Return to Tangier—Difficult task of English Representative—Obstacles
to collecting information—Photographs—Ethnology—Berbers and
Arabs—Bokhári—Moors—Further results of Mission—Conclusion.
_British Legation, Tangier, 26th May 1880._
His Excellency, unlike some of his colleagues, does not care to herald
his return by the pomp and circumstance which attended his departure, so
sent in the escort with its red standard, which has been carried in
front of the column during all our wanderings, by a different route from
the one we took. On the road we met some officers of the Sultan’s army
on their way to the fighting near Wazan. We had seen their encampment of
five bell tents about two miles from our own last night, but had thought
they were tourists from Gibraltar being “personally conducted” into the
desert by Hadj Kadór, the handsome Muhammed, or one of the numerous
caterers to the untiring energy of English travellers. A few of the
residents of Tangier had ridden out some distance to meet us, and many
were the respectful salutations and cries of “Marhaba bík, Bashador,”
which greeted the Envoy before we arrived once more at the door of the
Legation. And now, though our Mission to the Court of Mulai Hassan has
become a thing of the past, I think it will be long before all the
strange sights we saw in this almost unknown land of Western Islam, and
in its sacred towns, pass away from our recollections; nor shall we
lightly forget the pleasant companionship which has existed among us for
the last eight weeks. Our chief,—to whom the expedition has been by no
means a holiday,—now returns to his former labour of Hercules in the way
of watching over the affairs of Marocco in connection with England, and
guarding the interests here of this unhappy empire, so highly favoured
by God, and so cursed and depreciated by man. In no part of the world
where England is represented is this task harder of accomplishment,
nowhere are there more obstacles, in the way of jealousy, ignorance, and
fanaticism, to be overcome. At the same time, it must be a satisfaction
to the Government at home, and to the public interested in this country,
to feel that, in the judgment of all who are competent to form an
opinion, the duty could not have been placed in abler or more skilful
hands.
Besides having had exceptional opportunities of seeing the interior of
the empire, and studying the social and political condition of the
people, we have performed our journey with a degree of comfort and
safety which does not fall to the lot of the ordinary traveller. I do
not know that we can boast of having added many archæological or
geographical facts to those already collected by former travellers; but
it must be remembered we were a formidable party in point of numbers,
and our itinerary having been strictly laid down by the Sultan, we could
not strike off into a new line for the sake of exploring the many places
which lay about a day’s march from our route, even though they possessed
exceptional historical interest. This was more especially to be
regretted in the latter half of our journey, viz. from Rabât here, as
the district is singularly rich in monuments of early Greek and Roman
occupation. The most unexplored part of the country through which we
passed was between Volubilis and Rabât; and though the blinding rain
which then fell almost incessantly prevented our noting more than the
actual direction of the march, while the close proximity of the Zemmúr
and other dangerous tribes rendered it difficult to carry on
investigations which took one at all off the track, I am not without
hope that the modicum of information collected about this unknown region
may prove of service to geographers.
The collection of photographs taken by “our artist” are in themselves
most interesting, and but for the tiresome scruples of the natives
against allowing themselves to be taken, some useful contribution
towards the ethnology of the various tribes through which we passed
might have been thus procured. To the ethnologist, indeed, a study of
the different races settled in Marocco would be extremely interesting,
as they would seem to be more clearly marked and separate here than in
almost any country which has been subjected to so many invasions in
former ages. The two most distinctive types seem to me to be those of
the Brebbers or Berbers (whence the name Barbary), and the
Arabs—distinct not only in appearance but in their habits and manner of
life. We came upon the Berbers at Beni Aamer, Mikkès, the forest of
Mamora, and in various villages along the coast; and there is said to be
no doubt but that they are direct descendants of the people whom the
Phœnicians, and later on the Romans, found in Marocco. The word Brebber
or Berber signifies anything indigenous, and the race which bears the
name seems to have intermarried very little with the Roman invaders, or
with the Goths who followed them, and possesses to this day a more
strongly-marked individuality than probably any other people in
existence. Of their language, sometimes called “Shellah,” little is
known. It is unlike Arabic, but is remotely allied to Coptic, which,
with it, is classed by philologists among the languages called
“Hamitic.” The group of servants opposite page 32 are of pure Berber
extraction, while the villagers who appear in the photograph of Habassi
opposite page 60 are all Arabs. Rohlfs tells us the Berbers are more
civilisable and less bigoted than the Arabs, and that their women have
more domestic influence, and are sometimes even allowed to inherit. Our
experience of the race was not fortunate, as the Beni Mtír robbers who
attacked our camp at Mikkès, and the Zemmúr who hunted us out of their
country, were essentially of aboriginal or Berber extraction.
The history of the Arabs in Marocco, who are _par excellence_ dwellers
in the plains, living in tents which they shift about at will, is of
more recent date. When the great wave of Mussulman invasion came rolling
westward in the end of the seventh century, the whole of this country
was quickly overrun, and only that part of the aboriginal inhabitants
which lived in the mountains remained unconquered; flying to their
fastnesses in the hills, their pursuers were unable to follow them, and
they now represent the remnant of the above-mentioned Brebber people.
The Christianity introduced by the Romans at the close of their first
occupation (about A.D. 430) was stamped out by the Arabs, since which
time the country—correctly described as “the most religious in the
world”—has remained, and is likely to remain, purely Mussulman. I fancy,
however, that a Moor of the present day would as soon believe that
Christianity was the religion of his country fourteen hundred years ago,
as that the balloons and trains of Europe are really existent facts.
Another great influx of Arabs occurred on their expulsion from Spain at
the conquest of Granada in 1492. For seven centuries they had governed
that vast province with vigour and success; and it is a known fact that
in many families here are preserved the title-deeds of their Spanish
possessions, to which the owners hope that some day they or their
descendants may possibly return.
Another distinctive family is that of the Bokhári,[90] or black bondsmen
of the Sultan, who, though only introduced two hundred years ago, form
with their families a by no means unimportant part of the population.
Some good specimens of these colonists are to be seen in the picture of
the group of soldiers in the Sultan’s garden at Fez (opp. p. 103). The
term Moor, though, of course, derived from the Maurusii and Mauri
mentioned by Strabo and Pliny, seems to be generally applied now-a-days
to all the three races above described, with perhaps a more special
reference to the fusion of the three, which is found chiefly among the
inhabitants of the towns. It is curious that, besides being able to
trace the word Moor to such an early source, distinct equivalents exist
in the Arabic of to-day for the names of several tribes mentioned by
writers at the beginning of the Christian era. Of all these various
ingredients of the population of Marocco, I think the Berber element the
fairest-complexioned and best-looking, the Bokhári, the biggest-limbed
and most powerful, while the Arab of the plain—of whom the Beni Hassan
are an excellent type—is the most wiry and enduring-looking of the lot.
