insurrection in Spain, headed by the two sons of Pompey, Cneius and
Sextus, whom he encountered, on Saturday, the 17th of March, B.C. 45, on
the field of Munda. The battle, though ultimately decisive, was at first
doubtful; for Cæsar's troops had commenced retreating, when their want
of spirit so dispirited him, that, as they ran away, he was near making
away with himself, by the mere force of sympathy. By a last effort,
however, he succeeded in stopping the fugitives, and asked them if they
were mad, to display such flightiness. His appeal was successful; and,
having first come to themselves, they fell upon the enemy. Cneius made
for the shore, and was getting into a ship, when a rope caught his foot,
and he remained tied by the leg in a most perilous position. Having
endeavoured for some time to effect his own extrication from the cable,
which proved utterly impracti-cable, he called to one of his
companions, who endeavoured to cut the rope, and in doing so, wounded
Cneius. The unhappy sufferer attempted to fly, but being pursued to
within an inch of his life, he naturally had not a foot to spare; and
finding himself deprived of the use of one of his legs; he was, of
course, in a sad hobble. He had got on shore, and had just placed his
foot in a doctor's hands, when he was overtaken and killed by the enemy.
His brother Sextus made his escape; and his hopes of rulership being at
an end, he commenced the trade of a robber, which is not a very
different kind of business from that of government in the days of
military despotism.
On Cæsar's return to Rome he was received with increased adulation,
though his victory had been over the Romans themselves; who, by
acquiescing in their own degradation, became fully deserving of all the
acts of tyranny they were made the victims of. Success, however, is the
idol to which the multitude will bow, let the object of adoration be
either good or evil; and it is only when the latter encounters the fall,
which, sooner or later, must be its inevitable fate, that the _Vox Dei_
is really echoed by the _Vox Populi_.
We must, however, accept with caution the accounts of the rejoicings
that are described as attending the dictatorship of one who had so
completely subjugated his country, that murder or banishment, without
trial, had become the certain fate of every one who should venture to
express the smallest disapprobation of any of his measures. Nothing is
easier than for one who has a drawn sword ready for every hostile
throat, to style himself the "father of his country," and to exercise
the ancient privilege of paternity by taking the lives of such of his
children as might rebel against his parental authority. It was easy to
decree a thanksgiving of fifty days, and to obtain its outward
observance, when instant death at the hands of a mercenary might be the
fate of any one expressing a doubt as to having much to be grateful for.
The statues of the usurper were placed in all the temples; but this was
no test of true popularity; for if an armed band should break into our
house, take forcible possession of all its contents, rob us of all we
possess, and spend a portion of the proceeds in placing a bust of the
head of the banditti in our principal apartments, it would be no proof
of his being a favourite of ours. He decreed himself imperator, or
Emperor, for life,--a proceeding no less impudent than that of a
burglar, who, having broken into our premises, calls himself the
landlord of the property. He declared his own person sacred--a poor
consolation for a tyrant who knows that there is a curse which must
eventually be brought terribly down upon all injustice and iniquity. He
seized upon half the magistracies, as his own private property, to be
given away by himself; and he virtually seized upon the other half, by
claiming the nomination of the candidates. He was, in fact, supreme and
sole master of the Republic; and without any one of the conditions which
are absolutely essential to the permanency of power. His usurpation had
neither law, morality, justice, nor reason--nor even that hollowest of
all mockeries, expediency--to rest upon. The first utterance of the
public voice, when free to speak, must have overwhelmed him with one
shout of indignant execration; and the first movement of the popular
arm, when freed from its ignoble paralysis, must have hurled him from
power.
Some supporters of the miserable and unprincipled fallacy, that the end
justifies the means, have pointed to some of Cæsar's salutary acts, as
an excuse for his usurpation; but that right can never result from
wrong, is shown in the fate which the Dictator soon met with. His aim
was evidently the monarchy; and his adherent, Antony, caused a statue of
Cæsar to be crowned; when two Tribunes seeing the diadem, and perceiving
that there was an intention of trying it on, ordered it to be taken off
again. The Dictator of the republic was so offended at this outrage on
the symbols of monarchy, that he was on the point of putting the
Tribunes to death, when it was suggested to him that exile might do as
well, and he accordingly sent them into banishment.
It is one of the numerous penalties of iniquity, that its own example
may be followed in opposition to itself; and that he who uses
lawlessness and violence to attain his ends, may find them conducing to
his own, in a sense he had not expected. The sentiments which, in
contact with the open air of freedom, form the wholesome breath of
public opinion, can never be stifled and pent up, without generating the
foul and dangerous vapours of conspiracy. This noxious poison speedily
forms itself among an enslaved people, and an explosion eventually takes
place, which removes a load of oppression, and clears the political
atmosphere.
