A tree, with slender terete branches, without a terminal bud, minute

compressed rusty-pubescent axillary buds covered by several imbricated

scales, those of the inner rows accrescent, deeply furrowed bark, soft

coarse-grained dark-colored wood, and fibrous roots. Leaves opposite,

alternate or scattered, involute in the bud, linear or

linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, entire, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves

obscure, reticulate-venulose, thin, light green, smooth or glutinous,

short-petiolate or sessile from an enlarged base, deciduous, in falling

leaving small elevated suborbicular scars. Flowers on slender pedicels

from the axils of ovate acute scarious tomentose deciduous bracts and

bibracteolate near the middle, in short puberulous crowded racemes or

rarely panicles terminal on leafy branches of the year; calyx pale

pubescent, puberulous or rarely glabrous, closed before anthesis into an

ovoid rounded apiculate bud splitting to the base into 2 ovate

divisions, minutely toothed or long-pointed at apex, the upper with 3,

the lower with 2 rigid teeth, membranaceous, dark green; corolla white

shaded into pale purple or rarely white, slightly oblique, enlarged and

blotched with yellow in the throat, the limb undulate-margined, the

upper lip 2-lobed, the lower unequally 3-lobed, the central lobe much

longer than the others; stamens 4, inserted in 1 row near the base of

the corolla in pairs, introrse; filaments filiform, glabrous, the

anterior nearly twice as long as the posterior; anther oblong, the cells

divergent in anthesis; staminodium 1, posterior, linear, acute; disk

thin, nearly obsolete; ovary 2-celled, conic, glabrous, divided at apex

into 2 ovate flat rounded lobes; ovules inserted in many series on a

central placenta. Fruit a slender elongated thin-walled capsule

gradually narrowed from the middle to the ends, splitting into 2 concave

valves. Seeds numerous, inserted in 2 ranks near the margin of the thin

flat woody septum free from the walls of the capsule, compressed,

oblong; seed-coat thin, light brown, longitudinally veined, produced

into broad lateral wings divided at their rounded ends into a long

fringe of thin soft white hairs; cotyledons plane, broader than long,

slightly 2-lobed, and rounded laterally; radicle short, erect, turned

toward the oblong basal hilum.

The genus is represented by a single species, a native of the region

adjacent to the boundary between the United States and Mexico.

The generic name, from χεῖλος and ὄψις, is without special significance.

1. Chilopsis linearis DC. Desert Willow.

[Illustration: Fig. 767]

Leaves unfolding in early spring, 6′—12′ long and ¼′—⅓′ wide; deciduous

during the following winter. Flowers appearing in early summer in

racemes or narrow panicles 3′—4′ long, and continuing to open for

several months in succession, ¾′—1½′ long and ¾′—1¼′ across the expanded

lobes of the corolla. Fruit ripening in the autumn, 7′—12′ long, ¼′

thick in the middle, persistent on the branches during the winter; seeds

⅓′ long and ⅛′ wide.

A tree, 20°—30° high, with a trunk usually more or less reclining, often

hollow, and sometimes a foot in diameter, slender upright branches

forming a narrow head, and branchlets glabrous or covered with dense

tomentum when they first appear, light chestnut-brown during their first

season, later becoming darker and tinged with red, or sometimes ashy

gray; or often a straggling shrub. Bark of the trunk ⅛′—¼′ thick, dark

brown, and divided into broad branching ridges broken on the surface

into small thick plate-like scales. Wood soft, not strong,

close-grained, brown streaked with yellow, with thin light-colored

sapwood of 2 or 3 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Banks of streams, and depressions in the desert, usually

in dry gravelly porous soil; valley of the lower Rio Grande, and through

western Texas, southern New Mexico, Arizona, southern Utah and Nevada to

San Jacinto Valley, San Diego County, California; in northern Mexico and

Lower California (Calamujuit).

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the southern states,

and in Mexico.

2. CATALPA Scop.

Trees, with stout terete branchlets, without a terminal bud, minute

globose axillary buds nearly immersed in the bark and covered by

numerous scales, the inner accrescent, thick pith, thin scaly bark, soft

light-colored wood very durable in contact with the soil, and fibrous

roots. Leaves opposite or in verticels of 3, involute in the bud, entire

or lobed, oblong-ovate, often cordate, long-petiolate, deciduous.

Flowers on slender bracteolate pedicels, in terminal compound

trichotomously branched panicles or corymbs, with linear-lanceolate

deciduous bracts and bractlets; calyx membranaceous, subglobose, closed

and apiculate in the bud, in anthesis splitting nearly to the base into

2 broad-ovate entire pointed apiculate lobes; corolla thin, variously

marked and spotted on the inner surface, inserted on the nearly obsolete

disk, the tube broad, campanulate, occasionally furnished on the upper

side near the base with an external lobed appendage, and oblique and

enlarged above into a broad limb, with spreading lips undulate on the

margin, the posterior 2-parted, the anterior deeply 3-lobed; stamens and

staminodia inserted near the base of the corolla; stamens 2, anterior,

included or slightly exserted; filaments flattened, arcuate; anthers

oblong, carried to the rear of the corolla and face to face on either

side of the stigma by a half turn of the filaments near their base, the

cells divergent in anthesis; staminodia 3, free, filiform, minute or

rudimentary; ovary 2-celled, sessile on the hypogynous nearly obsolete

disk, abruptly contracted into an elongated filiform style divided at

apex into 2 stigmatic lobes exserted above the anthers; ovules inserted

in many series on a central placenta. Fruit an elongated subterete

capsule tapering from the middle to the ends, persistent on the branches

during the winter, ultimately splitting into 2 valves. Seeds numerous,

compressed, oblong, inserted in 2—4 ranks near the margin of the flat or

more or less thickened woody septum free from the walls of the capsule;

seed-coat thin, light brown or silvery gray, longitudinally veined,

produced into broad lateral wings notched at base of the seed and

divided at their narrowed or rounded ends into tufts of long coarse

white hairs; cotyledons plane, broader than long, slightly 2-lobed,

rounded laterally; radicle short, erect, turned toward the oblong

conspicuous basal hilum.

Catalpa with seven species is confined to the eastern United States, the

West Indies, and eastern China, two of the species being North American.

Catalpa contains a bitter principle and is a tonic and diuretic.

The generic name is that by which one of the North American species was

known among the Cherokee Indians.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Flowers in many-flowered crowded panicles; calyx glabrous; corolla

thickly-spotted on the inner surface; fruit slender,

thin-walled; leaves short-acuminate.

1. C. bignonioides (C).

Flowers in few-flowered open panicles; calyx often sparingly villose

or pubescent; corolla inconspicuously spotted; fruit stout,

thick-walled; leaves caudate-acuminate.

2. C. speciosa (A, C).

1. Catalpa bignonioides Walt. Catalpa. Indian Bean.

_Catalpa Catalpa_ Karst.

[Illustration: Fig. 768]

Leaves broad-ovate, rather abruptly contracted into a slender point or

sometimes rounded at apex, cordate at base, entire or often laterally

lobed, coated below when they unfold with pale tomentum and pilose

above, and at maturity thin and firm, light green and glabrous on the

upper surface, pale and pubescent on the lower surface, 5′—6′ long and

4′—5′ wide, with a prominent midrib, and primary veins arcuate near the

margins, connected by reticulate veinlets and furnished in the axils

with clusters of dark hairs; turning black and falling after the first

severe frost in the autumn; petioles stout, terete, 5′—6′ in length.

Flowers opening at the end of May or in June, on slender sparingly

villose or glabrous pedicels, in compact many-flowered panicles 8′—10′

long and broad, with light green branches tinged with purple; calyx ½′

long, glabrous, green or light purple; corolla white, nearly 2′ long,

1½′ wide, marked on the inner surface on the lower side by 2 rows of

yellow blotches following 2 parallel ridges or folds, and in the throat

and on the lower lobes of the limb by crowded conspicuous purple spots.

Fruit ripening in the autumn, in thick-branched orange-colored panicles,

remaining unopened during the winter, 6′—20′ long and ¼′—⅓′ thick in the

middle, with a thin wall bright chestnut-brown on the outer surface and

light olive-brown and lustrous on the inner surface, splitting in the

spring into 2 flat valves; seeds about 1′ long, ¼′ wide, silvery gray,

with pointed wings terminating in long pencil-shaped tufts of white

hairs.

A tree, rarely 60° high, with a short trunk 3°—4° in diameter, long

heavy brittle branches forming a broad head, and dichotomous branchlets

green shaded with purple when they first appear, and during their first

winter thickened at the nodes, slightly puberulous, lustrous, light

orange color or gray-brown, covered with a slight glaucous bloom, marked

by large pale scattered lenticels, and by large oval elevated leaf-scars

containing a circle of conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars, becoming

in their third or fourth year, reddish brown and marked by a network of

thin flat brown ridges. Winter-buds covered by chestnut-brown

broad-ovate rounded slightly puberulous loosely imbricated scales, those

of the inner ranks when fully grown bright green, pubescent, and

sometimes 2′ in length. Bark of the trunk ¼′—⅓′ thick, light brown

tinged with red, and separating on the surface into large thin irregular

scales. Wood not strong, coarse-grained, light brown, with lighter

colored often nearly white sapwood of 1 or 2 layers of annual growth;

used and highly valued for fence-posts and rails.

Distribution. Usually supposed to be indigenous on the banks of the

rivers of southwestern Georgia, western Florida, and central Alabama and

Mississippi, and now widely naturalized through the south Atlantic

states and in Kentucky and Tennessee.

Often planted for the decoration of parks and gardens in the eastern

United States, and hardy as far north as eastern New England, and in

western, central, and southern Europe. A dwarf round-headed form (var.

_nana_ Bur.) of unknown origin is often cultivated under the erroneous

name of _C. Bungei_ Hort, not C. A. Meyer.

× _Catalpa hybrida_ Spaeth a hybrid of this species and the Chinese _C.

ovata_ G. Don is occasionally cultivated.

2. Catalpa speciosa Engelm. Western Catalpa.

[Illustration: Fig. 769]

Leaves oval, long-pointed, cordate at base, and usually entire or

furnished with 1 or 2 lateral teeth, pilose above when they unfold and

covered below and on the petioles with pale or rufous tomentum, and at

maturity thick and firm, dark green on the upper surface and covered

with soft pubescence on the lower surface, especially on the stout

midrib and the primary veins furnished in their axils with large

clusters of dark glands, 10′—12′ long and 7′—8′ wide; turning black and

falling after the first severe frost of the autumn; petioles stout,

terete, 4′—6′ in length. Flowers appearing late in May or early in June,

on slender purple glabrous pedicels furnished near the middle with 1—3

bractlets, in open few-flowered panicles 5′—6′ long and broad, with

green or purple branches marked by orange-colored lenticels, the lowest

branches often in the axils of small leaves; calyx purple, often

sparingly villose or pubescent on the outer surface; corolla white,

often spotted externally with purple near the base, about 2′ long and

2½′ wide, and marked internally on the lower side by 2 bands of yellow

blotches following 2 lateral ridges and by occasional purple spots

spreading over the lobes of the lower lip of the limb; filaments marked

near the base by oblong purple spots. Fruit 8′—20′ long, ½′—¾′ in

diameter near the middle, with a thick wall splitting toward spring into

2 concave valves; seeds 1′ long and ⅓′ wide, with a light brown coat,

and wings rounded at the ends and terminating in a fringe of short

hairs.

A tree, in the forest occasionally 120° high, with a tall straight trunk

rarely 4½° in diameter, slender branches forming a narrow round-topped

head, and branchlets light green often tinged with purple and pilose

with scattered pale hairs when they first appear, light orange color or

reddish brown, covered with a slight bloom during their first winter,

and marked by numerous conspicuous pale lenticels and by the elevated

oval leaf-scars ¼′ long and displaying a circular row of large

fibro-vascular bundle-scars, becoming darker in their second and third

years; usually smaller, and in open situations rarely more than 50°

high, with a short trunk and a broad head of spreading branches.

Winter-buds covered by loosely imbricated ovate chestnut-brown scales

keeled on the back, slightly apiculate at apex, those of the inner ranks

at maturity foliaceous, obovate, acute, gradually narrowed below to a

sessile base, many-nerved with dark veins, pubescent on the lower

surface, and sometimes 2½′ long and ¾′ wide. Bark of the trunk ¾′—1′

thick, brown tinged with red, and broken on the surface into thick

scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, light brown, with

thin nearly white sapwood of 1 or 2 layers of annual growth; largely

used for fence-posts, rails, telegraph and telephone poles, and

occasionally for furniture and the interior finish of houses.