Of the Jew, as a factor in the population of this country, it is
unnecessary to treat, as intermarriage between them and their Mussulman
fellow-subjects is too rare to admit of its affecting in any way the
national type. To the goodwill and sterling qualities of the two
excellent representatives of this chosen people with whom we have been
daily brought in contact, I have already borne a willing testimony, and
I trust that, should my diary ever come into their hands, they will not
take umbrage at the occasional substitution of their actual names for
those of their prototypes in modern English literature.
In addition to the measures mentioned on p. 224 as about to be put in
force, the other political results of the Mission (as I learned from a
garrulous Court official at Fez), are the Revision of the Convention of
Commerce and Navigation of 1856 between Great Britain and Marocco, and
the establishment of diplomatic relations between the Sultans of Turkey
and of this country; though how the conflicting claims of each of these
potentates to be the head of the Mussulman religion are to be got over
is not at present apparent. As soon, too, as sufficient money is
forthcoming, the mole at Mogador is to be extended, and the ruins of the
one here put in sufficient repair to facilitate the passage of boats to
and from the ships. A better supply of water also is guaranteed for the
town of Tangier, between which place and Gibraltar heliographic
communication (under the auspices, I hope, on this side, of Síd Drís ben
Abd-el-Wáhad) is to be established.
CONCLUSION.
My task is done, my last note made; and it is with no little regret that
I bid farewell to the scenes I have endeavoured to describe, and to
those who have been my companions for the last two months. A feeling of
uneasiness also arises that individual merits may have been overlooked,
and that those most worthy of praise have found but little in these
pages. With what especial satisfaction above all would I have attempted,
if words did not fail me, the grateful task of recording how much our
pleasure and comfort were enhanced by the presence of those fair members
of the Mission, who not only faced uncomplainingly the discomforts, and
sometimes dangers, we had to encounter, but through wet and weary
marches set us the example of cheerfulness and good humour, helping us
to pass pleasantly many a tedious hour when time would otherwise have
hung heavy on our hands. To them, and to our distinguished chief, our
cordial thanks are due; and by the rest of my fellow-pilgrims, if I have
left unsaid aught that should have found place here, I hope to be held
excused, for in the case of a party amongst whom virtue so greatly
abounded, it would be difficult to do justice to all, so the _mens
conscia recti_ must be their reward for the present.
APPENDIX.
APPENDIX A.
GENERAL LIST OF PLANTS collected in Tour from TANGIER to FEZ by Miss
DRUMMOND HAY, 1880.
BY J. Ball, ESQ., F.R.S.
NOTE.—Species not hitherto published as Moroccan marked * (12 in
number).
Ranunculus aquatilis, L. 10 miles south of Tangier.
R. chærophyllus, L. var. flabellatus. 20 miles south of Tangier.
R. palustris, L. var. macrophyllus. Between Azîla and Fez.
R. trilobus, Desf. 10 miles south of Tangier.
Nigella arvensis, L. var. North of Fez.
Delphinium pentagynum, Lam. Oued el Mikkès.
Papaver Rhœas, L. North of Fez.
Malcolmia lacera, DC. var. patula, Ball. Oued el Mikkès.
*Moricandia arvensis, DC. North of Fez.
Brassica —— ? 10 miles south of Tangier.
—— or Diplotaxis ? 10 miles south of Tangier.
Carrichtera Vellæ, DC. North of Fez.
Capsella bursa pastoris, Moench. Dar ben Oder.
Biscutella apula, L. North of Fez—Oued el Mikkès.
Raphanus raphanistrum, L. 20 miles south of Tangier.
Capparis spinosa, L. North of Fez.
*Astrocarpus sesamoides, DC. Khanat (or Khan el) Habassi.
Reseda alba, L. var. ad R. propinquam vergens. Dar ben Oder.
R. media, Lag. ? 30 miles south of Tangier.
R. luteola, L. ? South of Azîla.
Cistus Monspeliensis, L. South of Azîla.
Helianthemum Libanotis, Willd. 20 miles south of Tangier.
H. guttatum, Mill. var. South of Azîla.
Helianthemum guttatum, var. macrosepalum. 20 miles south of Tangier.
Fumaria glutinosa, Boiss. North of Fez.
Silene apetala, W. Khanat Habassi.
S. colorata, Poir. 30 miles south of Tangier.
Arenaria spathulata, Desf. South of Azîla—Khanat Habassi.
Spergula arvensis, L. 30 miles south of Tangier—Azîla.
Malope trifida, Cav. Dar ben Oder.
Lavatera cretica, L. 10 miles south of Tangier—Dar ben Oder.
Linum angustifolium, Huds. 20 miles south of Tangier.
Erodium cicutarium, L’Her. 10 miles south of Tangier—40 miles south of
Tangier—Oued el Mikkès.
Ruta chalepensis, L. North of Fez.
Lupinus angustifolius, L. ? Oued el Mikkès.
L. luteus, L. 20 miles south of Tangier—Azîla.
L. hirsutus, L. 10 miles south of Tangier.
Cytisus ? North of Fez.
C. linifolius, L. Khanat Habassi.
Genista clavata, Poir. South of Azîla.
Ononis filicaulis, Salzm. Azîla.
O. Maweana, Ball, probably. Oued el Mikkès.
*O. psammophila Durien ined., most probably near O. Gibraltarica, but
annual. Oued el Mikkès.
Melilotus sulcata, Desf. var. M. compactæ, Salzm. 10 miles south of
Tangier.
Trifolium bracteatum, Schousb. North of Fez.
T. subterraneum, L. 10 miles south of Tangier—Khanat Habassi.
T. resupinatum, L. 10 miles south of Tangier.
Anthyllis tetraphylla, L. var. North of Fez. Dentibus calycinis
longioribus.
Lotus hispidus, Desf. 10 miles south of Tangier.
Psoralea dentata, DC. North of Fez.
Astragalus hamosus, L. Azîla.
Scorpiurus—— ? North of Fez.
S. sulcata, L. ? 10 miles south of Tangier.
Ornithopus compressus, L. Khanat Habassi.
O. isthmocarpus, Coss. 30 miles south of Tangier.
Ornithopus isthmocarpus, Coss. Azîla.
Idem —— Oued el Mikkès.
Hedysarum capitatum, Deaf. North of Fez.
Vicia sativa, L. Khanat Habassi.
V. lutea, L. 10 miles south of Tangier.
Lathyrus ochrus, DC. South of Azîla.
