PART I._The English moths and butterflies

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE

Italic text is denoted with _underscores_.

Test emphasized with spacing is denoted with ~tildes~.

Errata listed in front matter have been applied to the book.

Some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book.

THE

English Moths and Butterflies:

_Together with_

_The_ Plants, Flowers, _and_ Fruits _whereon they_ Feed,

_and are_ usually Found.

All _Drawn_ and _Coloured_ in such a Manner, as to _represent_ their

several _beautiful Appearances_,

_Being copied exactly from the_ Subjects themselves, _and Painted on

the best_ Atlas _Paper_.

Together with an Attempt towards a _Natural History_ of the said

_Moths_ and _Butterflies_.

This work consists of one Hundred and Twenty

Copper Plates, with a particular Account

of the _Flies_ represented in the said Plates setting forth

the true Times of their Appearance in the _Caterpillar_,

_Chrysalis_, and _Fly_ State; the most ready Means

of finding them; the Method of managing and preserving

them; their Ways of feeding; the several Plants

they feed on; and, in a Word, everything yet known

relating to their _Natural History_. Together with

the Names of the _Plants_, _Flowers_, _Fruits_ &c.

_The Price of this Work colour’d is_ Nine Pounds;

Which for the Conveniency of the Buyer is divided into four Parts,

and each Part, or any single Number, may be had separately.

_Uncoloured_ Three Pounds Thirteen Shillings _and_ Sixpence, or Two

Shillings _and_ Sixpence each Number.

_The Natural History by itself_ Ten Shillings _and_ Sixpence.

LONDON;

PRINTED for, and Sold by _BENJAMIN WILKES_, the Proprietor,

in _Fleetstreet_.

MARTIN FOLKES, Esq; PRESIDENT,

_And to the_

COUNCIL and FELLOWS of the

ROYAL SOCIETY

LONDON.

GENTLEMEN,

I Humbly take the Liberty to address this Work to You, and presume

to hope, from Your exact Knowledge of the Subjects it contains, and

Your having been pleased to countenance the several Parts of it, as

they were published, with Your Acceptance and Approbation, that You

will not, now they are put together, deny them the Honour of Your

Patronage.

The Institution of Your Society for the Improvement of Natural

Knowledge, must render it not improper to lay before You every

Attempt towards such Improvement. On the contrary, You have a sort of

Right to expect, that every Author in Natural History, should submit

his Labours to Your Examination, and think himself happy if they will

stand the Test of Your Judgment.

The Animal and Vegetable Parts of the Creation afford endless Stores

for the Enquiry and Entertainment of the curious Naturalist: and

some of the most beautiful of each Sort, are here presented to the

Eye, in their true Size, Form, and Colour. Nor will it be objected

by You, that too much Time and Pains has been bestowed on a Company

of Insects, which few People trouble themselves about; for true

Philosophy teaches, that the meanest thing God has made, is not below

the Dignity of the most exalted of mortal Men to consider. But the

Creatures here exhibited, are adorned with such a Variety of Beauty

to engage our Notice, and undergo such amazing Changes in their Form

and Appearance, that a thinking Mind can hardly avoid regarding them

with uncommon Pleasure and a more than ordinary Attention.

Little, perhaps, is wanting to make the Study of Nature universally

pursued, than to render it easy and intelligible; for, surely, the

Understanding God has given us, can never be more properly employed,

than in examining and considering those Proofs of his Divine Goodness

and Power, which are placed every where around us. This is a most

reasonable and satisfactory Entertainment; and I am fully persuaded,

many of You, Gentlemen, have often experienced more real Pleasure

from such Examinations, than those who know nothing of them can

possibly conceive.

My Attempt towards a Natural History of the _English Moths_ and

_Butterflies_, (which is here added to the Paintings of them) wherein

they are divided into Classes, and their several Progressions and

Changes from the Egg to the Fly-state are described, (and that not

from Books or Conjectures, but from actual Experiments and close

Observation) will, I hope, meet with Your Approbation.

But not to be longer troublesome than to beg Pardon for this

Presumption, and with a continual increase of Prosperity and Honour

to the ROYAL SOCIETY of _London_, permit me to subscribe myself,

GENTLEMEN,

_Your most obedient_,

_Humble Servant_,

BENJAMIN WILKES.

[Illustration: (Decorative header)]

THE PREFACE.

_The Painting of HISTORY PIECES and PORTRAITS in Oyl being the

Profession of the Author of this Work, he frequently found himself

at a Loss, in the Course of his Employment, to understand with

Certainty what Colours would contrast with and set off each other

to the best Advantage; and perhaps had still remained under the

same Difficulties, had he not been led by Accident into the Means

of learning all this from Nature, which undoubtedly is the best

Instructor.

It happened that a Friend invited him one Evening, to bear him

Company to a Society named the AURELIAN: the agreeable Purpose of

which is, to become acquainted with that Part of Natural Philosophy

which relates to the Generation and Properties of Insects, of which

they have a fine Collection. And here he first saw such Specimens

of Nature’s admirable Skill in the Disposition, Arrangement,

and contrasting of Colours (particularly amongst the Moths and

Butterflies) as struck him with Amazement, and convinced him, at the

same Time, that studying them would turn greatly to his Advantage.

With this View he desired to become a Member of the AURELIAN

SOCIETY, and soon after had the Honour to be admitted; when, by his

own Diligence, together with the genenerous and kind Assistance

of some Gentlemen of the Society, it was not long before he had

acquired a tolerable Collection of English MOTHS and BUTTERFLIES;

and for ten Years past his leisure Hours have chiefly been employed

in the collecting and making Drawings of the different ~English

Caterpillars~, ~Aureliæ~ or ~Chrysalides~, ~Flies~, &c. that he could

any Ways obtain; and in making such Observations and Remarks thereon

as shall now, with all Submission, be laid before the Publick.

He has been greatly assisted in this Work by that well-known and

ingenious Naturalist, Mr. ~Joseph Dandridge~; to whose noble

Collection he had free Access during his Life-time, and also the

Liberty of making what Use he thought fit of his curious Remarks on

these Subjects, which were the Fruits of no less than forty Years

Experience. And he is still favoured in the like Manner by his

Successors, as often as he finds Occasion.

Respect to the Memory of this valuable and worthy Man, will not

suffer him to omit this Opportunity of giving him the Character

that is most justly his due, viz. That he was a Person of unbounded

Curiosity, and unwearied Application in his Researches into the Works

of Nature; in the Study of which all those Hours were employed that

could be spared from his immediate Business; by which Means, during a

long Life, he had not only got together a great Variety of the most

rare natural Productions, but also from Time to Time had written down

his Observations thereon, which deserve the highest Regard, as his

Judgment and Veracity were both without Exception. And, as he loved

these Studies himself, he was a zealous Encourager of all that had

the same Inclination, whom he was always ready to assist with his

laboriously acquired Knowledge.

But to proceed—He must also acknowledge, that in the Course of this

Undertaking he has made use of the Drawings of some Caterpillars and

Flies which were published not long ago in a curious Work of this

Sort, by ~J. A. Rosel~, at ~Norimburgh~, in ~Germany~: But he has

taken from him such only as are exactly of the same Species with

what we have in England, though we have not yet been so fortunate

to meet with them under all their several Changes: what Information

that Gentleman has given, as to those Particularities concerning them

which we are yet unacquainted with, he therefore judged proper to

insert.

As to the ~Plants~, ~Flowers~, and ~Fruits~, he declares himself

under the highest Obligation to a most curious Naturalist, and

worthy Member of the Royal Society of ~London~, whose costly and

valuable Collection is known to the learned World, and esteemed as

it deserves. This Gentleman has generously permitted him to make use

of many excellent Paintings of these Subjects, which were taken from

Nature by those two celebrated Artists Mr. ~George Dennis Ehret~,

and Mr. ~Jacobus Van Heysum~, and executed with the utmost Judgment

and Command of Pencil, so that he could hardly doubt but that true

Copies of them would give great Pleasure to the Lovers of Botany,

whom he has endeavoured to entertain with all the Variety he could

introduce.

Some Ill-natured People, that love to find Fault with every Thing,

have, he hears, objected against the Liberty he has taken, in giving

in several of his Plates, ~Plants~, ~Flowers~, and ~Fruits~, that

are not in Reality the Food of the ~Caterpillars~ therein exhibited;

but as the greatest Part of the ~Caterpillars~ described in this

Work feed chiefly on the ~Oak~, ~Elm~, ~Black-Thorn~, ~White-Thorn~,

~Willow~, and ~Nettle~, all which are separately represented in

different Plates, it was judged unnecessary (and would certainly

have been tiresom) to repeat those Subjects, as often as different

~Caterpillars~ are presented to which they serve for Food: and

therefore, instead of so doing, the Author has enriched his

Undertaking with some of the most beautiful Productions of Nature

in the Vegetable Kingdom: But, however, has not forgot to place the

~Caterpillars~, in most of the Plates, on a small Specimen of the

real Plant on which it feeds, as will be properly explained in the

Account of each Particular ~Fly~:—and this Care, it is hoped will be

an Answer to all unreasonable Cavils.

The ~Plates~ are all drawn and etched with his own Hand, in a quite

new Manner; whereby every Design, when coloured, appears like a

regular Piece of Painting; and the ~Flies~ are drawn and Painted with

the utmost Exactness, from as fine and perfect Specimens as can be

bred. The common Method of amusing the Reader with long Accounts of

the Colours and Markings of each ~Fly~ is avoided in this Work, as

entirely needless, when the Objects are truly represented before his

Eyes.

His Classing of the ~Caterpillars~ will be found of great Use; for

if it be enquired what ~Fly~ any ~Caterpillar~ that may happen to

present itself will produce, by observing its Character you will

easily be satisfied (if it is in this Collection) and be likewise

taught what its proper Food is, &c. ~Names~ are absolutely necessary

to distinguish one ~Fly~ from another, and enable the Curious in

this Study to communicate any Observations they may make; which,

without giving Names to the ~Flies~, would be very difficult, if

even possible to be done; as they must be greatly at a Loss to make

others perfectly understand what ~Flies~ they are treating of. The

worthy Members of the AURELIAN SOCIETY, and several other ingenious

Gentlemen, have been so sensible of this, that they, from Time to

Time, have thought proper to bestow some Name on every Species that

has come within their Knowledge._

_Indeed Names are arbitrary, and if remembered, and the Intent of

them well understood, may, whatever they are, serve the Purpose of

giving them: But here, as in every Thing else, a Propriety is to be

aimed at, and the Names given ought to denote some distinguishing

Particularity, and that the most obvious, in the Subject on which

they are bestowed, so as to make the Name, if possible, descriptive

of the Thing: Which Rule has been followed as strictly as might be in

naming the ~Moths~ and ~Butterflies~ contained in this Work: that is

to say, the Shape, the Colour, the Marking, the Food, or the Place

where found is what they are named from. But in doing this, where the

Author found them named to his Hands in this descriptive Manner, he

has gladly retained the Name they had already, and only presumes to

bestow Names himself on such as either had none at all, or which he

thought not sufficiently denotative of the particular Flies intended

to be known by them.

The Division of the Work into Books and Chapters may need some

Explanation, since under some of the Divisions very few, or even but

one single ~Fly~ is placed; the Reason whereof is, that the Plan

here laid down is intended for the Arranging of all the ~Moths~

and ~Butterflies~, whose Progression is known at present, or shall

hereafter be discovered in ~England~; of which, as the ~Flies~

here given are but a small Part, this must be considered but as an

Out-line to be filled up occasionally.

It is hoped the Directions here given how to collect the

~Caterpillars~ or ~Chrysalides~, how to feed and take Care of them,

how to preserve the ~Flies~ when bred, and where and at what Times

they may be found most easily, will prove both acceptable and useful

to every curious Collector; and as the Author thinks himself under

great Obligations to the Subscribers to, and Encouragers of this

Undertaking, a List of their Names is added as a Memorial of his

Gratitude.

These Things being premised, we come now to give a short Sketch of

the Natural History of the ~English Moths~ and ~Butterflies~ in

general._

[Illustration:(Decorative design)]

INTRODUCTION.

Of MOTHS and BUTTERFLIES in general.

The Opinion of _Equivocal Generation_ however formerly received, has

by the present Age been deservedly rejected; since every Observation

proves, that all Creatures are produced by Parents of their own

Kind, and that in general those Parents are Male and Female; and

the Production of every _Moth_ and _Butterfly_ in this Manner, is I

believe at present not doubted by any Body.

The Females, both of the _Moth_ and _Butterfly_, lay their Eggs in

a short Time after Copulation, _upon_ or contiguous _to_ what will

supply proper Food for the young Brood when produced. After a certain

Period the Infant _Caterpillars_ included in the Eggs burst their

Shells, crawl forth, and feed upon the Provision ready prepared for

them. And each of these _Caterpillars_, having fed its appointed

Time, becomes a _Chrysalis_ or _Aurelia_; from which State, after a

while, it issues forth a _Fly_ in the Likeness of its Parent.

Some Species of _Butterflies_ breed twice a Year. Those that come

forth in _May_ lay their Eggs soon after, which Eggs in about

nine Days Time are hatched. The _Caterpillars_ feed for about six

Weeks, then change to _Chrysalis_, lie in that State for about

fourteen Days, and then the _Flies_ are bred. These lay their Eggs

as the first Brood did, the _Caterpillars_ change to _Chrysalis_ in

_September_, and the _Flies_ come forth in the following _May_.

The Variety of the _Moth_ Kinds is so great, that perhaps there is

scarce a Day in the Year when some of them are not bred. The Time

of their Continuance in the _Chrysalis_ State will be best known by

attending to the Account of each _Moth_ described in the following

Plates. Some _Moths_ as well as _Butterflies_ breed twice a Year.

It frequently happens, that the _Fly_ does not come out at the

usual Time, but continues in the _Chrysalis_ State till that Time

Twelvemonth; so that the Creature remains in that Case a Year and

nine Months (and sometimes longer) in a State of Rest, without

Nourishment of any kind.

Thus much in general:—We descend now to particular Observations.

On the different Manner of laying their Eggs.

All _Butterflies_ and _Moths_ lay a great Number of Eggs, some even

as far as two or three Hundred. The Eggs of some Kinds are glutenous,

or covered with a glewy Moisture; but those of others are not so:

The glutenous are fixt (sometimes singly) on _Grass_, _the Leaves

of Trees_, _Shrubs_, &c. and sometimes in Clusters after the same

Manner. Some Sorts of Eggs are laid naked or uncovered, and others

are cloath’d with a sort of Down, _&c._ Some _Flies_ lay them in a

Spiral Line, or Screw-like Figure, round a small Twigg, a Stalk of

Grass, _&c._ And these may be pulled off entire, in Fashion like a

Cylindrical Tube, and as hard as Horn: Others deposit theirs in the

Chinks of the _Barks of Trees_, &c. &c. &c.

It is observeable, that the whole Process from the Egg, to the _Fly_,

of many Species, is perform’d in about sixty Days. But the _Goat

Moth_ is an Exception to this Rule, being reported to be three Years

proceeding from the Egg to the _Fly_ State.

Of the Eggs.

The Eggs are of various Forms; some are round, some are oval, and

many of the _Moth-Kind_ flat, and perforated through the Middle; so

that the _Embrios_ or _Caterpillars_ lie curl’d up before they are

hatch’d, as they frequently do afterwards when come to Maturity. They

are found of all manner of Colours, and many of them are extremely

beautiful if view’d with a Microscope; some being curiously rib’d

and adorn’d with _Protuberances_, _&c._ like the nicest carved Work;

others marbled and spotted with an amazing Variety of delightful

colouring.

_Of_ CATERPILLARS.

Caterpillars are usually divided into the Naked and Cloathed Kinds.

Among the Cloath’d some have only small Tufts of Hair or Down, others

are cover’d all over with it.

