Do you not think Columbus must have felt very fine as he sailed out of
Cadiz Harbor on his second voyage to the West? It was just about a year
before, you know, that his feeble fleet of three little ships sailed
from Palos port. His hundred sailors hated to go; his friends were few;
everybody else said he was crazy; his success was very doubtful. Now,
as he stood on the high quarter-deck of his big flag-ship, the Maria
Galante, he was a great man. By appointment of his king and queen he
was "Admiral of the Ocean Seas" and "Viceroy of the Indies." He
had servants, to do as he directed; he had supreme command over the
seventeen ships of his fleet, large and small; fifteen hundred men
joyfully crowded his decks, while thousands left at home wished that
they might go with him, too. He had soldiers and sailors, horsemen and
footmen; his ships were filled with all the things necessary for trading
with the Indians and the great merchants of Cathay, and for building the
homes of those who wished to live in the lands beyond the sea.
Everything looked so well and everybody was so full of hope and
expectation that the Admiral felt that now his fondest dreams were
coming to pass and that he was a great man indeed.
This was to be a hunt for gold. And so sure of success was Columbus that
he promised the king and queen of Spain, out of the money he should make
on this voyage, to, himself pay for the fitting out of a great army of
fifty thousand foot soldiers and four thousand horsemen to drive away
the pagan Turks who had captured and held possession of the city of
Jerusalem and the sepulcher of Christ. For this had been the chief
desire, for years and years, of the Christian people of Europe. To
accomplish it many brave knights and warriors had fought and failed. But
now Columbus was certain he could do it.
So, out into the western ocean sailed the great expedition of the
Admiral. He sailed first to the Canary Isles, where he took aboard wood
and water and many cattle, sheep and swine. Then, on the seventeenth of
October, he steered straight out into the broad Atlantic, and on Sunday,
the third of November, he saw the hill-tops of one of the West India
Islands that he named Dominica. You can find it on your map of the West
Indies.
For days he sailed on, passing island after island, landing on some and
giving them names. Some of them were inhabited, some of them were not;
some were very large, some were very small. But none of them helped
him in any way to find Cathay, so at last he steered toward Hayti (or
Hispaniola, as he called it) and the little ship-built fortress of La
Navidad, where his forty comrades had been left.
On the twenty-seventh of November, the fleet of the Admiral cast anchor
off the solitary fort. It was night. No light was to be seen on the
shore; through the darkness nothing could be made out that looked like
the walls of the fort. Columbus fired a cannon; then he fired another.
The echoes were the only answer. They must be sound sleepers in our
fortress there, said the Admiral. At last, over the water he heard the
sound of oars--or was it the dip of a paddle? A voice called for the
Admiral; but it was not a Spanish voice. The interpreter--who was
the only one left of those ten stolen Indians carried by Columbus to
Spain--came to the Admiral's side; by the light of the ship's lantern
they could make out the figure of an Indian in his canoe. He brought
presents from his chief. But where are my men at the fort? asked the
Admiral. And then the whole sad story was told.
The fort of La Navidad was destroyed; the Spaniards were all dead; the
first attempt of Spain to start a colony in the new world was a terrible
failure. And for it the Spaniards themselves were to blame.
After Columbus had left them, the forty men in the fort did not do as
he told them or as they had solemnly promised. They were lazy; they were
rough; they treated the Indians badly; they quarreled among themselves;
some of them ran off to live in the woods. Then sickness came; there
were two "sides," each one jealous of the other; the Indians became
enemies. A fiery war-chief from the hills, whose name was Caonabo, led
the Indians against the white men. The fort and village were surprised,
surrounded and destroyed. And the little band of "conquerors"--as the
Spaniards loved to call themselves--was itself conquered and killed.
It was a terrible disappointment to Columbus. The men in whom he had
trusted had proved false. The gold he had told them to get together they
had not even found. His plans had all gone wrong.
But Columbus was not the man to stay defeated. His fort was destroyed,
his men were killed, his settlement was a failure. It can't be helped
now, he said. I will try again.
