THE _ULTIMATUM_--LORD WHITWORTH LEAVES PARIS--DECLARATION OF
WAR--CARICATURES PREVIOUS THERETO--SURRENDER OF HANOVER.
Now came the _ultimatums_ on both sides. The presentation of an
_ultimatum_ is hardly a personal caricature of Napoleon, but it belongs
to the history of the times. One picture was published May 3, 1803,
by an unknown artist, and was called ‘Waste Paper.’ A French officer
holds four _ultimatums_ in his hand, and presents John Bull with
No. 1. A servant, behind, carries a huge sack of _ultimatums_. The
Frenchman thus speaks: ‘Monsieur Jean Bull, I am come from De Grand
Nation to present you vone _Ultimatum_. If you not like dat--I present
you vone oder--I have got seventy tree Tousand _Ultimatum_, and you
must agree to vone or de oder--or, begar, I sal kick you out of de
Europe. My lacquey has got Dem in de Sac, and will leave dem for your
consideration. Health and Fraternity, Citizen Bull!’ John Bull uplifts
his cudgel, and his bulldog growls. Says the old man, ‘Hark ye, Mr.
Frog! I was just feeling in my pocket, for a little bit of waste paper,
and you have just supplied me in time: so now get you gone, or I’ll
shew you the use of my Horns, by tossing you out of old ENGLAND.’
But this giving of _ultimatums_ was not all on one side. I. Cruikshank
(May 14, 1803) drew ‘Ultimatum, or the Ambassador taking proper steps.’
Our ambassador[72] is just stepping into his carriage, and, whilst
doing so, presents Napoleon with an _ultimatum_, saying, with national
courtesy, ‘Be quick, or d-- me I’m off.’ Napoleon is depicted as being
deeply affected by this conduct. He weeps copiously, and wrings his
hands, whimpering, ‘Pray stop, and I will agree to anything.’
There is a caricature by an artist unknown (May 18, 1803), called ‘The
Bone of Contention,’ which is labelled MALTA. Bonaparte, looking very
fierce, menaces John Bull with his sword, exclaiming ‘By the Bridge
of Lodi! by the plains of Marengo!! by everything that is great and
terrible--I command you to surrender that bone!!!!’ John Bull, however,
has set his foot upon that bone, and is prepared to defend it with his
oaken cudgel. He laconically replies ‘You be d--d.’
This subject was also treated by Ansell (June 14, 1803) in ‘The Bone
of Contention, or the English Bulldog and the Corsican Monkey.’ The
monkey, in a fearful and wonderful cocked hat, calls out, ‘Eh! you Bull
Dog, vat you carry off dat Bone for? I vas come to take dat myself. I
vas good mind to lick you, but for dem Dam Tooths.’ Whilst John Bull,
typified as a bulldog, has the bone, Malta, firmly between his teeth,
and growls defiance.
Lord Whitworth left Paris on May 12, and arrived at Dover on the
17th,[73] where he met General Andreossi, the French minister, on
the point of returning to France. On the 18th, George III. sent his
Declaration of War to both Houses of Parliament, and Nelson hoisted his
flag on board the _Victory_, at Portsmouth, the same day. Thus ended a
peace which had existed only one year and sixteen days.
Of course, the caricatures were, necessarily, prepared a day or two
before their publication, so the dates do not depend upon the events
which took place. Such an one is ‘Armed Heroes,’ Gillray, May 18,
1803, which is amusing. It is Addington who is bestriding the Roast
Beef of Old England. Lord Hawkesbury sits behind him; whilst the
two other figures respectively represent Hely Addington and Bragge
Bathurst, who were members of the Addington family, and had been
provided with good places by their powerful relative.
Napoleon looks with hungry eyes on the beef, and exclaims:--
Ah, ha! sacrè dieu! vat do I see yonder?
Dat look so invitingly Red and de Vite?
Oh by Gar! I see ’tis de Roast Beef of Londres
Vich I vill chop up, at von letel bite!
[Illustration: ARMED HEROES.]