*Sedum cæruleum, Vahl. North of Fez.
Cotyledon umbilicus, Sm. var. horizontalis, Lowe. North of Fez.
Bryonia dioica, Jacq. South of Azîla.
Ecbalium elaterium, Rich. North of Fez.
Eryngium triquetrum, Vahl. in statu juniori ? Dar ben Oder.
Œnanthe forsan, Œ. globulosa, L. Oued el Mikkès.
Idem —— ? North of Fez.
Thapsia garganica, L. South of Azîla.
Sherardia arvensis, L. North of Fez.
Galium tricorne, With. South of Azîla.
Centranthus Calcitrapa, L. Duf. Oued el Mikkès—North of Fez.
Fedia cornucopiæ, DC. South of Azîla.
Asperula arvensis, L. Oued el Mahazin. South of Azîla.
Bellis sylvestris, Cyr. Azîla.
Phagnalon saxatile, Cass. North of Fez.
Inula ? deest inflorescentia. North of Fez.
Odontospermum aquaticum, Neck. North of Fez.
Anacyclus clavatus var. = A. tomentosus. Oued el Mikkès.
A. radiatus, Lois. Dar ben Oder.
Anthemis fuscata, Brot. ? 10 miles south of Tangier.
Chrysanthemum coronarium. Azîla.
Calendula ? 10 miles south of Tangier.
Calendula ? South of Azîla.
Calendula ? Oued el Mikkès.
Carduus myriacanthus, Salzm. ? North of Fez.
Galactitis tomentosa, DC. 10 miles south of Tangier.
Cynara humilis, L. {Khanat el Habassi. {Oued el Mikkès.
Centaurea ? North of Fez.
C. pullata, L. South of Azîla.
Centaurea (desunt fl. and fr.) and C. polyacantha ? W. South of Azîla.
Cichorium Intybus, L. Khanat Habassi.
Rhagadiolus stellatus, W. South of Azîla.
Tolpis barbata, L. Oued el Mikkès.
Hypochæris radicata, L. var. Oued el Mikkès.
Tragopogon (desunt fl. and fr). South of Azîla.
Urospermum Dalechampii, Desf. {20 miles south of Tangier. {North of
Fez.
Scorzonera undulata, Vahl. 20 miles south of Tangier.
Campanula Loeflingii, Brot. forma typica. Oued el Mikkès.
Campanulacea sine fl. and fr. ? Azîla.
Statice Thouinii, Viv. North of Fez.
S—— sinuata, L. North of Fez.
Armeria Gaditana, var. tingitana, Ball in Spic. Fl. Mar. 20 miles south
of Tangier.
Anagallis linifolia, L. var. collina, Ball = A. collina, Schsb. forma
latifolia. Khanat Habassi.
A. arvensis, L. var. latifolia {10 miles south of Tangier. {20 miles
south of Tangier. {30 miles south of Tangier. {Dar ben Oder. {south
of Azîla.
Erythræa Centaurium, Pers. var. suffruticosa. North of Fez.
Convolvulus undulatus, Cav. {Dar ben Oder. {Near Fez.
C. althæoides, L. {30 miles south of Tangier. {South of Azîla.
C. althæoides, L. var. integrifolia. Oued el Mikkès. Foliis etiam
superioribus integris v. obscurè trilobatis.
C. althæoides, L. var. insignis. North of Fez. Fol. segm. linearia
sericea.
Cuscuta an C. planiflora ? North of Fez.
*Triguera ambrosiaca {30 miles south of Tangier. {Khanat Habassi.
{South of Azîla. {North of Fez.
Cynoglossum clandestinum, Desf. South of Azîla.
Idem —— ? South of Azîla.
Idem ? South of Azîla.
Anchusa italica, L. South of Azîla.
Nonnea phaneranthera, Viv. 20 miles south of Tangier.
Echium plantagineum, L. 10 miles south of Tangier.
E. sericeum, Vahl. North of Fez.
Idem var. strigosum. North of Fez.
Echium ? North of Fez.
Cerinthe major, L. 40 miles south of Tangier.
Linaria latifolia, Desf. South of Azîla.
Idem. North of Fez.
L. viscosa, Dum. Khanat Habassi.
L. reticulata, Desf.? Oued el Mikkès.
*L. Drummondiae, Nob. North of Fez.
Inter L. reflexum et L. taxiflorum media, à priori caulibus induratis
ramosis floribus multis minoribus primo intuitu diversa. A novissimâ
pedicellis reflexis, fol. dilatatis, &c., differt. Seminibus
reniform. muricatis à duobus suprà nominatis differt.
L. bipartita, W. Azîla.
Antirrhinum Orontium {North of Fez. {Oued el Mikkès.
Anarrhinum pedatum, Desf. Dar ben Oder.
Eufragia viscosa, Benth. North of Fez.
*Phelipœa Reut. Orobanche ramosa. B. and Hf. Dar ben Oder.
Orobanche fœtida, forma minor? Oued el Mikkès.
Lavandula Stœchas, L. 20 miles south of Fez.
L. multifida, L. North of Fez.
Salvia clandestina (S. Verbenaca, var. præcox) Lge. 30 miles south of
Tangier.
S. bicolor, var. calyce minus diviso. Khanat Habassi.
*? Salvia ad § Plethiosphace referenda spec. dubia an nova? North of
Fez.
Cleonia lusitanica, L. North of Fez.
Calamintha menthæfolia, Hort. var. bœtica Nob. 40 miles south of
Tangier. C. Bœtica, B. and Reut.
Stachys? indeterminable. North of Fez.
Stachys arvensis, L. Oued el Mikkès.
Prasium majus, L. North of Fez.
Ajuga Iva, Schreb. 10 miles south of Tangier.
Verbena supina, L. Dar ben Oder.
Plantago Psyllium, L. South of Azîla.
P. Coronopus, L. Azîla.
P. Coronopus? nisi fortè P. Loeflingii. 10 miles south of Tangier.
P. Coronopus, L.? forsan P. Loeflingii. Azîla.
P. serraria, L. 10 miles south of Tangier.
Corrigiola telephiifolia, Pourr. 30 miles south of Tangier.
Paronychia argentea, Sam. 20 miles south of Tangier.
Idem. 10 miles south of Tangier.
Idem. Khanat Habassi.
Loeflingia hispanica. Azîla.
Beta vulgaris, L. var. maritima, Moq. South of Azîla.
Emex spinosa, Campd. Dar ben Oder.
Rumex bucephalophorus, L. Azîla.
