ALL (Gael.), 'white;' AL-IAN, 'white water,' so the rivers _Allen_,
_Ellen_, _Aln_, _Lune_, _Allwen_, _Elwin_.
ALT (Gael.), 'a stream;' as _Alt_rive, _Alt_naharra, Garv_ald_.
AR, ARA, found in many river-names; as _Aire_, _Ayr_, _Aar_, _Aray_,
_Ir_vine, _Arno_, _Arve_. [Perh. conn. with Sans. _ara_, 'swift,'
'flowing.']
ARD (Celt.), 'high;' as _Ard_och, _Aird_rie, _Ard_rossan, _Ard_glass,
_Ard_en, _Ard_ennes.
ATH (Ir. and Gael.), 'a ford;' as _Ath_lone, _Ath_truim (now Trim),
_Ath_ole. The Gael. _abh_, 'water,' appears in _Ab_oyne, _Awe_.
AUCH (Gael.), AGH (Ir.), 'a field;' as _Auch_inleck, _Agh_inver, _Agh_adoe.
AUCHTER (Gael.), 'summit;' as _Auchter_arder, _Auchter_muchty.
AVON (Celt.), 'a river;' as _Avon_, _Aven_, _Aisne_, _Inn_, _Ain_,
_Vienne_; also in _Devon_, _Evan_, Guadi_ana_, Punj_aub_.
AY. See Ea.
BAB (Ar.), 'a gate;' as _Bab_-el-mandeb, _Bab_-el.
BAD (Teut.), 'a bath;' as _Bath_, _Bad_en, Karls_bad_.
BAHR (Ar.), 'a sea,' 'lake,' 'river;' as in _Bahr_ein, _Bahar_-el-azrak.
BALA (Turk.), 'high;' as _Balla_-hissar, _Bal_kan.
BALLOCH (Gael.), 'a pass;' as _Balloch_myle, _Ballagh_more.
BALLY (Ir. and Gael.), 'a village' or 'town;' as _Bally_more, _Bal_briggan,
_Bal_moral, _Ball_antrae, _Bal_quhidder.
BAN (Celt.), 'white;' as _Ban_na, _Ban_on, _Ban_chory; the rivers _Ben_,
_Bann_, _Ban_don, _Ban_ney, &c.
BECK (Scand.), BACH (Ger.), 'a brook;' as Hol_beck_, Lauter_bach_. [See
_Beck_ in Dict.]
BEDD (W.), 'a grave;' as _Bedd_gelert.
BEER (Heb.), 'a well;' as _Beer_sheba, _Beir_out.
BEG, BIHAN (Celt.), 'little;' as Bally_beg_, Mor_bihan_.
BEN (Gael. and Ir.), 'mountain,' PEN (W.), 'headland,' 'hilltop;' as _Ben_
Nevis, _Ben_ Lomond, The Twelve _Pins_, _Ban_gor; _Pen_, _Pen_nigant,
_Pen_zance, _Pen_nine Alps, _Apen_nines, _Pin_dus.
BERG, BOROUGH (A.S. beorh), 'a hill;' as Ingle_borough_, Flam_borough_
Head, Brow_berg_ Hill, Königs_berg_, _Berg_en. [From the same root as
_Burgh_ (below).]
BETH (Heb.), 'a house;' as _Beth_el (house of God).
BETTWS (W.), 'a dwelling;' as _Bettws_-y-coed.
BLAIR (Gael.), 'a plain,' 'a battlefield;' as _Blair_-Athole,
_Blair_gowrie.
BOCA (Sp.), 'a mouth;' as _Boca_-grande.
BOR (Slav.), 'wood;' as _Bor_ovsk, Rati_bor_.
BOTTLE or BATTLE, BÜTTEL (Teut.), 'a dwelling;' as New_battle_, _Buittle_,
More_battle_, Wolfen_büttel_.
BROAD (Eng.), as _Brad_don, _Brad_shaw, _Brad_ford.
BRUNN (Ger.), 'a spring;' as Salz_brunn_, Pader_born_.
BRYN (W.), 'a hill-ridge;' as _Brown_-Willy.
BUEN (Sp.), 'good;' as _Buenos_-Ayres ('good breezes').
BURGH, BOROUGH, BURY (Teut.), 'a fortified place,' 'a town;' as
Edin_burgh_, Peter_borough_, Shrews_bury_, Ham_burg_, Cher_bourg_,
Caris_brook_, _Burg_os. [A.S. _burg_, _burh_ (see _Borough_ in Dict.), Ger.
_burg_.]
BURN (Northern Eng. and Scotch, A.S. _burna_), 'a brook.;' as _Burn_foot,
Black_burn_, Ty_burn_, East_bourne_.