Distribution. Borders of streams and ponds, and fertile often inundated

bottom-lands; valley of the Vermilion River, Illinois, through southern

Illinois and Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennessee, southeastern

Missouri and northeastern Arkansas; very abundant and probably of its

largest size in southern Illinois and Indiana; naturalized through

cultivation in southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas.

Often planted in the prairie region of the Mississippi basin as a

timber-tree, and as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern

states, and now in many other countries with a temperate climate.

3. ENALLAGMA Bail.

Trees, with scaly bark, and stout slightly angled branchlets. Leaves

alternate, short-petiolate, persistent. Flowers solitary, or in

few-flowered fascicles on long bibracteolate peduncles from the axils of

upper leaves or from the sides of the branches; calyx coriaceous,

splitting in anthesis into 2 unequal broad divisions, or sometimes

slightly 5-lobed, deciduous; corolla inserted under the hypogynous

pulvinate fleshy disk, yellow streaked with purple, or dingy purple,

tubular-campanulate, more or less ventricose on the lower side by a

transverse fold, abruptly dilated into an oblique 2-lipped obscurely

5-lobed laciniately toothed limb; stamens 4, inserted in 2 ranks on the

tube of the corolla, in pairs of different lengths, introrse, included

or slightly exserted; filaments filiform; anthers oblong, the cells

divergent; staminodium solitary, posterior, often 0; ovary sessile,

1-celled, ovate-conic, gradually narrowed into an elongated simple

exserted style; stigma terminal, 2-lobed, the lobes stigmatic on their

inner face, or entire; ovules in many ranks on 2 thickened 2-lobed

lateral parietal placentas. Fruit baccate, oblong or ovoid; indehiscent,

umbonate at apex, many-seeded; pericarp thin and brittle; becoming hard,

light brown and separable into 2 layers, the inner membranaceous, filled

with the united and thickened fleshy viscid placentas attached at base

by a cluster of thick fibro-vascular bundles. Seeds imbedded irregularly

in the placental mass, compressed, suborbicular, cordate above and below

and deeply grooved on the convex faces; embryo filling the seminal

cavity, flattened, thick and fleshy, deeply grooved, becoming black in

drying; radicle minute, turned toward the lateral hilum.

Enallagma with three or four species is distributed from southern

Florida through the Antilles to southern Mexico and Central America.

1. Enallagma cucurbitina Urb. Black Calabash Tree.

_Crescentia cucurbitina_ L.

[Illustration: Fig. 770]

Leaves crowded near the end of the branches, obovate-oblong or

ovate-oblong, contracted into a short broad point or rarely rounded or

emarginate at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at base, and entire,

with cartilaginous slightly revolute margins, coriaceous, dark green and

lustrous above, paler and yellow-green below, 6′—8′ long and 1½′—4′

wide, with a broad stout midrib deeply impressed on the upper side,

conspicuous primary veins arcuate and united near the margins, and

reticulate veinlets; unfolding in the spring, and persistent until their

second year; petioles thick, covered with glands, and about ¼′ in

length. Flowers appearing in April and May and also in autumn,

bad-smelling, on thick drooping pedicels solitary in the axils of upper

leaves, 1½′—2′ long, furnished below the middle with 2 minute rigid

acute bractlets and enlarged at apex into the thick oblique receptacle;

calyx light green and slightly glandular at base, splitting nearly to

the bottom into 2 ovate pointed lobes nearly as long as the tube of the

corolla; corolla thick and leathery, dull purple or creamy white, and

marked by narrow purple bands on the lower side, and 2′ long, with a

narrow tube creamy white within and slightly contracted above the base,

the transverse fold near its apex, the limb erosely cut on the margins

and obscurely 2-lipped, the upper lip slightly divided into 2 reflexed

lobes, the lower obscurely 3-lobed; stamens inserted near the middle of

the tube of the corolla, those of the anterior pair below the others and

above the linear staminodium; ovary obliquely conic; stigma 2-lobed.

Fruit ovoid or oblong, 3′—4′ long, 1½′—2′ wide, dark green, minutely

rugose-punctulate, and marked with 4 obscure longitudinal ridges

corresponding with the margins and midrib of the carpellary leaves,

raised on the thickened woody disk and pendent on a stout drooping stalk

1½′—2′ long and much enlarged at apex; shell 1/16′ thick, ultimately

hard and brittle, lustrous on the outer surface and lined with a thin

membranaceous shining light brown coat marked by the broad placental

scars; seeds ⅝′ long and broad and ¼′ thick, with a minute lateral hilum

just above the basal sinus; seed-coat of 2 layers, the outer thin, dark

reddish brown, rugose, and separable from the thick pale felt-like inner

layer; cotyledons with 2 ear-like folds near the base, inclosing the

radicle in their lower sinus.

A tree, in Florida 18°—20° high, with a trunk 4′—5′ in diameter, long

slender drooping branches covered with wart-like excrescences, and stout

slightly angled branchlets roughened and somewhat enlarged at the nodes

by the thickening of the large crowded cup-shaped persistent woody bases

of the leaves, and covered with thin creamy white bark becoming dark or

ashy gray in their third year. Winter-buds with linear acute apiculate

scales becoming woody, and persistent for one or two years. Bark of the

trunk about ⅛′ thick, light brown tinged with red, and irregularly

divided into large thin scales. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained,

thin, light brown or orange color, with lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Florida, only near the shores of Bay Biscayne on rich

hummocks; common on the shores of many of the Antilles, and southward to

southern Mexico, the Pacific coast of the Isthmus of Panama, and to

Venezuela.

B. Ovary inferior (_partly superior in Caprifoliaceæ_).

LXV. RUBIACEÆ.

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, and opposite simple entire leaves

turning black in drying, with stipules. Flowers regular, perfect;

calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, its limb 4 or 5-lobed or toothed;

corolla 4 or 5-lobed; stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, as

many as and alternate with its lobes; filaments free, or united at base;

anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; disk

epigynous, annular; ovary inferior; style slender; ovules numerous, or 1

in each cell; raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit capsular,

akene-like, or drupaceous. Seeds with albumen; seed-coat membranaceous.

The Madder family with some three hundred and fifty genera is chiefly

tropical, with a few herbaceous genera confined exclusively to temperate

regions. To this family belong the Coffee, the Cinchonas, South American

trees yielding quinine from their bark, and the plant which produces

ipecacuanha, a species of Cephaelis and a native of Brazil, the Gardenia

and other plants cultivated for their fragrant flowers.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fruit a capsule; seeds numerous, surrounded by a wing; parts of the

flower in 5’s.

Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes unequal, sometimes developing into

rose-colored leaf-like bodies; filaments free; wing of the

seed broad, oblong-ovate, unsymmetric on the sides; leaves

deciduous.

1. Pinckneya.

Calyx 5-toothed; filaments united into a short tube; wing of the

seed narrow, symmetric; leaves persistent.

2. Exostema.

Fruit akene-like, 1 or 2-seeded; parts of the flower in 4’s or rarely

in 5’s, flowers in pedunculate globose heads; leaves deciduous.

3. Cephalanthus.

Fruit drupaceous, with a 4-celled stone; parts of the flower in 4’s;

leaves persistent.

4. Guettarda.

1. PINCKNEYA Michx.

A tree, with fibrous roots, scaly light brown bitter bark, resinous

scaly buds, stout terete pithy branchlets coated while young with hoary

tomentum, becoming glabrous, and marked by scattered minute white

lenticels and large nearly orbicular or obcordate leaf-scars displaying

a lunate row of numerous crowded fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Leaves

complanate in the bud, elliptic to oblong-ovate, acute at apex, cuneate

at base, and gradually narrowed into a long stout petiole, thin, coated

at first with pale pubescence, and at maturity dark green and puberulous

above, paler and puberulous below, especially along the stout midrib and

primary veins, deciduous; stipules interpetiolar, conspicuously

glandular-punctate at base on the inner face, inclosing the leaf in the

bud, triangular, subulate, pink, becoming oblong, acute, scarious, light

brown, caducous. Flowers in pedunculate terminal and axillary pubescent

trichotomous few-flowered cymes, with linear-lanceolate acute bracts and

bractlets at first pink, becoming scarious, deciduous, or sometimes

enlarging and rose-colored; flower-buds sulcate, coated with thick pale

tomentum; calyx-tube clavate, bracteolate at base, covered with hoary

tomentum, not closed in the bud, the limb 5-lobed, with

subulate-lanceolate lobes green tinged with pink, scarious, or in the

central flower of the ultimate division of the cyme with 1 or rarely

with 2 of the lobes produced into oval or ovate acute rose-colored

puberulous membranaceous leaf-like bodies, deciduous; corolla

salver-form, light yellow, cinereo-tomentose, with a long narrow tube

somewhat enlarged in the throat, 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in the bud,

oblong, obtuse, marked by red lines and pilose with long white hairs on

the inner surface, recurved after anthesis; stamens exserted; filaments

filiform, free; anthers oblong, emarginate; ovary 2-celled; style

filiform, exserted, slightly enlarged, 2-lobed and stigmatic at apex;

ovules numerous, inserted in 2 ranks on a thin 2-lipped placenta

longitudinally adnate to the inner face of the cell. Fruit a subglobose

obscurely 2-lobed 2-celled capsule, loculicidally 2-valved, the valves

thin and papery, light brown, puberulous, especially at the base,

faintly rayed, marked by oblong pale spots and by the scars left by the

falling of the deciduous calyx-limb and style, sometimes tardily

septicidally 2-parted to the middle, persistent on the branches during

the winter, the valves finally falling from the woody axis, their outer

layer very thin, brittle, separable from the slightly thicker tough

woody inner layer. Seeds horizontal, 2-ranked, minute, compressed;

seed-coat thin, light brown, reticulate-veined, produced into a broad

thin oblong-ovate wing, unsymmetrical on the sides, acute at apex, and

longer above than below the seed; embryo elongated, immersed in the

thick fleshy albumen; cotyledons ovate-oblong, foliaceous, longer than

the terete radicle turned toward the hilum.

The genus is represented by a single species of the southeastern United

States.

The generic name is in honor of Charles Cotesworth Pinckney (1746—1825)

of South Carolina, the Revolutionary patriot.

1. Pinckneya pubens Michx. Georgia Bark.

[Illustration: Fig. 771]

Leaves unfolding in March, 5′—8′ long, 3′—4′ wide; petioles ⅔′—1½′ in

length. Flowers 1½′ long appearing late in May and early in June, in

open clusters 7′—8′ across, their petaloid calyx-lobes sometimes 2½′

long and ½′ wide. Fruit ripening in the autumn 1′ long and ⅔′ wide;

seeds with their wings about ½′ long and ⅓′ wide.

A tree, 20°—30° high, with a trunk occasionally 8′—10′ in diameter,

slender spreading branches forming usually a narrow round-topped head,

and branchlets coated when they first appear with hoary tomentum soon

turning light red-brown, pubescent during the summer, and slightly

puberulous during their first winter, ultimately becoming glabrous.

Winter-buds: terminal ovoid, terete, ½′ long, contracted above the

middle into a slender point, and covered by the dark red-brown

lanceolate acute stipules of the last pair of leaves of the previous

year, often persistent at the base of the growing shoots and marked at

the base by 2 broadly ovate pale scar-like slightly pilose elevations;

axillary buds obtuse, minute, nearly immersed in the bark. Bark of the

trunk about ¼′ thick, with a light brown surface divided into minute

appressed scales. Wood close-grained, soft, weak, brown, with

lighter-colored sapwood of 8—10 layers of annual growth. The bark has

been used in the treatment of intermittent fevers.

Distribution. Low wet sandy swamps on the borders of streams; coast

region of South Carolina through southern Georgia and northern Florida

to the valley of the lower Apalachicola River; rare and local.