The _Caterpillars_ of all known _Butterflies_ have six Hooks or Claws

before, eight Feet in the Middle of their Body, and two Holders

behind. Those that produce _Moths_ have all six Hooks or Claws

before, and Holders behind. Some have eight Feet in the Middle, some

four, and some only two next their Holders.

Some Species of _Caterpillars_ always feed inclos’d or spun up in the

Leaves they feed upon, others take their Food openly and in Sight.

Some are sociable and herd together whilst young, but when they

change their third Skin they grow unsociable and feed separately.

Others are born unsociable, and feed separately from their Infancy.

Some Species spin a large Web that will contain an hundred

_Caterpillars_, or more, from which they never go far till they have

eat up all the Leaves that are near thereto: Then they spin a new

Web, and so (shifting their Quarters) in a short Time, instead of

the green Leaves that they have devoured, leave the Tree, or Bush,

covered only with their white Webs.

Some Sorts, when disturbed, let themselves down by a Thread like a

Spider, by which Means they avoid being devoured by other Insects

that have not the Means of following them, _&c._

Of the Food of CATERPILLARS, and their Manner of Feeding.

Their Food is almost general, but some Kinds will eat nothing except

their own particular Trees, or Plants.

Some Species feed upon Herbage, others live and feed upon the solid

Parts of Trees, and Barks.

Some dwell in the Earth, or other private Recesses in the Day-time,

and at Night come forth, and feed on Grass, Flowers, _&c._ Others

again feed on the different Kinds of Mosses, Heath, Broom, the Leaves

of Trees, Shrubs, _&c._

Some feed upon the Waters naked and exposed, and others make

themselves Cases of Sticks, Rushes, _&c._ in the Waters, where they

get their Food.

Of the Forms of CATERPILLARS.

The Variety and Beauty which present themselves to our Eyes in the

Form and Colouring of _Caterpillars_, are no less remarkable than the

_Flies_ themselves, as the Reader will be satisfied by examining the

following Plates.

Of the Change of CATERPILLARS into the _Chrysalis_ State.

When a _Caterpillar_ has fed its appointed Time, and is come to full

Maturity, it undergoes a Change, and becomes a Body of a different

Form, incrusted with a Shell, and usually called a _Chrysalis_ or

_Aurelia_; the Shell of which is formed underneath the Skin of the

_Caterpillar_, which Skin comes off as soon as the _Aurelia_ becomes

perfect.

Of the CHRYSALIS or AURELIA.

During its Continuance in the _Chrysalis_ State, it seems to have

no Sense but Feeling; and some of them have even that in a very low

Degree, for they may be touched pretty roughly without moving.

The _Chrysalides_ or _Aureliæ_ of the _Butterfly-Kind_ are all very

beautiful; some of them look as if they were studded with Gold; some

are striped, others spotted, and others mottled with all the various

Colours of the Rainbow. But those of the _Moth-Kind_ are not so;

differing very little from one another, either in Shape or Colour,

except the Magpye, and some few besides.

How the _Aurelia_ or _Chrysalis_ is secured.

Nothing in Nature is perhaps more deserving Notice, than the

many different Methods whereby _Caterpillars_ conceal and secure

themselves whilst in this helpless and unactive Condition.

Some of them spin a large Case of Silk in Form of an Egg, wherein the

_Chrysalis_ lies concealed, till the Time comes for the _Fly_ to make

its Appearance, which it does by piercing through this Case.

Of such Cases there are several Sorts, different in Form and Colour:

Some are long, and drawn out to a Point at each End; others are more

round.

The Texture of some is very thick and close.

Others are thin, like Gause, insomuch that the _Chrysalis_ may be

seen thorough them.

Some _Aureliæ_ are white, some yellow, and others of different Hues;

and most of the hairy _Caterpillars_ intermix their Hair amongst the

Spinning.

Some _Caterpillars_ form a hard-crusted Case, composed of silk

Threads glewed together, in such Manner as to become hard like an

Egg-shell, so that when the _Fly_ comes out, a round Hole like a Door

appears.

The Silk-spinning _Caterpillars_ are of various Kinds, and deposit

their _Aureliæ_ in different Places, and in different Manners, _viz._

some fasten them on the Leaves and Stalks of Plants, without any

Covering; others spin the Leaves over them; others lodge them in

Holes and Crevices; and others in the Earth.

Many of the _Moth-Kind_ place their _Chrysalis_ in the Earth, about

an Inch or two deep, surrounding it with a Case of Earth lined with

a glutenous Matter, that no Wet can penetrate: And what is very

surprizing, notwithstanding the extreme Delicacy and Tenderness of

the _Fly_ when first bred, be the Ground never so hard, it makes its

way thorough it without ruffling a single Feather.

Few, if any, of the _Butterfly-Kind_ form a Case or Spinning,

except what fastens the Tail and Body of the _Chrysalis_. Some hang

perpendicularly downwards, and others in an horizontal Position,

being fastened by the Tail, with a Thread round the Back and on each

Side. Some are secured within the Leaves spun together; others are

hid in the Hollows and Barks of Trees; and others again under the

Copings of Walls, in Houses, Sheds, _&c._

Of the FLY.

After the _Chrysalis_ has remained its due Time, the _Fly_ bursts the

Shell wherein it was contained, and comes out formed perfectly in

every Part, except the Wings, which then appear too small to cover

its Body. In this naked Condition it crawls up to some convenient

Place, where its Wings may hang down without any Hindrance: And when

thus disposed, the Wings begin to expand themselves so much, that in

the Space of half an Hour, the Wings (of _Butterflies_) are stretched

commonly to their full Size; nay, even those of the largest _Moths_

seldom require above an Hour’s Time. At first they are flabby, like

wet Paper, but soon afterwards they become stiff, and capable of

supporting them in their Airy Flights, _&c._

In this _Fly_ State their first Care seems to be the Propagation of

their Species, for some of them will copulate immediately if they can

find a Mate; to seek which the Male _Butterfly_ takes Wing, as soon

as his Wings are in a proper Condition: But few _Moths_, whether bred

in the Night Time or in the Day, ever offer to fly till the Night

after their Birth, when they go in Search of the Females.

The Females (especially of the _Moth_ Kinds) seldom, if ever, take

Wing till they have been cocked: they often continue in Conjunction

twelve Hours and more, after which the Female lays her Eggs, flies

about for a Time, and then dies.—The Females of some Kinds are

without Wings.

The Males (of some Species) have a surprizing Quickness and

Distinction in their Sense of Smelling, exceeding that of the

Blood-Hound, or any other Creature yet known; for if a Female be

concealed in a Box, and there are any Males within half a Mile or

more, they will fly directly to the Place, and hover round it. By

this Means a Dozen Male _Egger-Moths_ have been taken in an Hour’s

Time, and that at about Twelve o’Clock at Noon, as may be seen in the

Account of the _Egger-Moth_.

Their Continuance in the _Fly_ State depends greatly on the Weather,

many _Flies_ being destroyed as soon as bred, by Storms of Hail,

_&c._ but if the Season proves favourable, many will live for a

Fortnight, three Weeks, or longer, and some even all the Winter

through.

The Distinction of MOTHS and BUTTERFLIES.

MOTHS and BUTTERFLIES agree in their Progression from the _Egg_ to

the _Fly_ State, are different when in that State, in the following

Particulars.

BUTTERFLIES have a Ball or Knob at the Extremity of each of their

_Antennæ_, or _Horns_.

The Horns of MOTHS have not such Balls or Knobs, but are constantly

threaded or pointed: except the Males of some Species, whose Horns

are ramified, or in the Form of Combs.

All BUTTERFLIES settle with their Wings erect, and generally keep

them in that Posture, unless when basking in the Sun.

Most MOTHS do not settle with their Wings erect, but place them

horizontally, or inclining to their Feet.

All BUTTERFLIES come abroad by Day-Light, and chiefly when the Sun

shines bright.

MOTHS fly, some by Day-Light, some by Twilight, and some in the Dead

of Night.

_N. B._ There is a Species of _Fly_ betwixt the _Moth_ and the

_Butterfly_, whose Horns are more flat and hollow; this is describ’d

in the second Book of this Work, by the Name of the _Burnet_.

Concerning the Food of the FLY.

The Food of these Creatures in the _Fly_ State, is very different

from what it was when they were _Caterpillars_: _Butterflies_ feed

on all Kinds of Flowers, and on several sorts of Fruits, and I have

seen them extremely fond of the Juices that issue from the Bodies of

several Sorts of Trees.

_MOTHS_ feed on the same Things, as also on the Honey-Dew that is

found on the Leaves of Limes, Elms, _&c._ The _Moths_, as well as the

_Butterflies_, are furnished with a long Proboscis, or Tongue, which

lies curl’d up like a Watch-Spring, under the fore Part of the Head.

The Length of this Proboscis varies according to the Species of the

_Fly_, and is from half an Inch, to four Inches long.

The Enemies of _Moths_ and _Butterflies_.

Nature has been so abundant in the Production of these Creatures,

that were it not for the many Dangers they are exposed to, through

every Stage of their Lives, the whole World would be too small

to contain their Offspring, in four or five Years; for, upon

Calculation, the Progeny of one Pair of large _Butterflies_,

(supposing them to lay only 100 Eggs, whereas many of them lay 2 or

300, and that twice a Year) would be sufficient to cover the whole

Kingdom of _England_ in about twelve Years.

While in the Egg, they are devoured in great Numbers by Birds and

other Animals.

Whilst _Caterpillars_, they are a Prey to small Birds of all Kinds,

being almost the only Food wherewith such Birds nourish and rear

their young ones.

_CATERPILLARS_ likewise kill and devour one another; and, besides

that, Numbers of them die in shifting their Skins, and in changing

into the _Chrysalis_ State. But the greatest Enemy they have in this

State, is the _Ichneumon Fly_.

In the _Aurelia_ State, such as have no Case are a Prey to Birds,

_&c._ those in the Earth, to Moles, Mice, and other subterraneous

Animals; and besides, great Numbers are destroyed by Frosts and Wet.

In the _Fly_ State they are a Prey to Birds, Batts, and many other

Creatures.

There are four different Ways, in one or other of which all Animals

of the _Moth_ or _Butterfly-Kind_ subsist during the Winter Season,

_viz._

1. Some in the Egg State.

2. Some in the _Caterpillar_ State.

3. Some in the _Chrysalis_ State.

4. And some in the _Fly_ State.

It is likewise to be observed, that the several Species of them chuse

different Places for their Residence

1. Some frequent Woods.

2. Some Plains and Heaths.

3. Some Hedges and Thickets.

4. Some Meads, and Mowing Grass.

5. And others marshy wet Grounds, _&c._

Several Kinds of _Caterpillars_ come forth of the Egg in _July_,

_August_, _September_, and _October_, remain in the _Caterpillar_

State all the Winter, feed up in the Spring, then change into the

_Chrysalis_ State, and produce _Flies_ a few Weeks afterwards.

Others there are that continue in the Egg State all the Winter, are

hatched in the Spring, and feed up in about 45 Days: then change

into the _Chrysalis_, and produce their _Flies_ in about 14 Days

afterwards.

_N. B._ The Curious may be assured, that all these Observations are

founded on real Facts, and not on any Supposition or Conjecture.

And now, (as it seems exactly suitable to this Work) we shall beg

Leave to close the Introduction with a short Description of the

_Butterfly_, taken from a Poem called The UNIVERSE,

which was written some Years ago

By Mr. _Henry Baker_.

_SEE, to the Sun the ~Butterfly~ displays

Its glittering Wings, and wantons in his Rays:

In Life exulting, o’er the Meadows flies,

Sips from each Flow’r, and breathes the vernal Skies.

Its splendid Plumes, in grateful Order, show

The various Glories of the painted Bow.

Where Love directs, a Libertine it roves,

And courts the fair ones thro’ the verdant Groves.

How glorious now! How chang’d since Yesterday! }

When on the Ground, a crawling Worm it lay, }

Where ev’ry Foot might tread its Soul away! }

Who rais’d it thence? And bid it range the Skies?

Gave its rich Plumage, and its brilliant Dyes?

’Twas ~God~:—Its ~God~ and thine, O ~Man~, and ~He~ }

In this thy Fellow-Creature lets thee see, }

The wond’rous Change which is ordain’d for thee. }

Thou too shalt leave thy reptile Form behind, }

And mount the Skies, a pure ethereal Mind, }

There range among the Stars, all bright and unconfin’d. }_

[Illustration: (Decorative Design)]

An _Account_ of those _Places_ where some GENTLEMEN

OF THE

AURELIAN SOCIETY

Have been used to collect _Caterpillars_, _Chrysalides_ and _Flies_,

In the following Months of the Year.

MARCH.

From the 15th to the 25th of this Month, a _Moth_ called the _Orange

Under-Wing_, may be taken in _Hornsey-Wood_, and in the Fields close

to the Sides thereof. It flies in the Day-time, is an exceeding

pretty _Moth_, and not to be met with in such Plenty any where else,

that I know of. The _Oak-Beauty_, and some other _Moths_ are bred in

this Month, but are rarely met with in the _Fly_ State.

APRIL.

In this Month a great Variety of _Caterpillars_ and _Chrysalides_

may be taken by the Method already described. The Banks about the

_Chelsea_ Water-Works and such-like Places are most likely to

furnish the _Chrysalides_ of the _Hawk Tribe_.

At the Roots of the _Elm_, _Lime_, _Willow_, and _Poplar Trees_, you

will find in this _Month_ a Variety of _Aureliæ_, which will produce

their _Flies_ in the _May_ and _June_ following.

Be now diligent to collect _Caterpillars_ from all kinds of Growths,

which, if taken Care of, will produce their _Flies_ a few Months

hence. Towards the End of this Month some _Flies_ may be taken in the

Day-time, and some _Moths_ in the Evening.

MAY.

This delightful Month brings forth in the Woods and Meads a

surprising Variety of _Flies_. _Hornsey_, _Cain_, and _Tottenham_

Woods; the Woods near _Southgate_; _Hanging_ Wood, by _Charlton_,

in _Kent_; _Oak of Honour_ Wood, by _Dulwich_; _Comb_ Wood, by

_Kingstone_, in _Surrey_, and the Fields adjacent are all frequented

by them in this Month in the Day-time as well as in the Evening; and

if the Weather be fine you will never fail of Sport. Abundance of

different _Caterpillars_ are likewise to be found at this Time, such

as those of the _Emperor-Moth_, of the _Lappit_, _Drinker_, _Egger_,

and of Numbers of other Sorts.

JUNE.

This Month adds greatly to the Number of _Flies_ bred in _May_.—From

the 20th to the 30th are usually produced: in _Southgate_, _Comb_,

and _Oak of Honour_ Woods, the _Great Fritillary_ and other fine

_Butterflies_, with Plenty of _Moths_; all which may be taken in and

near the Woods already mentioned.

JULY.

The first ten Days in this Month are the Time for taking the _Purple

Emperor-Butterfly_ in _Comb_ Wood; and the Fields adjacent can

furnish such a charming Variety of _Moths_ and _Butterflies_, that

I do not know any Place where an _Aurelian_ can spend a Week with

more Satisfaction and Assurance of Success. As soon as the _Purple

Emperor-Butterfly_ begins to grow bad, the Time comes on when the

second Breed of the _Swallow-tail Butterfly_ is quite fresh, as

also the _Great Tortoise-shell_, _Peacock Butterfly_, &c. About

the Middle of this Month you may find the _Great Red Underwing_

and the _Goat-Moth_ standing against the _Willow-Trees_ which

usually grow by the Sides of Ditches about the old Barge-House,

_Rotherhith_, _Vauxhall_, and likewise in other Places. Seek also for

the _Caterpillars_ that produce the _Great Elephant_ and _Gold-Spot

Moths_: the most certain Places to find which, that I know of, are by

the Sides of the Ditches in _Rotherhith_ Marshes. The _Caterpillars_

that produce the _Elephant Moth_ feeds on the _White Ladies

Bedstraw_, those of the _Gold-Spot_ on the _Great Water-Grass_. I

have taken the _Gold-Spot Chrysalis_ and _Caterpillar_ likewise in

the low Grounds by _Vauxhall_ in _Surry_.

