considerably below the average market price for a good article. It
should also be remarked that the amounts given in this table are the
digestible and hence available constituents of the foods. The only
exception to this is in the case of the fats and carbohydrates of the
mushrooms, no digestion experiments having been reported on these
constituents. In the absence of data we have assumed that they were
entirely digested.
The beef and beans are typical animal and vegetable foods of the proteid
class. A glance at the table will show how markedly they differ from the
mushrooms. The latter are nearest the cabbage in composition and
nutritive value. The similarity between the cabbage and the _Agaricus
campestris_ here analyzed is very striking. The potato is somewhat
poorer in fat, but very much richer than the mushroom in carbohydrates.
The figures in the last column will vary of course with fluctuations in
the market price, but such variation will not interfere at any time with
the demonstration that _purchased_ mushrooms are not a poor man's food.
Here we find that one cent invested in cabbage at 1-1/2 cents per pound,
gives 93 _calories_ of nutrition, while the same amount invested in
_Agaricus campestris_--the common mushroom of our markets--would give
but 5.3 _calories_, although they are almost identical so far as
nutritive value is concerned.
The same sum invested in wheat flour, with its high carbohydrate and
good proteid content, would yield 658 _calories_ or one-sixth the amount
necessary to sustain a man at work for one day. The amount of mushrooms
necessary for the same result is a matter of simple computation.
Mushrooms, however, have a distinct and very great value as a food of
the third class, that is, as condiments or food accessories, and their
value as such is beyond the computation of the chemist or the
physiologist, and doubtless varies with different individuals. They are
among the most appetizing of table delicacies and add greatly to the
palatability of many foods when cooked with them. It is surely as unfair
to decry the mushroom on account of its low nutritive value, as it is
wrong to attribute to it qualities which are nothing short of absurd in
view of its composition. In some respects its place as a food is not
unlike that of the oyster, celery, berries, and other delicacies. Worked
out on the basis of nutritive value alone they would all be condemned;
the oyster for instance presents a showing but little better than the
mushroom, and vastly inferior, so far as economy is concerned, to the
common potato. This, too, for oysters purchased by the quart. The
nutritive value of one cent's worth of oysters "on the half shell" would
be interesting!
The question of the toxicology of the higher fungi is one of very great
theoretical and practical interest. But on account of the great
difficulties in the way of such investigations comparatively little has
yet been accomplished. A few toxic compounds belonging chiefly to the
class termed alkaloids have, however, been definitely isolated.
=Choline.=--This alkaloid is of wide occurrence in the animal and
vegetable kingdoms. It has been isolated from _Amanita muscaria_, _A.
pantherina_, _Boletus luridus_, and _Helvella esculenta_. It is not very
toxic, but on uniting with oxygen it passes over to muscarine. According
to Kobert the substance formed from choline on the decay of the
mushrooms containing it is not muscarine, but a very closely related
alkaloid, _neurin_. This transformation of a comparatively harmless
alkaloid to an extremely deadly one simply by the partial decay of the
plant in which the former is normally found, emphasizes very much the
wisdom of rejecting for table use all specimens which are not entirely
fresh. This advice applies to all kinds of mushrooms, and to worm-eaten
and otherwise injured, as well as decayed ones. Neurin is almost
identical in its physiological effects with muscarine, which is
described below.
=Muscarine.=--This is the most important because the most dangerous
alkaloid found in the mushrooms. It is most abundant in _Amanita
muscaria_, it is also found in considerable quantity in _Amanita
pantherina_, and to a lesser, but still very dangerous extent in
_Boletus luridus_ and _Russula emetica_. It is quite probably identical
with bulbosine, isolated from _Amanita phalloides_ by Boudier.
_Muscarine_ is an extremely violent poison, .003 to .005 of a gram (.06
grain) being a very dangerous dose for a man. Like other constituents of
mushrooms, the amount of muscarine present varies very greatly with
varying conditions of soil and climate. This, indeed, may account for
the fact that _Boletus luridus_ is regarded as an edible mushroom in
certain parts of Europe, the environment being such that little or no
muscarine is developed.
According to Kobert, _Amanita muscaria_ contains, besides choline and
muscarine, a third alkaloid, _pilz-atropin_. This alkaloid, like
ordinary atropin, neutralizes to a greater or less extent the muscarine.
The amount of pilz-atropin present varies, as other constituents of
mushrooms vary, with varying conditions of soil, climate, etc., and it
may be that in those localities where the _Amanita muscaria_ is used for
food the conditions are favorable for a large production of pilz-atropin
which neutralizes the muscarine, thus making the plant harmless. Be
this as it may, _Amanita muscaria_, so deadly as ordinarily found, is
undoubtedly used quite largely as food in parts of France and Russia,
and it has been eaten repeatedly in certain localities in this country
without harm.
Fortunately muscarine has a very unpleasant taste. It is interesting in
this connection to note that the _Amanita muscaria_ is said to be used
by the inhabitants of Northern Russia--particularly the Koraks--as a
means of inducing intoxication. To overcome the extremely unpleasant
taste of the plant they swallow pieces of the dried cap without chewing
them, or boil them in water and drink the decoction with other
substances which disguise the taste.
The symptoms of poisoning with muscarine are not at once evident, as is
the case with several of the less virulent poisons. They usually appear
in from one-half to two hours. For the symptoms in detail we shall quote
from Mr. V. K. Chestnut, Dept. of Agr., Washington (Circular No. 13,
Div. of Bot.): "Vomiting and diarrhoea almost always occur, with a
pronounced flow of saliva, suppression of the urine, and various
cerebral phenomena beginning with giddiness, loss of confidence in one's
ability to make ordinary movements, and derangements of vision. This is
succeeded by stupor, cold sweats, and a very marked weakening of the
heart's action. In case of rapid recovery the stupor is short and
usually marked with mild delirium. In fatal cases the stupor continues
from one to two or three days, and death at last ensues from the gradual
weakening and final stoppage of the heart's action."
The treatment for poisoning by muscarine consists primarily in removing
the unabsorbed portion of the mushroom from the alimentary canal and in
counteracting the effect of muscarine on the heart. The action of this
organ should be fortified at once by the subcutaneous injection, by a
physician, of atropine in doses of from one one-hundredth to
one-fiftieth of a grain. The strongest emetics, such as sulphate of zinc
or apomorphine, should be used, though in case of profound stupor even
these may not produce the desired action. Freshly ignited charcoal or
two grains of a one per cent. alkaline solution of permanganate of
potash may then be administered, in order, in the case of the former
substance, to absorb the poison, or, in the case of the latter, to
decompose it. This should be followed by oils or oleaginous purgatives,
and the intestines should be cleaned and washed out with an enema of
warm water and turpentine.
Experiments on animals poisoned by _Amanita muscaria_ and with pure
muscarine show very clearly that when the heart has nearly ceased to
beat it may be stimulated to strong action almost instantly by the use
of atropine. Its use as thus demonstrated has been the means of saving
numerous lives. We have in this alkaloid an almost perfect physiological
antidote for muscarine, and therefore in such cases of poisoning its use
should be pushed as heroically as the symptoms of the case will warrant.
The presence of phallin in _Amanita muscaria_ is possible, and its
symptoms should be looked for in the red color of the blood serum
discharged from the intestines.
=Phallin.=--The exact chemical nature of this extremely toxic substance
is not certainly known, but it is generally conceded to be of an
albuminous nature. That it is an extremely deadly poison is shown by the
fact that .0015 grain per 2 lbs. weight of the animal is a fatal dose
for cats and dogs. It is the active principle of the most deadly of all
mushrooms, the _Amanita phalloides_, or death-cup fungus. We quote again
from Mr. Chestnut's account of phallin and its treatment: "The
fundamental injury is not due, as in the case of muscarine, to a
paralysis of the nerves controlling the action of the heart, but to a
direct effect on the blood corpuscles. These are quickly dissolved by
phallin, the blood serum escaping from the blood vessels into the
alimentary canal, and the whole system being rapidly drained of its
vitality. No bad taste warns the victim, nor do the preliminary symptoms
begin until nine to fourteen hours after the poisonous mushrooms are
eaten. There is then considerable abdominal pain and there may be cramps
in the legs and other nervous phenomena, such as convulsions, and even
lockjaw or other kinds of tetanic spasms. The pulse is weak, the
abdominal pain is rapidly followed by nausea, vomiting, and extreme
diarrhoea, the intestinal discharges assuming the 'rice-water'
condition characteristic of cholera. The latter symptoms are
persistently maintained, generally without loss of consciousness, until
death ensues, which happens in from two to four days. There is no known
antidote by which the effects of phallin can be counteracted. The
undigested material, if not already vomited, should, however, be removed
from the stomach and intestines by methods similar to those given for
cases of poisoning by _Amanita muscaria_.
"After that the remainder of the poison, if the amount of phallin
already taken up by the system is not too large, may wear itself out on
the blood and the patient may recover. It is suggested that this
wearing-out process may be assisted by transfusing into the veins blood
freshly taken from some warm-blooded animal. The depletion of the blood
serum might be remedied by similar transfusions of salt and warm water."
=Helvellic Acid.=--This very deadly poison is sometimes found in
_Helvella esculenta_ Persoon (Gyromitra esculenta), particularly in old
or decaying specimens. It has been studied and named by Boehm. It is
quite soluble in hot water, and in some localities this species of
_Helvella_ is always parboiled--the water being thrown away--before it
is prepared for the table. It seems to be quite generally agreed that
young and perfectly fresh specimens are free from the poison. As the
poison is very violent, however, this plant should be carefully avoided.
The symptoms resemble in a very marked degree those of the deadly
phallin, the dissolution of the red corpuscles of the blood being one of
the most marked and most dangerous; this is accompanied by nausea,
vomiting, jaundice, and stoppage of the kidneys. There is no known
antidote for this poison, hence the little that can be done would be
similar to that mentioned under phallin.
When poisoning by mushrooms is suspected, one cannot too strongly urge
that the services of a competent physician should be secured with the
least possible delay.
CHAPTER XXIII.
DESCRIPTION OF TERMS APPLIED TO CERTAIN STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS OF
MUSHROOMS.
