Leaves 6′—7′ long, with a broad winged rachis, the wings narrow and

often nearly obsolete below the lowest pair of leaflets, and sometimes

nearly ½′ wide below the upper pair, and usually 7—9 elliptic to

oblong-lanceolate leaflets, rounded or slightly emarginate at apex,

gradually narrowed at base and very short-petiolulate, soft-pubescent on

the lower surface when they unfold, and at maturity rather coriaceous,

yellow-green, paler and tomentulose below, prominently

reticulate-venulose, 3′—4′ long and 1½′ wide, with a yellow midrib and

primary veins, those of the lowest pair smaller than the others; rarely

reduced to a single leaflet. Flowers appearing in Florida in November,

usually produced 3 together on short pedicels, in terminal panicles

7′—10′ in length, with an angulate peduncle and branches; calyx-lobes

acute, concave, ciliate on the margins, the 2 outer rather smaller than

those of the inner rank, much shorter than the white, ovate,

short-clawed petals, without scales, rounded at apex and covered,

especially toward the base, with long scattered hairs; ovary slightly

3-lobed; stamens included or slightly exserted, with hairy filaments

broadened at base. Fruit ripening in spring or in early summer, globose,

⅔′—¾′ in diameter, with thin orange-brown semitranslucent flesh; seeds

obovoid, black, 1′ in diameter.

A tree, sometimes 25°—30° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 10′—12′ in

diameter, erect branches and slender branchlets at first slightly

many-angled and puberulous, soon glabrous, orange-green and marked by

white lenticels, becoming in their second season terete, pale brown

faintly tinged with red. Bark of the trunk ¼′—½′ thick, light gray and

roughened by oblong lighter colored excrescences, the outer layer

exfoliating in large flakes exposing the nearly black inner bark. Wood

heavy, rather hard, close-grained, light brown tinged with yellow, with

thick yellow sapwood.

Distribution. Florida, shores of Cape Sable, shores and islands of

Caximbas Bay, Key Largo, Elliott’s Key, and the shores of Bay Biscayne,

Dade County; in Florida most common in the region of Cape Sable, and of

its largest size on some of the Ten Thousand Islands, Lee County;

generally distributed through the West Indies to Venezuela and Ecuador.

2. Sapindus marginatus Willd.

_Sapindus manatensis_ Radlk.

[Illustration: Fig. 641]

Leaves 6′—7′ long, with a slender wingless or narrow-margined or

marginless rachis, and 7—13 lance-oblong acuminate more or less falcate

leaflets, glabrous, dark green, and lustrous on the upper surface, paler

and glabrous or puberulous on the lower surface along the slender

midrib, sessile or very short-petiolulate, 2′—5′ long, ¾′—1¼′ wide, the

lower usually alternate, the upper opposite. Flowers appearing in early

spring, more or less tinged with red and nearly ⅛′ in diameter, on short

stout tomentose pedicels, in panicles 4′—5′ long and usually about 3′

wide, with a villose stem and branches; sepals acute, concave, ciliate

on the margins, much shorter than the ovate-oblong, short-clawed,

ciliate petals furnished on the inner surface near the base with a

2-lobed villose scale; filaments villose; ovary 3-lobed. Fruit

conspicuously keeled on the back, short-oblong to slightly obovoid,

about ¾′ long, with thin light yellow translucent flesh; seeds obovoid,

dark brown.

A tree, rarely more than 25°—30° high, with a trunk sometimes 1° in

diameter, and stout pale brown or ultimately ashy gray branchlets.

Distribution. Hurricane Island at the mouth of Medway River, Liberty

County, Georgia (_Miss J. King_); hummocks, peninsular of Florida to

Alachua and Manatee Counties; not common; in Cuba.