2. EXOSTEMA Rich.

Trees or shrubs, with terete branchlets, and bitter bark. Leaves sessile

or petiolate, persistent; stipules interpetiolar, deciduous. Flowers

axillary and solitary or in terminal pedunculate cymes, fragrant, the

peduncle bibracteolate above the middle; calyx-tube ovoid, clavate or

turbinate, the limb short, 5-lobed, the lobes nearly triangular,

persistent; corolla 5-lobed, white, salver-form, the tube long and

narrow, erect, the lobes of the limb linear, elongated, spreading,

imbricated in the bud; filaments filiform, exserted, united at base into

a tube inserted on and adnate to the tube of the corolla; anthers

oblong-linear; ovary 2-celled; style elongated, slender, exserted;

stigma capitate, simple or minutely 2-lobed; ovules numerous, attached

on the 2 sides of a fleshy oblong peltate placenta fixed to the inner

face of the cell, ascending. Fruit a many-seeded 2-celled capsule

septicidally 2-valved, the valves 2-parted, their outer layer

membranaceous, separable from the crustaceous inner layer. Seeds

compressed, oblong, imbricated downward on the placenta; seed-coat

chestnut-brown, lustrous, produced into a narrow wing; embryo minute, in

fleshy albumen; cotyledons flat; radicle terete, inferior.

Exostema with about twenty species is confined to the tropics of

America, and is most abundant in the Antilles, one species reaching the

shores of southern Florida. The bark contains active tonic properties,

and has been used as a febrifuge.

The generic name, from ἔξω and στῆµα, relates to the long exserted

stamens.

1. Exostema caribæum R. & S. Prince Wood.

[Illustration: Fig. 772]

Leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, contracted into a slender point and

apiculate at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at base, entire, thick

and coriaceous, dark green on the upper surface and yellow-green on the

lower surface, 1½′—3′ long and ½′—1¼′ wide, with a prominent

orange-colored midrib and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; unfolding in

the autumn and in early spring and summer, and persistent for 1 or 2

years; petioles slender, orange-colored, ¼′—½′ in length; stipules

nearly triangular, apiculate, with entire dentate or ciliate margins,

about 1/16′ long, and in falling marking the branchlets with ring-like

scars. Flowers axillary, solitary, appearing from March until June,

about 3′ long, on slender pedicels spirally twisted before the flowers

open; calyx-tube ovoid; corolla glabrous; filaments united into a short

tube. Fruit ⅔′ long, becoming black in drying; seeds oblong, ⅛′ long,

with a dark brown papillose coat and a light brown wing.

A glabrous tree, in Florida sometimes 20°—25° high, with a trunk 10′—12′

in diameter, slender erect branches forming a narrow head, and terete

branchlets dark green at first, soon becoming dark red-brown and covered

with pale lenticels, and in their second year ashy gray and

conspicuously marked by the elevated leaf-scars. Bark of the trunk about

⅛′ thick, and divided by deep fissures into square smooth pale or nearly

white plates. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained,

light brown handsomely streaked with different shades of yellow and

brown, with bright yellow sapwood of 12—20 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Florida, shores of Bay Biscayne and on the Everglade Keys,

Dade County, and on the southern keys; abundant on Key West and Upper

Metacombe Key; on many of the Antilles, in southern Mexico, and on the

west coast of Nicaragua.

3. CEPHALANTHUS L.

Small trees or shrubs, with opposite or verticillate petiolate leaves,

interpetiolar stipules, and scaly buds. Flowers nectariferous, yellow or

creamy white, sessile in the axils of glandular bracts, in dense globose

pedunculate terminal or axillary solitary or panicled heads; receptacle

globose, setose; calyx-tube obpyramidal, with a short limb unequally 4

or 5-toothed or lobed; corolla tubular salver-form, divided into 4 or 5

short spreading or reflexed lobes usually furnished with a minute dark

gland at the base or on the side of each sinus, puberulous on the inner

surface of the tube, the lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens inserted

on the throat of the corolla; filaments short; anthers linear-oblong,

sagittate, apiculate at base; pistil of 2 carpels; ovary 2-celled; style

filiform, elongated; stigma clavate, entire; ovule solitary in each

cell, suspended from the apex of the cell on a short papillose funicle,

anatropous. Fruit obpyramidal, coriaceous, 2-coccous. Seeds oblong,

pendulous, covered at apex by a white spongy aril; embryo straight in

cartilaginous albumen; cotyledons oblong, obtuse; radicle elongated,

superior.

Cephalanthus with seven species is widely distributed in North and South

America, and in southern and eastern Asia, and the Malay Archipelago.

The generic name, from κεφαλή and ἄνθος, relates to the capitate

inflorescence.

1. Cephalanthus occidentalis L. Button Bush.

[Illustration: Fig. 773]

Leaves ovate, lanceolate or elliptic, acute, acuminate or short-pointed

at apex, rounded or cuneate at base, thin, dark green on the upper

surface, paler and glabrous or puberulous on the lower surface, 2′—7′

long and ½′—3½′ wide, with a stout light yellow midrib often covered

below with long white hairs and 5 or 6 pairs of slender primary veins

nearly parallel with the sides of the leaf; deciduous, or persistent

during the winter; petioles stout, grooved, glabrous, ½′—¾′ in length;

stipules minute, nearly triangular. Flowers: flower-heads 1′—1½′ in

diameter on slender peduncles 1′—2′ long, usually in panicles 4′—5′ in

length, their lower peduncles from the axil of upper leaves; flowers

creamy white, very fragrant, opening from the middle of May in Florida

and Texas to the middle of August in Canada and on the mountains of

California; calyx usually 4 or occasionally 5-lobed, with short rounded

lobes, and slightly villose toward the base; corolla glandular or

eglandular; anthers nearly sessile, included, discharging their pollen

before the flowers open; disk thin and obscure. Fruit ripening late in

the autumn in heads ⅝′—¾′ in diameter, green tinged with red and

ultimately dark red-brown.

A tree, occasionally 40°—50° high, with a straight tapering trunk a foot

in diameter, and frequently free of limbs for 15°—20°, ascending and

spreading branches, and stout branchlets with a thick pith, glabrous and

marked by large oblong pale lenticels, and developed mostly in verticels

of 3’s from the axillary buds of one of the upper nodes, without a

terminal bud, light green when they first appear, pale reddish brown,

covered with a glaucous bloom during their first winter and then marked

by small semicircular leaf-scars displaying semilunate fibro-vascular

bundle-scars, and connected by the persistent black stipules or by their

subulate scars, darker the following season, and dark brown in their

third year, the bark then beginning to separate into the large loose

scales found on the large branches and on the stems of small plants;

usually a shrub, only a few feet high. Winter-buds axillary, single or

in pairs or in 3’s one above the other, minute, nearly immersed in the

bark. Bark of large trunks dark gray-brown or often nearly black,

divided by deep fissures into broad flat ridges broken on the surface

into elongated narrow scales. The bark contains tannin, and has been

used in the treatment of fevers and in homœopathic practice.

Distribution. Swamps and the low wet borders of ponds and streams; New

Brunswick to Ontario, southern Michigan, southern Minnesota, eastern

Nebraska, Kansas and western Oklahoma (near Canton, Blaine County),

southward to the shores of Bay Biscayne and the Everglade Keys, Dade

County, Florida, eastern Texas to the valley of the Rio Grande, southern

New Mexico, and Arizona, and widely distributed in California; in Mexico

and Cuba; very rarely arborescent at the north and of its largest size

on the margins of river-bottoms and swamps and in pond holes in southern

Arkansas and eastern Texas; ascending on the southern Appalachian

Mountains to altitudes of 2500°; passing into var. _pubescens_ Rafn.,

with leaves soft pubescent below especially on the midrib and veins, and

pubescent petioles, inflorescence and branchlets; southern Indiana,

southeastern Missouri, southern Arkansas, western Louisiana and eastern

Texas to the valley of the lower Brazos River.

Occasionally cultivated in the northeastern states as an ornamental

plant.

4. GUETTARDA Endl.

Small trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, opposite or rarely verticellate

persistent leaves, interpetiolar deciduous stipules, and scaly buds.

Flowers sessile or short-pedicellate, with or without bractlets, in

axillary forked pedunculate cymes, their bracts and bractlets

lanceolate, acute, minute, deciduous; calyx globose, the limb produced

above the ovary into an elongated 4—7-lobed tube; corolla salver-shaped,

with an elongated cylindric tube naked in the throat, and a 4-lobed

limb, the oblong lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens included;

filaments free, short; anthers oblong-linear; ovary 4-celled, the cells

elongated, tubular; style stout; stigma capitate; ovule solitary,

suspended on the thickened funicle from the inner angle of the cell.

Fruit a fleshy 1-stoned 2—9-seeded subglobose drupe, with thin flesh,

and a bony or ligneous globose 4—9-celled stone obtusely angled or

sulcate, the cells narrow and often curved upward. Seed compressed,

suspended on the thick funicle closing the orifice of the wall of the

stone, straight or excurved; albumen thin and fleshy; embryo elongated,

cylindric or compressed; cotyledons flat, minute, not longer than the

elongated terete radicle turned toward the hilum.

Guettarda with about fifty species is chiefly tropical American, with

one species widely distributed on maritime shores from east tropical

Africa to Australia and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Of the species

found within the territory of the United States two are arborescent. The

bark of some of the species is occasionally employed as a tonic and

febrifuge, and a few species are cultivated in tropical gardens for the

delightful fragrance of their white flowers.

The generic name is in honor of Jean Étienne Guettard (1715—1786), the

distinguished French botanist and mineralogist.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Leaves thin, pilose or glabrate above.

1. G. elliptica (D).

Leaves coriaceous, hispidulose-papillose and scabrate above.

2. G. scabra (D).

1. Guettarda elliptica Sw.

[Illustration: Fig. 774]

Leaves broad-oval to oblong-elliptic, acute or obtuse and apiculate at

apex, and cuneate or rounded at base, covered with pale silky hairs when

they unfold, and at maturity thin, dark green, pilose or glabrate on the

upper surface, lighter colored and pubescent on the lower surface,

especially along the stout midrib and in the axils of the 4—6 pairs of

primary veins, ¾′—2½′ long and ½′—1′ wide; unfolding in Florida in May

and June and persistent on the branches until the trees begin their

growth the following year; petioles stout, hairy, ¼′—½′ in length.

Flowers pedicellate, appearing in Florida in June, yellowish white, ¼′

long, in slender hairy-stemmed cymes from the axils of leaves of the

year near the end of branches, or from bud-scales at base of young

shoots, their peduncle shorter than the leaves, forked near the apex,

often with a flower in the fork and 3 at the end of each branch, or the

lateral flowers of these clusters replaced by branches producing 3

flowers at their apex, the bractlets subtending the branches of the

peduncle, and the lateral flowers of the ultimate divisions of the

inflorescence linear-lanceolate, acute, coated with hairs, about 1/16′

long, deciduous; calyx-lobes nearly triangular, acute, coated on the

outer surface with long pale hairs, and half as long as the erect

corolla canescent externally, with rounded lobes. Fruit ripening in

November, dark purple, pilose, ⅓′ in diameter, crowned with the remnants

of the persistent calyx-tube, the flesh sweet and mealy; stone obscurely

ridged and usually 2—4-seeded; seeds oblong-lanceolate, compressed,

nearly straight, with a thin pale coat.

A tree, in Florida occasionally 18°—20° high, with an irregularly

buttressed or lobed trunk 5′—6′ in diameter, the deep depressions

between the lobes continuous or often interrupted, small upright

branches, and thin terete branchlets coated when they first appear with

long pale or rufous hairs and light red-brown or ashy gray and

conspicuously marked by pale lenticels, and in their second year by

large elevated orbicular leaf-scars. Winter-buds acuminate, light brown,

coated with pale pubescence, and about ⅛′ long. Bark of the trunk about

1/16′ thick, with a smooth dark brown surface covered with large

irregularly shaped pale blotches and numerous small white spots. Wood

heavy, hard, very close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thin

sapwood of 6—10 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Florida, coast of the southern keys; on the Bahama Islands

and in Jamaica.