By H. HASSELBRING.
In fungi, as in higher plants, each organ or part of the plant is
subject to a great number of variations which appeal to the eye of the
student, and by which he recognizes relationship among the various
individuals, species, and genera of this group. For the purpose of
systematic studies of mushrooms or even for the recognition of a few
species, it is of primary importance to be acquainted with terms used in
describing different types of variation. Only a few of the more
important terms, such as are employed in this book, together with
diagrams illustrating typical cases to which they are applied, will be
given here.
=The pileus.=--The _pileus_ or _cap_ is the first part of a mushroom
which attracts the attention of the collector. It is the fleshy fruit
body of the plant. This, like all other parts of the mushroom, is made
up, not of cellular tissue as we find it in flowering plants, but of
numerous interwoven threads, called _hyphæ_, which constitute the flesh
or _trama_ of the pileus. Ordinarily, the filamentous structure of the
flesh is very obvious when a thin section of the cap is examined under
the microscope, but in certain genera, as _Russula_ and _Lactarius_,
many branches of the _hyphæ_ become greatly enlarged, forming little
vesicles or bladders. These vesicles lie in groups all through the flesh
of the pileus, sometimes forming the greater part of its substance. The
filamentous _hyphæ_ pass around and through these groups, filling up the
interstices. In cross section this tissue resembles parenchyma, and
appears as if it were made up of rounded cells. Such a trama is said to
be _vesiculose_ to distinguish it from the ordinary or _floccose_ trama.
The threads on the outer surface of the pileus constitute the cortex or
cuticle. They are thick walled and often contain coloring matter which
gives the plants their characteristic color. In many species their walls
become gelatinized, covering the outside of the pileus with a viscid,
slimy, or glutinous layer, often called _pellicle_. In other instances
the corticle layer ceases to grow with the pileus. It is then torn and
split by the continued expanding of the rest of the plant, and remains
on the surface in the form of hairs, fibers, scales, etc.
[Illustration: FIGURE 239. Portion of vesiculose trama in the pileus of
a Russula.]
[Illustration: FIGURE 240. Portion of a floccose trama.]
As an example of the most usual form of the pileus, we may take that of
the common mushroom (_Agaricus campestris_) when it is nearly expanded.
The pileus is then quite regular in outline and evenly _convex_ (Fig.
243). Many mushrooms during the early stages of their development have
this form, which is variously changed by later growth. The convex
pileus usually becomes _plane_ or _expanded_ as it grows. If the
convexity is greater it is said to be _campanulate_ (Fig. 245), _conical
hemispherical_, etc., terms which need no explanation. The pileus is
_umbilicate_ when it has an abrupt, sharp depression at the center (Fig.
241), _infundibuliform_ when the margin is much higher than the center,
so that the cap resembles a funnel (Fig. 244), and _depressed_ when the
center is less, or irregularly, sunken. When the center of the pileus is
raised in the form of a boss or knob it is _umbonate_ (Fig. 242). The
umbo may have the form of a sharp elevation at the center, or it may be
rounded or obtuse, occupying a larger part of the disc. When it is
irregular or indistinct the pileus is said to be _gibbous_ (Fig. 246).
[Illustration: FIGURE 241. FIGURE 242. FIGURE 243.
FIGURE 241.--Omphalia campanella, pileus umbilicate, gills decurrent.
FIGURE 242.--Lepiota procera, pileus convex, umbonate; annulus free,
movable; gills free.
FIGURE 243.--Agaricus campestris, pileus convex, gills free.]
=The gills.=--The _gills_ or _lamellæ_ are thin blades on the under
side of the pileus, radiating from the stem to the margin. When the
pileus is cut in halves the general outline of the gills may be
observed. In outline they may be broad, narrow, lanceolate, triangular,
etc. In respect to their ends they are _attenuate_ when gradually
narrowed to a sharp point, _acute_ when they end in a sharp angle, and
_obtuse_ when the ends are rounded. Again, the gills are _arcuate_ when
they arch from the stem to the edge of the pileus, and _ventricose_ when
they are bellied out vertically toward the earth.
[Illustration: FIGURE 244.
Clitocybe infundibuliformis, pileus infundibuliform, gills decurrent.]
[Illustration: FIGURE 245.
Mycena galericulata, pileus conic to campanulate, gills decurrent by a
tooth, stem fistulose.]
The terms given above are often used in descriptive works, but the most
important feature to be noted in the section of the plant is the
relation of the gills to the stem. This relation is represented by
several distinct types which are sometimes used to limit genera or
sub-genera, since the mode of attachment is usually constant in all
species of a group. The principal relations of the gills to the stem are
described as follows: _Adnate_ when they reach the stem and are set
squarely against it (Fig. 247); _decurrent_ when they run down the stem
(Fig. 244); _sinuate_ or _emarginate_ when they have a notch or vertical
curve at the posterior end (Fig. 246); and _free_ when they are rounded
off without reaching the stem (Fig. 243). In all cases when the lamellæ
reach the stem and are only attached by the upper angle they are said to
be _adnexed_. This term is often used in combination with others, as
_sinuate-adnexed_ (Fig. 248, small figure), or _ascending adnexed_ (Fig.
248, larger plant). Sometimes the lamellæ are adnate, adnexed, etc., and
have a slight decurrent process or tooth as in _Mycena galericulata_
(Fig. 245). In many plants the gills separate very readily from the stem
when the plants are handled. Sometimes merely the expansion of the
pileus tears them away, so that it is necessary to use great caution,
and often to examine plants in different stages of development to
determine the real condition of the lamellæ.
[Illustration: FIGURE 246. FIGURE 247. FIGURE 248.
FIGURE 246.--Tricholoma, gills sinuate, stipe solid.
FIGURE 247.--Panæolus papilionaceus, gills adnate.
FIGURE 248.--Left-hand small plant, Hygrophorus, gills sinuate, adnexed.
Right-hand plant Panæolus retirugis, gills ascending adnexed, veil
appendiculate.]
In certain genera the gills have special characteristics which may be
noted here. Usually the edge of the lamellæ is _acute_ or sharp like the
blade of a knife, but in _Cantharellus_ and _Trogia_ the edges are very
blunt or obtuse. In extreme forms the lamellæ are reduced to mere veins
or ridges. Again, the edge is generally _entire_, i. e., not noticeably
toothed, but in _Lentinus_ it is often toothed or cut in various ways.
In some other plants the edges are _serrulate_, _crenulate_, etc. In
_Schizophyllum alneum_, a small whitish plant very common on dead
sticks, the gills are split lengthwise along the edge with the halves
revolute, i. e., rolled back. In _Coprinus_ the gills and often a large
part of the pileus melt at maturity into a dark, inky fluid.
[Illustration: FIGURE 249.--Section of portion of gill of Marasmius
cohærens. _t_, trama of gill; _sh_, sub-hymenium; _h_, hymenium layer.
The long, dark cells are brown cystidia, termed spicules by some to
distinguish them from the colorless cystidia. The long cells bearing the
oval spores are the basidia.]
[Illustration: FIGURE 250.--Inocybe repanda (Bull.) Bres. (= Entoloma
repandum Bull.). _t_, trama of pileus; _sh_, sub-hymenium; _h_, the
hymenial layer; the long cells with a drop of moisture at the ends are
cystidia (sing. cystidium).]
=The hymenium.=--The term _hymenium_ is applied to the spore-bearing
tissue of many fungi. In the _Agaricaceæ_ the hymenium covers the entire
surface of the gills and usually the portion of the pileus between the
gills. It originates in the following manner: the threads forming the
trama of the gills grow out from the lower side of the pileus and
perpendicular to its under surface. As growth advances many branches of
the threads turn outward toward either surface of the gill and finally
terminate in club-shaped cells. These cells, therefore, lie side by
side, perpendicular to the surface, forming a pavement, as it were,
over the entire surface of the gills. Some of them put out four little
prongs, on each of which a spore is borne, while others simply remain as
sterile cells (Figs. 249, 250). The spore-bearing cells are _basidia_;
the others are called _paraphyses_. They resemble each other very much,
except that the basidia bear four _sterigmata_ and a spore on each. In a
few species the number of sterigmata is reduced to two and in some low
forms the number is variable. The layer just beneath the basidia is
usually more or less modified, being often composed of small cells
different from the rest of the trama. This is called the _sub-hymenial_
layer or _sub-hymenium_ (Fig. 250).
Other cells called _cystidia_ occur in the hymenia of various species
distributed through nearly all the genera of the agarics. Cystidia are
large, usually inflated, cells which project above the rest of the
hymenium (Fig. 250). They originate either like the basidia, from the
sub-hymenial cells (Fig. 250), or from special hyphæ deeper down in the
trama of the gill (Fig. 249). They are scattered over the entire surface
of the hymenium, but become more numerous on the edge of the lamellæ.
Their number is much smaller than that of the basidia, but in some
species where they are colored they may greatly change the appearance of
the gills. Cystidia often secrete moisture which collects in drops at
their tips, a phenomenon common to all free fungous cells.
=The stem.=--The stem is usually fixed to the center of the pileus, but
it may be _eccentric_, i. e., fixed to one side of the center, or
entirely lateral. When the stem is wanting the pileus is _sessile_. With
regard to its interior the stem is _solid_, when it is evenly fleshy
throughout (Fig. 246), or _hollow_ when the interior is occupied by a
cavity (Fig. 248). If the cavity is narrow and tubular the stem is
_fistulose_ (Fig. 245); and if the center is filled with a pithy
substance it is _stuffed_ (Fig. 243). These terms apply only to the
natural condition of the stem, and not the condition brought about by
larvæ, which eat out the interior of the stem, causing it to be hollow
or fistulose.
The terms applicable to the consistency of the stem are difficult to
define. In general, stems may be either _fleshy_ or _cartilaginous_. The
meaning of these terms can best be learned by careful study of specimens
of each, but a few general characters can be given here. Fleshy, fibrous
stems occur in the genera _Clitocybe_ and _Tricholoma_, among the
white-spored forms. Their consistency is like that of the pileus,
namely, made up of fleshy, fibrous tissue. They are usually stout,
compared with the size of the plant, and when bent or broken they seem
to be more or less spongy or tough, fibrous, so that they do not snap
readily. Cartilaginous stems have a consistency resembling that of
cartilage. Their texture is always different from that of the pileus,
which is fleshy or membranous. In general such stems are rather slender,
in many genera rather thin, but firm. When bent sufficiently they either
snap suddenly, or break like a green straw, without separating. In
regard to their external appearance some resemble fibrous stems, while
others are smooth and polished as in _Mycena_ and _Omphalia_.