AUGUST.

At the Beginning of this Month may be found amongst the _Willows_,

about the Banks by the _Chelsea_ Water-Works, the _Caterpillars_

that produce the _Eyed-Willow_ and _Poplar-Hawks_, also the

_Buff-Tip-Puss_, &c. and from the 20th to the 30th the _Admirable

Butterfly_, &c.

SEPTEMBER.

If this Month proves fine, a great many scarce _Moths_ are to be

taken in the Evenings, and the second Brood of the _Comma-Butterfly_,

as well as some other _Flies_, present themselves. _Caterpillars_

are likewise to be got in Plenty off the _Oak_, _Black-Thorn_, and

a Variety of other Foods; and these, if taken Care of, will produce

scarce and valuable _Flies_ in the succeeding

Spring. From the End of this Month to the Middle of _March_

there are but few _Flies_ that frequent the Fields; altho’

I am of Opinion that some _Moths_ are

bred in every Month of

the Year.

[Illustration: (Decorative Design)]

In order to oblige such persons as may be desirous

To make a COLLECTION of

MOTHS and BUTTERFLIES,

Though unacquainted with the Manner how,

It is judged proper to lay down the following

DIRECTIONS.

Provide yourself with a Net made of Muschetto Gause, and in Shape

like a Bat-fowling Net; let its Length be one Ell, the Width at

Bottom three Quarters of a Yard, at Top half a Yard, and cut

circular; this must be sewed to a Tape or Ferret, that it may be

fastened to a couple of Hasle or other Sticks five Feet long each,

the upper Part whereof should be bent circular to fit your Net.

You must likewise have a Stick of Hasle, or any other Wood, about

five or six Feet in Length, wherewith to put the _Flies_ and _Moths_

on the Wing, by beating the Boughs, Hedges, Shrubs, or other Growths

you are near, so that you may be better able to see and take them.

Furnish yourself likewise with Boxes of such Sizes as will go into

your Pocket, let them be lined at the Top and Bottom with Cork; be

also provided with a Pin-cushion, well stock’d with different Sorts

of Pins.

These Things being in readiness, go into the Woods and Fields thereto

adjacent (always placing yourself where the Sun has most Power, and

the Wind the least) also into Chalk-pits, rough Grounds, Lanes, _&c._

In all which Places, if it is a fine Day, and a proper Season of the

Year, you’ll find Plenty of Sport.

When you have taken a _Fly_ in your Net, lay the Net flat on the

Ground, which will prevent the _Fly_ from fluttering, then put the

Fore Finger of your Left Hand under the _Fly_, and with the same

Finger of your Right Hand give it a squeeze on the Back or Chest, and

that will kill it; be careful, however, not to press too hard, least

you damage the _Fly_. This done take a Pin and run it through the

Body, betwixt the Wings, letting that Side be uppermost which is most

beautiful; then stick it in your Box, and look for more Sport.

Having collected such a Number of _Flies_ as you think proper, and

being returned home, look into your Boxes, and observe which of them

are fit to set: such as you find dead and not stiff are so.

Then (having prepared before-hand two or three Boards covered with

Cork, of about ten Inches by sixteen in Size, or as you find most

convenient to place your _Flies_ in order on and extend their Wings

in the best manner: by the Assistance of little Braces made by

cutting a Card into Lengths or Slips, with a small Pin thrust through

the End of each) proceed to manage them as follows:

Take a _Fly_ out of your Box: see if the Pin be run through it

perpendicularly: if so, stick it on one of your setting Boards, and

with the Point of a Needle (which must be fixt into a small Stick,

or what else you like best) extend one Wing leisurely, till such

Time as the Point thereof is even with the Nose of the _Fly_ you are

setting. That done, fix one of your Card Braces gently on that Wing,

to prevent its giving way; serve the other Wing in the same manner,

and your _Fly_ will appear extended as in the Paintings. Let the

Braces remain on the Wings of _Butterflies_ a Fortnight, on those

of great _Moths_ a Month. Take Notice, however, that a great Number

of small _Moths_ must be set in your Boxes in the Field, otherwise

your labour will be lost; you’ll presently know which these are, by

observing them to be dead and almost stiff; so that it is proper to

carry always about you a little Box of Card Braces for this Purpose.

_The Way to preserve your ~Flies~, after you have taken them from

your Setting Board._

If you put them in Drawers, Boxes, or Frames with Glasses before

them, its proper to get some Camphire, which inclose in small Muslin

Bags, and fasten it to those Places where your _Flies_ are; by this

Means you will destroy those Insects that would otherwise injure your

_Flies_; and by renewing now and then this Method, I am convinced

your _Flies_ may be preserved several Years. The Months in _England_

that produce the greatest Variety of _Flies_, are _April_, _May_,

_June_, _July_, and _August_, especially of the _Butterfly_ Kind; and

for _Moths_, I am of Opinion, that there are many different Species

produced all the Year round. The best Time to take the greatest

Variety of _Moths_, is for one Hour after Sun-set, and the properest

Places are in and by the Sides of Woods, Gardens, Green Lanes, _&c._

where with your Net you’l seldom fail of Sport. Thus much seemed

necessary to say in Respect to taking _Insects_ in the _Fly_ State,

and more would be superfluous.

_But as it may be agreeable to some to breed the ~Flies~ themselves

from the ~Caterpillars~, I shall likewise give the best Instructions

I am able for that Purpose._

In the Spring and Autumn Season you may collect great Variety of

_Caterpillars_, by spreading a Sheet under _Oak-Trees_: then beating

the Boughs, many _Caterpillars_ will fall, which if taken Care of,

will produce scarce and valuable _Moths_; you may also obtain by the

same Means _Caterpillars_ from the _Black-Thorn_, _White-Thorn_,

_Bramble_, _Chickweed_, _Willow_, and many other Growths.

When you have collected a Number of _Caterpillars_, and remark’d

the Food you found them on, put them into Boxes, which prepare as

follows: Take a Deal or Wainscot Box, cut a large Square out of

the Top and Bottom, cover the Place cut out with a Piece of Crape

Hatband, glewing the same all round to prevent any Escape. This done,

put your _Caterpillars_ into the Box, with some of the same Food you

found them on, giving them, if you can, fresh every Day. Here you’ll

find them feed and thrive; and after changing their Skins (some five

and some six Times) they will go into the _Aurelia_ State, and there

remain for a certain Time, some much longer than others; but in about

fourteen Days from this last change you may look into your Boxes,

to see if you have any _Flies_ bred; remembring that out of such as

are produced in this manner, much more perfect _Flies_ may be chosen,

than any that can be caught; and as several Sorts of _Caterpillars_

go down into the Earth, and there change to _Chrysalis_, some Earth

must be put into the Boxes for that Purpose, at least two or three

Inches deep. Never take the _Chrysalides_ out of the Earth, nor

disturb them till the _Flies_ are bred.

There is yet another Thing proper to be known, in order to compleat

your Collection. A great Number of _Caterpillars_ go into the Earth,

and there change to _Aureliæ_, whose _Moths_ are seldom upon the

Wing till Night; these _Aureliæ_ are to be got by digging with such

a Trowel as the _Bricklayers_ use, about the Roots of Trees, such

as _Oaks_, _Elms_, _Limes_, _Poplars_, _Willows_, &c. also by the

Sides of Walls and Pales. The usual Time to dig for them is from

_September_ to _March_.

When you have obtain’d a Number of _Aureliæ_ by digging, you must

provide for them thus: Get some Earth and scowering Sand, mix them

well together, and put the Mixture into some large Garden Pots; lay

your _Aureliæ_ thereon, covering them with Moss; then sew a Piece of

Crape Hatband round a small Hoop, and put such a Cover on each Pot,

in order to receive the _Flies_ when bred, which will usually be in

the Months of _March_, _April_, _May_, and _June_. I have always kept

my Pots of _Aureliæ_ out in the open Air, and the _Flies_ have been

produced with great Success; however it may be proper to place a

Piece of Board over each Pot, to prevent unforeseen Accidents.

Those who think proper to put these Directions in Practice, will,

I am convinced, in a short Time, be possessed of a great Number of

valuable _Flies_. What Food the _Caterpillars_ mentioned

in this Work chuse to feed on, the Time when they

change into _Aureliæ_, and when they issue forth

in the _Fly_ State, may be seen

in the Description of

each Plate.

ERRATA.

Page. Num. Read. Instead of

8 XVII Chrysalis Chrysalisis

11 VI nigra alba

18 II Cl. 3. S._A_. 2. Cl. 3. S. E. 1.

20 VII form from

23 XIII to o

49 I Sect. a.

51 V Cl. 2. S. a. 5. Cl. 2. S. _a_. 2.

52 I 4 The Great }

Fox-tail Grass. }

53 IV Cl. 2. S. b. 4. Cl. 2. S. _a_. 4.

62 III Cl. 1. S. _a_. 3. Cl. 2. S. _a_. 4.

63 of Butterflies of Caterpillars

On the Plates.

38 I Cl. 1. S. b. 1. Cl. 1. S. _a_. 1.

38 II Cl. 1. S. b. 2. Cl. 1. S. _a_. 2.

42 I Cl. 2. S. _a_. 1. Cl. 2. S. 1. b. 1.

42 II L. I. Ch. III. L. I. Ch. II.

62 II Cl. 1. S. _a_. 2. Cl. 1. S. _a_. 1.

A Synoptical TABLE of the _Moths_ and _Butterflies_ contained in this

Work.

CATERPILLARS.

Producing Moths.

Having circular Rings or Joints.

Naked.

Without Protuberances.

The great yellow Underwing. The Wild Arrach. The Angle

Shades. The Pease Blossom. The small green Oak Moth. The

small Ermine Moth. The Broom Moth. The sallow Moth. The

Codling Moth. The Province Rose Moth. The Scallop-wing’d Oak

Moth. The Black-thorn Moth. The green Moth with silver Lines.

The Ranunculus Moth. The Water-Betony Moth. The small

Elephant Moth. The Gold-spot Moth. The Sword-grass Moth.

With Horns on the Tail.

The Jessamine-Hawk Moth. The Unicorn, or Bindweed-Hawk Moth.

The Privet-Hawk. The Olive-shades, or Lime-Hawk. The Eyed

Willow-Hawk. The Poplar-Hawk. The Ladies Bedstraw, or

Elephant Moth.

With one Protuberance on the Rump.

The Ealing’s Glory.

With two or more Protuber.

The Ozier, or Pebble Moth.

With Shoulders rising into an Angle.

The Puss Moth. The Wild Rose Moth.

Having little Hair.

Without Protuberances.

The Goat Moth. The Emperor Moth. The Plumb-Tree Moth.

With Protuberances.

The Willow Red-Underwing.

Having much Hair.

Without Protuberances.

The Great Tyger. The Cream-Spot Tyger. The Scarlet Tyger. The

Black Arches. The Great Ermine Moth. The Spotted Buff Moth.

The Gipsey Moth. The Buff Tip. The White Satin Moth. The

Lacquey. The Great Egger. The Grass Egger. The December Moth.

The Spotted Red and White Underwing. The Wood Tyger. The

Mother of Pearl Moth. The Yellow July Oak Moth. The small

Egger. The Fox-coloured Moth.

Having Rings of different Colours.

The Cinnabar Moth.

Having indented Marks.

The Bramble Moth.

Having fleshy Protuberances on the Head, Back, or Tail.

The Lappit-Moth. The Drinker. The Yellow Tail. The Dagger Moth.

The Wild Pine Tree Lappit-Moth.

Having many Tufts of Hair.

The Black Tussock. The Yellow Tussock. The Red Spot Tussock. The

Orange Tussock. The Nut-Tree Tussock. The Sycamore Tussock.

Half Loopers.

Having 8 Feet, 2 Holders, 6 Claws, and with Protuberances.

The Crimson Underwing.

Having 4 Feet, 2 Holders, 6 Claws. Hairy.

The Silver Y Moth.

Loopers.

Naked.

Without Protuberances.

The Brindled Beauty. The July Arrach Moth. The Mottled Umber.

The July Sallow Moth. The Buff Argus. The Green Broom Moth.

The Lime Moss Moth.

With Protuberances.

The Spotted Elm Moth. The Swallow-Tail Moth. The October Moth.

The Brimstone Moth. The Scallop-winged Moth. The Richmond Beauty.

The Hawthorn Moth.

Hairy.

Without Protuberances.

The large Magpye, or Curran Moth. The Gooseberry Moth.

Having Tufts of Hair.

The Brindle Moth.

Shaped like Wood-lice.

Small Oak Egger-Moth.

Producing Moths whose Generation is unknown.

Glory of Kent. Cleifden Nonpareil.

Producing Flies between the Moth and Butterfly.

The Burnet Moth.

Producing Butterflies.

Smooth.

Without Protuberances.

Swallow-Tail Butterfly. Brimstone Butterfly.

Having little Hair.

Producing round-winged Butterflies.

White Butterfly with black Veins. Large white Garden

Butterfly. Small white Garden Butterfly. White Butterfly with

green Veins. Orange Tip, or Lady of the Woods.

Producing scallop-wing’d Butterflies.

The Marmoris, or Marble Butterfly. The Meadow Brown. The Great

Argus, and Wood Argus.

Producing Butterflies with large Heads and Bodies.

The Grizzled Butterfly.

Armed with Spikes.

Whose Chrysalis hangs by the Tail.

The Admirable Butterfly. The Peacock Butterfly. The painted

Lady. The great Tortoise-shell. The Comma-Butterfly. The

Great Fritillary. The Plantain Fritillary. The Heath

Fritillary. The Willow Butterfly. The small Fritillary. The

great Fritillary, with silver Spots.

Shaped like Wood-lice.

The Purple Hair-streak Butterfly. The Brown Hair-streak. The

green Butterfly.

Producing Butterflies whose Generation is yet unknown.

The Blue Argus Butterfly. The Purple High-Flyer, or Emperor

of the Woods.

THE

NAMES of the Subscribers to, and Encouragers of,

Mr. WILKES’s Attempt towards a NATURAL HISTORY of

_English_ MOTHS and BUTTERFLIES.

His Grace the Duke of Argyle.

His Grace the Duke of Athol.

William Adams, Esq;

The Aurelian Society.

Mr. Stephen Austin.

The Right Honourable the Earl of Bute.

Miss Jane Banister.

Richard Lovell Badcock, Esq;

William Berton, Esq;

John Browning, Esq;

William Bunberry, Esq;

Buckley, Esq;

Mr. Henry Baker.

Mr. Ephraim Bell.

Mr. Elias Brownsword.

Mr. Walter Blackett.

Mr. Brindly.

The Right Honourable the Lord James Cavendish.

The Right Honourable the Lord Charles Cavendish.

The Honourable Alexander Hume Campbell, Esq;

Mr. Peter Collinson.

Mr. Philip Constable, Junior.

Mrs. Chandler.

Mr. Clements.

Mr. Chapple.

Mr. Chadwell.

Richard Dashwood, Esq;

Peter Delme, Esq;

Mrs. Dellaval.

Mr. Davis.

Mr. Joseph Dandridge.

Mr. Dodesly, 4 books.

Mrs. Susanna Eaton.

Mrs. Edwards.

The Right Honourable the Lady Viscountess Fitz-Williams.

The Right Honourable the Lady Featherstone.

William Farington, Esq;

Mrs. Farmer, at Birmingham.

His Grace the Duke of Gordon.

The Right Honourable the Lady Betty Germain.

John Gale, Esq;

Charles Godwin, Fellow of Balliol College in Oxford.

Captain John Godwin.

Mr. Thomas Grace.

The Right Honourable the Lord Howard.

The Most Reverend Father in God Thomas, Lord Archbishop of

Canterbury.

James Horne, Esq;

Henry Le Noy Hunter, Esq;

Mrs. Mary Vere-Hunt.

Mr. Samuel Hartley.

Mr. Hodges, 3 Books.

Mr. Johnson.

