THE SHOEMAKER WHO ROSE TO BE REAR-ADMIRAL OF ENGLAND.
Cloudesley Shovel was born at or near Cley, a small town on the
north coast of Norfolk, about the year 1650. At that time Cley,
which is about ten miles west from Cromer, had a good harbour, and a
considerable shipping trade; but the harbour has been since silted up,
and the rising generation of the place in this age are not brought so
directly into contact with ships and maritime affairs as young Shovel,
who was named Cloudesley in homage to a rich relative from whom the
family had great expectations, which were not realised.
The boy was sent to learn the art and craft of shoe-making and
mending, which did not accord with his inclination, and, from which
he ran away,--and, offering his services to Sir John Narborough, was
accepted by that famous seaman, and served as his cabin-boy. Sir John
had himself commenced his naval career as cabin-boy to Sir Christopher
Myngs, and probably took kindly to the runaway youngster, from that
fellow-feeling which makes one wondrous kind. The lad showed great
affection and respect to Sir John, who had him thoroughly instructed in
navigation and other branches of useful knowledge. He proved an apt and
diligent pupil, and became in due time an able and thoroughly capable
seaman.
Sir John Narborough was the ever-ready and generous patron of
merit, and had sufficient influence to obtain for his apprentice a
lieutenant’s commission. Shovel served in this rank at the close of the
second Dutch war.
[Illustration: SIR CLOUDESLEY SHOVEL.]
The pirates of Algiers and Tripoli greatly harassed the traders of our
own and other countries with the Levant, and a squadron was sent out
in 1675, under the command of Sir John Narborough, to chastise their
insolence, and, if possible, put an end to their predacious practices.
Sir John found the corsairs in great force, and ready to give him a
warm reception. The Algerines and the Tripolines combined in their
defence, had their war ships in position, protected by the guns of the
fort. Sir John had been instructed to try negotiation in preference
to force, and, in view of the strength of the confederates, thought
it might be well to at least attempt to obtain treaty promises of
amendment by diplomacy, although he had little hope of a satisfactory
result from this method. He despatched Lieutenant Shovel to the Dey
of Tripoli as his representative. The Dey, despising the youthful
ambassador, treated his message with contempt, which Shovel duly
reported to his commander. He was sent back with a second message,
and was received with even greater discourtesy than on the first
occasion. He bore all patiently, however; appearing to be quite cool
and unobservant, at the same time noting the number and disposition
of the pirate ships. Returning to Sir John, he duly reported the
insolent reception he had received, and added to the report a strong
recommendation that a night attack should be made upon the enemy, with
the object of burning their ships, stating his readiness to conduct the
expedition. His recommendation was adopted, and at midnight on the 4th
March, Lieutenant Shovel at the head of the boats of the English fleet,
well manned, and well supplied with inflammable materials, put off,
with muffled oars, from their own ships, and, stealthily approaching
the pirates, boarded and set them on fire,--leaving them a blaze to
light them back to their own vessels. This brilliant service Shovel
accomplished without suffering the loss of a single man on the English
side. The corsairs destroyed included the _White Eagle_ of fifty guns,
the _Mirror_ of thirty-six guns, the _Sancta Clara_ of twenty-four
guns, and another ship of twenty guns, besides smaller vessels. The
Tripolines were struck with amazement by this successful action, and
sued for peace. When an attempt to treat was made, however, they
refused to accede to the proposed terms, so far as regarded making good
the losses that had been sustained by the English. Sir John cannonaded
the town, but produced little effect. He drew off to a place about
twenty leagues distant, where he destroyed a vast magazine of timber,
stored for shipbuilding, but still failed to reduce the pirates, and
sailed to Malta, whence, after staying a short time, he returned
suddenly, and renewed his attack with so much spirit and success that
the enemy were glad to conclude a peace on the terms that Sir John had
proposed. Shortly after this, a number of the corsairs’ ships that
had been at sea plying their nefarious vocation, returned to port.
They repudiated his treaty and deposed the Dey for having made it, and
continued the perpetration of their lawless practices. Again Sir John
returned, this time with a force of eight frigates, which arriving
before Tripoli, commenced a vigorous cannonade, and so battered the
place as to make the inhabitants eagerly sue for peace. Peace was, for
the time, concluded, and the authors of the late disturbances were
brought to punishment. Lieutenant Shovel took a leading part in these
actions.
In 1676, Shovel, whose conduct was warmly reported upon and commended
by Sir John Narborough, was given the command of the _Sapphire_, and
not long after of a larger ship, the _James Galley_, in which he
continued till the death of Charles II.