=The veil.=--In the young stages of development the margin of the pileus
lies in close contact with the stipe, the line of separation being
indicated by a kind of furrow which runs around the young button
mushroom. In many genera, as _Collybia_, _Mycena_, _Omphalia_, etc., the
pileus simply expands without having its margin ever united to the stipe
by any special structure, but in other forms, which include by far the
greater number of genera of the _Agaricaceæ_ and some _Boleti_, the
interval between the stem and pileus is bridged over by threads growing
from the margin of the pileus and from the outer layers of the stem.
These threads interlace to form a delicate membrane, known as the
_veil_, which closes the gap between the stem and pileus and covers over
the young hymenium.
The veil remains firm for a time, but it is finally torn by the
expanding pileus, and its remnants persist on the cap and stem in the
form of various appendages, whose character depends on the character of
the veil. In _Cortinarius_ the veil is made up of delicate threads
extending radially from the stem to the margin of the cap without
forming a true membrane. From its resemblance to a spider's web such a
veil is said to be _arachnoid_. At maturity mere traces of it can be
found on the stem. In many genera the veil consists of a delicate
membrane which tears away from the stem and hangs in flakes to the
margin of the pileus. In these cases the veil is _appendiculate_ (Fig.
248). Frequently it is so delicate that no trace of it remains on the
mature plant. Where the veil is well developed it usually remains on the
stem as a _ring_ or _annulus_ which becomes free and movable in species
of _Lepiota_ (Fig. 242) and _Coprinus_, or forms a hanging annular
curtain in _Amanita_, or a thick, felty ring in _Agaricus_, etc. In some
plants (species of _Lepiota_) the annulus is continuous with the outer
cortex of the stem, which then appears as if it were partially enclosed
in a sheath, with the annulus forming a fringe on the upper end of the
sheath, from which the apex of the stem projects.
No reference is here made to the _volva_, which encloses the entire
plant, and which is described in connection with the genera in which it
occurs.
The few typical characters described here will help the student to
become familiar with terms applied to them. In nature, however, typical
cases rarely exist, and it is often necessary to draw distinction
between differences so slight that it is almost impossible to describe
them. Only by patient study and a thorough acquaintance with the
characters of each genus can one hope to become familiar with the many
mushrooms growing in our woods and fields.
CHAPTER XXIV.
ANALYTICAL KEYS.
By the Author.
CLASS FUNGI.
SUB-CLASS BASIDIOMYCETES.[F]
Plants of large or medium size; fleshy, membranaceous, leathery, woody
or gelatinous; growing on the ground, on wood or decaying organic
matter; usually saprophytic, more rarely parasitic. Fruiting surface, or
hymenium, formed of numerous crowded perpendicular basidia, the apex of
the latter bearing two to six (usually four) basidiospores, or the
basidiospores borne laterally; in many cases cystidia intermingled with
the basidia. Hymenium either free at the beginning, or enclosed either
permanently or temporarily in a more or less perfect peridium or veil.
Basidiospores continuous or rarely septate, globose, obovoid,
ellipsoidal to oblong, smooth or roughened, hyaline or colored, borne
singly at the apex of sterigmata.
Order _Gasteromycetes_. Plants membranaceous, leathery or fleshy,
furnished with a peridium and gleba, the latter being sometimes
supported on a receptacle. Hymenium on the surface of the gleba which is
enclosed within the peridium up to the maturity of the spores or longer;
spores continuous, sphæroid or ellipsoid, hyaline or colored.
Puff-balls, etc.
Order _Hymenomycetes_. Hymenium, at the beginning, borne on the free
outer surface of the compound sporophore, or if at first enclosed by a
pseudo-peridium or veil it soon becomes exposed before the maturity of
the spores; mushrooms, etc.
HYMENOMYCETES.
Analytical Key of the Families.
Plants not gelatinous; basidia continuous. 1
Plants gelatinous or sub-gelatinous,
basidia forked, or divided longitudinally
or transversely. 4
=1=--Hymenium uneven, i. e., in the form of
radiating plates, or folds; or a
honey-combed surface, or reticulate,
warty, spiny, etc. 2
Hymenium smooth (not as in B, though it may
be convolute and irregular, or ribbed, or
veined). 3
=2=--Hymenium usually on the under side,
in the form of radiating plates, or strong
folds. The genus Phlebia in the Hydnaceae
has the hymenium on smooth, somewhat
radiating veins which are interrupted and
irregular. One exotic genus has the
hymenium on numerous irregular obtuse
lobes (Rhacophyllus). =Agaricaceæ.= 17
Hymenium usually below (or on the outer
surface when the plant is spread over the
substratum), honey-combed, porous, tubulose,
or reticulate; in one genus with short,
concentric plates. =Polyporaceæ.= 171
Hymenium usually below (or on the outer
surface when the plant is spread over the
substratum), warted, tuberculate, or with
stout, spinous processes; or with
interrupted vein-like folds in resupinate
forms. =Hydnaceæ.= 195
=3=--Plants somewhat corky or
membranaceous, more or less expanded;
hymenium on the under surface (upper
surface sterile), or on the outer or
exposed surface when the plant is spread
over the substratum (margin may then
sometimes be free, but upper surface,
i. e., that toward the substratum,
sterile). (Minute slender spines are
sometimes intermingled with the elements
of the hymenium, and should not be
mistaken for the stouter spinous
processes of the Hydnaceæ). =Thelephoraceæ.= 208
Plants more or less fleshy, upright
(never spread over the surface of the
substratum), simple or branched. Hymenium
covering both sides and the upper
surface. =Clavariaceæ.= 200
=4=--Basidia forked or longitudinally
divided; or if continuous then globose,
or bearing numerous spores; or if the
plant is leathery, membranous, or
floccose, then basidia as described.
Hymenium covering the entire free
surface or confined to one portion;
smooth, gyrose, folded or lobed; or
hymenium lamellate, porous, reticulate
or toothed forms which are gelatinous
and provided with continuous basidia may
be sought here. =Tremellineæ.= 204
FAMILY AGARICACEAE.
Pileus more or less expanded, convex, bell-shaped; stipe central or
nearly so; or the point of attachment lateral, when the stipe may be
short or the pileus sessile and shelving. Fruiting surface usually on
the under side and exposed toward the earth, lamellate, or prominently
folded or veined. Lamellæ or gills radiating from the point of
attachment of the pileus with the stipe or with the substratum in the
sessile forms; lamellæ simple or branched, rarely anastomosing behind,
clothed externally on both surfaces with the basidia, each of which
bears four spores (rarely two), cystidia often present.
Key to the North American genera.
THE WHITE-SPORED AGARICS.
(Sometimes there is a faint tinge of pink or lilac when the spores are
in bulk, but the color is not seen under the microscope.)
=Plants= soft, fleshy or nearly so,
usually soon decaying; dried plants do
not revive well when moistened. 1
=Plants= tough, either fleshy or
gelatinous, membranaceous, corky or
woody, persistent, reviving when
moistened. 13
=1=--=Gills= acute on the edge. 2
=Edge= of the gills obtuse, or gills
fold-like, or vein-like, but prominent. 12
=2=--=Trama= of the pileus of
interwoven threads, not vesiculose. 3
=Trama= of the pileus vesiculose, plants
rigid but quite fragile. 11
=3=--=Gills= thin, not much
broadened toward the pileus. 4
=Gills= broadened toward the pileus, of
waxy consistency. =Hygrophorus.= 110
=4=--=Stipe= central or sub-central.
(Some species of Pleurotus are
sub-central, but the gills are usually
not decurrent.) 5
=Stipe= on one side of the pileus, or
none, rarely with the stipe sub-central.
(Some species of Clitocybe are
sub-central.) =Pleurotus.= 102
=5=--=Stipe= fleshy, pileus easily separating
from the stipe, gills usually free. 6
=Stipe= fleshy or fibrous and elastic,
pileus confluent with the stipe and of
the same texture. 7
=Stipe= cartilaginous, pileus confluent
with the stipe, but of a different texture. 9
=6=--=Volva= and annulus present on the stipe. =Amanita.= 52
=Volva= present, annulus wanting. =Amanitopsis.= 74
=Volva= wanting, annulus present. =Lepiota.= 77
=7=--=Annulus= and volva wanting. 8
=Annulus= usually present (sometimes
vague), volva wanting, gills attached to
the stipe. =Armillaria.= 83
=8=--=Gills= sinuate. =Tricholoma.= 87
=Gills= decurrent, not sinuate. =Clitocybe.= 89
=9=--=Gills= decurrent, pileus umbilicate. =Omphalia.= 100
=Gills= not decurrent. 10
=10=--=Margin= of pileus at first involute,
pileus flat or nearly so, somewhat fleshy
(some plants rather tough and tending
toward the consistency of Marasmius). =Collybia.= 92
=Margin= of the pileus at first straight,
pileus slightly bell-shaped, thin. =Mycena.= 93
=Gills= usually free, pileus deeply
plicate so that the gills are split where
they are attached to the pileus, pileus
membranaceous, very tender but not
diffluent. =Hiatula.=
=11=--=Plants= where bruised exuding a milky
or colored juice. =Lactarius.= 114
=Plants= not exuding a juice where
bruised. =Russula.= 125
=12=--=Gills= decurrent, dichotomous, edge
blunt. =Cantharellus.= 128
=Gills= not decurrent, plants parasitic
on other mushrooms. =Nyctalis.=
=13=--=Edge= of gills not split into two
laminæ. 14
=Edge= of gills split into two laminæ and
revolute. =Schizophyllum.= 136
=14=--=Plants= leathery, either fleshy,
membraneous, or gelatinous. 15
=Plants= corky or woody (placed by some
in Polyporaceæ). =Lenzites.=
=15=--=Stipe= separate from the pileus
(hymenophore), easily separating. 16
=Stipe= continuous with hymenophore. 17
=16=--=Plants= tough and fleshy,
membranaceous or leathery. =Marasmius.= 130
=Plants= gelatinous and leathery. =Heliomyces.=
=17=--=Edge= of the gills acute. 18
=Edge= of the gills obtuse. 19
=18=--=Edge= of gills usually serrate. =Lentinus.= 134
=Edge= of gills entire. =Panus.= 134
=19=--=Gills= dichotomous. =Xerotus.=
=Gills= fold-like, irregular. =Trogia.= 137
There are only a few rare species of Hiatula, Nyctalis, Heliomyces and
Xerotus in the United States. None are here described.
