. Kaffir Hunter carried off by a Rhinoceros, 461
84. Baboons plundering a Garden, 466
85. The Black Cynopithecus, 467
86. Gibbon-Siamang, and Mourning Gibbon, 478
87. Howling Monkeys, 488
88. Ateles crossing a River, 489
89. Maki-Mocoas--White-Mantled Maki, 493
90. Cheiromys, or Aye-Aye of Madagascar, 495
91. Aï-Unau, 497
92. Common European Squirrels, 498
93. Negroes: Natives of Kidi, Africa, 519
94. Kaffir Warriors, 520
95. Hottentots: A Man and Woman, 521
96. Australians, 523
97. Papuans, 524
98. Malays: Male and Two Females, 527
99. Hovas of Madagascar: Men, Woman, and Child, 528
100. Warriors of the Island of Ombai, 529
101. Islanders of Noukahiva, 531
102. Indians of North America. The Red Skins, 533
103. Indian Women of North America, 536
104. The Apaches attacking an Emigrant Train, 537
105. Guarani Indians (South America), 538
106. Patagonians, 539
107. Adelie Land (Antarctic Ocean), 554
108. Ermine and Sable-Marten, 563
109. The White Bear and her Cubs, 567
110. Lapland Fishers, 572
111. A Samoiede Family, 574
112. Yakout Warrior worried by a White Bear, 576
113. Kamtschatdales, 577
114. The Organ Mountains of Rio Janeiro, 586
115. The Himalayas: Mount Guarisankar, 594
116. Fir, with Bearded Usnea--Great Yellow
Gentian--Martagon, 600
117. Cedar of Lebanon, 602
118. Rhododendrons of the Himalaya, 604
119. Musk Deer, 607
120. Black Bear of Canada--Gray Bear of
North America, 610
FOOTNOTES:
[1] The "Mysteries of the Ocean," rendered into English by the
Translator of "The Bird" and of the present volume, is published, as a
companion work, by Messrs. T. Nelson and Sons.
[2] The Jura chain is an outlier of the great Alpine system, and
situated on the border of Switzerland; the Vosges separate the valley
of the Rhine from that of the Moselle (greatest elevation, 469 feet);
and the Cevennes that of the Loire from the basin of the Rhone (greatest
elevation, 5794 feet).
[3] The forest covers an area of about sixty-four square miles. The
château, originally founded by Robert the Pious in 975-990, was rebuilt
in the twelfth century by Louis VII.
[4] Jules Janin, "La Bretagne" (ed. Paris, 1845), c. xvii.
[5] Deane, "Archæologia," vol. xxv.
[6] See Mr. Jephson's "Walking Tour in Brittany," and Tom Taylor's
recent book of "Translations of Breton Songs and Ballads."
[7] P. Fletcher, "The Purple Island," canto i. 45.
[8] Tennyson, Poems: "Mariana."
[9] Angus Reach, "Claret and Olives."
[10] The fir plantations, which are so numerous in the Landes, were
first formed in 1789, under the direction of the minister, M. Necker
(father of Madame de Stael). In 1862, the department had a population of
300,859. Acreage, 2,434,752.
[11] Angus B. Reach, "Claret and Olives."
[12] M. Perris, in "Mémoires de l'Académie de Lyon."
[13] "Dunes," from _dun_, a hill. These sand-mounds also extend along
the coast of the Netherlands, where they serve to protect the low
country from tidal inundation. "In some places," says a traveller, "they
look like a series of irregular hills; and when seen from the top of
the steeples, they are so huge as to shut out the view of the sea. The
traveller, in visiting them from the fertile plains, all at once ascends
into a region of desert barrenness. He walks on and on for miles in a
wilderness such as might be expected to be seen in Africa, and at last
emerges on the sea-shore, where the mode of creation of this singular
kind of territory is at once conspicuous."--_W. Chambers, "Tour in
Holland."_
[14] Rev. S. Rowe, "Perambulation of the Ancient Forest of Dartmoor"
(ed. by Dr. E. Moore; London, 1856).
[15] Mrs. Bray, "The Borders of the Tamar and the Tavy."
[16] Rev. C. Kingsley, in _Good Words_, vol. for 1867, pp. 302-310.
[17] Dyer, "Poetical Works," _The Fleece_, book ii.
[18] Walter White, "Eastern England," ii. 13, 14.