E. intermedius, DC. North of Fez.
R. thyrsoïdes, Desf. {40 miles south of Tangier. {10 miles south of
Tangier.
Thymelæa virgata, Meisn. {Oued el Mikkès. {Dar ben Oder. {North of Fez.
Osyris lanceolata, Hochst and St. Azîla.
Aristolochia longa, L. North of Fez.
Mercurialis annua, L. {30 miles south of Tangier. {Oued el Mikkès.
Euphorbia pubescens, Vahl. North of Fez.
Orchis papilionacea, L. Oued el Mikkès.
O. tridentata, Scop. Oued el Mikkès.
*O. coriophora, L. Oued el Mikkès.
O. latifolia, L. var. Durandii, Ball = O. Durandii, Boiss, and Rent.
Oued el Mikkès.
Serapias Lingua, L. North of Fez.
*S. longipetala, Ten. Fl. Nap. Prod. p. liii. (sub. Helleborine)
videretis. Khanat Habassi.
S. cordigera, L. South of Azîla.
Ophrys apifera, Huds.? North of Fez.
Ophrys—spec. incertum forsan ad O. musciferam referendum.
*Gladiolus byzantinus, Gawl. 20 miles south of Tangier.
Xyphion filifolium, Klatt?? Oued el Mikkès.
Idem, var. intermedium, Baker? South of Azîla.
Leucojum trichophyllum, Schousb. Oued el Mikkès.
*Narcissus pachybulbus, Dur.? (Baker).
Alisma Plantago, L. 10 miles south of Tangier.
Potamogeton natans, L. Oued el Mikkès.
Muscari comosum, Mill. South of Azîla.
Scilla hemisphærica, Boiss. South of Azîla.
Ornithogalum orthophyllum, Ten. 10 miles south of Tangier.
O. umbellatum ——?? spec. nimis incompletum. 30 miles south of Tangier.
O. umbellatum? ad speciem nullam mihi cognitam referendum. Oued el
Mikkès.
O. unifolium, Gawl. Oued el Mikkès.
Dipcadi serotinum, Medi. var. D. fulvum, Webb. 40 miles south of
Tangier.
Allium nigrum, L. Oued el Mikkès.
Anthericum Liliago, L. Sidi el Yemáni. 40 miles south of Tangier.
Simethis planifolia, Gre. and Godr. {20 miles south of Tangier. {Azîla.
Smilax aspera, L. Azîla.
Phalaris paradoxa, L. Dar ben Oder.
Airopsis minuta, Desv. 10 miles south of Tangier.
Poa aurea, L.? 10 miles south of Tangier.
Cynosurus aureus, 10 miles south of Tangier.
Festuca myurus, L. var. sciuroides. Oued el Mikkès.
F. myurus, L. var.? North of Fez.
Bromus mollis, L. var. leiostachys? Dar ben Oder.
This list contains 168 species, besides 18 uncertain or indeterminable.
(S^{d.}) J. BALL.
APPENDIX B.
TRANSLATION OF LETTER FROM KAÏD ALI TO LIEUT. HAYNES.
To our well-beloved, the excellent Chief, the distinguished Officer of
the Royal Engineers.
After wishing you a complete salaam. There has reached us your letter,
and with it a set of chess men, a present from you. May God bless you
for it, and increase your welfare.
But we are in want of a good board which will be worthy of those
beautiful chess men. When you arrive at London, send it to us.
May God bless you for it, and cause to continue your munificence.
Given 16 June 1297.
ALI BEN EL ROSHDI.
May God be with you.
APPENDIX C.
DISEASES OF MAROCCO.
Fevers, smallpox, eye diseases of every kind seem to be the chief
complaints, always excepting syphilis, which has a deeper hold on the
people of this country than, I should think, on those of almost any
other; but were the land sufficiently civilised for such action, a
Contagious Diseases Act of some kind might still be the salvation of the
people. The misguided opponents of such a measure at home could hardly
in Christian charity refuse their countenance to it here, in face of the
suffering and misery which absence of legislative restrictions has
brought upon this country. The Moors have little or no shame in the
matter, and ignore entirely the iniquity of propagating their species
under such conditions. They, however, entirely exonerate themselves and
their country from all responsibility or blame, declaring the disease
was brought into Marocco by the Jews who were driven out of Spain by
Ferdinand of Castile. Leo Africanus, however, after asserting that it
was unknown in Africa before, explains that, on the return of these
Jews, “cœperunt miseri quidam ac sceleratissimi Œthiopes cum illorum
mulieribus habere commercium, ac sic tandem velut per manus pestis hæc
per totam so sparsit regionem; ita ut vix sit familia, quæ ab hoc malo
remansit libera. Id autem sibi firmissimè atque indubitatè persuaserunt,
ex Hispaniâ ad illos transmigrasse, quamobrem et illi morbo ab Hispaniâ,
malum Hispanicum (ne nomine destitueretur) indiderunt.”[91] Considering
that such was the case in his day—400 years ago—it is wonderful that,
with nothing worthy the name of treatment to arrest its progress (the
best remedy, according to Leo, is _change of air_ to Numidia or the
Nigritarum regio!), the disease has not created more havoc even than it
has.
APPENDIX D.
EXTRACTS FROM MEMORANDA ON ARMY REFORM.
4. ... No official connected with army to enter into contracts for
supplies, &c.
5. Draws up and recommends a system of schooling and training boys and
soldiers, enabling latter after three years to return to their trades,
provided efficient substitutes from school of boys be forthcoming.
7. Office of Commander-in-Chief, while held by a civilian, to be
considered separate from Kaïd Maclean’s.
8. Points out the disadvantage of employing French infantry officers at
Rabât, recommending at all events English words of command being adopted
all through infantry.
APPENDIX E.
SUBSTANCE OF REPORT ON SULTAN’S _’ASKÁR_ OR REGULAR INFANTRY.
1. ... The number of regiments inspected was fourteen. The total number
of men, I should say, was 2000, besides 200 boys unfit to bear arms,
and about 300 officers and supernumeraries.
2. The rifles—some of very ancient dates fitted with flint and
steel—are, in their present condition, all unserviceable, except the
Martini Henry, which seem in excellent order, but of which there
were only sixty on parade. It is possible some of the American and
other rifles of comparatively modern date might be put in repair by
a competent armourer.
3. ... The clothing was of no particular pattern, and of inferior
quality; the new clothing appears to be made of stuff which would
stand very little wear and tear.
4. ... Only the English belts are serviceable.
5. The Moorish leather ammunition pouch seems good, but requires polish
to preserve it from the weather. The foreign pouches, other than
English, are unserviceable.