THE OCHRE-SPORED AGARICS.
(The spores are yellowish brown or rusty brown.)
=Gills= not separating readily from 1
=Gills= sometimes separating readily
from the pileus, forked or anastomosing
at the base, or connected with vein-like
reticulations. =Paxillus.= 165
=1=--=Universal veil= not arachnoid
(i. e., not cobwebby). 2
=Universal veil= arachnoid, distinct
from the cuticle of the pileus, gills
powdery from the spores. =Cortinarius.= 161
=2=--=Stipe= central. 3
=Stipe= eccentric or none. =Crepidotus.= 159
=3=--=Volva= or annulus present on stipe. 4
=Volva= and annulus wanting. 5
=4=--=Stipe= with an annulus. =Pholiota.= 150
=Stipe= with a volva. =Locellina= (not
reported in U. S.).
=5=--=Gills= free from the stem. =Pluteolus.=
=Gills= attached. 6
=6=--=Gills= not dissolving nor becoming
powdery. 7
=Gills= dissolving into a gelatinous
or powdery condition, not diffluent as in
Coprinus. =Bolbitius.= 163
=7=--=Stipe= fleshy. 8
=Stipe= cartilaginous or
sub-cartilaginous. 10
=8=--=Gills= somewhat sinuate. 9
=Gills= adnate or decurrent. =Flammula.= 156
=9=--=Cuticle= of the pileus silky
or bearing fibrils. =Inocybe.= 158
=Cuticle= of pileus smooth, viscid. =Hebeloma.= 157
=10=--=Gills= decurrent. =Tubaria.= 159
=Gills= not decurrent. 11
=11=--=Margin= of pileus inflexed. =Naucoria.= 153
=Margin= of pileus straight, from
the first. =Galera.= 155
No species of Pluteolus are here described.
THE ROSY-SPORED AGARICS.
(The spores are rose color, pink, flesh or salmon color.)
=Stipe= central. 1
=Stipe= eccentric or none and pileus
lateral. =Claudopus.= 149
=1=--=Pileus= easily separating from the
stipe, gills free. 2
=Pileus= confluent with the stipe and of
the same texture, gills attached, in some
becoming almost free. 3
=2=--=Volva= present and distinct, annulus
wanting. =Volvaria.= 140
=Volva= and annulus wanting. =Pluteus.= 138
=3=--=Stipe= fleshy to fibrous, margin of
pileus at first incurved. 4
=Stipe= cartilaginous. 5
=4=--=Gills= sinuate. =Entoloma.= 143
=Gills= decurrent. =Clitopilus.= 142
=5=--=Gills= not decurrent (or if so only by
a minute tooth), easily separating from
the stipe. 6
=Gills= decurrent, pileus umbilicate. =Eccilia.= 148
=6=--=Pileus= slightly convex, margin at first
incurved. =Leptonia.= 147
=Pileus= bell-shaped, margin at first
straight and pressed close against
the stipe. =Nolanea.=
No species of Nolanea are described here.
THE BROWN-SPORED AGARICS.
(The spores are dark brown or purplish brown.)
=Pileus= easily separating from the
stem; gills usually free. 1
=Pileus= continuous with the stem;
gills attached. 2
=1=--=Volva= wanting, annulus
present. (Psalliota Fr.) =Agaricus.= 18
=Volva= present, annulus wanting. =Chitonia.=
=Volva= and annulus wanting. =Pilosace.=
=2=--=Veil= present. 3
=Veil= wanting or obsolete. 4
=3=--=Annulus= present, gills
attached. =Stropharia.= 31
=Annulus= wanting, veil remaining
attached to margin of pileus. =Hypholoma.= 26
=4=--=Stipe= tenacious, margin of pileus first
incurved. 5
=Stipe= fragile, margin of pileus at
first straight. =Psathyra.=
=5=--=Gills= sub-triangularly decurrent. =Deconica.=
=Gills= not decurrent. =Psilocybe.=
But few species of Psathyra, Deconica, Chitonia and Pilosace are noted
from the United States. None are here described.
THE BLACK-SPORED AGARICS.
=Pileus= present to which the gills are
attached. 1
=Pileus= wanting, gills attached to
a disk at apex of stem from which they
radiate. =Montagnites.=[G]
=1=--=Gills= more or less
deliquescing, or pileus thin, membranous
and splitting between the laminæ of the
gills and becoming more or less plicate. =Coprinus.= 32
=Gills= not deliquescing, etc. 2
=2=--=Spores= globose, ovoid. 3
=Spores= elongate, fusiform (in some
species brown), plants with a slimy
envelope. =Gomphidius.= 49
=3=--=Pileus= somewhat fleshy, not striate,
projecting beyond the gills at the
margin; gills variegated in color from
groups of dark spores on the surface. 4
=Pileus= somewhat fleshy, margin striate,
gills not variegated. =Psathyrella.= 48
=4=--=Annulus= wanting, but veil
often present. =Panæolus.= 45
=Annulus= wanting, veil appendiculate on
margin of cap. =Chalymotta.= 48
=Annulus= present. =Anellaria.=
GLOSSARY OF THE MORE TECHNICAL TERMS USED IN THIS WORK.
Abbreviations:
cm. = centimeter (about 2-1/2 cm. make one inch).
mm. = millimeter (about 25 mm. make 1 inch).
µ = one micron (1000 µ = 1 mm.).
Adnate, said of the gills when they are attached squarely, or broadly,
to the stem.
Adnexed, said of gills when they are attached only slightly or only by
the upper angle of the stem.
Anastomose, running together in a net-like manner.
Annulus, the ring or collar around the stem formed from the inner or
partial veil.
Appendiculate, said of the veil when it clings in fragments to the
margin of the pileus.
Arachnoid, said of the veil when it is cobwebby, that is, formed of
loose threads.
Ascus, the club-shaped body which bears the spores inside
(characteristic of the Ascomycetes).
Basidium (pl. basidia) the club-shaped body which bears the spores in
the Basidiomycetes. These stand parallel, and together make up the
entire or large part of the hymenium or fruiting surface which
covers the gills, etc. Paraphyses (sterile cells) and sometimes
cystidia (longer sterile cells) or spines are intermingled with
the basidia.
Bulbous, said of the enlarged lower end of the stem in some mushrooms.
Circumscissile, splitting transversely across the middle, used to
indicate one of the ways in which the volva ruptures.
Cortina, a cobwebby veil.
Cuticle, the skin-like layer on the outside of the pileus.
Decurrent, said of the gills when they extend downward on the stem.
Diffluent, said of the gills when they dissolve into a fluid.
Dimidiate, halved, said of a sessile pileus semi-circular in form and
attached by the plane edge directly to the wood.
Echinulate, term applied to minute spinous processes, on the spores
for example.
Eccentric, said of a stem when it is attached to some other point than
the center of the pileus.
Fimbriate, in the form of a delicate fringe.
Fistulose, becoming hollow.
Floccose, term applied to indicate delicate and soft threads, cottony
extensions from the surface of any part of the mushroom.
Flocculose, minutely floccose.
Fugacious, disappearing.
Fuliginous (or fuligineous), dark brown, sooty or smoky.
Fulvous, tawny, reddish yellow.
Fusiform, spindle-shaped.
Fusoid, like a spindle.
Furfuraceous, with numerous minute scales.
Gleba, the chambered tissue forming the hymenium (fruiting surface) in
the puff-balls and their allies.
Hygrophanous, appearing to be water soaked.
Hymenium, the fruiting surface of the mushrooms and other fungi.
Hymenomycetes, the subdivision of the Basidiomycetes in which the
fruiting surface is exposed before the spores are ripe.
Hymenophore, the portion of the fruit body which bears the hymenium.
Hypha (pl. hyphæ), a single mycelium thread.
Imbricate, overlapping like the shingles on a roof.
Involute, folded or rolled inward.
Lamella (pl. lamellæ), the gills of the mushroom.
Mycelium, the vegetative or growing portion of the mushrooms, and
other fungi, made up of several or many threads.
Ocreate, applied to the volva where it fits the lower part of the
stem, as a stocking does the leg.
Pectinate, like the teeth of a comb.
Peridium, the wall of the puff-balls, etc.
Pileus (pl. pilei), the cap of the mushroom.
Plicate, plaited, or folded like a fan.
Punctate, with minute points.
Pulverulent, with a minute powdery substance.
Repand, wavy.
Resupinate, spread over the matrix, the fruiting surface external and
the pileus next the wood.
Revolute, rolled backward.
Rugose, wrinkled.
Rugulose, with minute wrinkles.
Saprophytic, growing on dead organic matter.
Sessile, where the pileus is attached directly to the matrix without
any stem.
Sinuate, said of the gills when they are notched at their junction
with the stem.
Stipe, the stem.
Sulcate, furrowed.
Squamulose, with minute scales.
Squarrose, with prominent reflexed scales.
Tomentose, with a dense, matted, hairy or woolly surface.
Trama, the interior portion of the gills or pileus.
Umbo, with a prominent boss or elevation, in the center of the pileus.
Umbilicate, with a minute abrupt depression in the center of the cap.
Veil, a layer of threads extending from the margin of the cap to the
stem (partial veil or marginal veil). A universal veil envelops
the entire plant.
Veins, elevated lines or folds running over the surface of the lamellæ
in some species, and often connected so as to form reticulations.
Ventricose, enlarged or broadened at the middle, bellied.