3. Sapindus Drummondii Hook. & Arn. Wild China-tree.

[Illustration: Fig. 642]

Leaves appearing in March and April, with a slender grooved puberulous

rachis, without wings, and 4—9 pairs of alternate obliquely lanceolate

acuminate leaflets, glabrous on the upper surface and covered with short

pale pubescence on the lower surface, coriaceous, prominently

reticulate-venulose, pale yellow-green, 2′—3′ long, ½′—⅔′ wide,

short-petiolulate; deciduous in the autumn or early winter. Flowers

appearing in May and June in clusters 6′—9′ long and 5′—6′ wide, with a

pubescent many-angled stem and branches; sepals acute and concave,

ciliate on the margins, much shorter than the obovate white petals

rounded at apex, contracted into a long claw hairy on the inner surface

and furnished at base with a deeply cleft scale hairy on the margins;

filaments hairy, with long soft hairs. Fruit ripening in September and

October, persistent on the branches until the following spring,

glabrous, not keeled, yellow, ½′ in diameter, turning black in drying;

seeds obovoid, dark brown.

A tree, 40°—50° high, with a trunk sometimes 1½°—2° in diameter, usually

erect branches, and branchlets at first slightly many-angled, pale

yellow-green, pubescent, becoming in their second year terete, pale

gray, slightly puberulous, and marked by numerous small lenticels. Bark

of the trunk ⅓′—½′ thick, separating by deep fissures into long narrow

plates broken on the surface into small red-brown scales. Wood heavy,

strong, close-grained, light brown tinged with yellow, with lighter

colored sapwood of about 30 layers of annual growth; splitting easily

into thin strips and largely used in the manufacture of baskets used in

harvesting cotton, and for the frames of pack-saddles.

Distribution. Moist clay soil or dry limestone uplands; southwestern

Missouri to northeastern and southern Kansas, eastern Louisiana

(Tangipahoa Parish _R. S. Cocks_), and to extreme western and

southwestern Oklahoma, through eastern Texas to the Rio Grande, over the

Edwards Plateau, and in the mountain valleys of western Texas and of

southern New Mexico and Arizona; in northern Mexico.

2. EXOTHEA Macf.

A tree, with thin scaly bark, and terete branchlets covered with

lenticels. Leaves petiolate, abruptly pinnate or 3 or rarely

1-foliolate, glabrous, without stipules, persistent; leaflets oblong or

oblong-ovate, acute, rounded or emarginate at apex, with entire undulate

margins, obscurely veined, thin, dark green and lustrous on the upper

surface and slightly paler on the lower surface. Flowers regular,

polygamo-diœcious, on short pedicels from the axils of minute deciduous

bracts covered with thick pale tomentum, in ample terminal or axillary

wide-branched panicles clothed with orange-colored pubescence; sepals 5,

ovate, rounded at apex, ciliate on the margins, puberulous, persistent;

petals 5, white, ovate, rounded at apex, short-unguiculate, alternate

with and rather longer and narrower than the sepals; disk annular,

fleshy, irregularly 5-lobed, puberulous; stamens 7 or 8, inserted on the

disk, as long as the petals in the staminate flower, much shorter in the

pistillate flower; filaments filiform, glabrous, anthers oblong, with a

broad connective, rudimentary in the staminate flower; ovary sessile on

the disk, conic, pubescent, 2-celled, contracted into a short thick

style, rudimentary in the staminate flower, stigma large, declinate,

obtuse; ovules 2 in each cell, suspended from the summit of the inner

angle, collateral, anatropous, raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit

a nearly spherical 1-seeded berry containing the rudiment of the second

cell and tipped with the short remnant of the style, surrounded at base

by the persistent reflexed sepals; flesh becoming thick, dark purple,

and juicy at maturity. Seed short-oblong to subglobose, solitary,

suspended; seed-coat thin, coriaceous, orange-brown and lustrous; embryo

subglobose, filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons fleshy,

plano-convex, puberulous; radicle superior, very short, uncinate, turned

toward the small hilum and inclosed in a lateral cavity of the

seed-coat.

The genus is represented by a single West Indian species.

The generic name is from ἐξωθέω, in allusion to its removal from a

related genus.

1. Exothea paniculata Radlk. Ironwood. Ink Wood.

[Illustration: Fig. 643]

Leaves appearing in April, on stout grooved petioles ½′—1′ in length;

leaflets 4′—5′ long and 1½′—2′ wide. Flowers opening in Florida in

April, ¼′ across when expanded, the staminate and pistillate on separate

plants. Fruit fully grown by the end of June and then ½′—⅝′ long, and

dull orange color, remaining on the branches during the summer, ripening

in the autumn; seeds ¼′—⅜′ in diameter.