2. Guettarda scabra Lam.

[Illustration: Fig. 775]

Leaves oval, oblong or ovate, acuminate or rounded and apiculate at

apex, gradually narrowed or broad at the rounded or subcordate base,

entire, coriaceous, dark green, hispidulose-papillose and scabrate on

the upper surface, pale and soft-pubescent on the lower surface, 2′—5′

long and 1¼′—3¼′ wide, with thickened slightly revolute margins, a stout

midrib, usually 8—11 pairs of prominent primary veins and conspicuous

reticulate veinlets; petioles stout, rusty-pubescent, ⅓′—¾′ in length;

stipules concave at base, gradually narrowed above into a long slender

point, pubescent, as long as the petioles. Flowers produced irregularly

during the winter and early spring, sessile or short-pedicellate in the

axils of acute bracts, in pedunculate cymes on slender rusty-pubescent

peduncles 1½′—2′ in length; calyx short-oblong, densely pubescent on the

outer surface; corolla often 1′ in length, the slender tube retrorsely

silky-villose on the outer surface, the lobes 5—7, usually 5,

oblong-obtuse; filaments free, short; anthers oblong-linear, included,

style shorter than the tube of the corolla; stigma capitate. Fruit

ripening in the autumn, subglobose, pubescent, ¼′ in diameter, and

crowned by the persistent tube of the calyx; flesh thin and dry; stone

slightly angled thick-walled, 4—9-seeded.

A tree, in Florida sometimes 20°—25° high, with a tall trunk 2′—2½′ in

diameter, small ascending branches forming an open irregular head, and

stout or slender branchlets densely covered during their first season

with rufous pubescence, and light reddish brown, slightly pubescent and

marked by conspicuous leaf-scars in their second year; often a shrub.

Distribution. Florida, near Miami and on the Everglade Keys, Dade

County, and on the southern keys; on the Bahama Islands and on several

of the Antilles.

LXVI. CAPRIFOLIACEÆ.

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, opposite petiolate leaves involute

in the bud, with or without stipules, scaly buds, and fibrous roots.

Flowers regular, perfect, with articulated pedicels, in terminal

compound cymes; calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, 5-toothed; corolla

epigynous, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens 5, inserted

on the tube of the corolla, as many as and alternate with its lobes;

filaments slender, free; anthers oblong, introrse, 2-celled, the cells

opening longitudinally; disk 0 (in the arborescent genera of the United

States); ovary inferior or partly superior, 3—5 or 1-celled; style

short, capitate, 3—5-lobed and stigmatic at apex; ovule solitary,

suspended from the apex of the cell, resupinate; raphe dorsal; micropyle

superior. Fruit drupaceous, crowned with the remnants of the style.

Seeds with copious fleshy albumen; seed-coat membranaceous, adherent to

the albumen; embryo minute, near the hilum; cotyledons ovoid or ovate;

radicle terete, erect.

The Honeysuckle family with ten genera is most abundant in the temperate

regions of the northern hemisphere, with a few species extending into

the tropics and to beyond the tropics in the southern hemisphere. Many

of the species, especially of Lonicera, Sambucus, and Viburnum, are

cultivated in gardens for the beauty of their flowers and fruits.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Leaves unequally pinnate; fruit with 3—5 nutlets.

1. Sambucus.

Leaves simple; fruit with 1 stone.

2. Viburnum.

1. SAMBUCUS L. Elder.

Trees or shrubs, with stout branches containing thick white or brown

pith, and buds with several scales. Leaves petiolate, unequally pinnate,

deciduous, with serrate or laciniate leaflets, the base of the petiole

naked, glandular or furnished with a stipule-like leaflet; stipels

small, leaf-like, usually setaceous, often 0; stipules small,

rudimentary, usually 0 except on vigorous shoots. Flowers small, in

broad terminal corymbose cymes, their bracts and bractlets lanceolate,

acute, scarious, caducous, sometimes ebracteolate; calyx-tube ovoid, the

limb 3—5-lobed or toothed; corolla rotate or slightly campanulate,

equally 3—5-parted; filaments filiform or subulate; ovary inferior or

partly superior, 3—5-celled; style abbreviated, thick and conic,

3—5-lobed, stigmatic at apex. Fruit subglobose, with juicy flesh, and

3—5 oblong cartilaginous punctate-rugulose or smooth 1-seeded nutlets

full and rounded on the back and rounded at the ends. Seeds filling the

cavity of the nutlets, pale brown; cotyledons ovoid.

Sambucus with about twenty species is widely and generally distributed

through the temperate parts of North America, Europe, and Asia, and

inhabits high mountain ranges within the tropics, and in Australia,

Tasmania, and New Zealand. Of the nine or ten North American species

three are arborescent. Sambucus possesses cathartic and emetic

properties in the bark; the flowers are excitant and sudorific, and the

juice of the fruit is alterative and laxative. The dried flowers of the

European _Sambucus nigra_ L., are used in the preparation of an aromatic

distilled water and in flavoring lard, and the hard and compact wood is

made into combs and mathematical instruments. The large pithy shoots of

Sambucus furnish children with pop-guns, pipes, and whistles; and the

fruit of some of the species is cooked and eaten.

_Sambucus_, the name of the Elder-tree, is believed to have been derived

from σαµβύκη, a musical instrument, probably in allusion to the use of

the pithy stems.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Cymes flat-topped; pith usually white; fruit black; nutlets rugose.

Fruit lustrous.

1. S. Simpsonii (C).

Fruit appearing blue from a thick covering of bloom.

2. S. coerulea (B, F, G, H).

Cymes ovoid; pith pale brown; fruit red; nutlets smooth.

3. S. callicarpa (B, G).

1. Sambucus Simpsonii Rehd.

[Illustration: Fig. 776]

Leaves 4′—7′ long, 3—7, usually 5-foliolulate, with a glabrous petiole

and usually 5 dark yellow-green leaflets, lustrous and glabrous on the

upper surface with the exception of a few scattered hairs on the midrib,

and paler and glabrous on the lower surface, the terminal leaflet

obovate or oblong-obovate, short-acuminate at apex, and gradually

narrowed at base into a slender petiolule ⅓′—½′ in length, the lateral

leaflets broad-elliptic to oblong-elliptic, short-acuminate,

broad-cuneate at base, those of the upper pair usually sessile, those of

the lower pair on short stalks rarely more than 1/12′ long, serrate

except at the base with small slightly spreading teeth, 1½′—3′ long and

1½′—2½′ wide. Flowers slightly fragrant, on slender pedicels in convex

or sometimes flat cymes 3′—8′ in diameter, with 4 or 5 rays, the

terminal ray as long or longer than the lateral rays, rarely shorter;

calyx-tube ovoid, the lobes oblong-ovate, acute, about as long as the

tube and slightly exceeding the thick conic style; stamens about as long

as the white corolla-lobes; ovary usually 5, rarely 4-celled. Fruit

subglobose, dark purplish black, about ¼′ in diameter; nutlets rugose.

A tree, sometimes 15°—18° high, with a trunk often 8′ in diameter, and

slightly angled branchlets greenish when they first appear, becoming

light yellow-gray and sometimes covered during their second and third

years with thick corky excrescences; pith white, on 2 or 3-year-old

branches comparatively narrow, occupying only about one-third of the

diameter of the stem.

Distribution. Florida, neighborhood of Jacksonville, Duval County, to

Eustis, Lake County, Bradentown, Manatee County, and Sanibel Island, Lee

County; Mississippi, Ocean Springs, Jackson County; Louisiana, Cameron,

Cameron Parish.

2. Sambucus coerulea Raf.

_Sambucus glauca_ Nutt.

_Sambucus neomexicana_ Woot.

[Illustration: Fig. 777]

Leaves 5′—7′ long, with a stout grooved petiole much enlarged and naked

or sometimes furnished at the base with leaf-like appendages, and 5—9

ovate or narrow-oblong leaflets contracted at apex into a long point,

unequally cuneate or rounded at base, and coarsely serrate with

spreading or slightly incurved callous-tipped teeth, the lower leaflets

often 3-parted or pinnate, the terminal one sometimes furnished with 1

or 2 lateral stalked leaflets, yellow-green on the upper surface, pale

on the lower surface, covered with scattered pale hairs when they

unfold, and at maturity glabrous or soft pubescent beneath (var.

_velutina_ Rehd.), thin, rather firm in texture, bright green above and

pale below, 1′—6′ long and ⅓′—1½′ wide, with a narrow pale midrib and

inconspicuous veins; petiolules slender, those of the lateral leaflets

¼′—½′ and of the terminal leaflet up to 2′ in length; stipels linear,

oblong-lanceolate to ovate, rounded or acute at apex, entire or sharply

serrate and leaf-like, 1/16′—½′ long, caducous, often 0. Flowers ⅛′ in

diameter, appearing from April in southern California to July in British

Columbia, in flat long-branched glabrous or pubescent cymes 4′—10′ wide,

with linear acute green caducous bracts and bractlets, the lower

branches often from the axils of upper leaves; flower-buds globose,

covered with a glaucous bloom, sometimes turning red before opening;

calyx ovoid, red-brown, with acute scarious lobes; corolla yellowish

white, with oblong divisions rounded at apex, as long as the stamens.

Fruit subglobose, ⅓′ in diameter, black, appearing blue by its thick

covering of mealy bloom; flesh rather sweet and juicy.

A tree, 30°—50° high, with a tall straight trunk sometimes enlarged at

base and 12′—18′ in diameter, stout spreading branches forming a compact

round-topped head, and branchlets usually without a terminal bud, green

tinged with red or brown when they first appear, and covered with short

white caducous hairs, or densely soft pubescent during their first

season (var. _velutina_ Rehd.), stout, slightly angled, covered with

lustrous red-brown bark in their first winter and nearly encircled by

the large triangular leaf-scars marked by conspicuous fibro-vascular

bundle-scars; pith white or rarely brownish; often a broad shrub, with

numerous spreading stems. Winter-buds axillary generally in pairs,

superposed or in clusters of 4 or 5, only the upper bud or sometimes the

lower usually developing, covered with 2 or 3 pairs of opposite

broad-ovate chestnut-brown scales, those of the inner rank accrescent,

and at maturity acute, entire, green, 1′ long, and sometimes developing

into pinnate leaves 2′—3′ in length. Bark of the trunk deeply and

irregularly fissured, the dark brown surface slightly tinged with red

and broken into small square appressed scales. Wood light, soft, weak,

coarse-grained, yellow tinged with brown, with thin lighter colored

sapwood.

Distribution. Gravelly rather dry soil of valleys and river-bottoms;

western Montana (neighborhood of Flathead Lake and Missoula, Missoula

County), through Idaho to the coast of British Columbia (Vancouver

Island), and southward to the San Bernardino Mountains and Santa

Catalina Island, California, ascending on the Cascade and Sierra Nevada

Mountains to altitudes of 6000°—8000°; Nevada, King’s Cañon, Ormsby

County; Utah, Juab, Juab County, and the neighborhood of Salt Lake City,

Salt Lake County; Colorado, near Trinidad, Las Animas County; New

Mexico, Sacramento Mountains, Otero County; very abundant in the coast

region; comparatively rare in the interior; of its largest size in the

valleys of western Oregon; northward, and east of the Cascade and Sierra

Nevada Mountains rarely arborescent; in southern California often with

smaller leaves and flower-clusters than northward; the var. _velutina_

rare and local, California, Goose Valley, Shasta County; at altitudes of

6000°—7000° on the Sierra Nevada in Sierra, Madera and Kern Counties,

and on Santa Catalina Island; Nevada, on Hunter’s Creek, Washoe County,

at an altitude of 6000°.

Occasionally planted as an ornamental plant in the Pacific states,

passing into

Sambucus coerulea var. arizonica Sarg.

_Sambucus mexicana_ Sarg., not Presl.

[Illustration: Fig. 778]

Differing from _Sambucus coerulea_ in its 3—5, usually 3-foliate leaves

with usually elliptic long-acuminate leaflets glabrous or slightly

pubescent when they appear, 1′—3′ long and ½′—1′ wide, their stipels

minute or rudimentary, smaller flower-clusters and fruit not more than

¼′ in diameter.

A tree, often 30° high, with stout spreading branches forming a compact

round-topped head, and slender branchlets glabrous or villose pubescent

early in the season, usually becoming glabrous. Bark of the trunk about

¼′ thick, the light brown surface tinged with red and broken into long

narrow horizontal ridge-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained,

light brown, with thin lighter-colored sapwood of 2 or 3 layers of

annual growth.

Distribution. Banks of streams; Arizona, Grand View Trail, Grand Cañon

of the Colorado River and near Flagstaff, Coconino County, Globe, Gila

County, and banks of the Rialta near Tucson, Pima County; common; New

Mexico, near Silver City, Grant County; southern California (San Diego,

Los Angeles, Ventura and Kern Counties).