Vesiculose, full of small rounded vesicles, as the trama of the pileus
of a Russula.
Volva, a wrapper or envelope, which in the young stage completely
surrounds the plant, same as universal veil. At maturity of the
plant it may be left in the form of a cup at the base of the stem,
or broken up into fragments and distributed over the cap and base
of the stem.
FOOTNOTES:
[F] The sub-class Ascomycetes includes the morels, helvellas, cup fungi,
etc., and many microscopic forms, in which the spores are borne inside a
club-shaped body, the ascus. Only a few of the genera are described in
this book, and the technical diagnosis will be omitted. See page 216.
[G] One American species in Texas.
INDEX OF GENERA, AND ILLUSTRATIONS.
NOTE.--In this index the generic and specific names have been
divided into syllables, and the place of the primary accent has
been indicated, with the single object of securing a uniform
pronunciation in accordance with the established rules of English
orthoepy.
Agaricus (A-gar'i-cus), 18--26.
arvensis (ar-ven'sis), 21, fig. 18.
campestris (cam-pes'tris), 1--9, 18, figs. 1--7, 12.
comtulus (com'tu-lus), 24, fig. 24.
cretaceus (cre-ta'ce-us), 79.
diminutivus (di-min-u-ti'vus), 26.
echinatus (ech-i-na'tus), 158.
fabaceus (fa-ba'ce-us), 23.
maritimus (ma-rit'i-mus), 142.
placomyces (pla-com'y-ces), 23, pl. 4, 5, figs. 21, 22, 23.
rodmani (rod'ma-ni), 20, fig. 17.
silvaticus (sil-vat'i-cus), 23.
silvicola (sil-vic'o-la), 20, figs. 19, 20.
subrufescens (sub-ru-fes'cens), 23.
Amanita (Am-a-ni'ta), 52.
cæsarea (cæ'-sa're-a), 70, pls. 18, 19, fig. 72.
cothurnata (coth-ur-na'ta), 66 69, pl. 17, figs. 68--70.
floccocephala (floc-co-ceph'a-la), 62, fig. 63.
frostiana (fros-ti-a'na), 54, 55, 67, pl. 1.
mappa (map'pa), 58.
muscaria (mus-ca'ri-a), 52--54, pls. 1, 12, 13, figs. 52--54.
pantherina (pan-the-ri'na), 69.
phalloides (phal-loi'des), 3, 14, 55--61, 78, pl. 14, figs. 55--58.
polypyramis (pol-y-pyr'a-mis), 74.
rubescens (ru-bes'cens), 71, 72, pls. 19, 20, figs. 73, 74.
spreta (spre'ta), 69, 70, fig. 71.
solitaria (sol-i-ta'ri-a), 72--74, pls. 21, 22, figs. 75, 76.
strobiliformis (strob-i-li-for'mis), 73.
velatipes (ve-lat'i-pes), 63--66, pls. 15, 16, figs. 64--67.
verna (ver'na), 60, 61, 78, figs. 59--61.
virosa (vi-ro'sa), 61, 62, fig. 62.
Amanitopsis (A-man-i-top'sis), 74.
farinosa (far-i-no'sa), 76, 77, fig. 78.
livida (liv'i-da), 75.
nivalis (ni-va'lis), 76.
spadicea (spa-dic'e-a), 75.
vaginata (vag-i-na'ta), 74--76, pl. 23, fig. 77.
volvata (vol-va'ta), 76.
Armillaria (Ar-mil-la'ri-a), 83.
aurantia (au-ran'ti-a), 84--86, fig. 86.
mellea (mel'le-a), 83, 84, pl. 27, fig. 85.
Annularia lævis (An-nu-la'ri læ'vis), 78.
Ascomycetes (As-co-my-ce'tes), 216.
Basidiomycetes (Ba-sid-i-o-my-ce'tes), 260.
Black-spored agarics, 32.
Bolbitius (Bol-bit'i-us), 163.
variicolor (va-ri-ic'o-lor), 164, fig. 158.
Boletinus (Bo-le-ti'nus), 172.
pictus (pic'tus), 183, fig. 175.
porosus (po-ro'sus), 184, pl. 63, fig. 176.
Boletus (Bo-le'tus), 172.
americanus (a-mer-i-ca'nus), 178, fig. 171.
brevipes (brev'i-pes), 179.
bulbosus (bul-bo'sus), 172.
chromapes (chro'ma-pes), 176, pl. 59, fig. 168.
edulis (e-du'lis), 172, 173, 176, pls. 55, 56, 57, figs. 164, 165.
felleus (fel'le-us), 173, pl. 58, fig. 166.
flavidus (flav'i-dus), 178.
granulatus (gran-u-la'tus), 178.
luteus (lu'te-us), 181, 182, pl. 62, figs. 173, 174.
obsonium (ob-so'ni-um), 177, pl. 61, fig. 170.
ornatipes (or-nat'i-pes), 174, 176.
punctipes (punc'ti-pes), 179, fig. 172.
retipes (re'ti-pes), 174--176, fig. 167.
scaber (sca'ber), 174.
subluteus (sub-lu'te-us), 181, 182.
subtomentosus (sub-tom-en-to'sus), 167, 168.
vermiculosus (ver-mic-u-lo'sus), 177, pl. 60, fig. 169.
Bovista (Bo-vis'ta), 209.
Calostoma (Ca-los'to-ma), 212.
cinnabarinum (cin-na-ba-ri'num), 212, 213, pl. 82, fig. 211.
lutescens (lu-tes'cens), 212.
Calvatia (Cal-va'ti-a), 209.
Cantharellus (Can-tha-rel'lus), 128.
aurantiacus (au-ran-ti'a-cus), 129, 130, pl. 41, figs. 127, 128.
cibarius (ci-ba'ri-us), 128, fig. 126.
Chalymotta retirugis (Chal-y-mot'ta re-ti-ru'gis), 48.
Clavaria (Cla-va'ri-a), 201.
botrytes (bo-try'tes), 202, fig. 202.
formosa (for-mo'sa), 201, pl. 80, fig. 201.
mucida (mu'ci-da), 203, fig. 204.
pistillaris (pis-til-la'ris), 203, fig. 203.
Clavariaceæ (Cla-va-ri-a'ce-æ), 200.
Coral fungi, 200.
Clitocybe (Cli-toc'y-be), 89.
candida (can'di-da), 89, pls. 28, 29, figs. 90, 91.
cyathiformis (cy-a-thi-for'mis), 90.
illudens (il-lu'dens), 90, fig. 92.
infundibuliformis (in-fun-dib-u-li-for'mis), 90, fig. 244.
laccata (lac-ca'ta), 89.
multiceps (mul'ti-ceps), 91, pl. 30, fig. 93.
pelletieri (pel-let-i-e'ri), 168.
Clitopilus (Cli-top'i-lus), 142.
orcella (or-cel'la), 143.
prunulus (pru'nu-lus), 142, pl. 44, fig. 138.
Collybia (Col-lyb'i-a), 92.
dryophila (dry-oph'i-la), 204, fig. 205.
longipes (lon'gi-pes), 93.
lachnophylla (lach-no-phyl'la), 132.
platyphylla (plat-y-phyl'la), 93.
radicata (rad-i-ca'ta), 92, pl. 31, fig. 94.
spinulifera (spin-u-lif'e-ra), 132.
velutipes (ve-lu'ti-pes), 92, pl. 32, fig. 95.
Coprinus (Co-pri'nus), 32.
atramentarius (a-tra-men-ta'ri-us), 40--42, pl. 10, figs. 39--42.
comatus (co-ma'tus), 33--40, pl. 9, figs. 31--38.
micaceus (mi-ca'ce-us), 15, 42--44, figs. 43, 44.
Corticium (Cor-tic'i-um), 208.
Cortinarius (Cor-ti-na'ri-us), 161.
cinnamomeus (cin-na-mo'me-us), 162, fig. 155.
collinitus (col-li-ni'tus), 161.
ochroleucus (och-ro-leu'cus), 163, pls. 50, 51, figs. 156, 157.
violaceus (vi-o-la'ce-us), 161.
Craterellus (Crat-e-rel'lus), 208.
cantharellus (can-tha-rel'lus), 208.
cornucopioides (cor-nu-co-pi-oi'des), 208.
pistillaris (pis-til-la'ris), 203.
Crepidotus (Crep-i-do'tus), 159.
applanatus (ap-pla-na'tus), 161.
calolepis (ca-lol'e-pis), 161.
chimonophilus (chi-mo-noph'i-lus), 160.
fulvotomentosus (ful-vo-tom-en-to'sus), 161.
herbarum (her-ba'rum), 160.
versutus (ver-su'tus), 160, fig. 154.
Dædalea ambigua (Dæ-da'le-a am-big'u-a), 16, 17, pl. 3, fig. 16.
Dictyophora (Dic-ty-oph'o-ra), 214.
duplicata (du-pli-ca'ta), 214, pl. 83, fig. 212.
ravenelii (rav-e-nel'li-i), 215, 216, pl. 84, figs. 213--215.
Discomycetes (Dis-co-my-ce'tes), 216.
Eccilia (Ec-cil'i-a), 148.
polita (po-li'ta), 148, fig. 143.
Entoloma (En-to-lo'ma), 143.
grayanum (gray-a'num), 144, 145, fig. 140.
jubatum (ju-ba'tum), 143, 144, fig. 139.
repandum (re-pan'dum), 143, 303, fig. 250.
strictius (stric'ti-us), 145, 146, fig. 141.
Exidia glandulosa (Ex-id'ia glan-du-lo'sa), 206.
Fistulina (Fis-tu-li'na), 171, 186.
firma (fir'ma), 186.
hepatica (he-pat'i-ca), 186, pl. 65.
pallida (pal'li-da), 186, 187, pls. 65, 66, fig. 180.
Flammula (Flam'mu-la), 156.
paradoxa (par-a-dox'a), 168.
polychroa (po-lych'ro-a), 156, 157, fig. 151.
rhodoxanthus (rhod-o-xan'thus), 168.
sapinea (sa-pin'e-a), 157.
tammii (tam'mi-i), 169.
Fomes (Fo'mes), 193, 194.