BY (Scand.), 'a dwelling,' 'a town;' as Der_by_, Rug_by_, Whit_by_,
El_boeuf_. [Cf. _Bylaw_ in Dict.]
CAER, CADER (W.), CAHER (Ir.), 'fortified enclosure;' as _Caer_leon,
_Caer_narvon, _Car_digan, _Car_lisle, _Cader_-Idris, San_quhar_,
_Car_lingford.
CAM (Celt.), 'crooked;' as _Cam_, _Cam_beck, _Cam_buskenneth, More_cambe_
Bay, _Cam_brai.
CARRICK (Gael. and Ir. _carraig_), CARREG (W.), 'a sea-cliff,' 'rock;' as
_Carrick_fergus, _Carrick_-on-Suir, _Carrig_afoyle, _Cerrig_-y-Druidion.
CASTER, CHESTER, CESTER (--L. _castra_), 'a camp,' as Don_caster_,
_Chester_, Win_chester_, Lei_cester_.
CEANN (Gael.), 'a head,' 'promontory;' as _Kin_tyre, _King_horn, _Ken_more.
CEFN (Celt.), 'a ridge;' as _Cefn_coed, _Chevin_, _Keyn_ton, _Chevin_gton,
_Cheviot_, _Cevennes_.
CHEAP and CHIPPING (A.S. _ceap_), 'price,' 'a market;' as
_Chipping_-Norton, _Chep_stow, _Cheap_side, _Copen_hagen (Dan.
_Kjöben-havn_, 'merchants' haven'). [See _Cheap_ in Dict.]
CIVITA (It.), CIUDAD (Sp.), 'a city;' as _Civita_ Vecchia ('old city');
_Ciudad_ Rodrigo ('city of Roderick'). [From L. _civitas_.]
CLACH, CLOCH, CLOUGH (Gael.), 'a stone;' as _Clack_mannan, _Clogh_er,
Auchna_cloy_, _Clon_akilty.
CLACHAN (Gael.), 'a village,' often also 'church.' There are perhaps twenty
clachans in Scotland.
CLUAN, CLOON (Gael.), 'a meadow;' as _Clun_ie, _Clon_mel, _Clon_tarf,
_Clyn_der.
CLYD (Celt.), 'warm,' CLYTH (Celt.), 'strong;' as _Clwyd_--most prob. not
_Clyde_.
CNOC (Gael.), 'a knoll,' 'hill,' as _Knock_meledown. Sir Herbert Maxwell
(_Studies in the Topography of Galloway_, 1885) gives 220 _Knocks_ in
Galloway alone.
COED (Celt.), 'a wood;' _Cots_wold Hills, _Chat_moss.
COLN (from L. _colonia_), 'a colony;' as Lin_coln_, _Colne_, _Cologne_
(_Köln_). [See _Colony_ in Dict.]
COMBE (A.S.), CWM or CUM (Celt.), 'a hollow between hills;' as Wy_combe_,
_Comp_ton, The _Coombs_, _Com_o.
CRAIG, CRAG (Celt.), 'a rock;' as _Craig_ie, _Crath_ie, _Carrick_, _Crick_,
_Crick_lade, _Croagh_-Patrick. See _Carrick_ (above).
CROFT (A.S.), 'an enclosed field;' as _Croft_on, Thorny_croft_.
DAGH (Turk.), 'mountain;' as Kara_dagh_.
DAL (Scand.), THAL (Ger.), DAIL and DOL (Celt.), 'a dale,' 'a field;' as
Liddes_dale_, Ry_dal_, Ken_dal_, Arun_del_, Rhein_thal_; (in Celtic names
prefixed) _Dal_ry, _Dal_keith, _Dol_gelly. [See _Dale_ in Dict.]
DAR (Ar.), 'a dwelling,' 'district;' as _Dar_fur, _Diar_bekr.
DEN or DEAN (Teut.), 'a deep wooded valley;' as Tenter_den_, South_dean_,
Hazel_dean_, _Den_holm.
DORF. See THORPE.
DOUR (Celt.), 'water;' as the _Dour_, _Adour_, _Douro_, _Dore_, _Thur_,
_Doro_, _Adder_, _Der_went, _Dar_win, _Dar_ent, _Dar_t, _Dor_chester,
_Dor_dogne.
DRUM AND DROM (Celt.), 'a backbone,' 'a ridge;' as _Drom_ore, _Drum_mond,
Augh_rim_, Leit_rim_.
DU (Celt.), 'black;' as _Dou_glas; the rivers _Du_las, _Dou_las; _Dub_lin
('dark pool').