3. Sambucus callicarpa Greene.

[Illustration: Fig. 779]

Leaves 6′—10′ long, with a stout slightly grooved petiole and 5—7,

usually 5, elliptic finely or coarsely serrate leaflets, acuminate and

long-pointed at apex, cuneate and often unsymmetric at base, dark green

and glabrous on the upper surface, paler and more or less

villose-pubescent on the lower surface, especially along the slender

midrib, 2½′—5′ long and ½′—2′ wide; petiolules ⅛′—¼′ or that of the

terminal leaflet up to 1½′ in length. Flowers on pedicels ⅛′ long, in

ovoid to semiorbicular cymes, usually 2½′—3′ long and broad, often

somewhat flattened at maturity, on stout peduncles 1½′—3′ in length,

about ⅓′ in diameter, with white or yellow slightly obovate petals

rounded at apex, and stamens rather shorter than the lobes of the

corolla. Fruit about ½′ in diameter, bright red or rarely chestnut color

(f. _Piperi_ Sarg.); nutlets smooth.

A tree, occasionally 25°—30° high, with a trunk 10′—12′ in diameter,

slender branchlets occasionally puberulous early in the season, becoming

glabrous, light brown, separating on the surface into thin scales.

Distribution. River banks in low moist soil, from sea-level in the

neighborhood of the coast up to altitudes of 7000°—8000°; coast of

Alaska (Skagway), southward along the coast to Marin County, California,

and inland to the western slopes of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada

Mountains, southward to Amador County; the f. _Piperi_ in western

Washington.

2. VIBURNUM A. L. de Juss.

Trees or shrubs, with tough flexible branchlets, and large winter-buds

naked or covered with scales, those of the arborescent North American

species enclosed in one pair of valvate scales, the buds containing

flower-bearing branches ovoid, swollen below the middle and contracted

into a long or short point and subtended by 2 minute lateral generally

abortive buds formed in the axils of the last leaves of the previous

year, those containing sterile shoots narrow-lanceolate, slightly

angled, acute; axillary buds acute, much flattened, and much smaller

than the terminal bud. Leaves deciduous (in the American species),

without or rarely with stipules, the first pair rudimentary, with small

blades and broad boat-shaped petioles, caducous (in the North American

arborescent species). Flowers on short bracteolate or bibracteolate

pedicels, in terminal or axillary umbel-like flat or panicled cymes,

their bracts and bractlets minute, lanceolate, acute, caducous;

calyx-tube cylindric, the limb short, equally 5-lobed, persistent on the

fruit; corolla rotate, equally 5-lobed, spreading and reflexed after

anthesis; stamens inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments

elongated, exserted; anthers bright yellow; ovary inferior, 1-celled;

style conic, divided at apex into three stigmatic lobes. Fruit 1-celled,

with thin sweet acidulous or oily flesh, stone (in the North American

arborescent species) coriaceous, oval, short-pointed at apex; much

flattened, dull reddish brown, slightly pitted. Seed filling the cavity

of the stone, concave on the ventral face, bright reddish brown, the

thin coat projected into a red narrow irregular often erose marginal

border.

Viburnum with a hundred species is widely and generally distributed

through the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, and occurs on

the mountains of central and western South America, on the Antilles, the

islands of the Malay Archipelago, and Madagascar. Of the fifteen North

American species four are small trees. Many of the species produce

beautiful flowers and fruits, and are frequently cultivated as ornaments

of parks and gardens.

_Viburnum_ is the classical name of one of the European species.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Leaves entire or obscurely crenulate; inflorescence long-stalked;

winter-buds elongated, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, covered

with rusty scales.

1. V. nudum (A, C).

Leaves sharply serrate; inflorescence sessile or short-stalked.

Petioles wing-margined; inflorescence sessile; winter-buds

long-pointed, scurfy pubescent.

2. V. Lentago (A, C, F).

Petioles usually without margins.

Petioles nearly glabrous; inflorescence short-stalked; winter-buds

short-pointed or obtuse, rufous pubescent.

3. V. prunifolium (A, C).

Petioles of early leaves and the short-pointed winter-buds rusty

tomentose, inflorescence sessile.

4. V. rufidulum (A, C).

1. Viburnum nudum L.

[Illustration: Fig. 780]

Leaves broad-elliptic to oval or slightly obovate, or in one form

narrow-elliptic (var. _angustifolium_ Torr. & Gray), acute, acuminate or

abruptly short-pointed or rarely rounded at apex, cuneate or rounded at

base, entire or slightly crenulate, covered when they unfold with rusty

scales persistent on the lower side of the midrib and petioles and

occasionally on the whole lower surface, thick, dark green and lustrous

on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, 4′—6′ long and 1½′—2′

wide, with a prominent midrib, slender veins, and slightly thickened and

revolute margins; very variable in the size and shape of the leaves and

in the amount of their scurfy covering, those of the southern tree form

usually larger than the leaves of more northern shrubs; leaves of the

var. _angustifolium_ often not more than 2′ long and ½′ wide; petioles

slender, ½′ in length. Flowers appearing from the first of May at the

south to the middle of June at the north and occasionally also in the

autumn, white or pale cream color, about ¼′ wide, in flat or slightly

convex cymes with ovate acute bracts and bractlets, 2′—4′ in diameter

and about as long or rather shorter than their peduncle. Fruit ripening

late in the autumn, globose, pink at first when fully grown, becoming

bright blue, ¼′ in diameter.

A tree, rarely 18′—20′ high, with a tall trunk 6′—8′ in diameter, with

spreading nearly horizontal branches forming an open head, and slender

branchlets scurfy when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous,

reddish brown and lustrous during their first season and greenish brown

the following year; usually a small or large shrub, and perhaps only a

tree on the borders of swamps near Gainesville, Alachua County, and

Palatka, Putnam County, Florida. Winter-buds reddish brown, covered with

rusty scales, those containing flower-bearing branches, abruptly long

pointed, ½′—¾′ in length.

Distribution. Low moist soil usually in the neighborhood of swamps and

streams, and on rich hillsides; southern Connecticut (Milford and Derby,

New Haven County), southward through the coast and Piedmont region, to

De Soto County (near Sebring), Florida, and westward usually in the

neighborhood of the coast to the valley of the lower Brazos River,

eastern Texas, and northward through western Louisiana to central

Arkansas and western Tennessee; occasionally ascending the Appalachian

Mountains to altitudes of 2000°; the var. _angustifolium_ from North

Carolina up to altitudes of 3000° on the Blue Ridge, to northern

Florida.

2. Viburnum Lentago L. Sheepberry. Nannyberry.

[Illustration: Fig. 781]

Leaves ovate, usually acuminate, with short or elongated points, or

sometimes rounded at apex, cuneate, rounded or subcordate at base, and

sharply serrate with incurved callous-tipped teeth, when they unfold

bronze-green, lustrous, coated on both surfaces of the midrib and on the

petioles with thick rufous pubescence, slightly pilose on the upper

surface and covered on the lower with short pale hairs, and at maturity

bright green and lustrous above, yellow-green and marked by minute black

dots below, 2½′—3′ long and 1′—1½′ wide, with a slender midrib, and

primary veins connected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets; turning in

the autumn before falling deep orange-red or red and orange color;

petioles broad, grooved, more or less interruptedly winged or

occasionally wingless, 1′—1½′ long, those of the first pair of leaves

covered with thick rufous tomentum. Flowers about ¼′ in diameter,

slightly fragrant, appearing from the middle of April to the 1st of June

in stout-branched scurfy sessile slightly convex cymes 3′—5′ in

diameter, with nearly triangular green caducous bracts and bractlets

about 1/16′ in length; corolla pale cream color or nearly white, with

ovate lobes acute and slightly erose at apex. Fruit ripening in

September on slender drooping stalks, in red-stemmed few-fruited

clusters, oval or occasionally globose (var. _sphaerocarpum_ A. Gray),

thick-skinned, sweet and rather juicy, black or dark blue, and covered

with a glaucous bloom; stone about ⅞′ long and 5/16′ wide.

A bushy tree, 20°—30° high, with a short trunk 8′—10′ in diameter,

slender rather pendulous branches forming a compact round-topped head,

and thin divergent branchlets light green, slightly covered with rufous

pubescence when they first appear, and in their first winter light red,

scurfy, marked by occasional dark orange-colored lenticels and by narrow

leaf-scars displaying 3 conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars,

becoming in their second year dark reddish brown and sometimes covered

with a glaucous bloom. Winter-buds light red, generally covered with

pale scurfy pubescence, those containing flower-bearing branchlets ¾′ in

length, abruptly contracted into long narrow tapering points. Bark of

the trunk reddish brown and irregularly broken into small thick plates

divided on their surface into minute thin appressed scales. Wood

bad-smelling, heavy, hard, close-grained, dark orange-brown, with thin

nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Rocky hillsides, along the borders of forests, or near the

banks of streams and the margins of swamps, in moist soil; valley of the

Rivière du Loup, Province of Quebec, to Saskatchewan, and southward

through the northern states to southern Pennsylvania, central Ohio,

northern Indiana and southern Wisconsin, northeastern Iowa and eastern

Nebraska, and along the Appalachian Mountains up to altitudes of 2500°

to West Virginia; on the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota, the Black

Hills of South Dakota, on the eastern foothills of the Bighorn Mountains

of Wyoming and on those of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado (Boulder,

Boulder County).

Often cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern

United States, and occasionally in Europe.

× _Viburnum Jackii_ Rehd. with characters intermediate between _Viburnum

Lentago_ and _V. prunifolium_ is now believed to be a hybrid between

those species.

3. Viburnum prunifolium L. Black Haw. Stag Bush.

[Illustration: Fig. 782]

Leaves ovate or rarely obovate, oval or suborbicular, rounded, acute, or

short-pointed at apex, cuneate or rounded at base, and usually rather

remotely or sometimes finely serrate with rigid incurved callous-tipped

teeth, lustrous and tinged with red, glabrous on the lower surface and

covered on the upper side of the midrib and on the bright red petioles

with scattered reddish hairs when they unfold, and at maturity thick or

sometimes coriaceous, dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale

and glabrous on the lower surface, 1′—3′ long and ½′—3′ wide, with

slender primary veins connected by reticulate veinlets; in the autumn

turning brilliant scarlet or dark vinous red before falling; petioles

terete, grooved, ½′—⅔′ in length, and on vigorous shoots sometimes

narrowly wing-margined. Flowers ¼′ in diameter on slender pedicels

bibracteolate at apex, in glabrous short-stemmed flat cymes 2′—4′ in

diameter, with subulate caducous bracts about 1/16′ long, usually red

above the middle; corolla pure white, with oval to nearly orbicular

lobes. Fruit ripening in October, in few-fruited red-stemmed clusters,

persistent on the branches until the beginning of winter, oval or

slightly obovoid, ½′—⅔′ long or rarely globose, dark blue and covered

with a glaucous bloom; stone about ½′ long and ⅓′ wide.

A bushy tree, occasionally 20°—30° high, with a short and usually

crooked trunk 6′—8′ in diameter, stout spreading rigid branches beset

with slender spine-like branchlets, bright red and glabrous when they

first appear, soon turning green, and in their first winter gray tinged

with red, covered with a slight bloom, and marked by orange-colored

lenticels and by the large lunate leaf-scars displaying 3 fibro-vascular

bundle-scars, and ultimately dark brown tinged with red; or often a low

intricately branched shrub. Winter-buds short-pointed or obtuse, brown,

glabrous or scurfy, those containing flower-bearing branches about ½′

long and ¼′ wide, and about twice as large as those containing sterile

branchlets. Bark of the trunk ¼′—⅓′ thick, and broken into thick

irregularly shaped plate-like red-brown scales. Wood heavy, hard,

strong, brittle, close-grained, brown tinged with red, with thick nearly

white sapwood of 20—30 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Dry rocky hillsides, fence-rows and the sides of roads;

Fairfield County, Connecticut, and the valley of the lower Hudson River,

New York, southward to southeastern Virginia and to the Coast and

Piedmont regions of North and South Carolina up to altitudes of 2000° to

the valley of the Savannah River (near Augusta, Georgia, Richmond

County, rare), and through southern Ohio to Indiana, southern Illinois,

southern and western Kentucky, Missouri and eastern Kansas; very

abundant in Missouri from the northeastern counties southward through

the state.

Often cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern

United States, and occasionally in western and northern Europe.