[19] Humboldt, "Ansichten der Natur," vol. i., App.
[20] Humboldt, "Ansichten der Natur," vol. i. (Notes).
[21] Homer, "Iliad," book i.
[22] Madame Hommaire de Hell: "Voyage aux Steppes de la Mer Caspienne,"
tome 1^{er.}
[23] The Onagra is identical with the Koulan (_Equus hemionus_) of the
Persian. It is described in the Book of Job, ch. xxxix. 5-8.
[24] T. W. Atkinson, "Oriental and Western Siberia," pp. 286, 287.
[25] Brande, "Dictionary of Art and Science," art. _Camel_.
[26] Madame de Hell, "Voyage aux Steppes de la Mer Caspienne," tome
I^{er.}
[27] Class I., Mammalia: Order III., Carnaria; Order V., Rodentia; Order
IX., Ruminantia.
[28] Also called the Musmon (_Ovis Musmon_).
[29] This rod, or whip, is furnished with a long cord terminating in
a slip-knot, something like a lasso. With this instrument the Tartars
seize and carry away the horses and wild asses, and, as we see in the
Engraving, capture wolves alive, and satisfy their hatred against
these unfortunate beasts, less ferocious, assuredly, than the Tartars
themselves.
[30] Huc, "Souvenirs d'un Voyage dans la Tartarie, la Thibet, et la
Chine," tome 1^{er.}
[31] Bishop Mant, "British Months."
[32] Atkinson, "Oriental and Western Siberia," pp. 463-465.
[33] Humboldt, "Ansichten der Natur," vol. i.
[34] Prof. Max Müller, "Lectures on the Science of Language," 2nd
Series, p. 309.
[35] The Spanish gipsies call themselves _Calés_ (black). Many
interesting details of this curious people are embodied in George
Borrow's "Zincali; or, An Account of the Gipsies in Spain."
[36] All that is really known about them will be found in Professor
Pott's "Zigeunersprache" (Halle, 1845).
[37] Max Müller, "On the Origin of Language," 2nd series, p. 317.
[38] T. W. Atkinson, "Oriental and Western Siberia," pp. 284-286.
[39] Max Müller, "Origin of Language," pp. 311, 312.
[40] Dr. Latham thus describes their physical characteristics:--"The
face is broad and flat, because the cheek-bones stand out laterally, and
the nasal bones are depressed. The cheek-bones stand out _laterally_;
are not merely projecting, for this they might be without giving much
breadth to the face, inasmuch as they might stand forward. The distance
between the eyes is great, the eyes themselves being oblique, and their
carunculæ concealed. The eyebrows form a low and imperfect arch, black
and scanty. The iris is dark, the cornea yellow. The complexion is
scanty, the stature low. The ears are large, standing out from the head;
the lips thick and fleshy rather than thin; the teeth somewhat oblique
in their insertion, the forehead low and flat, and the hair lank and
thin."--_Descriptive Ethnology._
[41] Rev. H. B. Tristram, "The Great Sahara," p. 360.
[42] Mrs. Somerville, "Physical Geography," vol. i., p. 105.
[43] Moore, "Lalla Rookh"--_Veiled Prophet of Khorassan._
[44] Lake Sir-i-Kol is 15,600 feet above the sea-level; that is, nearly
as high as Mont Blanc. It is fourteen miles long and one mile broad.
[45] Dean Stanley, "Syria and Palestine," pp. 290-294.
[46] Laorty-Hadji, "La Syrie, la Palestine, et la Judée."
[47] Shelley, "Poetical Works"--_Stanzas Written in Dejection_, &c.
[48] A parasang varies in length; in some parts of Persia it measures
thirty, in others fifty furlongs.
[49] Such quicksands are found at some parts of the British coast, and
the reader will remember that in one of them occurs the catastrophe of
Scott's romance, "The Bride of Lammermoor."
[50] Miss Martineau, "Eastern Life: Past and Present."
[51] Coleridge, "Poetical Works"--_Kubla Khan_.
[52] Trémaux, "Egypte et Ethiopie," 1re partie, c. vii.
[53] M. Charles Martins, "Du Spitzberg au Sahara" (Paris, 1866), pp.
555, _et seq._
[54] Martins "Du Spitzberg au Sahara," p. 556.
[55] Tristram, "The Great Sahara," p. 354.
[56] Martins. "Du Spitzberg au Sahara," _in loc._
[57] Fromentin. "Une Eté dans le Sahara."