Mr. Jackson in St. James’s Street, 3 Books.

Mr. Thomas Knowlton.

The Right Honourable the Earl of Londonderry, 2 Books.

William Lock, Esq;

Mr. James Lemon.

Mr. Samuel Lee.

His Grace the Duke of Montagu.

Dr. Mead.

The Reverend Mr. Thomas Manningham.

Mr. Mauduit.

Mr. Daniel Marshal.

Mr. Miller.

Her Grace the Duchess of Norfolk.

John Nicoll, Esq; of Coney-Hatch.

Miss Nicoll, at Southgate.

The Reverend Mr. John Newton, at Gloucester.

Nathaniel Oldham, Esq;

Mr. Edmund Overall.

Her Grace the Duchess of Portland.

Miss Phillips, Grosvenor-Street.

Her Grace the Duchess of Richmond.

The Right Honourable the Lord Rolle.

The Royal Society of London.

The Right Honourable the Countess of Shaftsbury.

The Right Honourable the Countess of Stamford.

The Right Honourable the Lady Diana Spencer.

The Right Honourable the Lady Elizabeth Spencer.

The Right Honourable the Lady Smithson.

Sir Francis St. John, Baronet.

Sir Hans Sloane, Baronet.

John Archer Shish, Esq;

Mrs. Smith, at Oxford.

The Right Honourable the Lord Trevor.

The Honourable Mrs. Trevor.

James Theobald, Esq;

Doctor Christopher Jacob Trew, at Norimburg.

The Honourable Mr. Talbot.

James Tilson, Esq;

Miss Tasburgh.

The Honourable Mrs. Walter.

Ralph Willett, Esq;

Taylor White, Esq;

Francis Whithead, Esq;

Horace Walpole Esq; of Arlington-Street.

Mr. William Wells.

Mr. Wollaston.

Mr. Woodhouse.

Mr. Whittle.

Mr. Ware.

The Honourable Mr. Yelverton, 3 Books.

[Illustration:(Decorative Design)]

[Illustration:(Decorative Header)]

BOOK I.

PART I.

_The_ CATERPILLARS, _described in this Book, are such as produce

Moths; of which, as there is a great Variety, ’twas thought proper

to range them under the following Heads or Chapters._

CHAP. I.

The CATERPILLARS belonging to this Chapter have six Hooks or Claws

before, eight Feet in the middle, and some have, and some have not

two Holders behind. Their Bodies are composed of twelve circular

Joints, or Rings, conjoined by a common Membrane, which they are

capable of contracting or expanding. When they would move along,

they dilate the muscular Skin that separates the first Ring from the

next; they advance the first Ring to a certain Distance, and then, by

contracting and expanding the Skin of that Part, they move the second

Ring: the same Method moves the Third, and so the whole Body marches

in Succession: the Motion of their Feet and Claws corresponding with

and assisting the progressive Motion of the Rings. _Vide Spectacle de

la Nature, Dial._ I.

The CATERPILLARS under this Head may likewise be divided into three

Classes:

I. NAKED or without HAIR.

II. Having little HAIR.

III. Having much HAIR.

_The First_ CLASS, _or the_ NAKED _and without_ HAIR, _may be

subdivided in the following Manner_.

CLASS I.

_Such_ CATERPILLARS _whose Bodies are_ SMOOTH.

SECT. _A_.

_Without_ Risings, _or_ Protuberances

L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 1. S. _A_. 1.

The Great Yellow-underwing Moth. The CATERPILLAR of this MOTH lives

through the Winter, and comes to its full Growth in _May_: It is

found in Gardens, and other Places, and usually feeds in the Night,

as many other of the NAKED CATERPILLARS do. Indeed, were they to

do otherwise, they would soon be devoured by the Birds, which are

much fonder of these SMOOTH CATERPILLARS than of the HAIRY ones. In

the Day, they hide themselves within the Earth, and in other secret

Recesses. They feed on the Leaves of the _Stock-July_ and other

Flowers, as also on Grass, &c. They put on the _Chrysalis_ Form,

within the Earth, in _May_, and the _Moths_ are bred in _June_. Great

Plenty of this _Moth_, and other Species of the YELLOW-UNDERWING,

were taken feeding on the Honey Dew, on the Limes and other Trees,

in the Gardens of _John Philips_, Esq; at _Layton_ in _Essex_; they

were discovered, by the Help of a Candle and Lanthorn, from Twelve

o’Clock at Night till Two in the Morning; and were so fearless, that

they would suffer one to take them with the Hand. At the same Time

the ANGLE-SHADE and several other _Moths_ were taken.

See _Lister_ on _Godartius, P. 52. N. 41. Albin, P. 72. Reaumur_, Pl.

14. Pag. 342. vol. 1.

The Double Stock July-Flower.

_Leucoium incanum, majus, variegatum, flore pleno._ C. B. Pin. 201.

L. 1. CH. 1. II. CL. 1. S. _A._ 2.

The WILD ARRACH MOTH, Mr. _Rosel_ says, The _Caterpillar_ feeds on

the WILD ARRACH; that it changes to a _Chrysalis_, within the Earth,

in _September_, and that the _Moth_ appears at the End of _May_

following. I once took some of these _Caterpillars_ feeding on the

_Arrach_ in _September_, but had not the good Fortune to breed any

Flies from them. See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 32.

The Wild Arrach in Flower.

_Atriplex folio deltoide._ Petiv. Herb.

L. 1. CH. 1. III. CL. 1. S. _A._ 3.

The ANGLE-SHADES, a _Moth_. It is advisable to look for the

_Caterpillar_ of this Fly on Nettles, altho’ some feed on Fruit

Trees, Bramble Bushes, _&c_. It goes into the _Chrysalis_ State at

the End of _June_, in a Web mixed with Earth, which it forms upon

the Ground; and thus it remains till the Beginning of _September_,

when the _Moth_ is produced. There is an early Breed of this _Moth_

in _May_, but, as I have not had the _Caterpillar_ in the Spring, I

cannot relate its Progression. The Fly may be taken in the Evenings,

in Gardens, feeding on the Flowers; but I have not met with them very

frequent.

See _Godartius_, Part 1. Tab. 56. _Lister_ on _Godartius_ P. 54. N.

44. _Albin_, Pl. 13. _Reaumur_, Pl. 8. P. 258. Pl. 14. P. 342. Vol. 1.

The Great Mogul Plum.

_Prunus fructu magno ovato rubente._ Tourn.

L. 1. CH. 1. IV. CL. 1. S. _A._ 4.

The PEASE-BLOSSOM, a _Moth_. Its _Caterpillars_ are reported by

_Merian_, and _Rosel_, to feed upon the wild Lark-Spur that grows

amongst Corn. They are full fed at the Beginning of _August_, when

they change to the _Chrysalis_, but appear not in the _Moth_ State

till the _June_ following. This Fly has been bred in _England_ by the

Honourable Mrs. _Walters_, and by _Nathaniel Oldham_, Esq; but, at

present, is very rare.

See _Merian_, Vol. 1. Ch. 40. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 12.

The Lark-Spur.

_Delphinium, hortense, flore majore & multiplici cœruleo._ Tourn.

L. 1. CH. 1. V. CL. 1. S. _A._ 5.

The SMALL GREEN OAK MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on the Oak, and

sometimes such Numbers of them are produced at the Beginning of

_May_, that they, in a Manner, strip the Oak-trees of their Leaves.

They are enabled, by the Help of a Spining, which they fasten after

the Manner of the Spider, to let themselves down from one Bough

to another, and from thence to the Ground, if they have a mind.

They change into the _Chrysalis_ State in a curled Form within the

Oak-leaves, (which they wrap over them, and fasten together by their

Web) and, after remaining so for about fourteen Days, the Fly is

bred. If you beat the Branches of the Oak-trees you may take Plenty

of this _Moth_ in the Day-time.

The Yellow Strip’d Tulip.

_Tulipa hortensis flore luteo variegato._

L. 1. CH. 1. VI. CL. 1. S. _A._ 6.

The SMALL ERMINE MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ that produces this _Moth_

is as common as those just mentioned. I have seen a Hedge-row of

White-thorn, at the End of _May_ and at the Beginning of _June_, the

Leaves of which have been eaten almost up by these _Caterpillars_.

They feed also on Black-thorn, Fruit-trees, _&c._ when they are

preparing to change to _Chrysalis_, they get together in Numbers, and

spin a large transparent Web, within which they fasten themselves by

the Tail, and undergo their Change. They remain in this Condition for

about three Weeks: The _Moths_ come forth in _June_ and _July_, and

are very common about most Hedges.

See _Albin_, P. 70. _Reaumur_, Pl. 12. Pag. 208. Vol. 2.

The Orange-Peach, with its Blossom.

_Persica, dura carne buxea._ C. B. Pin.

L. 1. CH. 1. VII. CL. 1. S. _A._ 7.

The BROOM-MOTH. The Food of this _Caterpillar_ is the Leaves of

Broom, on which I found Plenty of them, from the 20th to the 30th

of _September_, near _Shooter’s Hill_ in _Kent_; they were of the

Bigness express’d in the Plate. The Green ones produced male Flies.

They all went into the Earth at the Beginning of _October_, and, at

the Beginning of _May_ following, the _Moths_ were bred. I never

could take any of them in the Fly-state.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 52.

The Broom, in Flower and Seed.

_Genista angulosa Trifolia._ I. B. 1388.

L. 1. CH. 1. VIII. CL. 1. S. _A._ 8.

The SALLOW MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ was fed by Mr. _Dandridge_ on the

common Sallow, until it changed to a _Chrysalis_ within the Earth,

which was at the Beginning of _June_. The _Moth_ was produced about

the Middle of _September_. These _Moths_ are not common; for, in

all my Practice, I have not been able to take above three or four,

and that was in the Evening, near _Shooter’s Hill_, in the Month of

_September_. The _Caterpillars_ are likewise very scarce.

See _Albin_, Pl. 33.

Common Sallow in Flower.

_Salix Cutifolio rotundo._ C. B. Pin.

L. 1. CH. 1. IX. CL. 1. S. _A._ 9.

The CODLING MOTH. Mr. _Rosel_ says, The _Caterpillar_ of this _Moth_

feeds on the Kernels of Apples and Pears. The _Moth_ lays her Eggs at

the End of _June_: Eight Days after the _Caterpillars_ are bred; and,

when full fed, they go out of the Fruit and change to the _Chrysalis_

under the Bark of the Tree. They remain there all the Winter, and the

_Moths_ are bred in _June_ following. I have, myself, found Plenty

of these Flies sticking on the Bark of the Oak-trees, in _Richmond_

Park, at the End of _June_, in the Day-time.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 4. Tab. 13.

The Codling-tree with its Blossom.

_Pomum Coctile._ Raii Hist.

L. 1. CH. 1. X. CL. 1. S. _A._ 10.

The PROVENCE ROSE MOTH. Rose Leaves are the Food of this

_Caterpillar_. In the Middle of _May_ I had some of them that changed

to the _Chrysalis_ folded in the Leaves; at the Beginning of _June_

the _Moths_ were bred. They may be taken in Gardens in the Evening.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 4. Tab. 9.

The Moss Provence Rose.

_Rosa, Provincialis spinosissima, pedunculo muscoso._ Boerh. _Ind.

alter._

L. 1. CH. 1. XI. CL. 1. S. _A._ 11.

The SCOLLOP-WINGED OAK MOTH. I took the _Caterpillar_ of this

_Moth_, feeding on Oak-leaves, about the 10th of _June_, at which

Time it went into the _Chrysalis_, spining itself up in a Leaf;

and the _Moth_ was bred on the 7th Day of _July_. Both _Moth_ and

_Caterpillar_ are very scarce.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 63.

The Yellow Rose.

_Rosa, Lutea, multiplex._ C. B. Pin. 4831.

L. 1. CH. 1. XII. CL. 1. S. _A._ 12.

The BLACK-THORN MOTH, or, _Figure of_ 8. The _Caterpillar_ is easily

found, feeding on Black Thorn, White Thorn, Crab-tree, _&c._ towards

the End of _May_, at which Time it spins a hard Case against its

Food, and changes to a _Chrysalis_; the _Moth_ is bred about the End

of _August_, and is not commonly taken.

See _Albin_, P. 13. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 16. _Reaumur_, Pl. 18. Pag.

342. Vol. 1.

_The common Periwinkle._

_Pervinca vulgaris angustifolia, flore pleno saturate purpureo._

Tourn.

L. 1. CH. 1. XIII. CL. 1. S. _A._ 13.

The GREEN MOTH with SILVER LINES. I fed its _Caterpillar_ with

Oak-leaves, on which it had been found. It work’d itself up in a dark

brown Case on the Back-side of one of the Leaves, and changed into a

_Chrysalis_ the 27th of _September_; the _Moth_ appeared the 20th of

_May_ following, and is difficult to meet with.

See _Albin_, P. 31.

The Bruxells Apricock.

_Malus Armeniaca, Bruxells vulgo dicta._

L. 1. CH. 1. XIV. CL. 1. S. _A._ 14.

The RANUNCULUS MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ represented in this Plate

were found feeding on the _Ranunculus_ Flower about the Middle of

_June_, at which Time they were full fed, and soon changed to the

_Chrysalis_ within a Spining or Web; and the _Moths_ came out at the

Beginning of _September_. The _Caterpillar_ and _Moth_ are both very

rare.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 53, 54.

The double Orange Ranunculus.

_Ranunculus hortensis, flore aurantio pleno._

L. 1. CH. 1. XV. CL. 1. S. _A._ 15.

The WATER-BETONY MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ are sociable, and feed

together. They may be found, towards the End of _May_, full fed, on

the _Water-Betony_; as also on the _Mullein_, which is their proper

Food. They go into the Earth about that Time, and change to the

_Chrysalis_, within a Case composed of Earth and a webby Matter,

which they spin together. The _Moth_ appears in _March_ following;

but it is not commonly taken in its Fly-state.

See _Raii_ Hist. Insect. P. 168. N. 25. _Albin_, Pl. 13. _Rosel_, Cl.

2. Tab. 22. _Reaumur_, Pl. 43. P. 602.

The Water-Betony; or Water-Figwort.

_Betonica Aquatica_, Ger. 579. _Scrophularia Aquatica major._ C. B.

Pin. 235.

L. 1. CH. 1. XVI. CL. 1. S. _A._ 16.

The SMALL ELEPHANT MOTH. Mr. _Rosel_ informs us, That the

_Caterpillar_ is to be found on the Grass in Meadows, in the Month of

_August_; but whether that be its favourite Food he does not know. It

makes a Spining, and changes to a _Chrysalis_ towards the End of that

Month. The _Moth_ is bred about the End of _May_.

In the Year 1743, on the 28th of _May_, I took several of these

_Moths_, in the Evening (after Sun-set) as they were hovering about,

and feeding on a Flower called _The Batchelors Button_, by the Side

of _Osterly Wood_, near _Brentford_. They are very swift in flight,

and therefore must be taken as soon as they approach the Flower.

The Females layed their Eggs freely, and, after seven Days, the

_Caterpillars_ were hatch’d, to the Number of about 300. I took the

utmost Pains to raise them; but, for want of their proper Food, they

all died.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 1. Tab. 5.

The Guelder-Rose.

_Opulus, Flore Globoso._ Tourn. _Inst._ 607.

L. 1. CH. 1. XVII. CL. 1. S. _A._ 17.

The GOLD-SPOT MOTH. The _Caterpillar_, whence this _Moth_ is

produced, may be found about the End of _July_, full fed, in the

Marshes about _Rotherhith_, _Vauxhall_, and such like Places.

It feeds on the Leaves of the great Water-grass, _&c._ but the

_Caterpillar_ is not so easily found as the Spining which it makes to

contain its _Chrysalis_; for that spining, being of a whitish Colour,

may be seen at a good Distance, in Shape and Manner as described in

the Plate. It lies in the _Chrysalis_ State about three Weeks, and

the _Moth_ is bred from the Middle to the End of _August_; but it is

seldom taken in the Fly-state.