6. The Moorish leather bag would make a good haversack.
7. It was noticed that many men had no shoes, belts, bayonets, or frogs
and scabbards for bayonets, and that the axe—the only tool carried
by pioneers—was unserviceable.
RECOMMENDED.
_a._ Regiments to be numbered consecutively, and the numbers to be
worked on their uniforms and colours.
_b._ Men to be forbidden to employ substitutes unless properly drilled
and equipped.
_c._ That an annual course of musketry be established as soon as rifles
capable of being fired are issued; it might be commenced with the
sixty Martini-Henry rifles.
_d._ That a skilled armourer be attached to each regiment, also three
pioneers, provided with axe, spade, and other tools.
_e._ Non-commissioned officers to have some distinctive dress, and
remain permanently with their regiments.
_f._ No regiment to have more than one class of firearm, and colours
not to be carried on the rifle.
_g._ For muzzle-loading rifles the native powder-flask, bullet, and
cap-bag to be used. The breech-loading ammunition pouches are
useless for this.
_h._ That out of the 2000 men inspected, two regiments be formed of,
say, 700 each, with officers, non-commissioned officers, drummers,
and pioneers complete. The remainder, unfit for service, to be
disbanded, and boys to be trained for soldiers.
_i._ That a blanket be issued to each soldier when on active service,
and that pipeclay for belts and slings, and blacking for pouches, be
taken into use.
_N.B._—The Turkish infantry are armed with the Peabody-Martini, and get
their ammunition from America; they carry a blanket on active
service, and 120 rounds ammunition. They make their own boots out of
raw hide, and carry on pack animals plenty of shovels, picks, and
ammunition. Their cavalry are armed with Winchester repeating
rifles.
From what I observed ... I am still of opinion that the system lately
advocated by me, and communicated through Your Excellency to His
Majesty, might be successfully carried out.
APPENDIX F.
EXTRACTS FROM LETTER OF HIS EXCELLENCY SIR JOHN DRUMMOND HAY TO THE
AUTHOR.
_Fez, 9th May 1880._
... I have been requested by the Sultan to convey to you His Majesty’s
thanks for the able reports you have prepared at His Majesty’s desire
regarding the body of _’Askár_ you inspected.... The Sultan has given
orders that the regulations you have presented should be adopted.... His
Majesty requests me to say that he trusts you will preserve the sword of
honour which has been presented to you as a mark of His Majesty’s sense
of the service you have rendered on this occasion, and of your visit to
his Court.
APPENDIX G.
SPECIMEN OF A “SHARÍFIAN LETTER” FROM THE SULTAN TO GOVERNOR OF MAZAGAN,
DECEMBER 1879.
Praise to the one God!
Complaints have been addressed to the Sharífian Court, exalted of God,
by the Jews of Mazagan, that thou dost ill-treat them, imprison, flog,
and impose penalties on them in an unjust manner.
Governors who act thus do not follow the precepts of our religion.
Dost thou not know that on the day of the resurrection the unjust will
have to answer before God for the acts of injustice they may have
committed?
This is the word of God accepted by all creeds.
The Prophet—may God make our prayers acceptable through him—said,
“Whosoever acts unjustly towards the Jew will be called to account on
the day of resurrection.”
The Jews are our tributary subjects. We, therefore, order thee to cease
from further persecution of the Jews, and to act with leniency and
kindness towards them. May God assist thee in doing so.
APPENDIX H.
INSCRIPTION ON STONE AT VOLUBILIS.
MEABIO LIILCI
HROGAT OAN XVII
UABIUS CRISTUS
... PATER
FILIO PIISSIMO POS.
Copied on the spot, 13th May 1880. First line rather doubtful; dotted
letters doubtful.
INDEX.
A
Addison, 30.
Ad Mercuri, 17.
Ain el Kibrit, 250.
Ain Sí Yúsuf, 250.
Aissowieh, the, 197.
Alarcos, battle of, 41.
Alcazar, 39, 267.
Algeria, 233.
Allarbi, 32, 42.
Alonzo of Castile, 41.
Amín, 210, 215, 218, 230.
Aquæ Dacicæ, 250.
Arab Scribe, 16, 121, 221, 285.
Army of Marocco, 100, 182, 184, 206, 209, 229. App. D, E.
Artillery, 9, 103, 120, 218, 229.
_’Askár_, 69, 213, 214. App. E, F.
Assistant, the, 142, 143.
Atlantic, the, 13, 265, 277.
Autololes, 266.
Awára, 13.
Azîla, 16, 21, 41, 281.
B
Bábú, the Bengali, 18.
Bairám, feast of, 198.
Ball, Mr. J., App. A.
Bastinado, 35, 244.
Bedawa, 203.
Bell, Mr., 194.
Ben Aouda, 49, 187, 189, 253.
Beni Aamer, 75, 99, 253, 290.
—— Chessen, 260.
—— Hassan, 59, 66, 71, 257, 262, 292.
—— Mtír, 93, 232, 290.
Ben Shittim, 16, 281.
Berber, or Brebber, 76, 85, 92, 258, 289, 290, 292.
Bleeding, 15, 125.
Boar-hunt, 18, 30.
Boke of the Gouernoure, 58.
Bokhári, 99, 116, 208, 239, 291, 292.
Books in Fez, 223.
Boomgheis, 31, 97, 130, 226, 262.
Braganza, Catherine of, 3.
Brooke, Sir A., 20.
Bustard, 263.
C
Chamberlain, 99, 110, 116.
Charles I., H.M., 266.
Charles II., H.M., 3.
Christians, 25, 218, 256, 268, 273, 277, 281.
Christian slaves, 170, 195, 240, 241, 266.
Cold, 35, 50, 238.
Colville, Captain, 31.
Commander-in-Chief, 142, 206, 218, 233. App. D.
Conference at Madrid, 4, 5, 177, 221, 225, 283.
D
Dance at Italian Legation, 7.
—— of Aissowieh, 200.
—— of Hillmen, 188, 230.
Dancing before the Ark, 188.
Dár Síd Abd-el-Káder ben bú Kaïb, 275.
Dshar, 17, 76.
Dúar, 17, 71, 75, 255, 263.
Duval, 227.
E
Edrisi, 41.
Eels, 275.
El Araish, 36, 45, 277.
El Bekri, 41, 270.
El Hamáya, 35.
El Karuin, 172, 224.
El Má Bared, 45.
El Úted, 21.
El Zerga, 276.
Emkaddem, 200, 201, 203.
Erckmann, le Capitaine, 103, 113, 140.
Ethnology, 289.
Eunuchs, 162, 193, 241.
“Eyebrow,” 122, 126, 144, 148, 191, 194.