[58] Moore's "Poetical Works"--_Veiled Prophet of Khorassan_
[59] Martins, "Du Spitzberg au Sahara," p. 562.
[60] Dean Stanley, "Sinai and Palestine," pp. 68, 69.
[61] Philip Smith, "History of the World," i. 286.
[62] T. W. Atkinson, "Travels on the Russo-Chinese Frontiers."
[63] Moore, "Lalla Rookh"--_The Fire-Worshippers_.
[64] Homer, "Odyssey," book xi., Pope's Translation.
[65] M. le Comte d'Escayrac de Lauture, "Le Désert et le Soudan" (Paris,
1853).
[66] Dante, "L'Inferno," c. xiv., Longfellow's Translation.
[67] Order, _Cruciferæ_.
[68] Sub-order, _Tubulifloræ_.
[69] Martins, "Du Spitzberg au Sahara," pp. 565, _et seq._
[70] Moore, "Lalla Rookh"--_The Fire-Worshippers_.
[71] Martins, "Du Spitzberg au Sahara," p. 567.
[72] Tristram, "The Great Sahara," pp. 95-98.
[73] Général Daumas, "Le Grand Desert," pp. 160-162.
[74] Carrette, "Exploration de l'Algérie," tome ii.
[75] This substance, according to other authorities, was more probably
the saccharine exudation, _Mount Sinai manna_, which forms on the
branches of the tamarix mannifera, and thence falls to the ground.
[76] Wordsworth, "Poetical Works"--_Rob Roy's Grave_, vol. iii., p. 21.
[77] Gibbon, "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," v., p. 451.
[78] Tremblet, "Les Français dans le Desert" (Paris, 1863).
[79] Goethe's "Faust," translated by Theodore Martin, p. 202.
[80] Dr. Livingstone, "Missionary Researches in South Africa."
[81] Thomas Pringle, "South African Sketches."
[82] Livingstone, "Missionary Travels and Researches."
[83] Keat's "Poetical Works," sonnet ix.
[84] Livingstone, "Missionary Travels and Researches."
[85] Baker, "Basin of the Nile and Equatorial Africa," ii. 101-103.
[86] Morin, "Sources du Nil," in _Annuaire Scientifique_ for 1864.
[87] Dr. Barth, "Travels and Discoveries in Central Africa" (London,
1857-58).
[88] Wordsworth, "Poetical Works;" sonnet xvi., vol. iii., p. 61.
[89] Taylor, "Isaac Comnenus," Poetical Works, ii. 216.
[90] Mrs. Somerville, "Physical Geography," i. 259, _et seq._
[91] W. C. Bryant, "Poetical Works."
[92] Mrs. Somerville, "Physical Geography," i. 79.
[93] These inundations are nowhere more extensive than in the network of
rivers formed by the Apure, the Arachuna, the Pajara, the Arauca, and
the Cabuliare. Large vessels sail across the country over the Steppe for
forty or fifty miles.
[94] Humboldt, "Ansichten der Natur," i., Steppes and Deserts.
[95] Dr. I. Von Tschudi, "Travels in Peru" (London, 1847), pp. 305, 306.
[96] _Polylepis racemosa._
[97] _Krameria triandria._
[98] Journal of W. J. Wills, _in locis_.
[99] Order, _Euphorbiaceæ_.
[100] Order, _Tiliaceæ_.
[101] Order. _Pandanaceæ_.
[102] Order, _Musaceæ_.
[103] Order, _Anacardiaceæ_.
[104] Mansfield Parkyns, "Life in Abyssinia," i. 226, 227.
[105] Adansonia digitata, a species of Baobab (Order, _Stercubaceæ_).
[106] Order, _Celastraceæ_.
[107] Order, _Rosaceæ_.
[108] Order, _Gnetaceæ_.
[109] Brande, "Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art," iii. 1018,
1019.
[110] Order, _Anacardiaceæ_.
[111] Order, _Ranunculaceæ_; Sub-order, _Actaea_.
[112] Order, _Onagraceæ_, or Evening Primrose Tribe.
[113] Order, _Zygophyllaceæ_.
[114] Humboldt, "Ansichten der Natur"--Steppes and Deserts, note 17.
[115] Order, _Nymphaceæ_.
[116] The Pampas grass is very hardy. Its stems are from ten to fourteen
feet high, its leaves six or eight feet long, and its panicles of
flowers silvery white, and from eighteen inches to two feet in length.