Purple Flowered Ketmia.

_Ketmia, Syrorum, Flore purpureo violaceo._ Tourn. _Inst._

L. 1. CH. 1. XVIII. CL. 1. S. _A._ 18.

The SWORD-GRASS MOTH. Mr. _Rosel_ informs us, That the _Caterpillar_

of this Fly feeds on the _Orache_; that, in _June_, it changed to

a _Chrysalis_ within the Earth, in which State it remained three

Weeks, and then the _Moth_ was bred. I once took one of these

_Caterpillars_, full grown, feeding on the _Sword-grass_ in the

Marshes at _Rotherhith_; but that was in the Month of _August_,

and the _Moth_ was bred with me at the End of _September_. Both

_Caterpillar_ and _Moth_ are very scarce.

The Persian Iris.

_Xiphium Persicum, præcox, flore variegato._ Tourn.

SECT. _B_.

CATERPILLARS _having_ Horns _on their_ Tails.

L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 1. S. _B._ 1.

The JESSAMINE-HAWK MOTH. This _Moth_ was bred in _England_ by Mr.

_Dandridge_, who took the _Caterpillar_, at _Hampton-Court_, full

fed, on the _Jessamine_, about the Middle of _July_; at which Time it

went into the Ground, and changed to a _Chrysalis_, and the _Moth_

came forth at the End of _October_. This Gentleman had also five or

six _Caterpillars_, of the same Kind, brought to him, that were taken

upon an Elder-tree in _Goodman’s Fields_, which likewise changed to

_Chrysalis_ in the Ground in _July_; and the _Moths_ were also bred

in _October_: From whence I conclude that to be the Time when the Fly

is usually bred.

See _Albin_, P. 6. _Reaumur_, Pl. 14. Pag. 342. Vol. 1.

The Jessamine in Flower.

_Jasminum vulgatius flore albo._ C. B. Pin. 397.

L. 1. CH. 1. II. CL. 1. S. _B._ 2.

The UNICORN, or BINDWEED-HAWK MOTH. Mr. _Rosel_ reports this

_Caterpillar_ to feed in Corn-fields, on the Green-leaves of the

Corn. At the End of _July_ it was full fed, and went into the Earth

in order to change to its _Chrysalis_ State; and the _Moth_ was bred

in _June_ following. _Merian_’s Account of this Fly is, That the

_Caterpillar_ feeds on the Roots of the _Lesser Purple-Bindweed_,

which grows amongst Corn; that it went into the Ground, and changed

to a _Chrysalis_ at the End of _July_, and that the _Moth_ was bred

in _September_.

I have not yet had the good Fortune to meet with this _Caterpillar_,

but have seen several of the _Moths_ that have been bred and taken in

_England_. The Dung of this _Caterpillar_ is of a very extraordinary

Size and Figure; as well as some others that are expressed in the

Plates.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 1. Tab. 7. _Merian_, Chap. 25. _Reaumur_, Pl. 24.

Pag. 322. Vol. 2.

The Small Bindweed.

_Convolvulus minor vulgaris_. Park. 171.

L. 1. CH. 1. III. CL. 1. S. _B._ 3.

The PRIVET-HAWK MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ feed on _Privet_, _Lilac_,

_Holly_, _&c._ and are to be found in Nurseries and Gardens. Look on

the Ground under such Trees; and if you discover any of their Dung,

that will direct you to the _Caterpillars_ on the Trees above. They

go into the Ground, and change to the _Chrysalis_ State in _August_

and the _Moth_ appears in _June_ following. ’Tis not very common to

take the _Moth_ in the Fly-state.

See _Raii_ Hist. Insect. P. 144. N. 1. _Moufet_. P. 91. N. 5. P. 182.

Ch. 2. _Albin_, Pl. 7 _Reaumur_, Pl. 20. P. 282. Vol. 2.

The Evergreen-Privet in Flower.

_Ligustrum; foliis majoribus, & magis acuminatis, toto anno folio

retinens._

Pluk. Alm.

L. 1. CH. 1. IV. CL. 1. S. _B._ 4.

The OLIVE-SHADES, or LIME-HAWK MOTH. This _Caterpillar_ is to be got

by beating the Boughs of the _Lime_ and _Elm_ Trees, in the Month of

_August_; at which Time it goes into the Earth, and there changes to

a _Chrysalis_, and the _Moth_ is bred in _May_. By looking carefully

about the Bodies of _Lime_ and _Elm_ Trees, in _May_, these and other

_Moths_ may be found: For, if the Flies are bred in the Morning, or

any Part of the Day, they never offer to fly till Night. You may

likewise get these _Moths_, and many other Sorts, in the _Chrysalis_

State, by digging with a Trowel about the Roots of the Trees the

_Caterpillars_ feed on; and the best Time to dig for the Hawk Kind is

the Month of _April_. This Fly is seldom taken on the Wing.

See _Merian_, Vol. 2. Ch. 24. _Albin_, Pl. 10. _Rosel_, Cl. 1. Tab.

11.

The small leaved Lime-tree in Flower.

_Tilia fœmina, Folio minore._ C. B. Pin.

L. 1. CH. 1. V. CL. 1. S. _B._ 5.

The EYED WILLOW-HAWK MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ are to be found on

the Willows that grow about the _Chelsea_ Water-works, and in most

such like Places. At the End of _August_, I have also found them

in Gardens feeding on the Leaves of Apple-trees. They put on the

_Chrysalis_ Form within the Earth in _September_, and the _Moths_

are produced in _May_. The _Chrysalis_ and _Moth_ may be got at the

same Time as directed for the Lime-Hawk.

See _Lister’s Godart_. N. 24. _Merian_. Vol. 2. Ch. 37. _Raii_. P.

148. N. 2. _Moufet_. P. 91. N. 6. _Albin_, Pl. 8.

The Crack Willow.

_Salix, folio longo, latoque, splendente, Fragilis._ Raii. Syn.

L. 1. CH. 1. VI. CL. 1. S. _B._ 6.

The POPLAR HAWK MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ of this _Moth_ feeds on the

Leaves of the _Poplar_ Tree, as also on the _Willow_, and is to be

found at the same Times and Places as the _Willow-Hawk Caterpillar_.

It becomes a _Chrysalis_ in the Ground in _September_, and the _Moth_

appears in _May_. It is to be found in the _Chrysalis_ and Fly-state

as the before mentioned. All the Hawk-tribe fly very swiftly, and I

am inclined to believe feed in wet marshy Places, by reason I have

never taken them on the Wing in Places where I have always met with

Plenty of other Moths.

See _Albin_, Pl. 57.

The Black Poplar-tree.

_Populus nigra, minoribus foliis._ C. B. Pin.

L. 1. CH. 1. VII. CL. 1. S. _B._ 7.

The LADIES BEDSTRAW, or ELEPHANT MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ are to

be found in the Ditches in _Rotherhith_ Marshes, and also by the

_New River_ Side, near _Hornsey_. They feed on the _White Ladies

Bedstraw_, and are full grown at the End of _July_; at which Time

they usually go into the _Chrysalis_ State, by making a light Spining

amongst their Food, where they remain till the End of the following

_May_: At which Time the _Moth_ is bred; but very seldom taken in

the Fly-state. Mr. _Albin_ has mentioned something very remarkable

of this _Caterpillar_, _viz._ its Dexterity in Swiming: For, feeding

commonly in or near the Water, if at any time it happens to fall in,

it turns itself on its Back, and swims, with its Head and Tail turned

together, till it gets hold on some Part of the Plant, by which it

helps itself up again. It lies in the Egg-state about nine Days.

See _Raii_ Hist. Insect. P. 145. N. 2. _Albin_, Pl. 9.

The White Ladies Bedstraw.

_Gallium Album._ Ger. 967.

SECT. _C_.

CATERPILLARS _having_ one Protuberance _on the_ Rump, _with_ indented

Markings.

L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 1. S. _C._ 1.

EALING’S GLORY, a MOTH. Its _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Black Thorn_,

_White Thorn_, _Crab-tree_, _&c._ becomes a _Chrysalis_ in the Earth

in _May_, and the _Moth_ appears in _September_. _Charles Lockyer_,

Esq; has bred great Numbers of this _Moth_ at his House at _Ealing_;

but I have heard of no body else who has met with them in any Plenty.

See _Albin_, Pl. 14. _Rosel_, Cl. 11. Tab. 33.

The Black Thorn.

_Prunus Sylvestris._

SECT. _D_.

CATERPILLARS _having_ two _or more_ Protuberances.

L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 1. S. _D._ 1.

The OZIER, or PEBBLE MOTH. Mr. _Dandridge_ found the _Caterpillar_

feeding on the _Dutch Willow_, in the Marshes near _Rotherhith_,

about the Middle of _July_; it changed to a _Chrysalis_ within the

Leaves spun together; and at the Beginning of _August_ came forth the

_Moth_. This fly is very scarce.

See _Albin_, Pl. 14. _Lister’s Godart._ N. 21. _Rosel_, Cl. 11. Tab.

20. _Reaumur_, Pl. 22. P. 282. Vol. 2.

The Ozier.

_Salix, vulgaris, alba, arborescens._ C. B. Pin.

SECT. _E_.

CATERPILLARS _whose_ Shoulders _rise into an_ angular Figure, _having

no_ Holders _behind_.

L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 1. S. _E._ 1.

The PUSS-MOTH. Though the _Caterpillar_ of this Fly seems most fond

of the _Willow_, it is often found on the _Abele_, or _Poplar_

Tree. It has a Power of stretching out, and putting back its Head,

at Pleasure; which it seems to do as it thinks itself more or less

in Danger. It is armed with two Tubes at the End of the Tail, and

two others within those, of a Blood red Colour, which it nimbly,

if touched by any Thing, darts out: The Use of these is (as I

apprehend) to prevent the _Ichneumon_ Flies from settling on them;

but, notwithstanding those Flies are often able to remain long

enough to leave their Eggs behind: In such Case, the _Moth_ is not

produced, but, instead thereof, the _Ichneumon_ pictured in the

Plate. Such _Caterpillars_ as the _Ichneumons_ have not fixed their

Eggs on, usually go into the _Chrysalis_ State at the Beginning of

_August_, on the Body of the Tree, and generally near the Ground, the

_Caterpillar_ gnawing the Wood into a Kind of Sawdust; which, mixing

with a glutenous Matter, or Cement, that comes from its Mouth, makes

a hard Case, in which the _Chrysalis_ is formed, on the outside of

the Tree; the _Moth_ appears the _May_ following. These _Moths_ are

seldom taken in the Fly-state; but may easily be obtained by breeding

the _Caterpillars_, which may be found at the same Time, and in the

same Places, where you take those that produce the _Willow_ and

_Poplar Hawks_.

_Figure_ 2. in the same Plate, represents a _Moth_ called the KITTEN.

The _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Black Thorn_, _Willow_, _&c._ becomes a

_Chrysalis_ at the Beginning of _August_, and the _Moth_ is bred in

_May_. The _Caterpillar_ and Fly are rarely to be met with.

See _Lister’s Godart_. N. 20. _Moufet_ P. 183. _Raii_ Hist. Insect.

P. 153. _Albin_, Pl. 11. _Rosel_, Cl. 11. Tab. 19. _Reaumur_, Pl. 21.

Pag. 282. Vol. 2.

The Willow.

_Salix._

L. 1 CH. 1. III. CL. 1. S. _E._ 3.

The WILD ROSE-MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on the _Sweet Briar_

sometimes, but most commonly on the _Oak_; changes to a _Chrysalis_

(within the Leaves of such Trees fastened together by a Spining)

at the End of _September_, and the _Moth_ is bred in the Middle of

_May_. The _Caterpillar_ and Fly are both scarce.

See _Albin_, P. 65. _Reaumur_, Pl. 22. Pag. 282. Vol. 2.

The Wild Rose, or Sweet Briar.

_Rosa sylvestris_; _foliis odoratis_. C. B. Pin.

[Illustration:(Decorative Design)]

CLASS II.

CATERPILLARS _having little_ HAIR.

SECT. _a._

_Without_ Protuberances.

L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 2. S. _a._ 1

THE GOAT-MOTH. The most likely Means of obtaining the _Caterpillars_

is, to separate the Bark of some old _Willow_ from the Body of the

Tree by a Chissel. Thus probably you may discover some of them: Put

them into an earthen Jar, and feed them with _Willow_ Wood, which

Food they seem most fond of; but cover the Jar least they creep away.

Do not keep them in a Box, or any Thing made of Wood, least they eat

their Way through it and be lost. These _Caterpillars_ are full fed

about the Middle of _May_, at which Time they gnaw the Wood into a

Kind of Sawdust, which, being mixed with a glutenous Matter from

their Mouths, makes a Case wherein they change to the _Chrysalis_.

They lye in that State for about six Weeks; after which the _Moths_

appear, and may be found on the Bodies of _Willow_ Trees. This

_Chrysalis_, by the Help of strong, short Saw like Teeth round Part

of each Joint, and pointing towards the Tail, is enabled to force

its Fore Part through the Body of the Tree, (as is expressed in the

Plate), near which you’ll find the _Moth_, if you chance to look that

Day it is bred. They are reported to be three Years proceeding from

the Egg to the Fly; but this I have not myself experienced.

See _Lister_ on _Godart_. P. 49. N. 39. _Albin_, Pl. 35. _Rosel_, Cl.

2. Tab. 18. _Reaumur_, Pl. 17. Pag. 342. Vol. 1.

The Willow-tree.

_Salix._

L. 1. CH. 1. II. CL. 2. S. _a._ 2.

THE EMPEROR-MOTH. The best Way to be furnished with this fine _Moth_

is, to breed it from the _Caterpillar_, which may be found in its

infant State during the Month of _May_; but it is most adviseable

to seek for them before the 20th. The _Caterpillars_, when newly

hatch’d, are sociable, and keep together for about three Weeks,

after which Time they separate and are difficult to be found. The

most certain Food to take them on is the _Black Thorn_, and of that

such as is not of above two or three Years Growth. They are usually

found on Twigs about one or two Feet from the Ground, and (as I have

observed) herd in Clusters together, when they are in their first,

second and third Skins.—On the 12th of _May_ 1745, I had about sixty

_Caterpillars_ hatched from such Sort of Eggs as are expressed round

the _Black Thorn_ in the Plate: On the 19th they appeared in their

second Skin; on the 25th, in their third; on the 18th of _June_, in

their fourth, and, on the 22d, in their fifth. The _Caterpillars_

grew so much in this Skin in four Days, that they were three Times

as big as when full fed in their fourth Skin. On _June_ the 30th,

they shifted into their sixth and last Skin; in which Skin (as well

as in the former Skins) such as appear most Green are the female

_Caterpillars_. On the 12th of _July_ some of them began to spin

Cases, in order for their Change into the _Chrysalis_ State; and,

on the 26th, the whole threescore had spun themselves up. Thus they

remained throughout the Winter, and, from the 16th to the 30th of

_April_ following, I had forty of the _Moths_ bred; but the Rest of

the _Aurelias_ did not produce their _Moths_ till the Year following:

So that about twenty of my Number were in the _Chrysalis_ State

near two Years; and yet produced _Moths_ at last that were equally

beautiful and large. The Female lays from 250 to 300 Eggs, in such

Manner as is represented in the Plate, and these she hides in three

or four different Places for the more certain Security of some of

them.

The Case which contains the _Chrysalis_ is well worthy Notice, being

composed of a glutenous Matter fit to resist all Kinds of Weather;

and, for its greater Security, that Part which I call the Mouth is

doubly guarded: So that, if any Insect should chance to force the

first Fence, it will there meet with a second Resistance, and that

of so strong a Nature, from its particular make, that I am apt to

believe few, if any, can ever enter; and thus the _Chrysalis_ is

preserved in the most secure and wonderful Manner, as will be better

understood by attending to the Figure represented in the Plate. The

_Moth_ is very seldom taken in the Fly State.

The Black Thorn.