4. Viburnum rufidulum Raf. Black Haw.

[Illustration: Fig. 783]

Leaves elliptic to obovate or oval, rounded, acute, or short-pointed at

apex, cuneate or rounded at base, and finely serrate with slender

apiculate straight or incurved teeth, covered below and on the wings of

the petiole with thick ferrugineous tomentum when they unfold and at

maturity coriaceous, dark green and very lustrous above, pale and dull

below, usually about 3′ long and ¾′—1½′ wide, with a stout yellow

midrib, numerous slender primary veins, and reticulate veinlets more or

less covered below throughout the season with rufous tomentum also

occasionally found on the upper side of the midrib; petioles stout,

grooved, ½′—¾′ long, and margined with broad or narrow wings. Flowers ¼′

in diameter, in sessile 3—5 but usually 4-rayed thick-stemmed

ferrugineo-pubescent flat corymbs often 5′—6′ in diameter, with minute

subulate bracts and bractlets; corolla creamy white, with orbicular or

oblong rounded lobes. Fruit ripening in October, in few-fruited drooping

red-stemmed clusters, short-oblong or slightly obovoid, bright blue

covered with a glaucous bloom, and ½′—⅔′ long; stone ½′ long and about

⅓′ wide.

A tree, often 40° high, with a trunk 12′—18′ in diameter, short thick

branches forming an open irregular head, and stout branchlets marked by

numerous small red-brown or orange lenticels, when they first appear

more or less coated with ferrugineous tomentum, ashy gray during their

first winter, and dark dull red-brown in their second season.

Winter-buds ferrugineo-tomentose, those containing flower-bearing

branchlets broad-ovoid, full and rounded at base, short-pointed and

obtuse at apex, compressed, often ½′ long and ⅓′ wide, and rather larger

than those containing sterile branchlets. Bark of the trunk ¼′—½′ thick,

separating into narrow rounded ridges divided by numerous cross

fissures, and roughened by small plate-like dark brown scales tinged

with red. Wood bad-smelling.

Distribution. Dry upland woods and the margins of river-bottom lands;

southwestern Virginia and southern Indiana and Illinois to Hernando

County, Florida, and through the Gulf States to the valleys of the upper

Guadalupe River and of Clear Creek, Brown County, Texas, and to eastern

and southwestern Oklahoma (on the Wichita Mountains, Comanche County),

eastern Kansas and Central Missouri; most abundant and of its largest

size in southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas.

Occasionally cultivated in the eastern states, and hardy as far north as

eastern Massachusetts.

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

A

_Accrescent._ Increasing in size with age.

_Accumbent._ Lying against, as the radicle against the edges of

the cotyledons.

_Acuminate._ Gradually tapering to the apex.

_Acute._ Pointed.

_Adnate._ Congenitally united to.

_Adventitious._ Said of buds produced without order from any part

of a stem.

_Æstivation._ The arrangement of the parts of a flower in the bud.

_Akene_ or _achene_. A small dry and hard, 1-celled, 1-seeded,

indehiscent fruit.

_Albumen._ The deposit of nutritive material within the coats of a

seed and surrounding the embryo.

_Ament._ A unisexual spike of flowers with scaly bracts, usually

deciduous in one piece.

_Amphitropous._ Descriptive of an ovule with the hilum

intermediate between the micropyle and chalaza.

_Anatropous._ Descriptive of a reversed ovule, with the micropyle

close by the side of the hilum, and chalaza at the

opposite end.

_Andro-diœcious._ With perfect flowers on one individual and

staminate flowers only on another.

_Androgynous._ Applied to an inflorescence composed of male and

female flowers.

_Angiospermæ._ Plants with seeds borne in a pericarp.

_Annular._ In the form of a ring.

_Anterior._ The front side of a flower, that is averse from the

axis of inflorescence.

_Anther._ The part of the stamen containing the pollen.

_Anthesis._ The act of opening of a flower.

_Apetalous._ Having no petals.

_Apex._ The top, as the end of the leaf opposite the petiole.

_Apiculate._ Ending in a short pointed tip.

_Apophysis._ An enlargement or swelling of the surface of an

organ.

_Arcuate._ Moderately curved.

_Areolate._ Marked by areolæ or spaces marked out on a surface.

_Aril._ An extraneous seed-coat or covering, or an appendage

growing about the hilum of a seed.

_Ariloid._ Furnished with an aril.

_Aristate._ Furnished with awns.

_Articulate._ Jointed or having the appearance of a joint.

_Auricled_ or _auriculate_. Furnished with an auricle or

ear-shaped appendage.

_Autocarpus_. A fruit consisting of pericarp alone, without

adherent parts.

_Axil._ The angle formed on the upper side of the attachment of a

leaf with a stem.

_Axillary._ In or from an axil.

B

_Baccate._ Berry-like.

_Bark._ The rind or cortical covering of a stem.

_Berry._ A fruit with a homogeneous fleshy pericarp.

_Bipinnate._ Doubly or twice pinnate.

_Bract._ The more or less modified leaf of a flower-cluster.

_Bracteate._ Furnished with bracts.

_Bracteolate._ Furnished with bractlets.

_Bractlet._ The bract of a pedicel or ultimate flower-stalk.

_Branch._ A secondary axis or division of a trunk.

_Branchlet._ An ultimate division of a branch.

_Bud._ The undeveloped state of a branch or flower-cluster with or

without scales.

_Bud-scales._ Reduced leaves covering a bud.

C

_Calyx._ The flower-cup or exterior part of a perianth.

_Campanulate._ Bell-shaped, or elongated cup-shaped.

_Campylotropous._ Descriptive of an ovule or seed curved in its

formation so as to bring the micropyle or apex down near

the hilum.

_Canescent._ Hoary, with gray or whitish pubescence.

_Capsule._ A dry dehiscent fruit of more than one carpel.

_Carpel._ A simple pistil or an element of a compound pistil.

_Catkin._ The same as an ament.

_Caudate._ Furnished with a tail, or with a slender tip or

appendage.

_Centripetal._ Developing from without toward the centre.

_Chalaza._ The part of an ovule where the coats and nucleus are

confluent.

_Chartaceous._ Having the texture of paper.

_Ciliate._ Fringed with hairs.

_Cinereous._ Ashy gray.

_Circinnate._ Involute from the apex into a coil.

_Circumscissile._ Circularly and transversely dehiscent.

_Clavate._ Club-shaped.

_Cocci._ Portions into which a lobed fruit with 1-seeded cells

splits up.

_Cochleate._ Shell-shaped, spiral like the shell of a snail.

_Columella._ The persistent axis of a capsule.

_Commissure._ The face by which 2 carpels unite.

_Complanate._ Flattened.

_Conduplicate._ Folded together lengthwise.

_Cone._ An inflorescence or fruit formed of imbricated scales.

_Conferruminate._ Stuck together by adjacent faces.

_Connate._ United congenitally.

_Connective._ The portion of a stamen which connects the two cells

or lobes of an anther.

_Contortuplicate._ Twisted and plaited, or folded.

_Convolute._ Rolled up from the sides.

_Cordate._ Heart-shaped.

_Coriaceous._ Of the texture of leather.

_Corymb._ A flat-topped or convex open flower-cluster, the flowers

opening from the outside inward.

_Corymbose._ Said of flowers arranged in a corymb.

_Costate._ Having ribs.

_Cotyledons._ The leaves of the embryo.

_Crenate._ Scalloped.

_Crenulate._ The diminutive of crenate.

_Crispate._ Curled.

_Crustaceous._ Of hard brittle texture.

_Cucullate._ Hooded or hood-shaped.

_Cuneate._ Wedge-shaped, or triangular with an acute angle

downward.

_Cyme._ A flower-cluster, the flower opening from the centre

outward.

_Cymose._ Bearing cymes or relating to a cyme.

D

_Deciduous._ Falling, said of leaves falling in the autumn, or of

parts of a flower falling after anthesis.

_Declinate._ Bent or curved downward.

_Decompound._ Several times compound or divided.

_Decurrent._ Running down, as of the blades of leaves extending

down their petioles.

_Decussate._ In pairs alternately crossing at right angles.

_Dehiscent._ The opening of an anther or capsule by slits or

valves.

_Deltoid._ Having the shape of the Greek letter Δ.

_Dentate._ Toothed.

_Denticulate._ Minutely toothed.

_Dextrorse._ Turned or directed to the right.

_Diadelphous._ Said of stamens combined by their filaments into 2

sets.

_Dichotomous._ Forked in pairs.

_Digitate._ Said of a compound leaf in which the leaflets are

borne at the apex of the petiole.

_Dimorphous._ Said of flowers of two forms on the same plant, or

on plants of the same species.

_Diœcious._ Unisexual, with the flowers of the 2 sexes borne by

distinct individuals.

_Disciferous._ Bearing a disk.

_Disciform._ Depressed and circular like a disk.

_Discoid._ Appertaining to a disk.

_Disk._ The development of the torus or receptacle of a flower

within the calyx or within the corolla and stamens.

_Dissepiment._ A partition in an ovary or pericarp.

_Distichous._ Said of leaves arranged alternately in two vertical

ranks upon opposite sides of an axil.

_Dorsal._ Relating to the back.

_Dorsal suture._ The line of opening of a carpel corresponding to

its midrib.

_Drupaceous._ Resembling or relating to a drupe.

_Drupe._ A stone fruit.

_Duct._ An elongated cell or tubular vessel found especially in

the woody parts of plants.

E

_Eglandular._ Without glands.

_Ellipsoidal._ Of the shape of an elliptical solid.

_Elliptic._ Of the form of an ellipse.

_Emarginate._ Notched at the apex.

_Embryo._ The rudimentary plant formed in the seed.

_Endocarp._ The inner layer of a pericarp.

_Endogenous._ Descriptive of Endogens, monocotyledonous plants

with stems increasing by internal accessions.

_Epicarp._ The thin filmy external layer of a pericarp.

_Epigynous._ Placed on the ovary.

_Epiphytal._ Said of a plant growing on another plant, but not

parasitic.

_Erose._ Descriptive of an irregularly toothed or eroded margin.

_Excurrent._ Running through the apex or beyond.

_Exocarp._ The outer layer of a pericarp.

_Exogenous._ Descriptive of Exogens, plants with stems increasing

by the addition of a layer of wood on the outside beneath

the constantly widening bark.

_Extrorse._ Directed outward, descriptive of an anther opening

away from the axis of the flower.

F

_Falcate._ Scythe-shaped.

_Fascicle._ A close cluster of leaves or flowers.

_Fascicled._ Arranged in fascicles.

_Feather-veined._ Having veins extending from the sides of the

midrib.

_Ferrugineous._ The color of iron rust.

_Fibro-vascular._ Consisting of woody fibres and ducts.

_Filament._ The stalk of an anther.

_Filamentose._ Composed of threads.

_Fimbriate._ Fringed.

_Fistulose._ Hollow through the whole length.

_Flabellate._ Fan-shaped; much dilated from a wedge-shaped base

with the broader end rounded.

_Floccose._ Bearing flocci or tufts of woody hairs.

_Foliaceous._ Leaf-like in texture or appearance.

_Foliolate._ Having leaflets.

_Foliole._ A leaflet.

_Follicle._ A dry 1-celled seed vessel consisting of a single

carpel, and opening only by the ventral suture.

_Funicle._ The stalk of an ovule or seed.

G

_Gamopetalæ._ Plants with a corolla of coalescent petals.

_Gamopetalous._ Descriptive of a corolla of coalescent petals.

_Geniculate._ Bent abruptly like a knee.

_Gibbous._ Swollen on one side.

_Glabrate._ Nearly glabrous or becoming glabrous.

_Glabrous._ Smooth, not pubescent or hairy.

_Gland._ A protuberance on the surface, or partly imbedded in the

surface of any part of a plant, either secreting or not.

_Glandular._ Furnished with glands.

_Glaucescent._ Nearly or becoming glaucous.

_Glaucous._ Covered or whitened with a bloom.

_Glomerate._ Said of flowers gathered into a compact head.

_Gymnospermæ._ Plants with naked seeds, that is, not inclosed in a

pericarp.

_Gynophore._ The stipe of a pistil.

H

_Heartwood._ The mature and dead wood of an exogenous stem.

_Hermaphrodite._ With staminate and pistillate organs in the same

flower, equivalent to perfect.

_Hilum._ The scar or place of attachment of a seed.