A tree, sometimes 40°—50° high, with a trunk 12′—15′ in diameter,

slender upright branchlets orange-brown when they first appear, becoming

reddish brown in their second year and thickly covered by small white

lenticels. Bark of the trunk ⅛′—¼′ thick, the bright red surface

separating into large scales. Wood very hard and heavy, strong,

close-grained, bright red-brown, with lighter colored sapwood of 10—12

layers of annual growth; valued for piles and also used in Florida in

boat-building, for the handles of tools, and many small articles.

Distribution. Florida, Mosquito Inlet on the east coast to the shores of

Bay Biscayne and on the Everglade Keys, Dade County, and on the southern

keys; on the Bahamas, on many of the Antilles, and in Guatemala; on the

Florida Keys generally distributed, but not common.

3. HYPELATE P. Br.

A glabrous tree or shrub, with smooth bark and slender terete

branchlets. Leaves long-petioled, the petioles sometimes narrow-winged,

3-foliolate, the terminal leaflet rather larger than the others,

persistent; leaflets sessile, obovate, rounded or rarely acute or

emarginate at apex, entire, with thickened revolute margins and a

prominent midrib, coriaceous, feather-veined, the veins arcuate and

connected near the margins, dark green and lustrous on the upper

surface, bright green on the lower surface. Flowers regular,

polygamo-monœcious, minute, on slender pedicels from the axils of minute

deciduous bracts, in few-flowered long-stemmed wide-branched terminal or

axillary panicles; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, rounded at apex,

slightly puberulous on the outer surface, ciliate on the margins,

deciduous by a circumscissile line, petals 5, rather longer than the

calyx-lobes, rounded, spreading, ciliate on the margins, white; stamens

7 or 8, inserted on the lobes of the annular fleshy disk; filaments

filiform, as long as the petals in the staminate flower, much shorter in

the pistillate flower; anthers oblong, attached on the back near the

bottom, the cells spreading from above downward; ovary sessile on the

disk, slightly 3-lobed, 3-celled, contracted into a short stout style,

rudimentary in the staminate flower; stigma large, declinate, obscurely

3-lobed; ovules 2 in each cell, borne on the middle of its inner angle,

superposed, amphitropous, the upper ascending, with the micropyle

inferior, the lower pendulous, with the micropyle superior. Fruit an

ovoid black drupe crowned with the remnants of the persistent style and

supported on the persistent base of the disk; flesh thin and fleshy;

walls of the stone thick and crustaceous. Seed solitary by the abortion

of the upper ovule, suspended, obovoid; seed-coat thin, slightly

wrinkled; embryo conduplicate, filling the cavity of the seed;

cotyledons thin, foliaceous, irregularly folded, incumbent on the long

radicle.

The genus with a single species is distributed from southern Florida to

the Bahamas, Cuba, Porto Rico, St. Martin, Anguilla and Jamaica.

_Hypelate_ is the ancient name of the Butcher’s Broom.

1. Hypelate trifoliata Sw. White Ironwood.

[Illustration: Fig. 644]

Leaves unfolding in June and persistent until their second season or

longer; petioles stout, 1½′—2′ in length, with narrow green wings;

leaflets 1½′—2′ long and ¾′—1¼′ wide. Flowers appearing in Florida in

June, rather less than ⅛′ in diameter, in few-flowered panicles 3′—4′

long, on a slender peduncle, the staminate and pistillate in separate

panicles on the same tree. Fruit ripening in September, ⅜′ long, with a

sweet rather agreeable flavor.

A tree, sometimes 35°—40° high, with a trunk occasionally 18′—20′ in

diameter, and branchlets pale green when they first appear, becoming

gray during their first season and bright red-brown the following year;

generally much smaller. Bark of the trunk rarely ⅛′ thick, marked by

shallow depressions and numerous minute lenticels. Wood very heavy,

hard, close-grained, rich dark brown, with thin darker colored sapwood

of 4 or 5 layers of annual growth; very durable in contact with the soil

and valued in Florida for posts; also used in shipbuilding and for the

handles of tools.