_Prunus Sylvestris._ Ger.

L. 1. CH. 1. III. CL. 2. S. _a._ 3.

This Plate represents the _Male_ and _Female_ of the EMPEROR-MOTH, of

which I have already given an Account.

See _Merian_, Vol. 1. Ch. 23. _Albin_, Pl. 25. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab.

4, 5. _Reaumur_, Pl. 49 and 50. Pag. 554. Vol. 1.

The White Fruit-bramble.

_Rubus vulgaris major, fructu albo._ Raii. Syn.

L. 1. CH. 1. IV. CL. 2. S. _a._ 4.

THE PLUMB-TREE MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds in Gardens on various

Fruit-trees: It changes to a _Chrysalis_ about the End of _May_,

within Leaves spun together, and lies in that State till the Middle

of _June_, when the _Moth_ appears.

See _Albin_, Pl. 36.

The red Roman Nectarine.

_Nucipersica Romana rubra._

SECT. _b._

CATERPILLARS, hairy, _with_ Protuberances.

L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 2. S. _b._ 1.

THE WILLOW RED-UNDERWING MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Willow_;

changes to a _Chrysalis_, betwixt the Bark and Body of the _Willow_

Tree, about the Middle of _June_. The _Moth_ is bred in the Middle

of _July_, and may be found at that Time on the Barks of _Willows_,

and other Trees, as also against Walls, Houses, Barns, _&c._ If the

Weather proves very hot, the _Moth_ will fly in the Day-time. The

_Caterpillar_ is rarely found.

See _Albin_, P. 80. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 15.

The weeping Willow.

_Salix orientalis, flagellis deorsum pulchre pendentibus._

Tourn. Cor.

CLASS III.

CATERPILLARS _having much_ HAIR.

SECT. _A._

_Without_ Protuberances.

L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 3. S. _A._ 1.

THE GREAT TYGER MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ are hatch’d from the Egg in

_August_, and feed in their infant State on _Nettles_, _Lettice_,

_&c._ till the End of _October_; when, if the Weather be cold and

bad, they find themselves a Residence for the Winter in Holes and

private Recesses, where they continue till the _March_ or _April_

following, as the Spring is more or less forward. At their coming

out of their Holes they feed on the young _Nettles_, _Chickweed_,

_&c._ that grows in dry Ditches and Gardens; and, when they are in

their last Skin, which is usually at the End of _May_, they may

easily be found in the Places already mentioned. At the Beginning of

_June_ they spin a Bag, and within that change to the _Chrysalis_,

in which State they lye for one Month, after which the _Moths_ come

abroad and are very common. I have observed, that most of the _hairy

Caterpillars_ live throughout the Winter, after the Manner above

mentioned.

See _Lister’s Godart_. N. 99. _Moufet_. 15. P. 93. _Raii_ Hist.

Insect. P. 151. N. 3 and P. 152. N. 7. _Merian_, Vol. 1. Ch. 5.

_Albin_. Pl. 20. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 1. _Reaumur_, P. 534. Vol. 1.

The Hatfield Plumb.

_Prunus, fructu magno crasso subacido._ Tourn.

L. 1. CH. 1. II. CL. 3. S. _A._ 1.

THE CREAM-SPOT TYGER MOTH. _Chickweed_, _Nettles_, _Lettice_, _&c._

are the Food of this _Caterpillar_, which is to be found on such

Growths in dry Ditches, in Woods, _&c._ at the End of _April_.

It lives all Winter as the last mentioned, and changes to a

_Chrysalis_, within a Spinning, at the Beginning of _May_. The _Moth_

is bred about three Weeks after; flies in the Day-time, and is very

common.

See _Merian_, Vol. 1. Ch. 6. _Albin_, Pl. 21. _Reaumur_, Pl. 31. Pag.

534. Vol. 1.

Chickweed.

_Alfine media._ C. B. 250.

L. 1. CH. 1. III. CL. 3. S. _A._ 3.

The SCARLET TYGER MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ lives all Winter, and

is to be taken feeding on the _Hounds-Tongue_, _Nettles_, and

_White Archangel_, at the End of _April_. If you look for them

from _Charlton-Church_, in _Kent_, down to the Road that leads to

_Woolwich_, there you will find them in Plenty. They make a Spinning

in _May_ amongst the dead Leaves on the Ground, and there change to

the _Chrysalis_. The _Moths_ come forth in _June_ and fly by Day.

See _Merian_, Vol. 2. Ch. 8. _Albin_, Pl. 22.

The Hounds Tongue in Flower.

_Cynoglossum majus, vulgare._ C. B. 257.

L. 1. CH. 1. IV. CL. 3. S. _A._ 4.

The BLACK ARCHES, a MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ of this _Fly_ remains in

Egg all Winter, and hatching about the Middle of _April_, feeds on

the Leaves of the _Oak_, _Apple_ Trees, _&c._ A _Caterpillar_ brought

up by Mr. _Cabrier_ came to its full Growth near the Middle of

_June_; at which Time it fastened itself, in the Corner of the Box,

by a few small Threads: The 14th it changed to a _Chrysalis_, and the

_Moth_ appeared the 4th of _July_. The _Caterpillar_ was fed, in its

infant State, with _Lettice_, there being no _Oak_ Leaves at that

Time. This _Moth_ is to be found sticking on the Barks of the _Oak_

Trees in _Richmond_, _Bushey_, and other Parks, in _July_; but is not

common.

See _Merian_, Vol. 2. Ch. 22.

The Apple Tree in Blossom.

_Malus._

L. 1. CH. 1. V. CL. 3. S. _A._ 5.

The GREAT ERMINE MOTH. Its _Caterpillar_ feeds on most Kinds of

Plants and Flowers; turns to a _Chrysalis_, within a Web on the

Ground, in _September_: The _Moth_ is bred in the _May_ following,

and may be found sticking on the Barks of Trees, on Pales, Walls,

_&c._

The small Garden Sun-Flower.

_Corona Solis, perennis & vulgaris._ Vaill.

L. 1. CH. 1. VI. CL. 3. S. _A._ 6.

The SPOTTED BUFF-MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ of this _Moth_ are very

mischievous in Gardens, feeding on most Kind of Herbage; but may

easily be shaken off the Plants and killed. They change to the

_Chrysalis_ within a Web on the Ground, and sometimes within the

Ground, in _September_, and the _Moths_ came out in _May_. Their

Eggs are of a light green Colour; and the _Caterpillars_, when first

hatch’d, which is about the Middle of _June_, are white and hairy.

The _Moth_ is frequently taken sticking on Houses, Walls, Pales, _&c._

Arsmart.

_Persicaria maculosa._ Ger. 361.

L. 1. CH. 1. VII. CL. 3. S. _A._ 7.

The GIPSEY MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ are very destructive to all

Fruit-trees, on which they are found in Swarms envelop’d with a Web

like that of the Spider. In the Day-time they disperse themselves

over the whole Tree, but at Night come together again, and retire to

their Web. They put on the _Chrysalis_, form within a Spinning, at

the Beginning of _July_, and the _Moth_ is bred about fourteen Days

after. Their Eggs are covered with a yellowish Down, whereby they

are preserved from Cold throughout the Winter. This _Moth_ is very

common in _Germany_, and was produced from a Nest of Eggs that were

sent to Mr. _Peter Collinson_, who gave them to _Charles Lockyer_,

Esq; He bred _Moths_ from them as above mentioned; and, having turned

Numbers of them wild (as I have been informed) about _Ealing_ near

_Brentford_, in _Middlesex_, they are to be found there, but not any

where else that I have yet heard of.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 3. _Merian_, Vol. 1. Ch. 18.

The Crab-tree.

_Malus sylvestris._ Ger. 1276.

L. 1. CH. 1. VIII. CL. 3. S. _A._ 8.

The BUFF-TIP MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on the _Willow_ and

_Oak_, and may be easily found amongst the _Willows_ growing about

_Chelsea_, and in such like Places. They may be taken full fed

towards the End of _August_; at which Time Numbers of them go into

the Earth, and there Change to the _Chrysalis_, and the _Moths_

appear in the following _May_. It is not a very common Thing to take

this _Moth_ flying.

See _Lister’s Godart_, N. 95. _Raii_ Hist. Insect. P. 162. N. 14.

_Albin_, Pl. 23. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 14.

The Yellow Dwarf-Willow.

_Salix folio longo subluteo, non auriculata, viminibus luteis._ Raii.

Syn.

L. 1. CH. 1. IX. CL. 3. S. _A._ 9.

The WHITE-SATIN MOTH. Its _Caterpillar_ feeds on the _White Poplar_,

as also on _Willow_; changes to a _hairy Chrysalis_, within the

Leaves spun together, in _June_; lies in that State about twenty

Days, and then the _Moth_ flies abroad. You may take these Flies by

shaking the Boughs of the Trees they feed on. Their Eggs, when first

laid, are of a pale green Colour, which they cover with a Substance

looking like Leaf-silver. They continue about one Month in the

Egg-state, and the _Caterpillars_ live all Winter.

See _Lister_ on _Godart_. P. 84. N. 87. _Rosel_, Cl. 2, Tab. 9.

_Reaumur_, Pl. 34. Pag. 534. Vol. 1.

The White Poplar-Tree.

_Populus alba majoribus foliis._ C. B.

L. 1. CH. 1. X. CL. 3. S. _A._ 10.

The LACKEY-MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ are very common, and feed on

most Kind of Herbage, especially _Black Thorn_, _White Thorn_, _&c._

about the Middle of _June_ they change to the _Chrysalis_ within a

Case, which they spin, and cover with a fine Dust of the Colour of

Brimstone. In this State they remain for about one Month; then the

_Moth_ appears, and lays her Eggs, in a spiral Order, round the young

Twigs of such Trees as are proper Food for the infant _Caterpillars_.

They hatch in the Spring, and keep together in a Web while young. As

these _Caterpillars_ are destructive in Gardens to Fruit-trees, _&c._

its adviseable to destroy them.

See _Godartius_, P. 1. Tab. 10. _Albin_, Pl. 19. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab.

6. _Reaumur_, Vol. 2. Pl. 4. Pag. 120.

_Figure_ 1. Tway Blade. 2. The Crane’s Bill. 3. The Yellow-Vetchling.

1. _Bifolium, vulg._ C. B. 2. _Geranium Robertianum._ 3. _Lathyrus

luteus sylvestris dumetorum._ 1. B. II. 304.

L. 1. CH. 1. XI. CL. 3. S. _A._ 11.

The GREAT EGGER-MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ of this _Moth_ are to be

found, full grown, towards the End of _May_, feeding on _Black Thorn_

and _White Thorn_. At the Beginning of _June_, they spin a brown

Case, in the Shape of an Egg, in which the _Chrysalis_ is formed:

They remain in that State for about one Month; then the _Moth_ is

produced. The Males fly swiftly in the Day-time, from 12 o’Clock to

5 in the Afternoon. The Eggs are of an oval Shape, and usually hatch

at the latter End of _July_. When the _Caterpillars_ are young, you

may feed them with _Black Thorn_, or _White Thorn_, and, during the

Winter, with _Bramble_, _Holly_, _Privet_, _&c._ When you breed any

female _Egger-Moths_, take one of them and put it in a Box (covered

with a Piece of Crape, to prevent its getting away), carry the Box

with you to the Sides of Woods and green Lanes; and, if the Day be

fair, and the Sun shines bright, put it upon the Ground: And, if

there is a Breed of these _Moths_ near, the Males will come and

endeavour to get at the Female. By this means I have taken with my

Net near twenty in an Hour. This Method of taking Flies is called

_Simbling_; and many other Kinds of _Moths_ are to be catched the

same Way.

See _Godart_. P. 1. Tab. 7. _Lister’s Godart_. N. 88. _Merian_, Vol.

1. Ch. 10. _Moufet_, P. 92 N. 9. _Raii_’s Hist. Insect. P. 142. N. 2.

_Albin_, Pl. 18. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 35. a. _Reamur_, Pl. 35. Pag.

534. Vol. 1.

The White Thorn in Flower.

_Mespilus sylvestris, seu Oxyacantha._

L. 1. CH. 1. XII. CL. 3. S. _A._ 12.

The GRASS EGGER-MOTH. I took the _Caterpillars_ of this _Moth_

feeding on _Clover_ amongst _Grass_. They make a Spinning and Case,

on the Surface of the Earth, about the Middle of _June_, and therein

turn to a _Chrysalis_. The _Moth_ flies in the Middle of _August_;

but is not commonly met with.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 35. b.

The double flowering Cherry, and Grass.

_Cerasus hortensis, flore roseo._ C. B. Pin. 450.

L. 1. CH. 1. XIII. CL. 3. S. _A._ 13.

The DECEMBER MOTH. Mr. _Dandridge_ took some of its _Caterpillars_,

at the Beginning of _June_, on the _Hasle_; but, observing they eat

but little, gave them fresh Boughs that were wet with Rain, on which

they fed greedily. The next Day he gave them Water and Honey mixt

together, of which they drank a good Quantity, and fell to eating

again very heartily. In this Manner he fed them every Day, and

sometimes twice a Day, till the Middle of the same Month, when they

went into the Earth and changed into _Chrysalis_. The _Moths_ came

out at the End of _December_. I took this Year (1748) two of these

_Caterpillars_ on the Leaves of an _Oak_, wherewith I fed them till

the Middle of _June_, when they spun a dirty coloured Case which

contained the _Chrysalis_; and the _Moths_ were bred on the 24th

_October_.

See _Albin_, P. 85. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 60.

The Nut-tree.

_Corylus, Sativa, fructu anguloso._ C. B. 418.

L. 1. CH. 1. XIV. CL. 3. S. _A._ 14.

The SPOTTED RED and WHITE UNDERWING MOTH. I found and fed the

_Caterpillar_ on _Black Thorn_: It made a Spinning, and changed to

_Chrysalis_ in the Middle of _April_, and the _Moth_ came abroad

about the Middle of _May_. The _Caterpillar_ lives all Winter, and

the _Moth_ is rarely to be met with.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 43.

_Figure_ 1. The Black Thorn. 2. The Columbine. 3. The Ranunculus. 4.

The White Bells.

1. _Prunus sylvestris._ C. B. 2. _Aquilegia vulgaris simplex._ C. B.

3. _Ranunculus._ 4. _Hyacinthus, flore albo._ C. B.

L. 1. CH. 1. XV. CL. 3. S. _A._ 15.

The WOOD TYGER MOTH. This _Moth_ I first discovered in _Cain Wood_.

The _Caterpillar_ lives all Winter, feeds on _Chickweed_, _Lettice_,

the _Lesser Plantain_, _&c._ and is full grown about the Middle of

_April_, when it changes to the _Chrysalis_ within a Spinning: The

_Moth_ is bred in the Middle of _May_, flies by Day, and may be taken

in _Cain_ or _Tottenham_ Woods; an Afternoon is the best Time.

The Vredenriek Hyacinth, and Lesser Plantain.

_Hyacinthus Belgicus Vredenriek dictus. Plantago minor._ I. B.

L. 1. CH. 1. XVI. CL. 3. S. _A._ 16.

The MOTHER of PEARL MOTH. _Nettles_ are the Food of the

_Caterpillar_, within the Leaves of which (folded together) it

lives, and feeds till the Beginning of _June_; when it puts on the

_Chrysalis_ Form wrapt up within a Leaf, whose Edges are fastened by

a Spinning: Fourteen Days after the _Moth_ appears, and may be taken,

very commonly, in an Evening, amongst _Nettles_.

See _Albin_, P. 73. _Rosel_, Cl. 4. Tab. 4.

The Cherry-Plumb.

_Prunus, fructu majori, rotundo, rubro._ Tourn.