Another Brazilian species of the same _genus, Gynerium saccharoides_,
yields a considerable quantity of sugar.
[117] Sydney Smith, in _Edinburgh Review_, for 1819.
[118] Order, _Amentaceæ_.
[119] Order, _Liliaceæ_.
[120] Order, _Malpighiaceæ_.
[121] Order, _Myrtaceæ_.
[122] The same name, "Traveller's Tree," is applied to the _Urania
speciosa_.
[123] _Pachydermata_, from [Greek: pachus], thick, and [Greek: derma],
skin; an order of quadrupeds distinguished by the thickness of their
hides.
[124] Sir S. Baker, "The Albert N'yanza," &c., i. 65-67.
[125] Livingstone, "Missionary Travels and Researches in South Africa."
[126] Stocqueler, "Handbook to India."
[127] Du Chaillu, "Travels in Equatorial Africa."
[128] Dr. Livingstone, "Missionary Travels and Researches."
[129] F. Buckland, "Curiosities of Natural History."
[130] As in Jer. viii. 7; and Psalm lviii. 4, 5.
[131] Wallace, "Travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro."
[132] Dr. Von Tschudi, "Travels in Peru" (London, 1847).
[133] It was introduced into England by the Earl of Derby in 1836. An
alpaca factory, covering eleven acres, was erected at Saltaire, near
Shipley, Yorkshire, by Mr. Titus Salt, in 1852, and is now the largest
establishment of its kind in the world.
[134] Dr. Von Tschudi, "Travels in Peru."
[135] Dr. Darwin, "Journal of a Naturalist" (Voyage of the Beagle, 3rd
vol.)
[136] H. W. Bates, "The Naturalist on the River Amazons."
[137] Rev. J. G. Wood, "Homes Without Hands."
[138] H. W. Bates, "The Naturalist on the Amazons," pp. 112, 113.
[139] Hon. C. A. Murray, "Travels in North America."
[140] A. Wilson, "American Ornithology."
[141] H. W. Bates, "The Naturalist on the Amazons."
[142] Gould, "Quadrupeds of Australia," _in loc._
[143] M. P. Gervais, "Histoire Naturelle des Mammifères," sub nom.
_Thylacynus_.
[144] Sir. G. Grey, "Expeditions of Discovery in North-Western and
Western Australia" (1840).
[145] Ruskin, "Modern Painters," vol. v., pt. vi., c. i., § 3, 4.
[146] Longfellow, "Poetical Works"--_Evangeline._
[147] Milton and Cheadle, "North-West Passage by Land," chap. xv.
[148] H. W. Bates, "The Naturalist on the River Amazons."
[149] Order, _Lycopodiaceæ_; club-mosses.
[150] Lecythis Ollaria (order, _Lecythidaceæ_).
[151] Bertholletia Excelsa (_Lecythidaceæ_).
[152] Order, _Bignoniaceæ_.
[153] Order, _Leguminosæ_; tribe, Mimosæ.
[154] Order, _Sterculiaceæ_.
[155] Order, _Urticaceæ_.
[156] Iriartea Ventricosa.
[157] H. W. Bates, "The Naturalist on the Amazons," pp. 33, 35.
[158] Matthew Arnold, New Poems: "Empedocles on Etna," p. 16.
[159] F. de Lanoye, "L'Inde Contemporaine," c. 1^{er.}
[160] Order, _Musaceæ_.
[161] Order, _Moraceæ_.
[162] Southey, "Poetical Works"--_The Curse of Kehama._
[163] Craufurd, "The Eastern Archipelago."
[164] Brande, "Dictionary of Science, Literature, and Art," iii. 610.
[165] From the Greek [Greek: epi], upon, and [Greek: phyton], a plant.
[166] Order, _Leguminosæ_.
[167] Rev. W. Ellis, "Three Visits to Madagascar."
[168] Order, _Apocynaceæ_.
[169] The genus _Vibris_ is the type of a tribe of animalcules
commonly known as microscopic eels, remarkable for their extraordinary
minuteness. One species is parasitic upon wheat, and when full
grown attains a quarter of an inch in length; but the young are so
microscopically small that 30,000 might be contained in a single grain
of wheat.
[170] H. W. Bates, "The Naturalist on the Amazons," pp. 37-39.