This time he would not only build a fort, he would build a city. He had
men and material enough to do this and to do it well. So he set to work.
But the place where he had built from the wreck of the unlucky Santa
Maria his unlucky fort of La Navidad did not suit him. It was low, damp
and unhealthy. He must find a better place. After looking about for some
time he finally selected a place on the northern side of the island. You
can find it if you look at the map of Hayti in the West Indies; it is
near to Cape Isabella.
He found here a good harbor for ships, a good place on the rocks for a
fort, and good land for gardens. Here Columbus laid out his new town,
and called it after his friend the queen of Spain, the city of Isabella.
He marked out a central spot for his park or square; around this ran
a street, and along this street he built large stone buildings for a
storehouse, a church and a house for himself, as governor of the colony.
On the side streets were built the houses for the people who were to
live in the new town, while on a rocky point with its queer little round
tower looking out to sea stood the stone fort to protect the little
city. It was the first settlement made by white men in all the great new
world of America.
You must know that there are some very wise and very bright people who
do not agree to this. They say that nearly five hundred years before
Columbus landed, a Norwegian prince or viking, whose name was Leif
Ericsson, had built on the banks of the beautiful Charles River, some
twelve miles from Boston, a city which he called Norumbega.
But this has not really been proved. It is almost all the fancy of a
wise man who has studied it out for himself, and says he believes there
was such a city. But he does not really know it as we know of the city
of Isabella, and so we must still say that Christopher Columbus really
discovered America and built the first fort and the first city on its
shores--although he thought he was doing all this in Asia, on the shores
of China or Japan.
When Columbus had his people nearly settled in their new city of
Isabella, he remembered that the main thing he was sent to do was to get
together as much gold as possible. His men were already grumbling. They
had come over the sea, they said, not to dig cellars and build huts, but
to find gold--gold that should make them rich and great and happy.
So Columbus set to work gold-hunting. At first things seemed to promise
success. The Indians told big stories of gold to be found in the
mountains of Hayti; the men sent to the mountains discovered signs of
gold, and at once Columbus sent home joyful tidings to the king and
queen of Spain.
Then he and his men hunted everywhere for the glittering yellow metal.
They fished for it in the streams; they dug for it in the earth; they
drove the Indians to hunt for it also until the poor redmen learned to
hate the very sound of the word gold, and believed that this was all the
white men lived for, cared for or worked for; holding up a piece of
this hated gold the Indians would say, one to another: "Behold the
Christian's god!" And so it came about that the poor worried natives,
who were not used to such hard work, took the easiest way out of it all,
and told the Spaniards the biggest kind of lies as to where gold might
be found--always away off somewhere else--if only the white men would go
there to look for it.
On the thirteenth of January, 1494, Columbus sent back to Spain twelve
of his seventeen ships. He did not send back in them to the king, and
queen, the gold he had promised. He sent back the letters that promised
gold; he sent back as prisoners for punishment some of the most
discontented and quarrelsome of his colonists; and, worst of all, he
sent to the king and queen a note asking, them to permit him to send to
Spain all the Indians he could catch, to be sold as slaves. He said that
by doing this they could make "good Christians" of the Indians, while
the money that came from selling the natives would buy cattle for the
colony and leave some money for the royal money-chests.
It is not pleasant to think this of so great a man as Columbus. But
it is true, and he is really the man who, started the slave-trade in
America. Of course things were very different in his time from what they
are to-day, and people did not think so badly of this horrible business.
But some good men did, and spoke out boldly against it. What they said
was not of much use, however, and slavery was started in the new world.
And from that act of Columbus came much sorrow and trouble for the land
he found. Even the great war between the northern and southern sections
of our own United States, upon one side or the other of which your
fathers, or your grandfathers perhaps, fought with gun and sword, was
brought about by this act of the great Admiral Columbus hundreds of
years before.
So the twelve ships sailed back to Spain, and Columbus, with his five
remaining ships, his soldiers and his colonists, remained in the new
city of Isabella to keep up the hunt for gold or to become farmers in
the new world.