Captain Shovel was not a pronounced politician, but such leaning as
he had was in the opposite direction to the Jacobite side. King James
thought it to his interest, doubtless, to conciliate and employ such an
able commander, and appointed him to the command of the _Dover_, which
he held when the Revolution took place in 1688. He closed heartily with
the new Government, to which he rendered active and successful service,
that brought him rapid promotion. He was in the first naval action in
this reign, the battle of Bantry Bay, in 1689, in which he commanded
the _Edgar_. In this action his valour and activity were so conspicuous
as to lead the king to confer upon him the honour of knighthood.
During the winter of 1689 he was employed in cruising on the coast of
Ireland, to prevent the enemy from landing recruits. Here he received
advice that several ships of war, French and Irish, were in Dublin Bay,
where, at low water, they lay on the sands. Sir Cloudesley immediately
stood for the bay, in which he noticed an English ship of good size, a
French man-of-war, and several other ships filled with soldiers. These
forces were not sufficient to deter Sir Cloudesley, who determined to
destroy the ships, in sight of King James’s capital and of a powerful
garrison. He left the flag-ship, and went on board the _Monmouth_
yacht. At a little more than half-flood, with the _Monmouth_, two hoys
belonging to men-of-war, a ketch, and the pinnaces, he passed over
the bar with dashing bravery. The Irish fleet cut their cables, and
sailed as close in shore as the sands would permit, and fired a few
shots at the threatening force, calling also for assistance from the
Dublin garrison. Sir Cloudesley, despite the fire of the ships, and
the shower of bullets from King James’s militia, pressed forward, and
as soon as he was near enough, signalled the fire-ship to advance. The
soldiers deserted the largest ship, and those on board the others ran
them aground. Sir Cloudesley ordered the boarding of the largest ship,
the _Pelican_, of twenty guns, and directed her load to be lightened,
which was done, and the ship was towed away, to the confusion of the
witnesses ashore. The _Pelican_ was the largest man-of-war then in King
James’s possession. It had been taken by the Scots the previous year
from the French, on the occasion of their having conducted forces to
the assistance of the Highlanders, then in rebellion. In turning out of
the bay, the wind, which had veered, drove one of the hoys aground. At
the lowest ebb the hoy was upon dry ground; thousands of people crowded
the strand, King James and his guards amongst them. Cloudesley’s crews
remained in their boats, ready for any encounter. The Irish battalions
discharged a volley or two, which were warmly returned. As soon as the
rising tide permitted, the English left the bay with their prize, very
much to the chagrin of King James and his adherents.
In June 1690, Sir Cloudesley was appointed to convey King William and
his army to Ireland. In this service he had command of five men-of-war,
six yachts, and a large number of transport vessels. Unfavourable
weather was encountered, but the landing of the whole force at
Carrickfergus, on the 14th June, was successfully accomplished. The
king was so highly pleased with the skill and dexterity displayed by
Sir Cloudesley in this difficult transport service, as to promote him
to be rear-admiral of the blue, and he delivered the commission with
his own hands.
On the 10th July the king received information that the enemy intended
to send a fleet of frigates into St. George’s Channel to burn the
transport ships, and Shovel was ordered to cruise off Scilly, or in
such other station as he should think best for frustrating this design,
and to send scouts east and west to gain intelligence respecting the
movements of the French fleet. Nothing remarkable came of this cruise.
The remainder of 1690 was spent by Sir Cloudesley chiefly in cruising,
till he was appointed to join Sir George Rooke’s squadron, which
escorted the king to Holland in January 1691. All the services of Sir
Cloudesley were not alike brilliant, but all were well intended, and
his courage and sincerity were never questioned. His promotion by
the king, in the spring of 1692, to be rear-admiral of the red, gave
general satisfaction. On his return from Holland in that year, Sir
Cloudesley joined Admiral Russel with the grand fleet, and had a great
share in the danger, and a deserved share in the glory attaching to the
famous naval battle off La Hogue.
The combined fleet sailed from Spithead on the 18th May 1692. Admiral
Russel, in the red squadron, had his flag on board the _Britannia_ of
100 guns; his vice and rear admirals were Sir Ralph Delaval in the
_Royal Sovereign_ and Sir Cloudesley Shovel in the _London_, each of
100 guns. The blue squadron was commanded by Sir John Ashby in the
_Victory_ of 100 guns; his vice-admiral was Sir George Rooke in the
_Windsor Castle_ of 90 guns, and his rear-admiral, Richard Carter,
in the _Albemarle_ of 90 guns. The English fleet comprised 63 ships
carrying 4504 guns and 27,725 men, to which was united a Dutch fleet of
36 ships under Admiral Allemonde, carrying 2494 guns and 12,950 men.