Galera (Ga-le'ra), 155.
antipoda (an-tip'o-da), 155.
coprinoides (cop-rin-oi'des), 155.
flava (fla'va), 155.
lateritia (lat-e-ri'ti-a), 155.
tenera (ten'e-ra), 155.
Geaster (Ge-as'ter), 209.
Gomphidius (Gom-phid'i-us), 49.
glutinosus (glu-ti-no'sus), 51.
nigricans (nig'ri-cans), 49--51, figs. 50, 51.
rhodoxanthus (rhod-o-xan'thus), 168.
Gomphus (Gom'phus), 168.
Gyrocephalus (Gy-ro-ceph'a-lus), 207.
rufus (ru'fus), 207, fig. 208.
Gyromitra esculenta (Gy-rom'i-tra es-cu-len'ta), 220.
Hebeloma (He-be-lo'ma), 157.
crustuliniforme (crus-tu-lin-i-for'me), 158, fig. 152.
Hedgehog fungi, 195.
Helvella (Hel-vel'la), 219.
crispa (cris'pa), 219.
lacunosa (lac-u-no'sa), 220, fig. 219.
Hydnaceæ (Hyd-na'ce-æ), 195.
Hydnum (Hyd'num), 195.
caput-medusæ (ca'put--me-du'sæ), 198.
caput-ursi (ca'put--ur'si), 197, pl. 77, fig. 196.
coralloides (cor-al-loi'des), 196, fig. 195.
erinaceus (er-i-na'ce-us), 198, fig. 197.
fragile (frag'i-le), 200.
graveolens (gra-ve'o-lens), 200.
imbricatum (im-bri-ca'tum), 198, fig. 200.
repandum (re-pan'dum), 198, pl. 78, fig. 198.
putidum (pu'ti-dum), 199, pl. 79, fig. 199.
velutinum (ve-lu'ti-num), 200.
Hygrophorus (Hy-groph'o-rus), 110.
chrysodon (chrys'o-don), 111, fig. 115.
coccineus (coc-cin'e-us), 114.
conicus (con'i-cus), 114.
eburneus (e-bur'ne-us), 111, pl. 38, fig. 116.
fuligineus (fu-li-gin'e-us), 113, fig. 117.
hypothejus (hy-po-the'jus), 114.
miniatus (min-i-a'tus), 113, 114.
pratensis (pra-ten'sis), 113.
psittacinus (psit-ta-ci'nus), 114.
Hymenochæte (Hy-me-no-chæ'te), 208.
Hymenomycetes (Hy-me-no-my-ce'tes), 261.
Hypholoma (Hyph-o-lo'ma), 26.
appendiculatum (ap-pen-dic-u-la'tum), 27, 28, pl. 7, figs. 26, 27.
candolleanum (can-dol-le-a'num), 28.
lachrymabundum (lach-ry-ma-bun'dum), 28--30, fig. 28.
perplexum (per-plex'um), 27.
rugocephalum (ru-go-ceph'a-lum), 30, pl. 8, fig. 29.
sublateritium (sub-la-te-ri'ti-um), 26, pl. 6, fig. 25.
Inocybe (I-noc'y-be), 158.
echinata (ech-i-na'ta), 158.
repanda (re-pan'da), 303, fig. 250.
Ithyphallus impudicus (Ith-y-phal'lus im-pu-di'cus), 216.
Lactarius (Lac-ta'ri-us), 114.
chelidonium (chel-i-do'ni-um), 124, pl. 39.
chrysorrheus (chrys-or'rhe-us), 122, fig. 125.
corrugis (cor-ru'gis), 116, fig. 118.
deliciosus (de-lic-i-o'sus), 123, pl. 39.
fuliginosus (fu-lig-i-no'sus), 118, fig. 120.
gerardii (ge-rar'di-i), 119.
indigo (in'di-go), 125, pl. 39.
lignyotus (lig-ny-o'tus), 117, fig. 119.
pergamenus (per-ga-me'nus), 121.
piperatus (pip-e-ra'tus), 120, fig. 122.
resimus (re-si'mus), 121, figs. 123, 124.
torminosus (tor-mi-no'sus), 119, fig. 121.
volemus (vo-le'mus), 121.
Lentinus (Len-ti'nus), 134.
lecomtei (le-comt'e-i), 135.
lepideus (le-pid'e-us), 135.
stipticus (stip'ti-cus), 135, 136.
vulpinus (vul-pi'nus), 134, pl. 42, figs. 131, 132.
Leotia lubrica (Le-o'ti-a lu'bri-ca), 221, fig. 221.
Lepiota (Lep-i-o'ta), 77.
acutesquamosa (a-cu-te-squa-mo'sa), 81.
americana (a-mer-i-ca'na), 80, 81, fig. 82.
asperula (as-per'u-la), 82, 83, pl. 26, fig. 84.
badhami (bad'ham-i), 81.
cristata (cris-ta'ta), 81, fig. 83.
naucina (nau-ci'na), 13, 77--79, pl. 24, figs. 79, 80.
naucinoides (nau-ci-noi'des), 77.
procera (pro-ce'ra), 79, pl. 25, figs. 81, 242.
rachodes (ra-cho'des), 79.
Leptonia (Lep-to'ni-a), 147.
asprella (as-prel'la), 147, fig. 142.
incana (in-ca'na), 147.
Lycoperdaceæ (Ly-co-per-da'ce-æ), 209.
Lycoperdon (Ly-co-per'don), 209.
cyathiforme (cy-a-thi-for'me), 210, pl. 81, fig. 209.
gemmatum (gem-ma'tum), 210, fig. 210.
giganteum (gi-gan'te-um), 210.
pyriforme (pyr-i-for'me), 211.
Marasmius (Ma-ras'mi-us), 130.
cohærens (co-hæ'rens), 132, 133, figs. 130, 249.
oreades (o-re'a-des), 131, fig. 129.
rotula (rot'u-la), 131.
Merulius (Me-ru'li-us), 171, 172, 194.
lacrymans (lac'ry-mans), 194, pl. 73, figs. 189, 190.
tremellosus (trem-el-lo'sus), 194, pl. 74, figs. 191, 192.
Mitremyces lutescens (Mi-trem'y-ces lu-tes'cens), 213.
Morchella (Mor-chel'la), 217.
bispora (bis'po-ra), 219.
conica (con'i-ca), 217, fig. 217.
crassipes (cras'si-pes), 219, pl. 86, fig. 218.
deliciosa (de-lic-i-o'sa), 219.
esculenta (es-cu-len'ta), 217, pl. 85, fig. 216.
semilibera (sem-i-lib'e-ra), 219.
Mucronella (Mu-cro-nel'la), 200.
Mycena (My-ce'na), 93.
acicula (a-cic'u-la), 97, 98, fig. 100.
cyanothrix (cy-an'o-thrix), 98, fig. 101.
epipterygia (e-pip-te-ryg'i-a), 96, 97, fig. 98.
galericulata (gal-e-ric-u-la'ta), 94, 245.
hæmatopa (hæ-mat'o-pa), 98--100, fig. 102.
polygramma (pol-y-gram'ma), 94, fig. 96.
prælonga (præ-lon'ga), 94, 95.
pura (pu'ra), 95, 96, fig. 97.
succosa (suc-co'sa), 100.
vulgaris (vul-ga'ris), 97, fig. 99.
Myriostoma (Myr-i-os'to-ma), 209.
Naucoria (Nau-co'ri-a), 153.
semiorbicularis (sem-i-or-bic-u-la'ris), 153, 154.
vernalis (ver-na'lis), 154, fig. 150.
Ochre-spored agarics, 150.
Omphalia (Om-pha'li-a), 100.
campanella (cam-pa-nel'la), 101, 254, pl. 33, figs. 103, 241.
epichysium (ep-i-chys'i-um), 101, fig. 104.
Panæolus (Pa-næ'o-lus), 45.
fimicola (fi-mic'o-la), 48.
papilionaceus (pa-pil-i-o-na'ce-us), 48, fig. 247.
retirugis (re-ti-ru'gis), 45--48, pl. 11, figs. 45--48, 248.
solidipes (so-lid'i-pes), 48.
Panus (Pa'nus), 134.
cyathiformis (cy-a-thi-for'mis), 135.
rudis (ru'dis), 135.
strigosus (stri-go'sus), 135.
stipticus (stip'ti-cus), 135, 136.
Paxillus (Pax-il'lus) 165.
atro-tomentosus (at-ro-tom-en-to'sus), 169, fig. 161.
corrugatus (cor-ru-ga'tus), 170, pl. 53, fig. 162.
flavidus (flav'i-dus), 168.
involutus (in-vo-lu'tus), 166, 167, fig. 159.
panuoides (pan-u-oi'des), 170, pl. 54, fig. 163.
rhodoxanthus (rhod-o-xan'thus), 167, 168, pl. 52, fig. 160.
Phalloideæ (Phal-loid'e-æ), 213.
Phlebia (Phle'bi-a), 195.
merismoides (mer-is-moi'des), pls. 75, 76, figs. 193, 194.
Pholiota (Pho-li-o'ta), 150.
adiposa (ad-i-po'sa), 151, 152, pl. 47, fig. 146.
aurivella (au-ri-vel'la), 152.
cerasina (ce-ras'i-na), 152.
johnsoniana (john-so-ni-a'na), 153, pl. 49, fig. 149.
marginata (mar-gi-na'ta), 151, fig. 147.
præcox (præ'cox), 150, 151, pl. 46, fig. 145.
squarrosa (squar-ro'sa), 152.
squarrosoides (squar-ro-soi'des), 152, pl. 48, fig. 148.
subsquarrosa (sub-squar-ro'sa), 152.
unicolor (u-nic'o-lor), 151.
Pleurotus (Pleu-ro'tus), 102.
applicatus (ap-pli-ca'tus), 109, 110, fig. 114.
corticatus (cor-ti-ca'tus), 106, pl. 37, fig. 110.
dryinus (dry'i-nus), 105, 106, pl. 36, figs. 109, 110.
ostreatus (os-tre-a'tus), 104, pl. 34, fig. 107.
petaloides (pet-a-loi'des), 107--109, figs. 112, 113.
sapidus (sap'i-dus), 104, 105, pl. 35, fig. 108.
serotinus (se-rot'i-nus), 109.
sulfureoides (sul-fu-re-oi'des), 107, fig. 111.
ulmarius (ul-ma'ri-us), 102--104, figs. 105, 106.