Distribution. Southern Florida, Upper Metacombe, Umbrella and Windley’s

Keys; rare.

4. UNGNADIA Endl.

A tree or shrub, with thin pale gray fissured bark, slender terete

slightly zigzag branchlets, without a terminal bud, marked by large

conspicuous obcordate leaf-scars, small obtuse nearly globose

winter-buds covered with numerous chestnut-brown imbricated scales, and

thick fleshy roots. Leaves long-petioled, 5 or 7 or rarely 3-foliolate,

deciduous; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or cuneate, and

often oblique at base, irregularly crenulate-serrate, coated when they

first appear on the lower surface like the petiole with dense pale

tomentum, and pilose above, glabrous at maturity with the exception of a

few hairs on the lower surface along the principal veins, pinnately

veined, reticulate-venulose, the terminal leaflet long-petiolulate, the

others short-petiolulate to subsessile. Flowers irregular, polygamous,

in small pubescent fascicles or corymbs appearing just before or with

the leaves from the axils of those of the previous year, usually from

separate buds, or occasionally from the base of leafy branches; calyx

5-lobed, hypogynous, the lobes oblong-lanceolate, somewhat united

irregularly at base only, deciduous; petals 4 by the suppression of the

anterior one, or 5 and then alternate with the lobes of the calyx,

hypogynous on the margin of a thickened truncate torus, unguiculate,

bright rose color, deciduous, the claw as long as the lobes of the

calyx, nearly erect, clothed with tomentum, especially on the inner

surface, conspicuously appendaged at the summit with a fimbricated crest

of short fleshy tufted hairs, the blade obovate, spreading, often

erose-crenulate; disk unilateral, oblique, tongue-shaped, surrounding

and connate with the base of the stipe of the ovary; stamens 7—10,

usually 8 or 9, inserted on the oblique edge of the disk, much exserted

and unequal, the anterior ones shorter than the others, equal or almost

so and shorter than the petals in the pistillate flower; filaments

filiform; anthers oblong, attached near the base; ovary ovoid, 3-celled,

pilose, raised on a long stipe, rudimentary in the staminate flower;

style subulate, filiform, elongated, slightly curved upward; stigma

minute, terminal; ovules 2, borne on the inner angle of the cell near

its middle, ascending, the micropyle inferior. Fruit a coriaceous

3-celled loculicidally 3-valved broad-ovoid capsule, conspicuously

stipitate, crowned with the remnants of the style, rugosely roughened

and dark reddish brown, loculicidally 3-valved, the valves somewhat

cordate, bearing the dissepiment on the middle. Seed generally solitary

by abortion, almost globose; seed-coat coriaceous, very smooth and

shining, dark chestnut-brown or almost black; hilum broad; tegmen thin;

embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons thick and fleshy,

nearly hemispheric, conferruminate, incumbent on the short conic

descending radicle turned toward the hilum, remaining below ground in

germination.

Ungnadia with a single species is confined to Texas, New Mexico, and

northern Mexico.

The name is in honor of Baron Ferdinand von Ungnad, Ambassador of the

Emperor Rudolph II. at the Ottoman Porte who sent seeds of the

Horsechestnut-tree from Constantinople to Vienna in the middle of the

sixteenth century.

1. Ungnadia speciosa Endl. Spanish Buckeye.

[Illustration: Fig. 645]

Leaves appearing from March to April with or just after the flowers,

6′—12′ long, with a petiole 2′—6′ in length, rather coriaceous leaflets,

dark green and lustrous on the upper surface and pale and rugose on the

lower surface, 3′—5′ long and 1½′—2′ wide, the terminal leaflet on a

petiolule ¼′—1′ in length. Flowers 1′ across when expanded, in crowded

clusters 1½′—2′ long. Fruit 2′ broad, opening in October, the empty pods

often remaining on the branches until the appearance of the flowers the

following year; seeds ½′—⅝′ in diameter.