Total, 99 ships, 6998 guns, 40,675 men. The French fleet consisted
of 63 ships of war, of which 55 carried from 104 to 60 guns each,
and 8 from 58 to 50 guns each. In addition the French had 7 smaller
vessels, 26 ships _armée en flute_, and 14 others; in all, 110 vessels.
The design of the French was the restoration of James to the English
throne.
[Illustration: CARRICKFERGUS CASTLE.]
On the 18th May the fleet sailed from Spithead, the most powerful,
probably, that had ever assembled in the reign of the wooden walls of
England. On the morning of the 19th the French fleet was sighted to the
westward. At 8 A.M. the line of battle was formed, the Dutch in the
van, Admiral Russel in the centre, and Sir John Ashby in the rear. At
11.30 the French flag-ship, the _Soleil Royal_ of 104 guns, opened fire
upon the English admiral’s flag-ship, the _Britannia_. The light air
of wind having died away, the rear division was prevented from closing
with the enemy; the red division bore accordingly the brunt of the
battle. The _Soleil Royal_ was so shattered as to have to cease firing,
and was towed out of the action. About noon a dense fog came on, and
the firing consequently ceased. The fog continued till the evening,
and the weather being calm, the ships drifted with the tide, and got
considerably mixed, friends and foes, so as to make firing dangerous as
touching unintentional billets for the bullets. The rear of the English
fleet became partially engaged from about 7 till 9.30 P.M. After the
day’s action the allied fleet stood to the north-west, and on the
following day proceeded in chase of the enemy. The ships that escaped
capture or destruction took refuge in the harbour of La Hogue, which
gave the name to the glorious action. Sixteen French sail of the line
were captured or destroyed by the English. In the action on the 19th,
and the subsequent pursuit of the defeated enemy, Sir Cloudesley’s
activity and valour were conspicuous; his ship fought in superb style,
and he was entitled to the principal share of such credit as attached
to burning the French ships of war.
The next notable action in which Sir Cloudesley took part was one
of the few that have detracted from England’s glory and renown as
“mistress of the seas.” In the battle of Beachy Head the glory was
appropriated by the Dutch; if shame attached to any party in the
contest it was to the English; but for mismanagement or failure Sir
Cloudesley was in no degree responsible. He was responsible for the
handling and fighting of the ships under his command, but had to take
the orders of his admiral for the plan of action. In June 1690 the
French fleet, under the Count de Tourville, embracing seventy-eight
men-of-war, chiefly of large size, and carrying an aggregate of four
thousand seven hundred guns, with twenty-two fire-ships, sailed from
Brest, with the intention of creating a diversion in favour of King
James, and, with this view, made a descent upon the coast of Sussex.
Intelligence having reached Spithead of the enemy’s approach, the
British fleet, under the Earl of Torrington, put to sea on the 21st
June, and soon came in sight of the French. The English were joined
by a Dutch squadron of twenty-two large ships, under Vice-Admiral
Evertsen. On the 30th, at daylight, Admiral Torrington signalled to
bear up in line abreast; and the Dutch in the van bore down with their
characteristic bravery, and did not bring to until closely engaged with
the French van at about 9 A.M. The blue squadron, following the example
of their allies, gallantly attacked the rear of the French; but the
centre, under the command of Lord Torrington, hung back, and did not
close with the enemy. The French, taking advantage of the backwardness
of the red division, kept their wind, and, passing through the wide
opening in the line, completely cut off the Dutch squadron, that still,
however, kept up the fight with dogged bravery. The fight lasted
throughout the day, and at 5 P.M. the allied fleets anchored, but at
9 weighed anchor, and retreated eastward. One English ship, and three
of the Dutch ships, were destroyed or sunk. The Earl of Torrington was
tried by court-martial for his conduct of this action, and acquitted.
In September 1694, Sir Cloudesley sailed with a frigate squadron for
an attack on Dunkirk. Commodore Benbow was in command of the smaller
ships of the squadron, and had with him a Mr. Meesters, and a number
of infernal machines invented by him; he had also a number of Dutch
pilots. On the 12th September, the fleet, consisting of thirteen
English and Dutch men-of-war ships, two mortar vessels, and seventeen
machines, and small craft, arrived before Dunkirk, and on the 13th
commenced the attack with the boats, and two of the machines, which
were to be directed by the engineer, assisted by the pilots. The first
machine took fire before it had reached near enough to damage the
enemy, and the second machine was caught by piles the French had driven
to obstruct the approach. Sir Cloudesley found Dunkirk too strong for
the appliances at present at his command. He sailed for Calais, which
he shelled, and destroyed a large number of houses. He was interrupted
in this occupation by a gale of wind, and returned with his fleet to
the Downs.