Addington is in a curious state of mind, between bluster and fear,
calling out, ‘Who’s afraid? damme?--_O Lord, O Lord,--what a Fiery
Fellow he is!_--Who’s afraid? damme?--_O dear! what will become of y^e
Roast Beef?_ Damme! who’s afraid?--_O dear!--O dear!_’
The medicine bottles peeping out of his pockets are a delicate allusion
to Addington’s parentage, his father having been a physician.
The caricatures which follow are simply dated May; but, from their
internal evidence, they precede the declaration of war. Bonaparte
is represented as being excessively frightened at the prospect of a
rupture with England, and, in May 1803, an etching (artist unknown)
was produced, shewing ‘A Little Man Alarmed at his own Shadow.’ He is
cowering, and trembling, and looking back at his lengthened shadow on a
wall, saying ‘Mercy on us--what tall figure is that. It surely can’t be
Johnny Bull? No, no, that cannot be, it is not lusty enough for him.’
A very graphic caricature is ‘Maniac Ravings, or Little Boney in
a strong Fit. Vide Lord W----’s[74] account of a visit to the
Thuilleries.’ Here he is depicted in a fearful state of frenzy; he has
kicked over the consular chair, a globe (with all Europe expunged,
except the British Isles), dashed his hat to the ground, upset a table,
with all his writings on it, broken his sword and scabbard; and, whilst
tearing his hair, stamps frantically on such papers as ‘Wyndham’s
Speeches,’ ‘Cobbett’s Weekly Journal,’ Anti-Jacobin Review,’ ‘Wilson’s
Egypt,’ &c. His ‘Maniac Ravings’ are veritably so. ‘Oh Egypt, Egypt,
Egypt! Oh, St. Domingo, Oh! Oh, the liberty of the English Press!
English Bloodhounds! Wyndham! Grenville! Pitt! Oh I’m murdered! I’m
assassinated!! London Newspapers! Oh! Oh! Oh! Revenge! Revenge! come
Fire! Sword! Famine! Invasion! Invasion! Four Hundred and Eighty
Frenchmen! British Slavery and everlasting Chains! everlasting Chains!
O Diable! the Riches! Freedom! and Happiness of the British Nation!
Ah! Diable, Diable, Diable! Malta! Malta! Malta! Oh, cursed Liberty of
the British Press! Insolence of British Parliament! Treaty of Amiens!
Damnation! British trade and commerce! Oh! Oh! Oh! English calumniating
Newspapers! Oh, Sebastiani! Sebastiani! Oh, Georges! Arras! de Rolle!
Dutheil! O Assassins! Treason! Treason! Treason! Hated and Betray’d
by the French! Despised by the English! and laughed at by the whole
world!!! Oh, English Newspapers!!! English Newspapers!!!! English
Newspapers!!!!!’
Woodward drew a picture (May 1803) of ‘A great Man Intoxicated with
Success,’ and depicted Boney with a very ‘how came you so?’ expression
of countenance, reeling along, and saying, ‘Ah Johnny Bull, how are
you my Boy--I am going to re-establish slavery--I am grown very Pious.
I--I--I’ll double my guards. I--I--I don’t know what I’ll do.’ John
Bull is utterly astonished at such conduct. ‘Why, bless your heart, my
fine fellow, you be Muzzy--I dare say you find it difficult to stand.
Now, let me advise you--take a little Nap--if it’s only for a quarter
of an hour, you can’t think how much it will refresh you.’
Another caricature, apparently by Woodward, was published in May
1803, ‘Bonaparte and the Quaker.’ Bonaparte’s attitude is decidedly
aggressive and bullying: ‘So they are all Great Men in your Country,
eh!--but I suppose they are like you--not very fond of fighting--is not
that the case Master Quaker?’ Brother Broadbrim replies, ‘Little Man,
it is not the case. I myself encourage not fighting. But if thou, or
any of thy Comrades, darest to cross the great waters, my Countrymen
shall make _Quakers_ of you all.’