A tree, occasionally 25°—30° high, with a trunk 6′—8′ in diameter,

dividing at some distance from the ground into a number of small upright

branches, and branchlets light orange-brown and covered during their

first season with short fine pubescence, and pale brown tinged with red,

glabrous and marked by scattered lenticels in their second year; more

often a shrub, with numerous stems. Winter-buds about ⅛′ in diameter.

Bark of the trunk rarely more than ¼′ thick, light gray and broken by

numerous shallow reticulated fissures. Wood heavy, close-grained, rather

soft and brittle, red tinged with brown, with lighter colored sapwood.

The sweet seeds possess powerful emetic properties and are reputed to be

poisonous.

Distribution. Borders of streams, river-bottoms and limestone hills, and

westward on the sides of mountain cañons; valley of the Trinity River,

Dallas County and of the lower Brazos River, Texas, to the mountains of

southeastern New Mexico, and southward into Mexico; most common and of

its largest size forty to fifty miles from the Texas coast west of the

Colorado River.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the southern United

States.

XXXVIII. RHAMNACEÆ.

Trees or shrubs, with scaly or naked buds, watery bitter astringent

juice, simple leaves, and minute deciduous stipules (_persistent in

Krugiodendron_). Flowers small, mostly greenish, perfect

(_polygamo-diœcious in one species of Rhamnus_); calyx 4—5-lobed, the

lobes valvate in the bud; petals 4—5, inserted on the calyx near the

margin of the conspicuous disk lining the short calyx-tube, and

infolding the stamens, or 0; stamens as many as and alternate with the

calyx-lobes, free, inserted at or below the margins of the disk;

filaments slender, subulate; anthers introrse, versatile, 2-celled, the

cells opening longitudinally; pistils of 2—3 united carpels; ovary 2—3-,

or rarely 1-celled by abortion, partly immersed in the disk; style

terminal; stigma 2—4-lobed; ovules 1 in each cell, erect, anatropous;

raphe ventral; micropyle inferior. Fruit drupaceous, supported on the

tube of the calyx and bearing the remnants of the style. Seed usually

with scanty oily albumen; embryo with broad cotyledons; radicle

inferior, next the hilum.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fruit more or less fleshy.

Fruit with a single stone; petals 0.

Sepals without crests.

Leaves alternate; branches spinescent.

1. Condalia.

Leaves nearly opposite; branches not spinescent.

2. Reynosia.

Sepals crested; leaves mostly opposite.

3. Krugiodendron.

Fruit with 2 or 3 nutlets; petals 4 or 5, or 0; leaves alternate.

4. Rhamnus.

Fruit crustaceous, 3-lobed, separating into 3 longitudinally 2-valved

nutlets.

Sepals inflexed; petals narrowed into a long slender claw.

5. Ceanothus.

Sepals spreading; petals sessile.

6. Colubrina.

1. CONDALIA Cav.

Trees or shrubs, with rigid spinescent branches and minute scaly buds.

Leaves alternate, subsessile, obovate or oblong, entire, feather-veined.

Flowers axillary, solitary or fascicled, greenish white, on short

pedicels; calyx with a short broad-obconic tube and a 5-lobed limb, the

lobes ovate, acute, membranaceous, spreading and persistent; disk

fleshy, flat, slightly 5-angled, surrounding the free base of the ovary;

petals 0; stamens 5, inserted on the free margin of the disk between the

lobes of the calyx; filaments incurved, shorter than the calyx-lobes;

ovary 1-celled, conic, gradually narrowed into a short thick style;

stigma 3-lobed; ovule ascending from the base of the cell. Fruit ovoid

or subglobose; flesh thin; stone thick-walled, crustaceous. Seed

compressed; seed-coat thin and smooth; cotyledons oval, flat.

Condalia with nine or ten species is confined to the New World and is

distributed from western Texas and southern California to Brazil and

Argentina. Of the six species found within the territory of the United

States one is a small tree.

The generic name commemorates that of Antonio Condal, a Spanish

physician of the eighteenth century sent to South America on a

scientific mission in 1754.