In 1703, Sir Cloudesley was sent on special service to Vigo, to look
after and bring home the spoil of the French and Spanish fleets that
fell to Sir George Rooke in the previous year. In this action, seven
French ships, with 334 guns and 2030 men, were burnt and otherwise
destroyed, and ten ships were taken by the English and Dutch, the total
loss of the French being seventeen ships, carrying 960 guns and 5832
men, and, in addition, some Spanish galleys. Sir Cloudesley, left in
charge of the prizes, succeeded in rescuing a large portion of the
treasure from the sunken galleons, and recovered the _Dartmouth_, a
fifty-gun ship, that had been captured in the previous war. He also
took out of some of the French ships, which were lying aground severely
damaged, fifty brass guns, and a larger number of guns from the shore
defence. Before leaving the port (Vigo), he completed the destruction
of every ship he could not tow away.
In 1704, Sir Cloudesley served under Sir George Rooke in the
Mediterranean, and in 1705 was promoted to be Rear-Admiral of England,
and shortly afterwards made Commander-in-chief of the British fleets.
In 1705 he co-operated with the Earl of Peterborough in taking
Barcelona.
Sir Cloudesley, having determined to open the passage of the bar, where
the French were strongly entrenched, directed Sir John Norris, with
four English and one Dutch ship, to sail into the river. They advanced
to within musket-shot of the enemy’s works. He opened a well-directed
fire, and the cavalry, with the greater portion of the infantry, taken
by surprise, and quite unprepared for the sudden attack, quitted the
camp. Sir Cloudesley, noticing this, ordered Sir John to land with
the sailors and marines, and attack the French in flank. This service
was effectively performed, and the French fled in confusion from the
entrenchments, clearing the way for the Duke of Savoy, our ally, who
passed up the river without meeting with any resistance.
On the 17th July 1707 an attempt was made upon Toulon by the combined
English and Dutch forces, assisted by the fleet under the command of
Sir Cloudesley Shovel. A hundred guns were landed from the ships for
the batteries, with seamen to serve them; Sir Thomas Dilkes also
bombarded the town from the fleet; but the attack did not prevail,
and the attacking forces withdrew, not without having inflicted
heavy damage and loss upon the French; eight of their largest ships
were burnt; several magazines, and more than a hundred houses, were
destroyed. Sir Cloudesley was greatly annoyed and disappointed by the
partial failure of this expedition, and departed for England upon his
last and fatal voyage. He left a squadron to blockade Toulon, under the
command of Sir Thomas Dilkes.
The fleet had got so near home as the Scilly Isles, when, in the night
of 22nd October 1707, Sir Cloudesley’s ship, the _Association_, and two
others, struck the rocks known as “The Bishop and his Clerks.” Not a
soul of the eight hundred on board with Sir Cloudesley was saved. The
catastrophe was seen from on board the _St. George_. The _Association_
went down in less than five minutes after striking the rock. Sir George
Byng, in the _St. Anne_, had a very narrow escape. With Sir Cloudesley,
on board the flag-ship, were his two stepsons, sons of Lady Shovel
and Sir John Narborough, his brother James, Mr. Trelawney, eldest son
of the Bishop of Winchester, and other persons of distinction. Sir
Cloudesley’s body was cast ashore, and recovered next day. His remains
were deposited, with the honourable and solemn ceremony due to his
worth, in Westminster Abbey.
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6. HALF-HOURS IN THE HOLY LAND. Travels in Egypt, Palestine, and
Syria. By NORMAN MACLEOD, D.D.
7. HALF-HOURS IN MANY LANDS. Arctic, Torrid, and Temperate.
8. HALF-HOURS WITH A NATURALIST. Rambles near the Seashore. By the
Rev. J. G. WOOD, M.A.
9. HALF-HOURS IN THE FAR NORTH. Life amid Ice and Snow.
10. HALF-HOURS IN THE FAR SOUTH. The People and Scenery of the
Tropics.
11. HALF-HOURS IN THE FAR EAST. Among the People and Wonders of India.
12. HALF-HOURS IN WOODS AND WILDS. Adventures of Sport and Travel.
13. HALF-HOURS UNDERGROUND. Volcanoes, Mines, and Caves.
14. HALF-HOURS AT SEA. Stories of Voyage, Adventure, and Wreck.
15. HALF-HOURS IN THE WIDE WEST. Over Mountains.
16. HALF-HOURS IN EARLY NAVAL ADVENTURE.
=By AGNES GIBERNE.=
“Tales that bear Miss Giberne’s name are ‘the best of the best.’