L. 1. CH. 1. XVII. CL. 3. S. _A._ 17.

The YELLOW JULY OAK-MOTH. The Food of the _Caterpillar_ is the Leaves

of the _Oak_ Tree, on which it feeds till the Middle of _June_; then

it changes to a _Chrysalis_ in some Chink or other that it meets

with in the Bark of the said Tree, over which Chink or Hole the

_Caterpillar_ spins a strong Web, which prevents any Bird or Insect

from getting at it in its _Chrysalis_ State. The _Moth_ is bred in

the Middle of _July_, and may, now and then, be found on the Barks of

the _Oak_ Trees in _Richmond_ and other Parks, about that Time; but

it is not a common Fly.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 17.

The May-cherry.

_Cerasus, majalis, fructu duro subdulci._ Tourn.

L. 1. CH. 1. XVIII. CL. 3. S. _A._ 18.

The SMALL EGGER-MOTH. _Black_ and _White Thorn_ are the Food of the

_Caterpillars_, which are always found in Colonies; the whole Nest of

them feeding together till they are ready to change. When they are

first hatch’d from the Egg, they spin a Web to shelter themselves

from the Weather; and, as they grow, enlarge it with several

Divisions. They seldom go from the Plant they are first hatched on,

till they have eaten it quite bare and want Food. They ordinarily

spin a Thread from their main Web to guide them Home again; this is

very particular, and seems necessary to them. About the Beginning of

_July_ you may find them full fed; then they spin a Web, within which

a Case is formed, shaped like an Egg, which contains the _Chrysalis_:

In this State they remain all Winter, and the _Moths_ are bred in

_March_. It is adviseable, if you feed the _Caterpillars_, to take

the whole Nest with the Web. I have seldom taken the _Moths_.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 62. _Albin_, P. 19.

The Almond Tree, Blossom and Fruit.

_Amygdalus sativa fructu majore._ C. B. Pin. 441.

L. 1. CH. 1. XIX. CL. 3. S. _A._ 19.

The FOX COLOURED MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ is hatch’d in _July_, lives

all Winter, and feeds on _Grass_, _Brambles_, _&c._ I have seen them

in _September_ as large as they are in the Middle of _April_, which

is the Time they go to _Chrysalis_, within a Spinning or Web. The

_Moth_ is bred in the Middle of _May_, and the Cock flies swiftly in

an Afternoon; but may be taken in a Net, by the Sides of Woods and

green Lanes.

See _Albin_, P. 81.

The Blackberry Fruit.

_Rubus, fructu nigro._

SECT. 2 _A_.

CATERPILLARS _having_ Rings _of_ different Colours _surrounding them_.

L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 3. S. 2 _A._ 1.

The CINNABAR-MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ of this Fly are sociable and

feed together in Numbers on the _Ragwort_; in _July_ they are full

grown, and then some go into the Earth, and others spin on the

Surface of the Ground, in order to their Change into the _Chrysalis_

State. The _Moths_ are produced in the _May_ following, and are

common in Fields and Gardens.

See _Lister_ on _Godart_. P. 61. N. 54. _Albin_, Pl. 34. _Rosel_, Cl.

2. Tab. 48. _Reaumur_, Pl. 16. Pag. 342. Vol. 1.

The Ragwort, in Flower.

_Jacobea, vulgaris._ J. B. H. 1057.

SECT. 3 _A_.

CATERPILLARS _having_ indented Markings.

L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 3. S. 3 _A._ 1.

The BRAMBLE MOTH. Its _Caterpillar_ is to be found feeding on the

_Bramble_, on the _Oak_, _&c._ at the Beginning of _September_; and,

towards the Middle of the same Month, it changes to a _Chrysalis_,

mixing its Hairs with the Bag it spins: The _Moth_ comes forth the

_May_ following, and is not very common.

The Orange Apricock.

_Malus Armeniaca, fructu aurantio._

SECT. _b_.

CATERPILLARS _having_ hairy, _or_ fleshy Protuberances, _on the_

Head, Back, _or_ Tail.

L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 3. S. _b._ 1.

The LAPPIT-MOTH. The Eggs of this _Moth_ are laid about the Middle

of _July_, and remain in that State fourteen Days. I fed the

_Caterpillars_, when first hatch’d, with _Black Thorn_, and continued

giving them the same Food till _October_; at which Time they were in

their fourth Skin, and appeared as represented at Letter _a_; They

there stretched themselves at full Length on the Twigs, and remained

so till the _April_ following, without eating any thing that I could

perceive, notwithstanding at different Times I put in fresh green

Food to try them. About the End of _May_ the _Caterpillars_ are full

grown, in which Condition _b_ represents the Female; they then make a

Spinning, within which the _Chrysalis_ is formed, and remains in that

State for one Month, when the _Moth_ is bred; though it is rarely

met with in the Fly-state. The _Caterpillars_ are to be found, at

the End of _May_, sticking close to the Boughs of the _Black Thorn_,

_Bramble_, _&c._ You must look for them about a Foot or two from the

Ground; but, as their Colour nearly resembles the Bark of their Food,

it is very difficult to see them.

See _Albin_, Pl. 16. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 41. _Merian_, Vol. 1. Ch.

17. _Reaumur_, Pl. 23. Pag. 322. Vol. 2.

The Privet leaved Phylerea.

_Phyllyrea, Ligustri folio._ C. B.

L. 1. CH. 1. II. CL. 3. S. _b._ 2.

The DRINKER-MOTH. Its Eggs are usually laid about the Middle of

_July_; in about fourteen Days the _Caterpillars_ come out: They feed

in the Winter-season on long _Grass_, _&c._ and change to _Chrysalis_

at the End of _May_ (within such a Case as is expressed in the Plate)

at which Time they are easily found upon the Grass, by the Sides of

Fields and Hedges. The _Moths_ are bred at the End of _June_, and may

be taken flying in an Evening, in green Lanes and by the Sides of

Woods.

See _Lister’s Godart_. N. 82. _Albin_, Pl. 17. _Raii_ Hist. Insect.

P. 142. N. 3. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 2.

_Figure_ 1. The Yellow Vetchling. 2. Bistort. 3. The White Darnel

Grass. 4. The Wood-Pease.

1. _Lathyrus sylvestris, dumetorum, flore luteo._ C. B. 2. _Bistorta

major._ I. B. 3. _Gramen loliaceum spica longiori._ C. B. 4.

_Astragalus sylvaticus._ Ger. Emac.

L. 1. CH. 1. III. CL. 3. S. _b._ 3.

The YELLOW-TAIL MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Elder_, _Oak_,

_Black Thorn_, _&c._ upon all which Growths you may find them at the

End of _May_. It changes to a _Chrysalis_, within a Spinning, at the

Beginning of _June_, and the _Moth_ comes forth at the End of the

same Month. They may be found sticking against the Barks of the Trees

in Parks, and other Places, and also flying in the Evening. They

lay Eggs of a pale Colour, and cover them with a woolly Substance.

The _Caterpillars_ are hatch’d in _August_, and will feed on _Black

Thorn_ till the End of _October_; at which Time they spin themselves

little Cases, and remain in them till the Spring following.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 21. _Reaumur_, Pl. 16. Pag. 342. Vol. 1.

The Alder-Tree.

_Alnus, rotundifolia, glutinosa, viridis._ C. B.

L. 1. CH. 1. IV. CL. 3. S. _b._ 4.

The DAGGER MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Rose_ Trees,

Fruit-trees, and Shrubs; becomes a _Chrysalis_ within the Earth in

_October_, and in _May_ following the _Moth_ appears, and may be

found sticking against Pales, Walls, Trees, _&c._ Their Eggs are very

small, and of a fine green Colour, and the _Caterpillars_ are common

in Gardens and other Places. It is observed, that the Protuberance

on the Back of the _Caterpillar_ is of a fleshy Substance, with Hair

growing out of it.

See _Albin_, P. 86. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 7. _Reaumur_, Pl. 42. Pag.

602.

The most double Sweet Briar Rose.

_Rosa sylvestris, sive Eglanteria, flore pleno._

L. 1. CH. 1. V. CL. 3. S. _b._ 5.

The WILD PINE-TREE LAPPIT-MOTH. Mr. _Rosel_ informs us, That the

_Caterpillars_ of this curious Fly feed on the _Pinus sylvestris_,

or WILD PINE: That they are full fed in the Month of _June_, at

which Time they change to _Chrysalis_, within such a Spinning as is

represented in the Plate; and, after lying in that State three Weeks

the _Moths_ appear.

About the Middle of _September_, 1748, I took one of these

_Caterpillars_ upon a _White Thorn_ Bush, near _Richmond_ Park; which

is still alive this 20th Day of _January_ 1748-9, though it has eat

nothing, that I know of, since it has been in my Custody. It remains

stretched out, in the Manner of the _Lappit-Caterpillar_ represented

at the Letter _a_ of the first Plate of this Section; and I do not

think it will begin to feed until there are Buds of _Black_ or _White

Thorn_ to give it. This is the only _Caterpillar_ of the Kind that

I have known taken in _England_.—For the Drawings exhibited in my

Plate, I am obliged to Mr. _Rosel_.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 59.

The Wild Pine-Tree.

_Pinus sylvestris._ C. B. Pin.

[Illustration: (Decorative Design)]

SECT. _c_.

CATERPILLARS, _having many_ Tufts _of_ Hair, _producing_

TUSSOCK-MOTHS.

L. 1. CH. 1. I. CL. 3. S. _c._ 1.

The BLACK TUSSOCK-MOTH. This _Moth_ is bred about the Middle of

_June_; at which Time it lays Eggs of a light grey Colour, inclosed

within a woolly Substance; and thus they continue for about one

Month. When the infant _Caterpillars_ appear, they feed on _Black

Thorn_, _White Thorn_, _Bramble_, _&c._ They live all the Winter in

the _Caterpillar_ State, and change to a _hairy Chrysalis_, within a

Spinning, about the Middle of _May_. The _Caterpillars_ may be found,

full fed, on _Black Thorn_ that grows by the Sides of Woods and

Hedges; as for the _Moth_, it is not commonly taken in the Fly-state.

See _Albin_, Pl. 26. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 37.

The White double Garden-Rose.

_Rosa Alba hortensis, flore pleno._ I. B. 1144.

L. 1. CH. 1. II. CL. 3. S. _c._ 2.

The YELLOW TUSSOCK-MOTH. Its _Caterpillar_ feeds on the _Red

Archangel_, _Oak_, _Hasle_, _&c._ towards the End of _September_. It

makes a Spinning, within which a _hairy Chrysalis_ is formed, where

it lives till the Middle of _May_ following, and then the _Moth_

takes its flight; but it is not a very common Fly.

See _Merian_, Vol. 1. Ch. 47. _Albin_, Pl. 26. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab.

38. _Reaumur_, Pl. 33. Pag. 534. Vol. 1.

The Red Archangel.

_Lamium rubrum._ Ger. 568.

L. 1. CH. 1. III. CL. 3. S. _c._ 3.

The RED-SPOT TUSSOCK-MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ are very common,

feeding on most _Elm_ and _Lime_ Trees about Town. They make a

Spinning under the Copings of Walls, Pales, _&c._ at the End of

_May_; and the _Moth_ is bred at the End of _June_ and in _July_. The

Females have no Wings; but, if you carry one or two of them in a Box

(where there is a Breed of this _Moth_) the Males will follow you in

order to get at them: So that, if you put the Box on the Ground, you

may easily take the Cocks with your Net. Several other _Moths_ may be

taken by the like Means.

See _Albin_, P. 89. _Reaumur_, Pl. 19. Pag. 342. Vol. 1.

The smooth Leaved Elm.

_Ulmus folio Glabro._ Ger. Em. 1481.

L. 1. CH. 1. IV. CL. 3. S. _c._ 4.

The ORANGE TUSSOCK-MOTH. The Food of its _Caterpillar_ is _Hasle_,

_St. John’s Wort_, _Oak_, _&c._ About the Middle of _May_ it made a

Spinning, and changed to a _Chrysalis_, and the _Moth_ came forth

three Weeks after. It is very scarce, and the Female has no Wings.

I took one of these _Caterpillars_, feeding on _Oak_ Leaves, on the

25th of _September_ 1748; two Days after, it spun up in order to its

_Chrysalis_ State, and, on the 8th of _October_, the _Moth_ was bred:

From whence I conclude, this _Moth_ breeds twice in a Year.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 40. _Albin_, P. 90.

The elegant upright St. John’s Wort.

_Hypericum pulchrum Tragi._ I. B. III. 383.

L. 1. CH. 1. V. CL. 3. S. _c._ 5.

The NUT-TREE TUSSOCK-MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ of this very scarce Fly

was fed upon the _Hasle_. About the Middle of _September_ it spun

up, and changed into a _Chrysalis_, and the _Moth_ was bred at the

Beginning of _April_.

See _Albin_, P. 90. _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 53.

The Masculine Apricock.

_Armeniaca, fructu minore præcocior._ Miller.

L. 1. CH. 1. VI. CL. 3. S. _c._ 6.

THE SYCAMORE TUSSOCK-MOTH. You may find the _Caterpillars_ on

_Sycamore_ Trees, and, towards the End of _August_, they are usually

full fed; at which Time they spin themselves up, intermixing their

Hairs with the Web, and change into the _Chrysalis_ State. The

_Moths_ are bred in _May_ and _June_, are not uncommon, and may be

found on the Bodies of the Trees in _St. James’s Park_, on Pales,

Walls, _&c_.

See _Albin_, P. 83. _Reaumur_, Pl. 34. Pag. 534. Vol. 1.

The Sycamore Tree.

_Acer majus, multis falso Platanus_. I. B.

[Illustration: (Decorative Design)]

CHAP. II.

Caterpillars that perform their progressive Motion after a different

Manner, _viz._ by drawing up the Tail towards the Head, whereby their

Bodies become bent into the Form of a _half Loop_, on which Account

they are called HALF-LOOPERS.

CLASS I.

CATERPILLARS _having_ eight Feet, two Holders, _and_ six Claws _or_

Hooks, _and having_ Protuberances.

SECT. _a_.

L. 1. CH. 2. I. CL. 1. S. _a._ 1.

THE CRIMSON UNDERWING MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ of this _Moth_ feeds

on _Oak-leaves_, and becomes a _Chrysalis_, within some of the same

Leaves spun together, at the Beginning of _June_. The _Moth_ appears

at the Beginning of _July_, and is extremely scarce, as is also the

_Caterpillar_.

The Oak-Tree.

_Quercus Latifolia_. C. B.

CLASS II.

CATERPILLARS _which are_ hairy, _having two_ Holders, four Feet,

_and_ six Hooks _or_ Claws.

SECT. _a._

L. 1. CH. 2. I. CL. 2. S. _a._ 1.

The SILVER _Y_ MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Sage_, _Clover_,

_Burdock_, _&c._ changes to a _Chrysalis_, within a slight Spinning,

in _August_, and the _Moth_ is bred in _September_; is very common in

most Fields and Gardens, and flies in the Day as well as at Night.

There is an early Breed of this _Moth_ in _May_.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 5. _Albin_, P. 79. _Lister_ on _Godart_. P.

20. N. 14. _Reaumur_, Pl. 19. Pag. 342. Vol. 1. Pl. 26. P. 348. Vol.

Common Sage in Flower.

_Salvia hortensis._ I. B.

[Illustration: (Decorative Design)]

CHAP. III.

The _Caterpillars_ of this Chapter have two Feet and two Holders,

with six Hooks or Claws; but have no Feet in the Middle Part of their

Bodies like those already described. Their progressive Motion is

performed by fixing the Head-part, and drawing up the Tail to it;

so that each Step, forming a Loop, they are called LOOPERS. They

are provided with strong and sharp Claws in their Holders, by which

they can fasten themselves in such manner as to support the Rest of

their Bodies, either perpendicularly or horizontally, or in any other

Posture they please, without any regard to the Center of Gravity in

their respective Bodies. They are able likewise, out of their own

_Viscera_ or Bowels, to furnish themselves with Lines, whereby they

can let themselves down from the Branches of Trees, or other Heights,

as they find Occasion.

CLASS I.

Smooth _or_ naked Loopers.

SECT. a.

_Having no_ Protuberances.