1. Condalia obovata Hook. Purple Haw. Log Wood.

[Illustration: Fig. 646]

Leaves often fascicled on short spinescent lateral branchlets, spatulate

to oblong-cuneate, mucronate, when they first appear pubescent,

especially on the lower surface, at maturity glabrous, rather thin, pale

yellow-green, 1′—1½′ long, and about ⅓′ wide, with a conspicuous midrib

and usually 3 pairs of prominent primary veins; unfolding in May and

June and falling irregularly during the winter. Flowers in 2—4-flowered

short-stemmed fascicles, on branchlets of the year. Fruit ripening

irregularly during the summer, ¼′ long, dark blue or black, with a sweet

pleasant flavor.

A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a trunk 6′—8′ in diameter, erect rigid

zigzag branchlets terminating in a stout spine and covered at first with

soft velvety pubescence, becoming glabrous before the end of their first

season, pale red-brown and often covered with thin scales; more often a

shrub. Bark of the trunk about ⅛′ thick, divided into flat shallow

ridges, the dark brown surface tinged with red separating into thin

scales. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, light red, with light

yellow sapwood of 7—8 layers of annual growth; burning with an intense

heat and valued as fuel.

Distribution. Southwestern Texas from Jackson County (Vanderbilt) and

Corpus Christi, Nueces County, to the Rio Grande and to Comal and

Valverde Counties; in northeastern Mexico; of tree-like habit and of its

largest size on the high sandy banks of the lower Rio Grande and its

tributaries; often covering large areas with dense impenetrable

chaparral.

2. REYNOSIA Griseb.

Trees or shrubs, with rigid unarmed terete branches, and scaly buds.

Leaves mostly opposite, entire, coriaceous, short-petiolate,

reticulate-veined, persistent. Flowers minute, on stout pedicels

bibracteolate near the base and two or three times longer than the

flower, in small axillary sessile umbels; calyx persistent, 5-lobed, the

lobes deltoid or ovate, acute or acuminate, spreading, petaloid,

deciduous; disk fleshy; petals 0; stamens 5, inserted on the margin of

the disk, rather shorter than the calyx-lobes; filaments incurved;

anthers oval; ovary free from the disk, almost superior, conic,

2—3-celled, contracted into a short erect thick style; stigma 2—3-lobed.

Fruit drupaceous; flesh thin; stone crustaceo-membranaceous. Seed ovoid

or subglobose; seed-coat very thin, conspicuously rugose and

tuberculate; embryo axile in copious subcorneous ruminate albumen;

cotyledons oblong.

Reynosia is distributed from southern Florida and the Bahama Islands to

the Antilles. Four species are recognized; of these, one, a small tree,

extends into southern Florida.

The generic name is in honor of Alvaro Reynoso (1830—1888), the

distinguished Cuban chemist and writer on agriculture and scientific

subjects.

1. Reynosia septentrionalis Urb. Red Ironwood. Darling Plum.

[Illustration: Fig. 647]

Leaves oblong to ovate or obovate, or sometimes nearly orbicular,

rounded, truncate or frequently emarginate and usually minutely

apiculate at apex, gradually narrowed at base into a short broad

petiole, very thick and coriaceous, dark green on the upper, rather

paler or often rufous on the lower surface, 1′—1½′ long and ½′ broad,

with thickened revolute margins, a stout broad midrib, about five pairs

of primary veins spreading nearly at right angles, and numerous

reticulate veinlets; unfolding in April and remaining on the branches

for one and sometimes for two years. Flowers yellowish green appearing

in May, 1/12′ long; sepals ovate, acute. Fruit ripening in Florida in

November or frequently not until the following spring, short-obovoid, ½′

long, purple or nearly black, edible, with an agreeable flavor.

A tree, 20°—25° high, with a trunk 6′—8′ in diameter, stout terete rigid

branchlets slightly puberulous when they first appear, soon becoming

glabrous and gray faintly tinged with red, growing darker in their

second season, then often covered by small tubercles and marked by the

prominent elevated leaf-scars. Winter-buds minute, chestnut-brown. Bark

of the trunk 1/16′—⅛′ thick, dark-red-brown, and divided into large

plate-like scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained,

rich dark brown, with light brown sapwood of 15—20 layers of annual

growth.