Pluteus (Plu'te-us), 138.
cervinus (cer-vi'nus), 138, 139, fig. 135.
tomentosulus (to-men-tos'u-lus), 140, fig. 136.
Polyporaceæ (Pol-y-po-ra'ce-æ), 171.
Polyporus (Po-lyp'o-rus), 171, 188--194.
applanatus (ap-pla-na'tus), 193, fig. 15.
borealis (bo-re-a'lis), 9, 10, figs. 9, 10.
brumalis (bru-ma'lis), 191, pl. 71, fig. 186.
fomentarius (fo-men-ta'rius), 194.
frondosus (fron-do'sus), 188, pls. 67, 68, figs. 181, 182.
igniarius (ig-ni-a'ri-us), 194.
intybaceus (in-ty-ba'ce-us), 184.
leucophæus (leu-co-phæ'us), 194.
lucidus (lu'ci-dus), 193, pl. 72, fig. 188.
sulphureus (sul-phu're-us), 190, pls. 69, 70, figs. 184, 185.
umbellatus (um-bel-la'tus), 189, fig. 183.
Polystictus (Pol-y-stic'tus), 191.
cinnabarinus (cin-na-ba-ri'nus), 192.
cinnamomeus (cin-na-mo'me-us), 192, fig. 187.
connatus (con-na'tus), 192.
hirsutus (hir-su'tus), 192.
oblectans (ob-lec'tans), 192.
perennis (pe-ren'nis), 192, fig. 187.
pergamenus (per-ga-me'nus), 105, 193.
splendens (splen'dens), 192.
versicolor (ver-sic'o-lor), 192.
Psalliota (Psal-li-o'ta), 18--26, 158.
Psathyrella (Psath-y-rel'la), 48.
disseminata (dis-sem-i-na'ta), 48, 49, fig. 49.
Psilocybe foenisecii (Psi-loc'y-be foe-ni-se'ci-i), 48.
Purple-brown-spored agarics, 18.
Rosy-spored agarics, 138.
Russula (Rus'su-la), 125.
adusta (ad-us'ta), 127, pl. 40.
alutacea (al-u-ta'ce-a), 125, 126, pl. 40.
emetica (e-met'i-ca), 127, pl. 40.
fragilis (frag'i-lis), 127.
furcata (fur-ca'ta), 127.
lepida (lep'i-da), 126, pl. 40.
nigricans (nig'ri-cans), 127.
virescens (vi-res'cens), 126, pl. 40.
Sarcoscypha floccosa (Sar-cos'cy-pha floc-co'sa), 221, 222, fig. 222.
Schizophyllum (Schiz-o-phyl'lum), 136.
alneum (al'ne-um), 136, 137, fig. 133.
commune (com-mu'ne), 136.
Scleroderma (Scler-o-der'ma), 212.
verrucosum (ver-ru-co'sum), 212.
vulgare (vul-ga're), 212.
Spathularia velutipes (Spath-u-la'ri-a ve-lu'ti-pes), 220, fig. 220.
Spinellus fusiger (Spi-nel'lus fu'si-ger) 95.
macrocarpus (mac-ro-car'pus), 95.
Sterium (Ste'ri-um), 208.
Strobilomyces (Strob-i-lom'y-ces), 184.
floccopus (floc'co-pus), 185.
strobilaceus (strob-i-la'ce-us), 184, pl. 64, figs. 177--179.
Stropharia (Stro-pha'ri-a), 31.
æruginosa (æ-ru-gi-no'sa), 32.
semiglobata (sem-i-glo-ba'ta), 31, fig. 30.
stercoraria (ster-co-ra'ri-a), 32.
Thelephoraceæ (Thel-e-pho-ra'ce-æ), 208.
Trametes (Tra-me'tes), 16, 193.
ambigua (am-big'u-a), 16, 17.
Trembling fungi, 204.
Tremellineæ (Trem-el-lin'e-æ), 204.
Tremella (Tre-mel'la), 204.
frondosa (fron-do'sa), 205, fig. 206.
fuciformis (fu-ci-for'mis), 206, fig. 207.
lutescens (lu-tes'cens), 205.
mycetophila (my-ce-toph'i-la), 204, fig. 205.
Tricholoma (Trich-o-lo'ma), 87.
peckii (peck'i-i), 85, 86.
personatum (per-so-na'tum), 87, figs. 87, 88.
sejunctum (se-junc'tum), 88, fig. 89.
Trogia (Tro'gi-a), 137.
crispa (cris'pa), 137, pl. 43, fig. 134.
Tubaria (Tu-ba'ri-a), 159.
pellucida (pel-lu'ci-da), 159, fig. 153.
Tube-bearing fungi, 171.
Verpa bohemica (Ver'pa bo-hem'i-ca), 219.
Volvaria (vol-va'ri-a), 140.
bombycina (bom-byc'i-na), 140, 141, fig. 137.
speciosa (spe-ci-o'sa), 141, 142.
White-spored agarics, 52.
INDEX TO SPECIES.
acicula (Mycena), 97.
acutesquamosa (Lepiota), 81.
adiposa (Pholiota), 151.
adusta (Russula), 127.
æruginosa (Stropharia), 32.
alneum (Schizophyllum), 136.
alutacea (Russula), 125.
ambigua (Dædalea), 16.
ambigua (Trametes), 16.
americana (Lepiota), 80.
americanus (Boletus), 178.
antipoda (Galera), 155.
applanatus (Crepidotus), 161.
applanatus (Polyporus), 193.
appendiculatum (Hypholoma), 27.
applicatus (Pleurotus), 109.
arvensis (Agaricus), 20.
asperula (Lepiota), 82.
asprella (Leptonia), 147.
atramentarius (Coprinus), 40.
atro-tomentosus (Paxillus), 169.
aurantia (Armillaria), 84.
aurantiacus (Cantharellus), 129.
aurivella (Pholiota), 152.
badhami (Lepiota), 81.
bispora (Morchella), 219.
bohemica (Verpa), 219.
bombycina (Volvaria), 140.
botrytes (Clavaria), 202.
brevipes (Boletus), 179.
brumalis (Polyporus), 191.
bulbosus (Boletus), 172.
cæsarea (Amanita), 70.
calolepis (Crepidotus), 161.
campestris (Agaricus), 18.
campanella (Omphalia), 101.
candida (Clitocybe), 89.
candolleanum (Hypholoma), 28.
cantharellus (Craterellus), 208.
caput-medusæ (Hydnum), 198.
caput-ursi (Hydnum), 197.
caudicinus (Polyporus), 190.
cerasina (Pholiota), 152.
cervinus (Pluteus), 138.
chelidonium (Lactarius), 124.
chimonophilus (Crepidotus), 160.
chromapes (Boletus), 176.
chrysodon (Hygrophorus), 111.
chrysorrheus (Lactarius), 122.
cibarius (Cantharellus), 128.
cinnabarinum (Calostoma), 212.
cinnabarinus (Polystictus), 192.
cinnamomeus (Cortinarius), 162.
cinnamomeus (Polystictus), 192.
coccinea (Sarcoscypha), 222.
coccineus (Hygrophorus), 112.
cohærens (Marasmius), 132.
cohærens (Mycena), 132.
collinitus (Cortinarius), 161.
comatus (Coprinus), 33.
commune (Schizophyllum), 136.
comtulus (Agaricus), 24.
conica (Morchella), 217.
conicus (Hygrophorus), 114.
connatus (Polystictus), 192.
coprinoides (Galera), 155.
coralloides (Hydnum), 196.
cornucopioides (Craterellus), 208.
corrugatus (Paxillus), 170.
corrugis (Lactarius), 116.
corticatus (Pleurotus), 106.
cothurnata (Amanita), 66.
cretaceus (Agaricus), 79.
crassipes (Morchella), 219.
crispa (Helvella), 219.
crispa (Trogia), 139.
cristata (Lepiota), 81.
crustuliniforme (Hebeloma), 158.
cyanothrix (Mycena), 98.
cyathiforme (Lycoperdon), 209.
cyathiformis (Clitocybe), 90.
cyathiformis (Panus), 135.
deliciosa (Morchella), 219.
deliciosus (Lactarius), 123.
diminutivus (Agaricus), 26.
disseminata (Psathyrella), 48.
dryinus (Pleurotus), 105.
dryophila (Collybia), 204.
duplicata (Dictyophora), 214.
eburneus (Hygrophorous), 111.
echinata (Inocybe), 158.
edulus (Boletus), 172.
emetica (Russula), 127.
epichysium (Omphalia), 101.
epipterygia (Mycena), 96.
erinaceus (Hydnum), 198.
esculenta (Gyromitra), 220.
esculenta (Morchella), 217.
farinosa (Amanitopsis), 76.
felleus (Boletus), 173.
fimicola (Panæolus), 48.
firma (Fistulina), 186.
flava (Galera), 155.
flavidus (Boletus), 178.
flavidus (Paxillus), 168.
floccocephala (Amanita), 62.
floccopus (Strobilomyces), 185.
floccosa (Sarcoscypha), 221.
foenisecii (Psilocybe), 48.
fomentarius (Polyporus), 194.
formosa (Clavaria), 201.
fragile (Hydnum), 200.
fragilis (Russula), 127.
frondosa (Tremella), 205.
frondosus (Polyporus), 188.
frostiana (Amanita), 54.
fuciformis (Tremella), 206.
fuligineus (Hygrophorus), 113.
fuliginosus (Lactarius), 118.
fulvotomentosus (Crepidotus), 161.
furcata (Russula), 127.
fusiger (Spinellus), 95.
galericulata (Mycena), 94.
gemmatum (Lycoperdon), 210.
gerardii (Lactarius), 119.
giganteum (Lycoperdon), 210.
glandulosa (Exidia), 206.
glutinosus (Gomphidius), 51.
granulatus (Boletus), 178.
graveolens (Hydnum), 200.