_Hirsute._ Hairy, with coarse or stiff hairs.

_Hispidulous._ Minutely hispid.

_Hypogynous._ Under or free from the pistil.

I

_Imbricate._ Overlapping, like the shingles on a roof.

_Incumbent._ Leaning or resting upon, as the radicle against the

back of one of the cotyledons.

_Induplicate._ With edges folded in or turned inward.

_Inferior._ Said of an organ placed below another, like a calyx

below an ovary or an ovary below a superior calyx.

_Inflorescence._ Flower-cluster.

_Infrapetiolar._ Below the petioles.

_Innate._ Borne on the apex of the supporting part; in an anther

the counterpart of adnate.

_Interpetiolar._ Between the petioles.

_Introrse._ Turned inward; descriptive of an anther opening toward

the axis of the flower.

_Inverse._ Inverted.

_Involucre._ A circle of bracts surrounding a flower-cluster.

_Involute._ Rolled inward.

L

_Laciniate._ Cut into narrow incisions or lobes.

_Lactescent._ Yielding milky juice.

_Lamellate._ Composed of thin plates.

_Lanceolate._ Shaped like a lance; narrower than oblong and

tapering to the ends, or at least to the apex.

_Lanuginose._ Clothed with soft reflexed hairs.

_Leaf._ Green expansions borne by the stem in which assimilation

and the processes connected with it are carried on.

_Leaflet._ The separate division of a compound leaf.

_Legume._ The seed vessel of plants of the Pea family, composed of

a solitary carpel normally dehiscent only by the ventral

suture.

_Lenticels._ Lenticular corky growths on young bark.

_Lenticellate._ Having lenticels.

_Lepidote._ Beset with small scurfy scales.

_Ligulate._ Strap-shaped.

_Linear._ Said of a narrow leaf several times narrower than long,

with parallel margins.

_Lobe._ The division of an organ.

_Lobulate._ Divided into small lobes.

_Loculicidal._ Dehiscent into the cavity of a pericarp by the

back, that is through a dorsal suture.

M

_Marcescent._ Said of a part of a plant, withering without falling

off.

_Medullary rays._ The rays of cellular tissue in a transverse

section of an exogenous stem and extending from the pith

to the bark.

_Membranaceous._ Thin and pliable like a membrane.

_Micropyle._ The spot or point in the seed at the place of the

orifice of the ovule.

_Midrib._ The central or main rib of a leaf.

_Monœcious._ Unisexual, with the flowers of the two sexes borne by

the same individual.

_Mucro._ A small and abrupt tip to a leaf.

_Mucronate._ Furnished with a mucro.

_Muricate._ Rough, with short rigid excrescences.

N

_Naked buds._ Buds without scales.

_Nectar._ The sweet secretion of various parts of a flower.

_Nectariferous._ Nectar-bearing.

_Node._ The portion of the stem which bears a leaf or whorl of

leaves.

_Nucleus._ The kernel of an ovule or seed.

_Nut._ A hard and indehiscent 1-seeded pericarp produced from a

compound ovary.

_Nutlet._ A diminutive nut or stone.

O

_Obclavate._ Inverted club-shape.

_Obcordate._ Inverted heart-shaped.

_Oblanceolate._ Lanceolate but tapering toward the base more than

toward the apex.

_Oblong._ Longer than broad with nearly parallel sides.

_Obovate._ Ovate with the broader end toward the apex.

_Obovoid._ Solid obovate with the broader end toward the apex.

_Obpyramidal._ Inversely pyramidal.

_Obtuse._ Blunt or rounded at the apex.

_Operculate._ Furnished with a lid.

_Orbicular._ A flat body circular in outline.

_Orthotropous._ Descriptive of an ovule with a straight axis much

enlarged at the insertion and the orifice at the other

end.

_Oval._ Broad-elliptic, with round ends.

_Ovate._ Of the shape of the longitudinal section of a hen’s egg,

with the broad end basal.

_Ovoid._ Solid ovate or solid oval.

_Ovule._ The part of the flower which becomes a seed.

P

_Palmate._ Lobed or divided, with the sinuses pointing to or

reaching the apex of the petiole or insertion.

_Panicle._ A loose compound flower-cluster.

_Papilionaceous._ Butterfly-like.

_Papilliform._ The shape of papillæ.

_Papillate._ Bearing papillæ, minute nipple-shaped papillose

projections.

_Parietal placenta._ A placenta borne on the wall of the ovary.

_Pedicel._ The stalk of a flower in a compound inflorescence.

_Pedicellate._ Borne on a pedicel.

_Peduncle._ A general flower-stalk supporting either a cluster of

flowers, or a solitary flower.

_Pedunculate._ Borne on a peduncle.

_Peltate._ Descriptive of a plane body attached by its lower

surface to the stalk.

_Penniveined._ Same as pinnately veined.

_Perfect._ Said of a flower with both stamens and pistil.

_Perianth._ The envelope of a flower consisting of calyx, corolla,

or both.

_Pericarp._ The fructified ovary.

_Persistent._ Said of leaves remaining on the branches over their

first winter, and of a calyx remaining under or on the

fruit.

_Petal._ A division of the corolla.

_Petiolate._ Having a petiole.

_Petiole._ The footstalk of a leaf.

_Petiolulate._ Having a petiolule.

_Petiolule._ The footstalk of a leaflet.

_Pilose._ Hairy, with soft and distinct hairs.

_Pinnæ._ The primary divisions of a twice pinnate leaf.

_Pinnate._ A leaf with leaflets arranged along each side of a

common petiole.

_Pistil._ The female organ of a flower, consisting of ovary,

style, and stigma.

_Pistillate._ Said of a unisexual flower without fertile stamens.

_Pith._ The central cellular part of a stem.

_Placenta._ That part of the ovary which bears the ovules.

_Plane._ Used in describing a flat surface.

_Plumule._ The bud or growing part of the embryo.

_Pollen._ The fecundating cells contained in the anther.

_Polygamodiœcious._ Said of flowers sometimes perfect and

sometimes unisexual, the 2 forms borne on different

individuals.

_Polygamomonœcious._ Said of flowers sometimes perfect and

sometimes unisexual, the 2 forms borne on the same

individual.

_Polygamous._ Said of flowers sometimes perfect and sometimes

unisexual.

_Pome._ An inferior fruit of 2 or several carpels inclosed in

thick flesh.

_Posterior._ The side of an axillary flower next the axis of

inflorescence.

_Prickle._ Outgrowth of the bark.

_Proliferous._ Bearing offshoots.

_Puberulent._ Very slightly pubescent.

_Puberulous._ Minutely pubescent.

_Pubescence._ A covering of short soft hairs.

_Pubescent._ Clothed with soft short hairs.

_Pulvinate._ Cushion-shaped.

_Punctate._ Dotted with depressions or translucent internal

glands, or with colored dots.

_Punctulate._ Minutely punctate.

R

_Raceme._ An indeterminate or centripetal inflorescence with an

elongated axis and flowers on pedicels of equal length.

_Rachis._ The axis of a spike or of a compound leaf.

_Radial._ Belonging to a ray.

_Radicle._ The initial stem in an embryo.

_Raphe._ The adnate cord or ridge connecting the hilum with the

chalaza in an anatropous ovule.

_Receptacle._ The axile portion of a blossom bearing sepals,

petals, stamens, and pistils; the axis or rachis of the

head, spike, or other flower-cluster.

_Reniform._ Kidney-shaped.

_Resupinate._ Upside down.

_Reticulate._ Netted.

_Retrorse._ Directed backward or downward.

_Retuse._ With a shallow notch at a rounded apex.

_Revolute._ Rolled backward from the margins or apex.

_Rhombic._ Having the shape of a rhomb.

_Rhomboidal._ Approaching a rhombic outline; quadrangular with

lateral angles obtuse.

_Rind._ The bark of some endogenous stems, like that of Palms.

_Rostrate._ Narrowed into a slender tip.

_Rotate._ Circular, flat and horizontally spreading.

_Rugose._ Wrinkled.

_Rugulose._ Slightly wrinkled.

_Ruminate._ Looking as if chewed, like the albumen of the nutmeg.

S

_Sagittate._ Shaped like an arrowhead.

_Samara._ An indehiscent winged fruit.

_Sapwood._ The young living wood of an exogenous stem.

_Scales._ Thin scarious bodies, usually degenerate leaves.

_Scarious._ Thin, dry and membranaceous, not green.

_Scobiform._ Having the appearance of sawdust.

_Scorpioid._ A form of unilateral inflorescence circinately coiled

in the bud.

_Scurfy._ Covered with small bran-like scales.

_Seed._ The fertilized and mature ovule, the result of sexual

reproduction in a flowering plant.

_Segment._ One of the divisions into which a leaf, calyx, or

corolla may be divided.

_Semianatropous._ Same as amphitropous.

_Sepals._ The divisions of a calyx.

_Septicidal._ Descriptive of a capsule splitting through the lines

of junction of the carpels.

_Septum._ A partition.

_Serrate._ Beset with teeth.

_Serrulate._ Serrate with small fine teeth.

_Sessile._ Without a stalk.

_Setose._ Beset with bristles.

_Setulose._ Beset with minute bristles.

_Sheath._ A tubular or enrolled part or organ.

_Sinistrorse._ Turned or directed to the left.

_Sinus._ A recess between the lobes of a leaf.

_Spatulate._ Oblong with the lower end attenuated.

_Spike._ An indeterminate inflorescence with flowers sessile on an

elongated common axis.

_Spine._ A sharp-pointed woody body, commonly a modified branch or

stipule.

_Spinescent._ Ending in a spine.

_Spinose._ Furnished with spines.

_Stamen._ One of the male organs of a flower.

_Staminate._ Said of unisexual flowers without pistils.

_Staminodium._ A sterile or much reduced stamen.

_Stigma._ The part or surface of a pistil which receives the

pollen for the fecundation of the ovules.

_Stigmatic._ Relating to the stigma.

_Stipe._ A stalk-like support of a pistil or of a carpel.

_Stipel._ An appendage to a leaflet analogous to the stipules of a

leaf.

_Stipellate._ Having stipels.

_Stipitate._ Having a stipe.

_Stipulate._ Having stipules.

_Stipules._ Appendages of a leaf, placed on one side of the

petiole at its insertion with the stem.

_Stomata._ Breathing pores or apertures in the epidermis of leaves

connecting internal cavities with the external air.

_Stomatiferous._ Furnished with stomata.

_Stone._ The hard endocarp of a drupe.

_Strobile._ The same as cone.

_Strophiolate._ Said of a seed bearing a strophiole or appendage

at the hilum.

_Style._ The attenuated portion of a pistil between the ovary and

the stigma.

_Subcordate._ Slightly cordate.

_Subulate._ Awl-shaped.

_Sulcate._ Grooved or furrowed.

_Superior._ Growing or placed above; also in a lateral flower for

the side next the axis.

_Suture._ A junction, usually a line of opening of a carpel.

_Syncarp._ A multiple fruit.

T

_Taproot._ The primary descending root, a direct continuation from

the radicle.

_Tegmen._ The inner coat of a seed.

_Testa._ The outer seed-coat.

_Thyrsoidal._ Relating to a thrysus.

_Thyrsus._ A mixed inflorescence with the main axis indeterminate

and the secondary or ultimate cluster cymose.

_Tomentose._ Densely pubescent with matted wool or tomentum.

_Tomentulose._ Slightly pubescent with matted wool.

_Torose._ Cylindric, with contractions or bulges at intervals.

_Torulose._ Slightly torose.

_Torus._ The receptacle of a flower.

_Transverse._ Horizontal.

_Trichotomous._ Three-forked.

_Trifoliate._ Three-leaved.

_Trifoliolate._ Descriptive of leaves, with 3 leaflets.

_Truncate._ As if cut off at the end.

_Tubercle._ A small tuber or excrescence.

_Tuberculate._ Beset with knobby excrescences.

_Turbinate._ Top-shaped.

_Turgid._ Swollen.

U

_Umbel._ An inflorescence with numerous pedicels springing from

the same point like the rays of an umbrella.

_Umbilicus._ The hilum of a seed.

_Umbo._ A boss or protuberance.

_Umbonate._ Bearing an umbo.

_Uncinate._ Hooked, bent, or curved at the tip in the form of a

hook.

_Unequally pinnate._ Pinnate, with an odd terminal leaflet.

_Unguiculate._ Contracted at the base into a claw or stalk.