The national feeling was well expressed in a caricature (May
1803)--Bonaparte is represented as a mighty mushroom, looking, with no
very benign expression of countenance, on John Bull, who, embracing the
British Oak, exclaims, ‘You may look as cross as you please, master
Mushroom: but here stands the British Oak, and by St. George and the
Dragon, not a leaf of it shall fall to the Ground.’
On May 28, George III., as Elector of Hanover, issued a proclamation,
in which he said that, abiding by the treaty of Luneville, he would,
as Elector of Hanover, take no part in the war. But, notwithstanding
this, the Electorate of Hanover surrendered, by capitulation, to
General Mortier on June 3. This prologue is necessary for us to
understand the following halfpenny broadside:--
A PEEP INTO HANOVER,
OR
_A faint Description of the Atrocities committed by the French in that
City_.
It will be remembered, that the Electorate surrendered
without Resistance. This we do not mention, as increasing our
Compassion for the Inhabitants, which it certainly does not;
but as increasing our abhorrence of the Invaders, who, without
Provocation, or Pretext of Resistance, have perpetrated the
Atrocities, of which the following is a faint outline:
Ever since the Conquest, the whole Electorate has been a
scene of Pillage and Butchery, which is said to yield only to
the fate of Switzerland, in Spring 1798. The French Soldiers
have the most unbounded Indulgence of their ruling passions
of Rapacity, Cruelty and Lust;--_In the City of Hanover, and
even in the Public Street, Women of the Highest Rank have been
violated by the lowest of that brutal Soldiery, in presence of
their Husbands and Fathers, and subjected, at the same time, to
such additional and undescribable Outrages, as the brutal Fury
of the Violators, enflamed by Drunkenness, could contrive._ We
have seen the names of some of these unfortunate Ladies: but
the Honour of their Families, and the Peace of their own future
Lives (if they can have peace) forbid us to publish them. The
Baron de K----, a well known partisan of French Philosophy
and Politics, went to the Commandant of Hanover, and claimed
his Protection, as an admirer of the French Revolution! but
he found no more favour in the Sight of the _Aga of Sultan_
BONAPARTE’S Janisaries, than the most loyal _Noblemen in
Hanover_. The French Officer told him, ‘_All that Jacobinism
is now out of Fashion--Go about your business!_’ Nor have we
heard that the Philosophers of Gottingen, the Enthusiasts
of _Equality and Perfectability_, have been at all better
treated.--
Such are the tender Mercies of the Wicked! Such are the Gangs
of ferocious Banditti, whom the MURDERER OF JAFFA let loose on
the civilized World! Such, and ten thousand times worse, is
the Fate prepared _for England, if the valour of her people do
not avert it; for England will assuredly be more oppressed, in
proportion as she is more dreaded, envied, and hated_. To shew
any symptom of Neutrality in such a Cause, not to support it
with all our might, IS THE FOULEST TREASON AGAINST THE PEOPLE
OF ENGLAND; and the poorest honest Labourer, who has a Mother,
or a Sister, a Wife, or a Daughter, has, in truth, as much
reason as the highest Duke in the Land to detest the Traitor.
Englishmen think of this and profit by Example.
These were the kind of handbills (of which there are hundreds in
variety) which were circulated, to arouse and stimulate martial fire
and patriotic ardour in the Britannic mind. Their name is Legion, and I
have had to read them all, in order to pick out the examples given in
this book. They are curious, and help us, more than any other history,
to gauge the temper of the times. It was a veritable scare. Hardly
having felt any of the benefits of peace, the English were once more
involved in war, with the almost certainty, this time, of having their,
hitherto almost inviolate, islands invaded by the French. We can hardly
wonder, therefore, at the hearty hatred our forefathers felt for the
‘Corsican Ogre,’ to whom all this turmoil was due; and, to do them
justice, they did hate him with a thoroughly genuine detestation--so
much so, that they did not always scrupulously investigate the truth
of some of the very questionable statements dished up for them (and
they were highly spiced). There can be no manner of doubt but that
these broadsides and handbills, together with the caricatures, had the
desired effect in rousing the nation to a fervid patriotism, and, as
they did so, it is perhaps hardly right to question the legality of
their statements, but accept them according to the doctrine that ‘the
end justifies the means.’