grayanum (Entoloma), 144.
hæmatopa (Mycena), 98.
hepatica (Fistulina), 186.
herbarum (Crepidotus), 160.
hirsutus (Polystictus), 192.
hypothejus (Hygrophorus), 114.
igniarius (Polyporus), 194.
illudens (Clitocybe), 90.
imbricatum (Hydnum), 198.
impudicus (Ithyphallus), 216.
incana (Leptonia), 147.
indigo (Lactarius), 125.
infundibuliformis (Clitocybe), 90.
intybaceus (Polyporus), 189.
involutus (Paxillus), 166.
johnsoniana (Pholiota), 153.
jubatum (Entoloma), 143.
laccata (Clitocybe), 89.
lachnophylla (Collybia), 132.
lachrymabundum (Hypholoma), 28.
lacrymans (Merulius), 194.
lacunosa (Helvella), 220.
lævis (Annularia), 78.
lateritia (Galera), 155.
lecomtei, (Lentinus), 135.
lepida (Russula), 126.
lepideus (Lentinus), 135.
lignyotus (Lactarius), 117.
livida (Amanitopsis), 75.
longipes (Collybia), 93.
lubrica (Leotia), 221.
lucidus (Polyporus), 193.
leucophæus (Polyporus), 194.
lutescens (Calostoma), 212.
lutescens (Mitremyces), 213.
lutescens (Tremella), 205.
luteus (Boletus), 181.
macrocarpus (Spinellus), 95.
mappa (Amanita), 58.
marginata (Pholiota), 151.
maritimus (Agaricus), 142.
merismoides (Phlebia), 195.
mellea (Armillaria), 83.
micaceus (Coprinus), 42.
miniatus (Hygrophorus), 113.
morgani (Lepiota), 80.
mucida (Clavaria), 203.
muscaria (Amanita), 52.
mycetophila (Tremella), 205.
naucina (Lepiota), 77.
nigricans (Gomphidius), 49.
nigricans (Russula), 127.
nivalis (Amanitopsis), 76.
oblectans (Polystictus), 192.
obsonium (Boletus), 177.
ochroleucus (Cortinarius), 163.
orcella (Clitopilus), 143.
oreades (Marasmius), 131.
ornatipes (Boletus), 174.
ostreatus (Pleurotus), 104.
pallida (Fistulina), 186.
pantherina (Amanita), 69.
panuoides (Paxillus), 170.
papilionaccus (Panæolus), 48.
paradoxa (Flammula), 168.
peckii (Tricholoma), 85.
pelletieri (Clitocybe), 168.
pellucida (Tubaria), 159.
perennis (Polystictus), 192.
pergamenus (Lactarius), 121.
pergamenus (Polystictus), 193.
perplexum (Hypholoma), 27.
personatum (Tricholoma), 87.
petaloides (Pleurotus), 107.
phalloides (Amanita), 55.
pictus (Boletinus), 183.
pinicola (Polyporus), 194.
piperatus (Lactarius), 120.
pistillaris (Clavaria), 203.
pistillaris (Craterellus), 203.
placomyces (Agaricus), 19.
platyphylla (Collybia), 93.
polita (Eccilia), 148.
polychroa (Flammula), 156.
polygramma (Mycena), 94.
polypyramis (Amanita), 74.
porosus (Boletinus), 184.
præcox, (Pholiota), 150.
prælonga (Mycena), 94.
pratensis (Hygrophorus), 113.
procera (Lepiota), 79.
prunulus (Clitopilus), 142.
psittacinus (Hygrophorus), 114.
punctipes (Boletus), 179.
pura (Mycena), 95.
putidum (Hydnum), 199.
pyriforme (Lycoperdon), 211.
rachodes (Lepiota), 79.
radicata (Collybia), 93.
ravenelii (Dictyophora), 215.
repanda (Inocybe), 257.
repandum (Entoloma), 143.
repandum (Hydnum), 198.
resimus (Lactarius), 121.
retirugis (Chalymotta), 48.
retirugis (Panæolus), 45.
rhodoxanthus (Flammula), 168.
rhodoxanthus (Gomphidius), 168.
rhodoxanthus (Paxillus), 167.
rodmani (Agaricus), 20.
rotula (Marasmius), 130.
rubescens (Amanita), 71.
rudis (Panus), 135.
rufus (Gyrocephalus), 207.
rugocephalum (Hypholoma), 30.
sapidus (Pleurotus), 104.
sapinea (Flammula), 157.
scaber (Boletus), 174.
sejunctum (Tricholoma), 88.
semiglobata (Stropharia), 31.
semilibera (Morchella), 219.
semiorbicularis (Naucoria), 153.
serotinus (Pleurotus), 109.
silvaticus (Agaricus), 21.
silvicola (Agaricus), 22.
solidipes (Panæolus), 48.
solitaria (Amanita), 72.
spadicea (Amanitopsis), 75.
speciosa (Volvaria), 141.
spinulifera (Collybia), 132.
splendens (Polystictus), 192.
spreta (Amanita), 69.
squarrosa (Pholiota), 152.
squarrosoides (Pholiota), 152.
stercoraria (Stropharia), 32.
stipticus (Lentinus), 135.
stipticus (Panus), 135.
strictius (Entoloma), 145.
strigosus (Panus), 135.
strobilaceus (Strobilomyces), 184.
strobiliformis (Amanita), 73.
sublateritium (Hypholoma), 26.
subluteus (Boletus), 181.
subrufescens (Agaricus), 23.
subsquarrosa (Pholiota), 152.
subtomentosus (Boletus), 167.
succosa (Mycena), 100.
sulphureus (Polyporus), 190.
sulfureoides (Pleurotus), 107.
tammii (Flammula), 179.
tenera (Galera), 155.
tomentosulus (Pluteus), 140.
tomninosus (Lactarius), 119.
tremellosus (Merulius), 194.
ulmarius (Pleurotus), 102.
umbellatus (Polyporus), 189.
unicolor (Pholiota), 151.
vaginata (Amanitopsis), 74.
variicolor (Bolbitius), 164.
velutinum (Hydnum), 200.
velatipes (Amanita), 63.
velutipes (Collybia), 92.
velutipes (Spathularia), 220.
vermiculosus (Boletus), 177.
verna (Amanita), 60.
vernalis (Naucoria), 154.
verrucosum (Scleroderma), 212.
versicolor (Polystictus), 192.
versutus (Crepidotus), 160.
violacens (Cortinarius), 161.
virescens (Russula), 126.
virosa (Amanita), 61.
volemus (Lactarius), 115.
volvata (Amanitopsis), 76.
vulgare (Scleroderma), 212.
vulgaris (Mycena), 97.
vulpinus (Lentinus), 134.
* * * * * *
Transcriber's Notes:
Page 17
[A] For analytical keys to the families and genera see Chapter XXII.
Changed Chapter XXII to XXIV.
Apparently Chapters were added making these references outdated.
Page 18
[B] For analytical key to the genera see Chapter XXII.
Changed Chapter XXII to XXIV.
Page 32
The spores are black in mass, not purple tinged. For analytical keys
to the genera see Chapter XXII.
Changed XXII to XXIV.
Page 33
Changed kornos to kopros in accordance with printed correction list.
Page 52
The spores are white in mass, or sometimes with a faint yellowish or
lilac tinge. For analytical keys to the genera see Chapter XXII.
Changed XXII to XXIV.
Page 54
Figures 52--54 are from plants (No. 2065 C. U. herbarium) collected in
an open woods near Ithaca. For the poisonous property of the plant see
Chapter XX.
Changed Chapter XX to Chapter XXII.
Page 58
condition of the circumsissle
Changed to circumscissile.
Page 60
as _A. verna_; the pilus convex, the annulus broad and entire,
Changed to pileus.
Page 69
a few remnants of the volva, striate on the margin, and 1-.5 cm.
Unchanged, although 1-1.5 cm. may have been intended.
Page 71 Facing Plate 19
Fig. 2.--A. cæsaria.
Changed to cæsarea.
Page 104
often in a recticulate fashion. The =spores= are white, oblong, 7--10 µ
Changed to 'reticulate'.
Page 132
variations being due to numbers of colored cystida
Changed to cystidia.
Page 138
The spores are rosy, pink, salmon colored, flesh colored, or reddish.
For analytical keys to the genera see Chapter XXII.
Changed Chapter XXII to XXIV.
Page 148
The =pileus= is convex and umbilcate, somewhat membranaceous, smooth,
Changed to umbilicate.
Page 150
The spores are ochre yellow, rusty, rusty-brown, or some shade of
yellow. For analytical keys to the genera see Chapter XXII.
Changed XXII to XXIV.
Page 155
membraneous, ovate or companulate
Changed to campanulate.
Page 164
during May and June, 1898, in a freshly manured grass plat between
plat = a portion of flat, even ground.
Page 182
were found in open woods under Kalmia were the sun had an opportunity
Changed to 'where the sun'.
Page 209
giant buff-ball, and the _L. cyathiforme_, where the wall or peridium
Changed to 'puff-ball'.
Page 220
Changed Gyromytra to Gyromitra in accordance with the corrections list.
Page 226
then the specimen must be covered with a bell-bar or other receiver
Changed to 'bell-jar'.
Page 265
or compartment where there is little moisture, until the bricks are
Unchanged. Although, 'a little moisture' seems to make more sense.
Page 283
also wash and remove the pores from half a dozen good sized "beefsteak"
Changed to 'spores'.
Page 290
made, but it may be assumed that the soluble cabohydrates
Changed to carbohydrates.
Page 307
honey-combed surface, or recticulate,
Changed to 'reticulate'.
Page 309
=Gills= not decurrent, plants parastic on other mushrooms.
Changed to parasitic.
Page 310
=4=--=Stipe= tenaceous, margin of pileus first incurved.
Changed to tenacious.
Page 320
carnucopioides (Craterellus), 208.
Changed to cornucopioides.
Page 322
spreta (Amanita), 69.
Relocated alphbetically 2 lines up from original.
Hyphenation
Some hyphenation is inconsistent depending on whether it is used in
text or in an index/glossary.
Accents
Some accents are inconsistent between text and illustration captions.