[Footnote 424: Alluding, in the case of Romulus, to the rape of the
Sabines; and in that of Augustus to his having taken Livia from her
husband.--AUGUSTUS, c. lxii.]
[Footnote 425: Selene was the daughter of Mark Antony by Cleopatra.]
[Footnote 426: See c. xii.]
[Footnote 427: The vast area of the Roman amphitheatres had no roof, but
the audience were protected against the sun and bad weather by temporary
hangings stretched over it.]
[Footnote 428: A proverbial expression, meaning, without distinction.]
[Footnote 429: The islands off the coast of Italy, in the Tuscan sea and
in the Archipelago, were the usual places of banishment. See before, c.
xv.; and in TIBERIUS, c. liv., etc.]
[Footnote 430: Anticyra, an island in the Archipelago, was famous for the
growth of hellebore. This plant being considered a remedy for insanity,
the proverb arose--Naviga in Anticyram, as much as to say, “You are mad.”]
[Footnote 431: Meaning the province in Asia, called Galatia, from the
Gauls who conquered it, and occupied it jointly with the Greek colonists.]
[Footnote 432: A quotation from the tragedy of Atreus, by L. Attius,
mentioned by Cicero. Off. i. 28.]
[Footnote 433: See before, AUGUSTUS, c. lxxi.]
[Footnote 434: These celebrated words are generally attributed to Nero;
but Dio and Seneca agree with Suetonius in ascribing them to Caligula.]
[Footnote 435: Gladiators were distinguished by their armour and manner
of fighting. Some were called Secutores, whose arms were a helmet, a
shield, a sword, or a leaden ball. Others, the usual antagonists of the
former, were named Retiarii. A combatant of this class was dressed in a
short tunic, but wore nothing on his head. He carried in his left hand a
three-pointed lance, called Tridens or Fuscina, and in his right, a net,
with which he attempted to entangle his adversary, by casting it over his
head, and suddenly drawing it together; when with his trident he usually
slew him. But if he missed his aim, by throwing the net either too short
or too far, he instantly betook himself to flight, and endeavoured to
prepare his net for a second cast. His antagonist, in the mean time,
pursued, to prevent his design, by dispatching him.]
[Footnote 436: AUGUSTUS, c. xxiii.]
[Footnote 437: TIBERIUS, c. xl.]
[Footnote 438: See before, c. xix.]
[Footnote 439: Popae were persons who, at public sacrifices, led the
victim to the altar. They had their clothes tucked up, and were naked to
the waist. The victim was led with a slack rope, that it might not seem
to be brought by force, which was reckoned a bad omen. For the same
reason, it was allowed to stand loose before the altar, and it was thought
a very unfavourable sign if it got away.]
[Footnote 440: Plato de Repub. xi.; and Cicero and Tull. xlviii.]
[Footnote 441: The collar of gold, taken from the gigantic Gaul who was
killed in single combat by Titus Manlius, called afterwards Torquatus, was
worn by the lineal male descendants of the Manlian family. But that
illustrious race becoming extinct, the badge of honour, as well as the
cognomen of Torquatus, was revived by Augustus, in the person of Caius
Nonius Asprenas, who perhaps claimed descent by the female line from the
family of Manlius.]
[Footnote 442: Cincinnatus signifies one who has curled or crisped hair,
from which Livy informs us that Lucius Quintus derived his cognomen. But
of what badge of distinction Caligula deprived the family of the
Cincinnati, unless the natural feature was hereditary, and he had them all
shaved--a practice we find mentioned just below--history does not inform
us, nor are we able to conjecture.]
[Footnote 443: The priest of Diana Nemorensis obtained and held his
office by his prowess in arms, having to slay his competitors, and offer
human sacrifices, and was called Rex from his reigning paramount in the
adjacent forest. The temple of this goddess of the chase stood among the
deep woods which clothe the declivities of the Alban Mount, at a short
distance from Rome--nemus signifying a grove. Julius Caesar had a
residence there. See his Life, c. lxxi. The venerable woods are still
standing, and among them chestnut-trees, which, from their enormous girth
and vast apparent age, we may suppose to have survived from the era of the
Caesars. The melancholy and sequestered lake of Nemi, deep set in a
hollow of the surrounding woods, with the village on its brink, still
preserve the name of Nemi.]
[Footnote 444: An Essedarian was one who fought from an Esseda, the light
carriage described in a former note, p. 264.]
[Footnote 445: See before, JULIUS, c. x., and note.]
[Footnote 446: Particularly at Baiae, see before, c. xix. The practice
of encroaching on the sea on this coast, commenced before,--