[171] Dr. Buckland. Bridgewater Treatise, "On Geology and Palæontology,"
&c.
[172] Mansfield Parkyns, "Life in Abyssinia." See some interesting
details in Major Harris's "Sport in the Western Highlands of Ethiopia."
[173] H. W. Bates, "The Naturalist on the Amazons," p. 175.
[174] According to Humboldt, this is an exaggeration: the Howlers
assemble in large numbers, morning and evening, and join in a chorus of
discords, but do not obey a president or leader.
[175] In the foregoing paragraphs I have allowed the French author,
M. Mangin, to express his opinions in his own language. I must guard
myself, however, from being supposed to endorse them as a whole. Between
the most intelligent Simiæ and Man a wide gulf exists, which I see no
reason for supposing the Ape will ever cross. And I believe that his
physical likeness to Man may be satisfactorily referred to that general
progressiveness in creation which we may trace from the lowest to the
highest types.
[176] Du Chaillu, "Travels and Adventures in Equatorial Africa" (London,
1863).
[177] Du Chaillu, "Travels and Adventures in Equatorial Africa."
[178] T. Noon Talfourd, "Dramatic Works."
[179] Arthur Helps, "Spanish Conquest in America."
[180] Pope, "Poetical Works"--_Essay on Man._
[181] Capt. R. F. Burton, "Lake Regions of Equatorial Africa."
[182] R. W. Emerson. "Essays" (Collected Works, Bell & Daldy, 2 vols.)
[183] This was written in September 1867.
[184] Alfred Maury, "La Terre et l'Homme," ch. vii.
[185] For information, as entertaining as it is valuable, respecting
the history, people, and products of Madagascar, see the Rev. William
Ellis's "Three Visits to Madagascar," and M. Octave Sachot's "Madagascar
et les Madécasses" (Paris, 1864).
[186] In the language of the Sandwich Islanders. _Kanak_ or _Kanaque_
signifies "a man."
[187] Compare the narratives of the early voyagers, especially those of
De Bougainville, Cook, and Wallis.
[188] _Hacienda_, a farm; _haciendero_, a farm-proprietor.
[189] Admiral Wilkes, "Narrative of the U. S. Exploring Expedition."
[190] The isothermal line of 0°, which in Europe scarcely touches the
North Cape of Lapland (about 72°), descends in America fully 20 degrees
lower, even to the south of James Bay.
[191] Hervé and Lanoye, "Voyages dans les Glaces du Pôle Arctique,"
chap. i. (Paris, 1854).
[192] Sir James C. Ross "Voyages of Discovery and Research" (London,
1847).
[193] Sir J. Richardson, "Fauna Boreali Americana."
[194] Professor Forbes, "Norway and its Glaciers" (Edinburgh, 1853).
[195] 51° 30' north latitude, the parallel of London.
[196] Compare Malte Brun, ed. by Lavallée, "Géographie Universelle;"
Mrs. Somerville, "Physical Geography;" and Sir J. Herschel, "Physical
Geography" (Encycl. Britt., 9th edit.)
[197] Coleridge, _Hymn in the Valley of Chamouni_. For a glowing account
of these phenomena, see Professor Tyndall's "Glaciers of the Alps."
[198] Admiral Smyth, "The Mediterranean."
[199] Matthew Arnold, "New Poems" (1867)--_Empedocles on Etna_.
[200] Dr. J. Hooker, "Himalayan Journals."
[201] Captain Strachey, "Journal of Royal Geographical Society" (vol.
xxi.)
[202] Spencer St. John, "Life in the Forests of the Far East" (London,
1863).
[203] Longfellow, "Poetical Works."
[204] Charles Martins, "Du Spitzberg au Sahara."
* * * * *
Typographical errors corrected by the etext transcriber:
In the Desert of Kahalari=> In the Desert of Kalahari {pg 256}
the evergeen oak=> the evergreen oak {pg 265}
from Monte Video to the mouth of the Rio Nigro=> from Monte Video to the
mouth of the Rio Negro {pg 276}
salver-shaped carolla=> salver-shaped corolla {pg 427}
incalculable longivity=> incalculable longevity {pg 430}
with its orbed noon=> with its orbed moon {pg 436}
communicates with the larnyx=> communicates with the larynx {pg 473}
Muller, Max, quoted, 79, 88, 92.=> Müller, Max, quoted, 79, 88, 92.
{index}