DUM, DUN (Gael.), DINAS, DIN (W.), 'a hill-fortress;' as _Dun_more,
_Dun_blane, _Dun_keld, _Dum_barton, _Dum_fries, _Dun_stable, _Dun_mow,
_Down_patrick, _Don_egal, Mal_don_, Ver_dun_, Ley_den_, _Din_as-fawr,
_Din_an, _Den_bigh. [See _Down_, a hill, in Dict.]
DYSART (Celt.--L. _desertum_), 'a hermitage;' as _Dysart_, _Dysert_more.
EA, EY (A.S. _íg_, Ice. _ey_, Norw. and Dan. _ö_), 'an island;' as
Swan_sea_, _E_ton, Jers_ey_, Romn_ey_, Shepp_ey_, Rothes_ay_, Staff_a_,
Far_oe_. [See _Island_ in Dict.]
ECCLES, EGLES (like Fr. _église_, through L., from Gr. _ekkl[=e]sia_), 'a
church;' as _Eccle_ston, _Eccle_fechan, _Eccles_machan, _Eccles_iamagirdle,
_Eagles_ham, Terr_egles_.
ELF, ELV (Goth.), 'a river;' as _Elbe_.
ERMAK (Turk.), 'a river;' as Kizil-_ermak_.
ESK (Gael. and Ir. _easg_ [obs.] or _uisge_, W. _wysg_), 'water;' as the
_Esk_, _Usk_, _Ise_, _Oise_, _Ease_burn, _Ash_bourne, _Iz_, _Is_is, _Exe_,
_Ux_, _Ouse_, _Wis_beach, _Wis_, _Isch_ia, _Is_ère, _Ais_ne, _Aus_onne.
ESKI (Turk.), 'old,' as _Eski_-djuma ('old ditch').
FAHR, FUHR (Teut.), 'way,' 'passage;' as _Fahr_enbach, Camp_vere_,
Queens_ferry_, Connel-_Ferry_.
FELD, or VELD (Teut.), 'plain,' 'field;' as Hudders_field_, Lich_field_,
Spital_fields_.
FELL (Old Norse _fjall_, _fell_), 'a mountain;' as Carter_fell_,
Goat_fell_, Snae_fell_.
FIN, FINN (Gael.), 'fair,' 'white;' as _Fin_don, _Fin_try, _Fin_castle,
Knock_fin_.
FIORD, FJORD (Scand.), 'a creek,' 'inlet of the sea;' as Lax_fiord_,
Water_ford_, Wex_ford_.
FLEET (Scand. _fljót_, a stream), 'a small river' or 'channel;' as
Pur_fleet_; found in Normandy as _fleur_, as Har_fleur_, Bar_fleur_.
FOLK (A.S.), 'people;' as Nor_folk_ ('north people'), Suf_folk_ ('south
people').
FORD (A.S.), 'a shallow passage over a river,' as Chelms_ford_, Here_ford_,
Stam_ford_.
FORS, FOSS (Scand.), 'a waterfall;' as High _Force_, Wilber_force_,
_Fos_ton.
GARTH (Scand.), 'yard;' GOROD, GROD, GRADE, GRÄTZ (Slav.), 'enclosure,'
'town;' as Stutt_gart_, Nov_gorod_ (=Newton), _Grod_no, Bel_grade_
(=Whitton), König_grätz_ (=Kingston).
GARW (Celt.), 'rough;' hence _Gar_onne, _Gar_ioch, _Yar_row, _Yair_,
possibly _Garry_.
GATE (Teut.), 'a passage' or 'road;' as Canon_gate_, Harrow_gate_,
Rei_gate_ (=Ridge_gate_), Catte_gat_.
GEBEL, JEBEL (Ar.), 'a mountain;' as _Gib_raltar, _Jebel_-Mukattam.
GILL (Scand.), 'a ravine;' as Butter_gill_, Orms_gill_.
GLEN (Gael.), GLYN (W.), 'a narrow valley;' as _Glen_coe, _Glen_garry,
_Glyn_neath, _Gla_morgan.
GORM (Gael.), 'green' or 'blue;' as Cairn_gorm_.
GUADA, the name given to the rivers in Spain by the Moors, from the Ar.
_wad[=i]_, 'a ravine;' as in _Guada_lquivir (_Wad[=i]-'l-keb[=i]r_, 'the
great river'), _Guad_iana.
GWEN (Celt.), 'white;' as Der_went_, _Vent_nor, Cor_wen_; GWENT (Celt.), 'a
plain;' Latinised into _venta_, as _Venta_ Belgarum (now _Win_chester),
formerly Caer_gwent_.