A conspiracy had been for some time forming against Cæsar's life; and a
band of about sixty, headed by M. Brutus and C. Cassius, had resolved on
his downfall. The Dictator kept continually aiming at the crown, which
he might perhaps have worn in dignity and safety, had he sought to gain
it by honest means; for the nation had become so heartily sick of the
alternate farce and tragedy of a Republic, that the necessity for some
permanent authority based on law was on all hands admitted. He had,
however, tried to effect his object by the cunning of a knave, the
audacity of a thief, and the inhumanity of a butcher.
When a sovereign is really wanted, much may be done for a candidate who
has circumstances, seconded by prudence, honour, and ability, on his
side; but that crown is not worth an hour's purchase which is seized by
force, fraud, and cruelty. The last trick of Cæsar, in trying to turn
his usurpation into a right, was a pretence that the Sibylline books,
having declared the Parthians could be conquered by none but a king, it
was necessary to make him one. The Senate was to meet to consider the
matter, on the 15th of March, in Pompey's Curia, where now stands the
Palazzo Massimi. The professional augurs had already begun to prophesy,
on the strength of those shadows which precede coming events; and Cæsar
was so puffed up with self-conceit, and the people had been so long his
abject slaves, that he had almost learned to believe the world would
never throw off the atom that had got to the top of it. His wife had, it
is said, an unfavourable dream, on the day previous to the meeting; but
Cæsar smiled at her warnings, and told her that her night-mare proceeded
from some ridiculous mare's nest. Cæsar walked down to the house of
assembly, chatting arm-in-arm with the Consul, Decimus Brutus. Seeing in
the crowd an augur, who had told him to beware of the Ides of March,
Cæsar observed, smiling, "Well, here they are; and here am I;" to which,
"Wait till they are gone, and then where are you?" was the only reply of
the soothsayer.
The secret of the conspiracy, which had been hitherto well kept, now
began to ooze out in all directions; and nearly everybody that Cæsar met
thrust a paper into his hand, or dropped a whisper into his ear; but he
would read and listen to nothing.
The Senators rose on his entrance; and when he took his seat the
conspirators got round about him, until one of them, Metellus Cimber,
came rather intrusively to close quarters, with a petition. Cæsar gave
him a slight push, as a hint to him to keep his distance; and Cimber, as
if to catch himself, took hold of the Dictator's toga, which was the
signal agreed upon. Casca instantly stabbed him in the neck, when
Cassius followed up the blow with a poke in the ribs; and Brutus had
raised his hand with a dagger in it, when Cæsar exclaiming, "_Et tu,
Brute!_"--And you!--you, Brute!--staggered to the foot of Pompey's
statue, that he might form a _tableau_ as he expired.
The republic was now virtually, if not nominally, at an end, though a
faint struggle was still made by the murderers of Cæsar, who ran through
the streets, proclaiming that they had killed a king, but obtained no
praise for the achievement. Antony, on the other hand, created an
immense sensation, by exhibiting the identical toga in which Cæsar had
fallen, and thrusting his ten fingers through twice as many large holes,
which he declared had been made by the assassins' daggers. Not satisfied
with making the most of Cæsar's wardrobe, Antony appropriated the money
of the deceased; and while the widow was wrapped in grief, with her face
buried in her hands, her late husband's friend was carrying off all he
could lay his hands upon. Antony had been at once grasping and prodigal,
giving away with one hand what he had snatched with the other; and
buying at a liberal price what he had no means of paying for.
His rival in the contest for the supreme power was Octavius, the son of
a daughter of Cæsar's sister, and who, with no other qualification than
that of nephew to his uncle, had the impudence to claim absolute
dominion over a great but broken-spirited nation. This individual was
without character or courage; and though afraid to be left in the dark,
he was still more afraid of the light; for he felt that his own actions
would not bear looking at. His cowardice had the usual effect upon him,
for it made him cruel; and though there was nothing but his name to make
him a favourite with the army, he had betrayed the soldiers into the
disgrace of turning their arms on their fellow-citizens. By a constant
use of the name of his uncle, he succeeded in cozening a people who
sought only permanence in their institutions; and Antony being
ultimately subdued, more by his own feebleness as a voluptuary, than by
the strength of his opponent, an empire fell into the hands of Octavius.
He was invested with the title of Imperator for life; and he retained
his position till his death--a circumstance to be attributed to the
conviction that had been brought home to the popular mind, that the
constant changing of the head of a State is a source of constant danger
to the peace and happiness of the whole community.
[Illustration: The End of Julius Cæsar.]
FOOTNOTES:
[75] Those who doubt the accuracy of this description, may consult
Plutarch's "Life of Crassus."
[76] This story of the mattress, though gravely told, is somewhat
doubtful, and is hardly worth the straw involved in it.
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