L. 1. CH. 3. I. CL. 1. S. a. 1.

The BRINDLED BEAUTY MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ will feed on most

Fruit-trees, as also on the _Willow_, _&c._ Its _Chrysalis_ is formed

within the Earth towards the End of _June_, and the _Moth_ comes

forth in _April_. I have taken Plenty of them sticking on the Barks

of the _Willow_ Trees about the Water-works at _Chelsea_.

See _Merian_, Vol. 1. P. 75. Chap. 37. _Albin_, Pl. 39.

The Honey-Cherry.

_Cerasus, sylvestris, septentrionalis, fructu rubro parvo serotino_.

Raii. Syn.

L. 1. CH. 3. II. CL. 1. S. a. 2.

The JULY ARRACH MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ may be found, full fed, on

the _wild Arrach_, about the Middle of _September_; at which Time

it changes to a _Chrysalis_ in the Earth: The _Moth_ is bred in

_July_, and may be taken in an Evening in and near the Gardens about

_Vauxhall_ and other Places.

See _Albin_, Pl. 47.

The Black Curran-Tree.

_Ribes nigrum vulgo dictum, folio olente._ I. B.

L. 1. CH. 3. III. CL. 1. S. a. 3.

The MOTTLED UMBER-MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on Fruit-Trees,

_Oak_, _Elm_, _Black-Thorn_, _&c._ and turns to a _Chrysalis_,

within the Earth, about the Middle of _May_. The _Moth_ comes forth

in _October_, and may be found at that Time sticking on the Bark of

Trees in Parks, _&c._

See _Albin_, P. 100.

The Apricock-Plumb.

_Prunus fructu parvo præcoci._ Tourn.

L. 1. CH. 3. IV. CL. 1. S. a. 4.

The JULY SALLOW MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on the common _Sallow_,

in the Top-leaves of which (spun together) it lies concealed in the

Day-time. Some Leaves, thus spun together, looked as if they had been

dead; but, on Examination, _Caterpillars_ of this Sort were found

therein: They changed to a _Chrysalis_, spun amongst the Leaves, at

the End of _May_. The _Moth_ is bred at the Beginning of _July_, and

may be taken, in the Evening, by the Sides of Woods, Hedges, _&c._

The Wild Black Cherry.

_Cerasus major ac sylvestris, fructu subdulci nigro colore

inficiente._ C. B. Pin.

L. 1. CH. 3. V. CL. 1. S. a. 5.

The BUFF ARGUS-MOTH. The two _Caterpillars_ exhibited in this Plate

were taken by me upon the _Oak_, they feed likewise on the _wild

Briar_, _White-Thorn_, _&c._ They tied themselves up against the

Leaves, after the Manner of the _White Butterfly_, with their Heads

upwards; changed into _Chrysalis_ about the Middle of _June_, and the

_Moths_ were bred about the Middle of _July_. These I suppose to be

Male and Female of the same Species. You may take them flying, in an

Evening, by the Sides of Woods and Hedges, and in green Lanes.

The double-flowered Sweet Briar.

_Rosa sylvestris odora, sive eglanteria, flore duplice._ Park. Parad.

L. 1. CH. 3. VI. CL. 1. S. a. 6.

The GREEN BROOM-MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on the Leaves of

the common _Broom_; and, about the Middle of _June_, changes to a

_Chrysalis_ in a thin Spinning; in which State it continues for

about three Weeks, then the _Moth_ appears, and may be taken in the

Day-time, by beating the _Furze_ and _Broom_, wherein they usually

are found.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 3. Tab. 12.

The Needle Furze.

_Genista minor Aspalathoides, vel Genista spinosa Anglica._ C. B. Pin.

L. 1. CH. 3. VII. CL. 1. S. a. 7.

The LIME MOSS MOTH. The Eggs are of a greenish Colour, and are

laid in _June_; after being in that State about ten Days the

_Caterpillars_ are hatch’d. They feed on the _Moss_ that grows on

_Lime_ Trees; live and feed all the Winter in the _Caterpillar_

State, and about the Beginning of _May_, are full grown, at which

Time they make a Spinning amongst the _Moss_, and change to

_Chrysalis_. The _Moths_ are bred at the Beginning of _June_, and may

be taken in the Evenings, by the Sides of Woods, in green Lanes, _&c._

The Yellow-flowered Sage.

_Phlomis fructicosa, Salviæ folio latiore & rotundiore._ Raii Hist.

511.

SECT. _b._

Naked Loopers, _with_ Protuberances.

L. 1. CH. 3. I. CL. 1. S. _b._ 1.

The SPOTTED ELM-MOTH. Its _Caterpillar_ is not very common, altho’ it

feeds on the Leaves of the _Elm_, _Lime_ and _Oak_. It goes into the

Earth, and turns to a _Chrysalis_ in _August_: The _Moth_ appears in

_May_, and is then to be found sometimes, sticking on the Barks of

the above Trees; but it is not common.

See _Albin_, P. 40, 41. 91, 92.

The Witch Elm.

_Ulmus folio latissimo scabro._ Ger. Em. 1481.

L. 1. CH. 3. II. CL. 1. S. _b._ 2.

The SWALLOW-TAIL MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ feeds on _Bramble_, _Oak_

Leaves, and other Growths; lives all the Winter: When it changes to a

_Chrysalis_, which it does in _March_, the _Chrysalis_ is fastened by

the Tail, and lies, with its Head upwards, within a few fine Threads

of its own spinning. The _Moth_ is bred in _May_ and _June_, and may

be taken flying in an Evening by the Sides of Woods, and in green

Lanes.

See _Rosel_, Cl. 3. Tab. 6. _Albin_, P. 94.

The Bramble.

_Rubus, fructu nigro._ C. B.

L. 1. CH. 3. III. CL. 1. S. _b._ 3.

The OCTOBER-MOTH. Its _Caterpillar_ is to be found, full fed,

at the End of _May_, by beating the Boughs of the _Oak_, _Elm_,

_Black-Thorn_, _&c._ which are the Food it feeds upon. It changes to

the _Chrysalis_ State, within the Earth, about that Time, and the

_Moth_ is bred in _October_, when it may be found sticking on the

Bark of Trees, in Parks and other Places.

The smooth leaved Elm.

_Ulmus folio Glabro._ Ger. Em. 1481.

L. 1. CH. 3. IV. CL. 1. S. _b._ 4.

The BRIMSTONE MOTH. The _Caterpillar_ is found on the _White-Thorn_,

towards the Middle of _September_, when it is full fed, and changes

to a _Chrysalis_, within a Spinning, and the _Moth_ is produced in

the _April_ and _May_ following. It flies slowly, and is easily taken

in an Evening. This _Moth_ breeds twice in a Year; the first Time in

_April_ and _May_, the second in _July_ and _August_.

_Figure_ 1. The White Thorn. 2. The Blue Bells. 3. The Red Ranunculus.

Fig. 1. _Oxyacanthus._ Ger. 2. _Hyacinthus Anglicus._ Ger. 3.

_Ranunculus hortensis flore rubello._

L. 1. CH. 3. V. CL. 1. S. _b._ 5.

The SCALLOP WINGED MOTH laid her Eggs on the 5th of _August_, and

eight Days after the _Caterpillars_ appeared. I fed them with

_White-Thorn_ and _Privet_, till the Beginning of _October_, at which

Time several of them changed to the _Chrysalis_ betwixt the Leaves

spun together. They remained in that State during the Winter, and the

_Moths_ were bred in _May_ following. This _Moth_ is to be taken, in

the Evening, by the Sides of Woods, Hedges, _&c._

The White Thorn, with its Fruit.

_Mespilus, Apii folio; sylvestris, sive oxyacantha._ C. B. Pin. 458.

L. 1. CH. 3. VI. CL. 1. S. _b._ 6.

The RICHMOND-BEAUTY, a MOTH. Mr. _Rosel_ assures us, that the

_Caterpillars_ feed on the Leaves of the _Pear_ Tree, _&c._ and is to

be found at the End of _May_ and the Beginning of _June_. They change

to the _Chrysalis_ amongst the _Pear_ Leaves: They continue fourteen

Days in that State, and the _Moth_ appears about the End of _June_.

This _Moth_ is to be taken in an Evening by the Sides of Woods, in

green Lanes, Gardens, _&c._

See _Rosel_, Cl. 2. Tab. 10.

The _Spanish_ or _Catalonian_ Jasmine.

_Jasminum humilius magno flore._ C. B. Pin.

L. 1. CH. 3. VII. CL. 1. S. _b._ 7.

The HAWTHORN MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ that produce this Kind of

_Moth_ are of various Colours, some being much lighter than others.

I got several of them by beating the Boughs of the _White Thorn_,

about the Middle of _September_; at which Time many of this Sort spin

themselves amongst the Leaves and change to _Chrysalis_, and the

_Moths_ are bred in the Middle of _May_ following. This is a very

scarce Fly.

The Carolina Hawthorn.

_Mespilus Caroliniana, Apii foliis volgari similis major fructu

luteo._ Millar.

L. 1. CH. 3. VIII. CL. 1. S. _b._ 8.

The ORANGE MOTH. The four different coloured Flies represented in

the Plate, were all produced from _Caterpillars_ that were hatched

from the Eggs of such a Female as is represented at _Fig._ 1. The

Eggs were of a pale green Colour, and were hatch’d on the 13th

_July_ 1747; and the young _Caterpillars_ were fed with the Leaves

of _Black-Thorn_, till about the 20th, when they changed their first

Skin; on the second of _August_ they changed their Skin again, and,

about the Middle of the same Month, they left off eating: But,

_October_ the 25th, being put on _Bramble_ Leaves, they began to eat

again, and changed their Skin a third Time, _November_ the 28th;

after which they remained pretty quiet the whole Winter without

eating. At the End of _March_ they began to eat the fresh Buds of

the _Black_ and _White-Thorn_, and changed their Skin for the fourth

Time. About the End of _April_, one that was separated from the Rest

changed its Skin a fifth Time _May_ the 10th: spun up _May_ the 29th:

and the _Moth_ was produced _June_ the 17th. Several others spun

up between _May_ the 22d and _June_ the 5th, and the _Moths_ were

produced between _June_ the 12th and 25th. One that did not change

its Skin, for the last Time, till _June_ the 26th, was given to the

Proprietor of this Work; it spun up in the Leaves, on the 10th of

_July_, and the _Moth_, _Fig._ 2. was bred on the 1st of _August_.

Of eight _Moths_ that were produced, three were Females of the

common Orange Kind, and five were Males, one of which only was all

over of an Orange Colour. Amongst the _Caterpillars_ there was one

that changed its fourth Skin, _July_ the 4th, and fed for some Time;

however, it has not yet changed its fifth Skin, tho’ it continued

alive, without eating, till _December_ the 25th 1748, at which Time

it was put on _Bramble_ Leaves, and has continued to feed thereon

till the present 3d of _February_ 1748-9.——The Author of this Work

was favoured with the preceeding Account by a most skilful and exact

observer, whose Name, had he leave to mention it, would do him great

Honour.

The Dwarf-Willow.

_Salix pumila Alpina, rotundifolia repens, inferne subcinerea._ C. B.

Pin.

[Illustration: (Decorative Design)]

CLASS II.

Hairy Loopers.

SECT. _a._

_Having no_ Protuberances.

L. 1. CH. 3. I. CL. 2. S. _a._ 1.

The LARGE MAGPYE, or CURRAN MOTH. Most Gardens and Hedges abound

with the _Caterpillars_ of this Fly, which feed on _Curran_ and

_Gooseberry-Bushes_, and also on the _Black Thorn_, _&c._ They change

into the _Chrysalis State_, hanging by the Tail, at the End of _May_,

and the _Moths_ appear in the Middle of _June_. They are very common,

and easily taken in an Evening in the Gardens, and most other Places,

and may likewise be catch’d in the Day-time, by beating the Hedges

and Bushes. The _Caterpillar_ lives all Winter, and in the Spring

begins to feed as soon as the Buds are open.

See _Lister_ on _Godart_, P. 13. N. 9. _Merian_, Vol. 1. Chap. 29.

_Albin_, P. 43. _Rosel_, Class 3. Tab. 2.

The Curran Tree.

_Ribes major fructu rubro_, Hort. Eyst.

L. 1. CH. 3. II. CL. 2. S. _a._ 2.

The GOOSEBERRY-MOTH. The _Caterpillars_ are hatch’d at the latter End

of the Year, and live all Winter. About the Middle of _May_ you may

find Plenty of them on the _Gooseberry_ and _Curran_ Bushes; about

which Time they go into the Ground, and turn to _Chrysalis_, and

about the Middle of _June_ the _Moths_ appear. They are common in

most Gardens in the Evening, and may be taken in the Day-time, as the

last.

See _Lister_ on _Godart_, P. 19. N. 12. _Merian_, Vol. 1. Chap. 25.

_Albin_ P. 47. _Rosel_, Class 3. Tab. 4.

The Gooseberry Tree, with its Flower and Fruit.

_Grossularia, fructu obscure purpurascente._ Clus.

Hairy Loopers.

SECT. _b._

_Having Tufts of Hair, partly round each Joint._

L. 1. CH. 3. I. CL. 2. S. _b._ 1.

The BRINDLE-MOTH. This _Caterpillar_, which is not common among the

Loopers, was found by Mr. _Dandridge_ on the _Hasle_, at the Beginning

of _June_. It also feeds on _Oak_, _&c_. On the 14th of the same

Month it went into the Ground and changed into a _Chrysalis_, and at

the Beginning of _April_ following the _Moth_ came out. The Females

have no Wings. I have had several of this Kind of _Moth_ bred in

_February_ from the _Chrysalis_, which I got by digging with a Trowel

at the Root of Oak Trees. The _Moth_ is rarely taken in the Fly-state.

Bladder-Sena, _with_ Reddish-Seed Vessels.

_Colutea vesicaria, vesiculis rubentibus._ J. B.

[Illustration:(Decorative Design)]

CHAP. IV.

Caterpillars shaped like Wood-Lice.

CLASS I.

SECT. _a._

L. 1. CH. 4. I. CL. 1. S. _a._ 1.

The SMALL OAK-EGGER-MOTH. This _Caterpillar_ I took in _Hornsey_-Wood

on an Oak-Tree, at the Beginning _October_, soon after which Time

it chang’d to a _Chrysalis_, by fastening the Oak-Leaf close to the

Bottom of the Box I kept it in with a Spinning. Thus it remained

through the Winter, and the _Moth_ was bred at the End of _May_. Both

_Caterpillar_ and _Fly_ are very rare.

The Double Velvet-Rose.

_Rosa holosericea, multiplex._ Park. Parad.

[Illustration:(Decorative Design)]

CHAP. V.

Of Moths, whose Generation is not yet known.

CLASS I.

SECT. _a_.

L. 1. Ch. 5. I. Cl. 1. S. a. 1.

THE GLORY OF KENT, a _Moth_. This is the only _Moth_ of the Kind that

I have yet heard was ever taken in _England_ or elsewhere. It was

found about the Middle of _April_, 1741, flying in a Wood, in the

Day-time, near _Cookham_, by _Westram_, in _Kent_. It was taken by

Mr. _William Constable_, who lives near that Place; and the _Moth_ is

at present in the Collection of Mr. _Charles Cabrier_, of _London_.

The Double-Flowering Peach.

_Persica Africana nova, flore incarnato pleno._ Tourn.

L. 1. Ch. 5. II. Cl. 1. S. a. 2.

THE CLEIFDEN NONPAREIL, a _Moth_. This curious Fly was found by

Mr. _Davenport_, sticking against the Body of an _Ash_ Tree, near

_Cleifden_, in _Buckinghamshire_. It was taken in the Month of

_July_: Is at present in the Possession of _Charles Lockyer_, Esq;

and is the only one of the Sort that I have yet seen or heard of.

The Ciphian Rose.

_Rosa; pimpinella minor Scotica, floribus ex albo & corneo eleganter

variegatis._ Pluk. Alm.

[Illustration:(Decorative Header)]