Distribution. Florida, coast and islands from the Marquesas group to the

shores of Bay Biscayne and the Everglade Keys, Dade County; common and

generally distributed; on the Bahama Islands.

3. KRUGIODENDRON Urb.

A small tree or shrub, with slender unarmed terete branches roughened by

numerous small lenticels, and minute scaly buds. Leaves opposite or

obliquely opposite, or sometimes alternate on lower branches, ovate or

oval, often emarginate, coriaceous, entire, short-petiolate,

feather-veined, persistent; stipules acuminate, persistent. Flowers

greenish yellow, on short slender pedicels, in axillary simple or

dichotomously branched cymes; calyx broad-obconic, 5-lobed, the lobes

triangular, acute, erect or spreading, conspicuously crested on the

inner surface, deciduous; disk annular, broad, fleshy, 5-lobed,

surrounding the base of the ovary; petals 0; stamens 5, inserted under

the margin of the disk; anthers ovoid or ovoid-orbicular, obtuse; ovary

conic, imperfectly 2-celled; styles short and thick, united nearly to

the apex, the branches spreading and stigmatic on the inner face; ovule

ascending from the base of the cell. Fruit 1-seeded, oval or ovoid;

flesh thin and black; wall of the stone thin and bony. Seed ellipsoid,

compressed, without albumen; seed-coat membranaceous; embryo filling the

cavity of the seed; cotyledons thick and fleshy, obovate or elliptic.

Krugiodendron, with a single species, is confined to southern Florida

and the West Indies.

The generic name is in honor of Leopold Krug (1833—1898), a student of

the flora of the Antilles.

1. Krugiodendron ferreum Urb. Black Ironwood.

[Illustration: Fig. 648]

Leaves bright green and lustrous above, pale yellow-green below,

glabrous with the exception of a few scattered hairs on the upper

surface and on the petiole, 1′—1½′ long and ¾′—1′ wide, with entire or

slightly undulate margins; persistent for two or three years; petioles

stout, ¼′ in length. Flowers on bibracteolate pedicels ¼′ long, in

3—5-flowered cymes on peduncles sometimes ½′ in length, usually much

shorter and often branched near the apex, on branchlets of the year;

calyx about 1/16′ long. Fruit generally solitary, ⅓′ in length, on a

stem ⅓′—½′ long.

A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a trunk 8′—10′ in diameter, and slender

branchlets at first green and covered with dense velvety pubescence,

becoming glabrous in their second year, and then gray faintly tinged

with red and roughened by small crowded lenticels; generally much

smaller and more often shrubby than arborescent. Bark of the trunk about

¼′ thick and divided into prominent rounded longitudinal ridges broken

on the surface into short thick light gray scales. Wood exceedingly

heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, brittle, rich orange-brown, with

thin lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Florida, Cape Canaveral on the east coast to the shores of

Bay Biscayne and on the Everglade Keys, Dade County, near Cape Sable,

and on the southern keys; one of the commonest of the small trees of the

region; on the Bahama Islands and on several of the Antilles.

4. RHAMNUS L.

Trees or shrubs, with terete often spinescent branches, without a

terminal bud, scaly or naked axillary buds and acrid bitter bark. Leaves

alternate or rarely obliquely opposite, conduplicate in the bud,

petiolate, feather-veined, entire or dentate, stipulate. Flowers perfect

or polygamo-diœcious, in axillary simple or compound racemes or

fascicled cymes; calyx campanulate, 4—5-lobed, the lobes

triangular-ovate, erect or spreading, keeled on the inner surface,

deciduous; disk thin below, more or less thickened above; petals 5,

inserted on the margin of the disk, ovate, unguiculate, emarginate,

infolded round the stamens, deciduous, or 0; stamens 4 or 5; filaments

very short; anthers oblong-ovoid or sagittate, rudimentary and sterile

in the pistillate flower; ovary free, ovoid, included in the tube of the

calyx, 2—4-celled, rudimentary in the staminate flower; styles united

below, with spreading stigmatic lobes or terminating in a 2—3-lobed

obtuse stigma; ovule erect from the base of the cell. Fruit drupaceous,

oblong or spherical; flesh thick and succulent, inclosing 2—4 separable

cartilaginous 1-seeded nutlets. Seeds erect, obovoid, grooved

longitudinally on the back, with a cartilaginous seed-coat, the raphe in

the groove, or convex on the back, with a membranaceous seed-coat, the

raphe lateral next to one margin of the cotyledons; embryo large,

surrounded by thin fleshy albumen; cotyledons oval, foliaceous, with

revolute margins, or flat and fleshy.