F
Fahs er Rihán, 34.
Famine, 28, 184, 258.
Fasi, 97, 100, 125, 238.
Fez, description of, 108, 109, 124.
—— entry into, 98.
—— first view of, 95.
—— Governor or Bashaw of, 99, 126, 150, 206.
—— inns of, 211.
—— Merchants of, 101.
Foreign Office, 2.
Freigíah, 133, 195, 285.
Frost, Mr., 267.
G
George, 32, 226.
George III., H.M., 134.
Ghadda, 34.
Gibraltar authorities, 3.
Giralda, 269.
Gordon Cumming, Colonel, 16, 187, 196, 229.
Grand Vizier, 97, 106, 121, 126, 143, 161, 191, 214, 216.
Gualili, 250.
Guinea, 239.
H
Habassi, 51, 253, 274, 275, 290.
Hadd el Gharbía, 15, 19, 77.
Hadj Abdulla, 275.
—— Ali, 32.
—— Hamed, 26, 30, 32, 43, 95, 285.
—— Kadór, 9, 287.
Haïk, 16, 171.
Haïm Secsú, 5, 121, 220, 286.
Hájeb, 126, 148, 158, 213.
Hamído, 20, 31, 256.
Hanno, 73, 272.
Hay, Lady, 10, 12, 32.
—— Miss, 26, 84, 91, 151, 156, 164, 231, 249, 275.
Haynes, Lieut., C.E., R.E., 3, 10, 46, 132, 140, 209, 212, 252.
Heat, 19, 115, 279, 280.
Heavy rain, 44, 50, 57, 58, 71, 93, 235, 260.
Heliograph, 2, 6, 35, 122, 133, 139, 192, 239.
Henri III., 228.
Hesperides, 278.
Highland dress, 112, 114, 119.
Hondius, 250.
History of the Jews, Milman’s, 103.
Hooker, “Doctor,” 33, 97.
—— Sir Joseph, 26.
Horses, 10, 30, 134.
Hospitals, 211.
J
Jackson, 269.
Jebel el Kanúfa, 236.
Jebel Filfal, 72.
Jebel Zalag, 139, 239.
Jebeli, 119, 120, 218, 258.
Jesuit, 199.
Jesus, 65, 199.
Jewellery, 171.
Jews, 39, 72, 102, 176, 205, 225, 258, 278. App. G.
Judico, 18, 32, 47.
Jugglers, 196, 230.
Jum’a el Hawáfi, 69, 77.
Jupiter Tonans, 8.
K
Kaa er Remel, 8, 11, 286.
Kádi, 168, 181.
Kaïd Ali, 35, 46, 55, 64, 228, 232, 256, 279. App. B.
—— el Meshwa, 99, 111, 117, 126, 146.
—— Hadj Hamed, 135, 187.
—— Maclean, 100, 113, 128, 182, 206, 216. App. D.
—— of Artillery, 206.
—— of Habassi, 51, 61, 63, 65, 275.
Kariya ben Aouda, 49, 75.
—— el Abd-er-Rahman Shlíah, 255, 257.
—— el Habassi, 51, 75.
Kasr Fara’ún, 251.
Khalífa, 32, 139, 140, 164, 202.
Kheira, 75.
Kohl, 39, 40.
Kontra, 262, 273.
Koran, 20, 56, 125, 143, 145, 157, 168, 276.
Kúbba, 44, 76.
Kuskussú, 54, 131, 137.
Kutubia, 269.
L
Lá bás, 113, 208.
Lab-el-barôd, 21, 72, 92, 112.
Lawless, Hon. D., 3, 60, 134, 141, 175, 247, 259, 286.
Leared, Dr., 248.
Lemprière’s “Tour to Morocco,” 184, 239.
Lentisk, 28, 280.
Leo Africanus, 33, 54, 77, 173, 211, 250, 260. App. C.
Lex talionis, 186, 285.
Lions, 32, 57.
Livy, 223.
Lixus, 45, 278, 280.
Lunatics, 37, 211, 217, 218, 244.
M
Macpherson, Colonel, 9.
Má hia, 206.
Mahmora, 272.
Mamora, forest of, 261, 262, 264, 273, 290.
Marhaba bík, 126, 287.
Markets, 14, 77.
Marocco, defences of, 233, 234.
—— diseases of, 138. App. C.
—— drama of, 197.
—— fleet of, 279.
—— relations of England with, 47, 114.
Matamors, 27, 49.
“Maurétanie Tingitane,” 41, 268, 274.
Mazagan. App. G.
Mehdía, 62, 263, 272, 273.
Melha, 176, 178, 205.
Mequinez, 237.
Meshráa el Háder, 277.
—— el Sejra, 11.
Mignonette, 18.
Mikkès, 92, 232, 290.
Mission, members of, 3.
—— political results of, 224, 292.
—— reception of, at court, 114.
Mogador, 224, 293.
Mona, 23, 51, 80, 280.
Moorish arch, 149, 171.
—— butter, 51.
—— manners, 55, 107, 191, 214.
—— Sabbath, 49.
—— stomachs, 54.
—— superstition, 19, 48, 65, 159, 224.
—— tea, 53, 88, 90, 111, 146.
Moral precepts, 56, 185.
Mosques, 109, 172, 223, 242.
Mulai Edris, 95, 109, 172, 246, 252, 253.
Murders, 179, 181, 285.
Musicians, 38, 100, 115, 153.
Mzorah, 21.
N
Náam Sídi, 227.
Náhum, Mr., 148, 173, 204, 205, 220, 275.
Norton, 32, 220, 262, 280, 285.
Nzala, or guardhouse, 13, 232.
O
Oliphant, Mr. Laurence, 203.
Oppidum Novum, 45.
Otis tarda, 263.
P
Panther, 193.
Passage of Wad el Kús, 45, 279.
—— of Wad el Sebú, 63, 273.
Philology, 290.
Phonograph, 141.
Photographs, 20, 60, 143, 289.
Pirates, 4, 266.
Plains, 36, 57, 71, 256.
Pliny, 266.
Poison, 53, 126, 129.
Polybius, 226.
Portuguese, 3, 17, 41, 44, 273, 281.
Pory, Master John, 33.
Powder-play, 21, 22, 68, 259.
Prehistoric remains, 20, 21.
Presents, 2, 121, 220.
Prime Minister, 106, 127, 221.
Prison, 31, 242.
Prophet, the, 20, 32, 37, 56, 132, 143, 156, 186. App. G.
Protection, evils of, 14, 59, 178, 282.
—— methods of claiming, 36, 59, 215, 216.
Ptolemy, 61, 251.