No writer excels her in this department of literature.”--_Fireside
News._
“That the story is Miss Giberne’s guarantees refinement and
Christian principle.”--_Churchman._
=With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d. each.=
THE DALRYMPLES. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d.
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“LEAST SAID, SOONEST MENDED.” 2s. 6d.
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story highly to girls.”--_Quiver._
NUMBER THREE WINIFRED PLACE. 2s. 6d.
“A delightful story, and, we need hardly add--being Miss
Giberne’s--is full of the highest and most profitable religious
teaching.”--_Record._
“Miss Giberne’s book is for gentler readers. It appeals very
delicately to their softer sympathies, and introduces them to one
young girl at least who may serve as a model or ideal to them. It
is written in a pleasing sympathetic style.”--_Scotsman._
MISS CON; or, All Those Girls. 2s. 6d.
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ENID’S SILVER BOND. 2s. 6d.
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cleverly sketched.”--_Times._
ST. AUSTIN’S LODGE; or, Mr. Berkeley and his Nieces. 2s. 6d.
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carefully written, and is in all respects a conscientious
performance.”--_Academy._
BERYL AND PEARL. 2s. 6d.
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KATHLEEN. 2s. 6d.
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THE ANDERSONS. Illustrated. Extra crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.
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READY, AYE READY! 1s. 6d.
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FIVE THOUSAND POUNDS. 1s. 6d.
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DECIMA’S PROMISE. 2s.
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DAISY OF OLD MEADOW. 2s.
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OLD UMBRELLAS; or, Clarrie and her Mother. 2s.
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MILES MURCHISON. Illustrated. Small crown 8vo. 1s.
MARIGOLD. Illustrated. Small crown 8vo. 1s.
=By J. MACDONALD OXLEY.=
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IN THE SWING OF THE SEA.
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ON THE WORLD’S ROOF. A Tale of Adventure.
=By S. M. S. CLARKE (Mrs. Pereira).=
THE KING’S RECRUITS; or, In the Days of Frederick the Great.
Illustrated. Gilt edges, bevelled boards. Extra crown 8vo. 5s.
BARON AND SQUIRE. A Story of the Thirty Years’ War. From the German
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6d. Gilt edges, bevelled boards.
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THE DUKE’S PAGE; or, “In the Days of Luther.” A Story for Boys.
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Gilt edges, bevelled boards.
“A capital story for boys.”--_Guardian._
“This is one of the most fascinating historical tales we have ever
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=By Rev. J. REID HOWATT.=
A NIGHT IN BETHLEHEM. Fifty Years After. Freely rendered by the
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YOUTH’S IDEALS. Small crown 8vo. 1s.
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OFF TO KLONDYKE. A Story of Adventure. With Eight Illustrations by
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=By Mrs. GEORGE CORBETT.=
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SPOILT GUY. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 1s. 6d.
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LITTLE BRICKS. With Illustrations. Small crown 8vo. 1s.
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TOM AND HIS CROWS. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 2s.
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VIKING BOYS. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 2s.
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THE LADS OF LUNDA. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 2s.
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THE YARL’S YACHT. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 2s.
“‘The Yarl s Yacht’ is a delightful sequel to the ‘Lads of
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* * * * *
THE HOME OF A NATURALIST. By JESSIE M. E. SAXBY and the Rev. BIOT
EDMONSTON. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.
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=By EVA TRAVERS EVERED POOLE.=
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=By ELLEN L. DAVIS.=
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A BOY’S WILL. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 1s. 6d.
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=By the Rev. GEORGE EVERARD, M.A.=
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* * * * *
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=By E. LIVINGSTON PRESCOTT,=
_Author of “Scarlet and Steel,” &c._
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KATHERINE’S KEYS. Illustrated by CHAS. RICHARDSON. Extra crown 8vo.
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WHERE THE DEW FALLS IN LONDON. Illustrated. Crown 8vo. 2s.
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BITTER AND SWEET. Illustrated. Small crown 8vo. 1s.
Transcriber’s Notes
Punctuation, hyphenation, and spelling were made consistent when a
predominant preference was found in the original book; otherwise they
were not changed.
Simple typographical errors were corrected; unbalanced quotation
marks were remedied when the change was obvious, and otherwise left
unbalanced.
Illustrations in this eBook have been positioned between paragraphs
and outside quotations. In versions of this eBook that support
hyperlinks, the page references in the List of Illustrations lead to
the corresponding illustrations.
Some prices in the Book Catalog have been repositioned.