_Unisexual._ Said of flowers with either the stamens or pistil 0

or abortive.

_Urceolate._ Hollow and contracted at or below the mouth like an

urn or pitcher.

_Utricle._ A small bladdery pericarp.

V

_Valvate._ Said of a bud in which the parts meet without

overlapping.

_Valve._ One of the pieces into which a capsule splits.

_Veinlet._ One of the ultimate or smaller ramifications of a vein.

_Veins._ Ramifications or threads of fibro-vascular tissue in a

leaf or other flat organ.

_Ventral._ Belonging to the anterior or inner face of a carpel.

_Ventricose._ Swelling unequally or inflated on one side.

_Vernation._ The disposition of parts in a leaf-bud.

_Verrucose._ Covered with wart-like elevations.

_Versatile._ Said of an anther turning freely on its filament.

_Verticillate._ Arranged in a circle or whorl round an axis.

_Villose._ Hairy, with long and soft hairs.

W

_Whorl._ An arrangement of branches or leaves in a circle round an

axis.

_Wood._ The hard part of a stem mainly composed of wood-cells,

wood fibre, or tissue.

INDEX

A

Abele, 120.

Abies, 50.

Abies amabilis, 56.

Abies balsamea, 52.

Abies balsamea var. hudsonica, 53.

Abies balsamea var. macrocarpa, 53.

Abies balsamea var. phanerolepis, 52.

_Abies bracteata_, 60.

Abies cephalonica, 50.

Abies cilicica, 50.

Abies concolor, 55.

Abies Fraseri, 51.

Abies grandis, 54.

Abies homolepis, 50.

Abies lasiocarpa, 53.

_Abies Lowiana_, 56.

Abies magnifica, 58.

Abies magnifica var. shastensis, 59.

Abies magnifica var. xanthocarpa, 59.

Abies nobilis, 57.

Abies Nordmanniana, 50.

Abies pinsapo, 50.

Abies Veitchii, 50.

Abies venusta, 60.

Acacia, 591, 623.

Acacia Emoriana, 593.

Acacia Farnesiana, 592.

Acacia, Green-barked, 614, 615.

Acacia Greggii, 595.

Acacia tortuosa, 593.

Acacia Wrightii, 594.

Acer, 681.

_Acer carolinianum_, 699.

Acer circinatum, 684.

_Acer Douglasii_, 683.

Acer floridanum, 691.

Acer floridanum var. villipes, 691.

Acer glabrum, 682.

Acer glabrum var. Douglasii, 683.

Acer glabrum f. trisectum, 682.

Acer grandidentatum, 692.

Acer leucoderme, 694.

Acer macrophyllum, 687.

Acer Negundo, 699.

Acer Negundo var. arizonicum, 701.

Acer Negundo var. californicum, 701.

Acer Negundo var. interior, 701.

Acer Negundo var. texanum, 701.

Acer Negundo var. texanum f. latifolium, 701.

Acer Negundo var. violaceum, 700.

Acer nigrum, 693.

Acer nigrum var. Palmeri, 693.

Acer pennsylvanicum, 686.

Acer rubrum, 696.

Acer rubrum var. Drummondii, 698.

Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii f. rotundatum, 698.

_Acer rubrum_ var. _rubrocarpum_, 696.

Acer rubrum var. tomentosum, 696.

Acer rubrum var. tridens, 699.

Acer saccharinum, 694.

Acer saccharum, 688.

Acer saccharum var. glabrum, 688.

Acer saccharum var. Rugelii, 689.

Acer saccharum var. Schneckii, 688, 689.

Acer saccharum var. sinuosum, 690.

_Acer sinuosum_, 690.

Acer spicatum, 685.

Aceraceae, 680.

Acœlorraphe, 105.

Acœlorraphe arborescens, 106.

Acœlorraphe Wrightii, 106.

_Adelia_, 853.

Æsculus, 702.

_Æsculus austrina_, 709.

Æsculus Bushii, 704.

Æsculus californica, 710.

Æsculus discolor, 709.

Æsculus discolor var. flavescens, 710.

Æsculus discolor var. mollis, 709.

Æsculus georgiana, 706.

Æsculus georgiana var. lanceolata, 707.

Aesculus georgiana var. pubescens, 706.

Æsculus glabra, 703.

Æsculus glabra var. Buckleyi, 703.

Æsculus glabra var. leucodermis, 704.

Æsculus glabra var. micrantha, 704.

Æsculus glabra var. pallida, 703.

Æsculus Harbisonii, 707.

Æsculus Hippocastanum, 702.

Æsculus hybrida, 705.

Æsculus mississippiensis, 704.

Æsculus octandra, 704.

Æsculus octandra var. virginica, 705.

Æsculus Pavia, 707.

Ailanthus altissima, 641.

Alder, White, 224.

Alligator Pear, 357.

Almond Willow, 144.

Alnus, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226.

_Alnus acuminata_, 225.

Alnus maritima, 226.

Alnus oblongifolia, 225.

_Alnus oregona_, 222.

Alnus rhombifolia, 224.

Alnus rubra, 222.

Alnus sinuata, 221.

_Alnus sitchensis_, 221.

Alnus tenuifolia, 223.

Alnus vulgaris, 220.

Alvaradoa, 644.

Alvaradoa amorphoides, 644.

Amelanchier, 393.

_Amelanchier alnifolia_, 396.

Amelanchier canadensis, 394.

_Amelanchier canadensis_, 395.

Amelanchier canadensis var. tomentula, 394.

_Amelanchier Cusickii_, 396.

Amelanchier florida, 396.

Amelanchier lævis, 395.

Amelanchier lævis f. nitida, 395.

Amyris, 640.

Amyris elemifera, 640.

Amyris parvifolia, 640.

Anacahuita, 860.

Anacardiaceæ, 655.

Anamomis dichotoma, 774.

_Anamomis Simpsonii_, 775.

Anaqua, 862.

Angiospermæ, 96.

Anona, 354.

Anona Cherimolia, 355.

Anona glabra, 355.

Anona muricata, 355.

_Anona palustris_, 355.

Anona reticulata, 355.

Anonaceæ, 353.

Ant’s Wood, 816.

Apple, 379.

Apple, Crab, 380, 381, 382, 383, 384, 385, 387, 389.

Apple, Haw, 434.

Apple, Pond, 355.

Apple, Turkey, 476.

Aquifoliaceæ, 668.

Aralia, 778.

Aralia spinosa, 778.

Araliaceæ, 777.

Arbor-vitæ, 67.

Arbutus, 799.

Arbutus arizonica, 801.

Arbutus Menziesii, 799.

Arbutus texana, 800.

_Arbutus xalapensis_, 800.

Ardisia, 806.

Ardisia paniculata, 806.

Arroyo Willow, 153.

Ash, 833.

Ash, Black, 852.

Ash, Blue, 851.

Ash, Brown, 852.

Ash, Green, 846.

Ash, Mountain, 390, 842.

Ash, Prickly, 635.

Ash, Pumpkin, 844.

Ash, Red, 845.

Ash, Swamp, 838.

Ash, Wafer, 639.

Ash, Water, 838, 839.

Ash, White, 841.

Ash-leaved Maple, 699.

Asimina, 353.

Asimina triloba, 353.

Asp, Quaking, 121.

Aspen, 121.

Australian Eucalypti, 768.

Austrian Pine, 2.

Avicennia, 865.

Avicennia nitida, 866.

Avocado, 357.

B

Bald Cypress, 63, 64.

Balsam, 125.

Balsam Cottonwood, 126.

Balsam Fir, 51, 52, 53.

Balsam, She, 51.

Bark, Cinnamon, 753.

Bark, Georgia, 876.

Basket Oak, 304.

Bass Wood, 732, 733.

_Batodendron_, 803.

_Batodendron glaucescens_, 803.

Bay, 751.

Bay, Loblolly, 751.

Bay, Red, 357.

Bay, Rose, 792.

Bay, Swamp, 346, 358.

Bay, Sweet, 346.

Bayonet, Spanish, 111, 112.

Bean, Coral, 616.

Bean, Horse, 611.

Bean, Indian, 871.

Bean, Screw, 602.

Bearberry, 725.

Bear Oak, 254.

Bechtel Crab, 388.

Beech, 228.

Beech, Blue, 201.

Berry, Service, 394, 395, 396.

Betula, 205.

Betula alaskana, 217.

Betula cœrulea, 211.

Betula cœrulea var. Blanchardii, 212.

Betula commixta, 218.

Betula Eastwoodæ, 219.

Betula fontinalis, 218.

Betula fontinalis var. Piperi, 219.

Betula Jackii, 207.

_Betula kenaica_, 216.

Betula lenta, 206.

Betula lutea, 207.

_Betula montanensis_, 214.

Betula nigra, 208.

_Betula occidentalis_, 215.

Betula papyrifera, 212.

Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia, 213.

Betula papyrifera var. elobata, 212.

Betula papyrifera var. kenaica, 216.

Betula papyrifera var. minor, 213.

Betula papyrifera var. montanensis, 214.

Betula papyrifera var. occidentalis, 215.

Betula papyrifera var. subcordata, 214.

Betula pendula, 205, 212.

_Betula Piperi_, 219.

Betula populifolia, 210.

Betula populifolia var. laciniata, 211.

Betula populifolia var. purpurea, 211.

Betula Purpusii, 208.

Betula Sandbergii, 213.

Betula Sandbergii f. maxima, 213.

_Betula subcordata_, 214.

Betulaceæ, 200.

Beureria, 861.

_Beureria havanensis_, 861.

Beureria ovata, 861.

Bignoniaceæ, 868.

Big Shellbark, 186.

Big Tree, 62.

Big Tree Plum, 565.

Billia, 702.

Bilsted, 367.

Birch, 205.

Birch, Black, 206, 216, 218.

Birch, Blue, 211.

Birch, Canoe, 212.

Birch, Cherry, 206.

Birch, Gray, 207, 210.

Birch, Paper, 212.

Birch, Red, 208, 216.

Birch. River, 208, 218.

Birch, West Indian, 646.

Birch, White, 210, 217.

Birch, Yellow, 207.

Bird Cherry, 571.

Bitternut, 180.

Bitter Pecan, 179.

Bitter-Sweet Orange, 633.

Black Ash, 852.

Black Birch, 206, 216, 218.

Black Calabash Tree, 873.

Black Cottonwood, 124, 126.

Black Haw, 812, 889, 890.

Black Hemlock, 46.

Black Ironwood, 721.

Black Jack Oak, 258.

Black Mangrove, 866.

Black Maple, 693.

Black Oak, 246, 250, 251, 274.

Black Oaks, 238.

Black Olive-tree, 765.

Black Persimmon, 823.

Black Sloe, 558.

Black Spruce, 35.

Black Walnut, 171.

Black Willow, 140, 160.

Blolly, 341.

Blue Ash, 851.

Blue Beech, 201.

Blue Birch, 211.

Blue Jack Oak, 265.

Blue Myrtle, 727.

Blue Oak, 283.

Blue Spruce, 39.

Borraginaceæ, 858.

Bow Wood, 332.

Box Elder, 699.

Box Wood, 680.

Brittle Thatch, 99, 100.

Broad-leaved Maple, 687.

Broussonetia papyrifera, 328.

Brown Ash, 852.

Bucida, 765.

Bucida Buceras, 765.

Buckeye, 709, 710, 711.

Buckeye, Fetid, 703.

Buckeye, Ohio, 703.

Buckeye, Red-flowered, 707.

Buckeye, Spanish, 717.

Buckeye, Sweet, 704.

Buckthorn, 815.

Bull Pine, 12, 20.

Bumelia, 812.

Bumelia angustifolia, 816.

Bumelia lanuginosa, 813.

Bumelia lanuginosa var. albicans, 813.

Bumelia lanuginosa var. rigida, 814.

Bumelia lycioides, 815.

Bumelia monticola, 814.

Bumelia tenax, 812.

Burning Bush, 675.

Burr Oak, 290.

Bursera, 645.

Bursera microphylla, 647.

Bursera Simaruba, 646.

Burseraceæ, 645.

Bush, Burning, 675.

Bush, Button, 878.

Bush, Shad, 394.

Bush, Stag, 889.

Bustic, 811.

Butternut, 169.

Button Bush, 878.

Buttonwood, 372, 766, 767.

Byrsonima, 632.

Byrsonima lucida, 632.