Purchas’s Pilgrims, 125.
Q
Queen, H.M. the, 62, 118, 120.
Queen’s, H.M. the, letter to the Sultan, 118.
Q. Cæcilius Domitianus, 248.
R
Rabât, 257, 265, 267.
Rahmah, 275.
Ramadán, feast of, 198.
Râs ed Dúra, 274, 275.
Renegades, 21, 217, 267.
Reception at Court, 114.
Rif, the, 13, 280.
River; _see_ “Wad.”
Rohlfs, Dr. Gerhard, 21, 223, 227, 276, 289.
S
Sacrifice, 36, 59.
Saints, 37, 164, 204, 218, 244, 269.
Sala, 266.
Sala Colonia, 268, 272.
Sallust, 255.
Scorpions, 32.
Scylax, 272.
Sebt, 280.
Second sight, 159.
Selám Hajút, 33, 130.
Sharíf, 18, 28.
Sharífian, 144, 224. App. G.
Shaw’s “Travels in Barbary,” 102, 255.
Shella, 251, 268.
Sherarda, 71, 80, 257.
Síd Abd-er-Rahman ben Drís, 274.
—— Ahmed ben Ali, 19.
—— Búbakr, 73, 84, 97, 132, 141, 144, 189, 195, 197, 214, 221, 227,
271.
—— Drís ben Abd-el-Wáhad, 163, 191, 232, 235, 239, 293.
—— el Yemáni, 19, 26, 280.
—— Hamed ben Músa, 132, 141, 158, 193.
—— Hamed ben Mansor, 274.
—— Muhammed Bargash, 225.
—— Muhammed ben el Kheir, 273, 274.
—— Muhammed ben Moktsar, 127.
—— Muhammed Gavass, 163, 191, 210, 232, 239.
—— Músa, 54, 107, 159.
Sídi Adab, 254.
Sídna, 215, 221, 227.
Skeerresh, 164.
“Sketches in Spain and Morocco,” 20.
Sla, 265.
Slaves, 135, 151, 153, 161, 167.
Slave-market, 132, 166.
Snake-charmer, 174, 179.
Sôk, 14, 132, 166, 173.
—— Kotáma, 41.
Soudan, 167, 208, 239.
Soueir, 277.
Standard-bearer, 9, 12, 19, 280.
Stewart, Commodore, 170.
Strabo, 291.
Student-Sultan, 187, 206.
Sultan Abd-el-Moumen, 272.
—— Mulai Abd-er-Rahman, 145, 277.
—— Mulai Hassan, 1, 49, 116, 141, 145, 160, 183, 192, 213, 229. App. F.
—— Mulai Ismael, 170, 195, 239, 240, 277.
—— Mulai Zidan, 266.
—— Sídi Muhammed, 144, 145, 184, 186.
—— Yacúb el Mansor, 40, 41, 267, 268, 269.
Summer palace, 194, 230.
Surgery, 125, 137.
T
Tálib, 285.
Tangier, 3, 188, 287.
Tapia, 135.
Telephone, 2, 122, 133, 139, 192.
Tents, 2, 83.
Thunder-storm, 58.
Tissot, Mons. C., 41, 45, 66, 75, 247, 248.
Tocolosida, 251.
Tortoise, 47.
Tossing, 241.
Tower of Hassan, 265, 269.
Troglodytes, 73.
Tweedledee, 39, 60, 132, 148, 166, 169, 208, 286.
Tweedledum, 39, 121.
Tyranny of foreigners, 25, 60, 79.
U
Udaiah, 263, 273.
Usury, 128.
V
Volubilis, 246–252. App. H.
W
Wad el Aïsha, 19, 285.
—— el Beht, 257, 258.
—— el Búraghrag, 265.
—— el Dráder, 277.
—— el Fas, 95, 123.
—— el Kharrúb, 285.
—— el Khúman or Fara’ún, 247.
—— el Kús, 44, 45, 278.
—— el Machassan, 35, 41.
—— el Mharhar, 11, 13.
—— el Nedja, 232.
—— el Rdem, 256, 257.
—— el Sebú, 61, 62, 164, 251, 263, 273.
—— el Soueir, 277.
Waterloo, 62, 208.
Wazan, 21, 287.
White, Mr. Herbert, 50, 142, 187, 216, 247.
Wild boar, 13, 30.
Wild flowers, 18, 254, 259.
Will, Surgeon Major, 2, 55, 84, 137, 141, 148, 226, 286.
Windhus’s “Journey to Mequinez,” 41, 72, 170, 205, 240, 247, 249.
Z
Zarhún, 172, 246, 249.
Zeggota, 83.
Zemmúr, 257, 261, 267, 290.
Zilia, 281.
Zouche, Lord, 6, 16, 141, 164, 205, 226, 231, 237, 285.
_Printed by_ R. & R. CLARK, _Edinburgh_.
[Illustration: ‘MAP]
ERRATA.
Page 36, line 19, _for_ “eight” _read_ “twelve.”
„ 37, „ 1, _for_ “ten” _read_ “fifteen.”
„ 50, „ 12, _for_ “Sebú” _read_ “Méda.”
„ 133, „ 26, _for_ “Frigeiahs” _read_ “Freigíahs.”
ENDNOTES.
Footnote 1:
“Naval demonstration” had not become a household word at the time I
wrote the above.
Footnote 2:
I subsequently heard that part of the messages, though in a very
mutilated form, had been made out by the intelligent signal-master at
that place.
Footnote 3:
Chief, or commander, is the nearest equivalent we have to Kaïd.
Footnote 4:
Meshráa, or meshra’t, is a ford.
Footnote 5:
This piece of information turned out to be as false as is most of what
one derives, except from ocular demonstration, in this country.
Footnote 6:
This same “perpetual surf” on the west coast of Africa I found out to
be a myth, as on our return march by the coast there were several calm
days on which the Atlantic comported itself like any other sea.
Footnote 7:
Dshar, a village built of stone, as opposed to the Dúar, or Arab
encampment.
Footnote 8:
“Sketches in Spain and Morocco.” London, 1831.
Footnote 9:
Lab el Barôd, or Powder Play, a national Moorish pastime.
Footnote 10:
_Vide_ page 79.
Footnote 11:
See Appendix A.
Footnote 12:
In justice to Boomgheis I must mention that he was honourably
acquitted.
Footnote 13:
“Lieutenant,” or “right hand man.”
Footnote 14:
“A Geographical Historie of Africa.” Translated from the Arabicke and
Italian by Master John Pory. 4^o London, 1600.
Footnote 15:
“Maurétanie Tingitane,” par M. Tissot. Paris, 1877.