GWY. See WY.
HALL (Teut.), 'a stone house;' as Eccles_hall_, Wals_all_; (in Germany) a
_salt_-work, as _Halle_, _Hall_stadt. [See _Hall_ in Dict.]
HAM (A.S., Ger. _heim_), 'a home;' as Bucking_ham_, Clap_ham_, Hex_ham_,
Trond_hjem_, Hildes_heim_, Hoch_heim_, Edn_am_, Edr_om_, Houn_am_.
HAR, HAER (Teut.), 'the army;' as _Har_wich, _Hers_tall, _Har_bottle.
HAUGH, HEUGH, a particular Scotch form and use of _Haw_ (A.S. _haga_),
perhaps due to the Ice. form _hagi_, a pasture. The meaning is generally a
low-lying meadow between hills or on the banks of a stream, and it is
noticeable that in Scotch use _How_ and _Hope_ have frequently the same
sense. A _Hope_, however, is properly a hollow, esp. the upper end of a
narrow mountain valley, while a _How_ is a low hill (Ice. _haugr_, 'a
mound'). Cf. _Hob_kirk, _How_wood, _Hu_tton, Fox _How_.
HAY, HAIGH (Teut.), a place surrounded by a '_hedge_;' as Rothwell _Haigh_,
_Hague_.
HISSAR (Turk.), 'a castle;' as Kara-_hissar_.
HITHE (A.S.), 'haven;' as _Hythe_, Lam_beth_=Loam_hithe_ (the 'clayey
haven').
HO (Chin.), 'river;' as Pei_ho_.
HOANG, WHANG (Chin.), 'yellow;' as _Hoang_-ho, _Whang_-Hai.
HOLM (Scand., &c.), 'an island in a lake or river,' 'a plain near a river;'
as Stock_holm_, Flat_holm_, Lang_holm_.
HOLT (Teut.), 'a wood;' as Bags_hot_, Alders_hot_, _Hol_stein. [See _Holt_
in Dict.]
HORN (Teut.), 'a peak;' as Schreck_horn_, Matter_horn_.
HURST (A.S. _hyrst_), 'a wood;' as Lynd_hurst_.
ING (A.S.), a suffix denoting _son_, in pl. 'a family' or 'tribe;' as
Warr_ing_ton ('the town of the Warrings'), Hadd_ing_ton. [See _-ing_ in
list of suffixes.]
INNIS or ENNIS (Celt.), INCH in Scotland, an island; as _Inch_colm ('the
island of St Columba'); _Ennis_killen, _Ennis_more, _Innis_fallen, in
Ireland.
INVER (Gael.), 'the mouth of a river;' as _Inver_ness, _Inver_aray,
_Inner_leithen. This is supposed to be the Gaelic form (_inbhir_)
corresponding to the Brythonic _aber-_; and it is at any rate certain that
in Wales there are scores of _abers-_, but of _invers-_ not a solitary one;
while on the west coast of Scotland and north of Inverness _aber-_ barely
exists.
KALAT, KALAH (Ar.), 'a castle;' as _Khelat_, _Cala_horrah.
KARA (Turk.), 'black;' as _Kara_kum ('black sand'), _Kara_ Hissar ('black
castle').
KENN (Gael.), KIN (Ir.), 'a head;' as _Ken_more, _Can_tire, _Kinn_aird,
_Kin_ross, _Kin_sale, _Ken_t. _Kin_ or _Cin_, older _cind_, is really a
survival of the old dative or locative of Gael. _ceann_ (W. _penn_),
'head,' 'promontory,' as in _Kin_aldie, _Kin_buck, _Kin_glassie, _Kin_loch,
_Kin_gussie, _Kin_noul. See Ceann.
KIL (Gael. _cill_, really a survival of the old dative of _ceall_, a
hermit's cell--L. _cella_, then a church, esp. a parish church--the proper
form is seen in Lochnan-_ceal_, 'loch of the churches,' in Mull); as
_Kil_bride, _Kil_chattan, _Kil_donan, _Kil_marnock; Icolm_kill_, 'the
island (_I_) of Columba of the church.'
KIL (Gael. _coil_), 'a wood,' 'a corner;' as in _Kil_drummy, _Kil_ham.
KIRJATH (Heb.), GADR (Phoenician), 'an enclosure,' 'a fortified place;' as
_Kirjath_-Arba, _Car_thage, _Cad_es or _Cad_iz.
KIRK (North Eng. and Scand.), KIRCHE (Ger.); as Sel_kirk_, _Kirk_wall,
_Kirk_cudbright, _Kirch_heim, Fünf_kirchen_. [See _Church_ in Dict.]