Footnote 16:
“Journey to Mequinez.” London, 1725.
Footnote 17:
Kubba, literally a vault; the cupola-shaped tomb erected over the
remains of saints in Marocco.
Footnote 18:
_Itinéraire de Tanger à Rbat’_, par C. Tissot. Paris, 1876.
Footnote 19:
On our return to Tangier his adversary presented the kaïd with a set
of chessmen, for his acknowledgment of which see Appendix B.
Footnote 20:
See page 35.
Footnote 21:
“Boke of the Governoure,” by Sir Henry Elyot.
Footnote 22:
In the name of God.
Footnote 23:
“Itinéraire de Tanger à Rbat’.” Par C. Tissot; Paris, 1876.
Footnote 24:
_’Askár_, Regular Infantry.
Footnote 25:
Síd house or Kúbba. See note, p. 44.
Footnote 26:
Windhus’ “Journey to Mequinez.” London, 1725.
Footnote 27:
Public notary.
Footnote 28:
“Brebber,” or indigenous; a term analogous to “Berber.”
Footnote 29:
Long tunic-shaped garment.
Footnote 30:
See page 33.
Footnote 31:
People of Fez—or Fuss, as they pronounce it.
Footnote 32:
See page 239.
Footnote 33:
Shaw’s “Travels in Barbary.” 1738.
Footnote 34:
Milman’s “History of the Jews.” London, 1830.
Footnote 35:
Purchas’s “Pilgrims.” London, 1600.
Footnote 36:
“Welcome to you.”
Footnote 37:
See page 54.
Footnote 38:
See Appendix C.
Footnote 39:
The Empire of Marocco is so described in all official documents, &c.
Footnote 40:
“Eyebrow,” or Chief of the Household.
Footnote 41:
I see by a Blue-book since published on the Madrid Conference, the
youth’s name is spelt “Skeerresh,” so we were not far wrong.
Footnote 42:
Of the slave-_trade_ nothing can be said in extenuation.
Footnote 43:
Wicked, improper.
Footnote 44:
Jamieson’s “Scottish Dictionary,” 1808.
Footnote 45:
See page 249.
Footnote 46:
“Historie of Africa,” by Leo a More. London, 1600.
Footnote 47:
Purchas’s “Pilgrims,” vol. ii. London, 1600.
Footnote 48:
Chief judge in a town or district.
Footnote 49:
Lemprière’s “Tour to Morocco in 1789.”
Footnote 50:
See Appendix D.
Footnote 51:
See page 16.
Footnote 52:
See page 163.
Footnote 53:
“Gli Aissaòua; reminiscenze d’Algeria.” Di Giacinto Fossati-Reyneri.
Roma. 1880.
Footnote 54:
It is interesting to compare with all this the far more graphic
account given in Mr. Laurence Oliphant’s recent work, “The Land of
Gilead,” of the performances of the sect of the “Bedawa,” and their
somewhat similar origin.
Footnote 55:
Literally “eau de vie,” or “water of life.”
Footnote 56:
Very good; literally “there is no evil.”
Footnote 57:
Natives from the Soudan. See page 239.
Footnote 58:
His title at Court signifying “Superintendent.”
Footnote 59:
See Appendix E.
Footnote 60:
“Eyebrow.”
Footnote 61:
General term for soldiers, particularly infantry.
Footnote 62:
“Our Lord.”
Footnote 63:
The Jewesses are great manufacturers of cakes and pastry.
Footnote 64:
It is not an uncommon device of designing foreigners, who wish to
approach the person of the Sultan, to describe themselves as above, as
His Majesty’s predilection for the English is well known.
Footnote 65:
“Mountaineer;” see p. 119.
Footnote 66:
God willing.
Footnote 67:
See Appendix F.
Footnote 68:
Rohlfs’ “Adventures in Morocco.”
Footnote 69:
For specimen of a Sharífian letter, see Appendix G.
Footnote 70:
An equivalent to the “Anon, anon, sir,” of the Drawer Francis, in
Shakespeare’s Henry IV.
Footnote 71:
“Our Lord.”
Footnote 72:
“Revue des deux Mondes, 1859.”
Footnote 73:
See page 173.
Footnote 74:
Unlawful.
Footnote 75:
He reigned from 1672 to about 1728.
Footnote 76:
Windhus’s “Journey to Mequinez,” 1721.
Footnote 77:
Windhus’s “Journey to Mequinez.” London, 1725.
Footnote 78:
See Appendix H.
Footnote 79:
“Ædificia Numidarum ... incurvis lateribus tecta quasi _navium carinæ_
essent.” Sallustii “Bellum Jugurth.” para. 21.
Footnote 80:
Native dagger.
Footnote 81:
“Johannis Leonis Africani Africæ descriptio, apud Elzivir. Lugduni
Batavorum, 1632.”
Footnote 82:
Forward!
Footnote 83:
Lemprière’s “Tour to Marocco,” 1793.
Footnote 84:
“Maurétanie Tingitane.” Tissot.
Footnote 85:
“Maurétanie Tingitane,” 1877.
Footnote 86:
See page 177.
Footnote 87:
Since the above was written the Madrid Conference has closed, without,
I regret to say, having rectified any of the abuses here described.
Footnote 88:
Tent-pitchers.
Footnote 89:
Scribe; literally, one who seeks (after learning).
Footnote 90:
See page 239.
Footnote 91:
“Johannis Leonis Africani Africæ descriptio, ix. lib. absoluta.
Lugduni Batavoram, apud Elzevir. A^ọ 1632.”
------------------------------------------------------------------------
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and the Oxus Sources on Pamir.
VIII.
LORD SOUTHESK’S SASKATCHEWAN AND THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS. Demy 8vo, 18s. A
Diary and Narrative of Travel, Sport, and Adventure during a Journey
through part of the Hudson’s Bay Company’s Territories in 1859 and
1860.
IX.
_Relics of Franklin’s Expedition._
1 Vol., Post 8vo, with Facsimiles of the Record and Irving’s Medal.
A MEMORIAL SKETCH OF LIEUT. JOHN IRVING, R.N., of H.M.S. “Terror,” in
Sir John Franklin’s last Expedition to the Arctic Regions. Edited by
BENJAMIN BELL, F.R.C.S.E.
EDINBURGH: DAVID DOUGLAS.
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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES
● Fixed typos; non-standard spelling and dialect retained.
● Renumbered footnotes and moved them all to the end of the final
chapter.
● Corrected the Errata.
● Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.
● The caret (^) is used to indicate superscript, whether applied to a
single character (as in 2^d) or to an entire expression (as in
1^{st}).