Rhamnus with about sixty species is widely distributed in nearly all the

temperate and in many of the tropical parts of the world with the

exception of Australasia and the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Of the

five species indigenous to the United States three attain the size of

small trees. The fruit and bark of Rhamnus are drastic, and yield yellow

and green dyes. The European _Rhamnus cathartica_ L., the Buckthorn, has

long been used as a hedge plant in northern Europe, and in eastern North

America, where it has now become sparingly naturalized.

The generic name is from ῥάµνος, the classical name of the Buckthorn.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Flowers polygamo-diœcious, in sessile umbels; calyx 4-lobed; petals 0;

anthers oblong-ovoid; lobes of the stigma elongated, spreading;

fruit red; seed grooved on the back; seed-coat cartilaginous;

leaves often sharply toothed, persistent; winter-buds scaly.

1. R. crocea (G).

Flowers perfect, in pedunculate umbels; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5;

anthers sagittate; lobes of the stigma short and obtuse; fruit

black; seed rounded on the back; seed-coat membranaceous; leaves

deciduous; winter-buds naked.

Peduncles shorter than the petioles.

2. R. caroliniana (C).

Peduncles longer than the petioles.

3. R. Purshiana (B, G).

1. Rhamnus crocea Nutt.

Leaves persistent, often in fascicles, elliptic, broad-ovate to

suborbicular, rounded and often apiculate at apex, glandular-denticulate

with minute teeth, coriaceous, yellow-green and lustrous on the upper

surface, pale and frequently bronzed or copper color on the lower

surface, glabrous or often puberulous while young, with a prominent

midrib and slender primary veins, ¼′—¾′ long; petioles short and stout;

stipules minute, acuminate. Flowers polygamo-diœcious, on slender often

puberulous pedicels, in small clusters from the axils of the leaves or

of small lanceolate persistent bracts on shoots of the year; calyx

4-lobed, with acuminate lobes, about ⅛′ long; petals 0; stamens rather

shorter than the calyx, with short stout incurved filaments and large

ovoid anthers, minute and rudimentary in the pistillate flower; ovary

ovoid, contracted into a long slender style divided above the middle

into two wide-spreading acuminate stigmatic lobes, rudimentary in the

staminate flower. Fruit red, obovoid, slightly grooved or lobed at

maturity, ¼′ long, with thin dry flesh and 1—3 nutlets; seed

broad-ovoid, pointed at apex, deeply grooved on the back and ⅛′ long,

with a thin membranaceous pale chestnut-colored coat.

A shrub, 6′—3° high, with slender rigid often spinescent branchlets

forming thickets.

Distribution. Coast mountains of central and southern California.

Passing into

Rhamnus crocea var. ilicifolia Greene.

[Illustration: Fig. 649]

Leaves oval or orbicular, spinulose-dentate, often golden beneath and

1′—1½′ long and ¾′—1′ wide. Flowers with 4 or occasionally 5 calyx-lobes

and stamens.

A tree, occasionally 25° high, with a trunk 6′—8′ in diameter, stout

spreading branches, and slender branchlets yellow-green and puberulous

or glabrate when they first appear, becoming dark red or reddish brown

and glabrous in their second season. Winter-buds obtuse, barely more

than 1/16′ long, with small puberulous apiculate imbricated scales

ciliate on the margins. Bark of the trunk usually from 1/16′—⅛′ thick,

the dark gray surface slightly roughened by minute tubercles.

Distribution. California, valley of the Sacramento River southward along

the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and on the coast ranges and

southern mountains to San Diego County; Arizona, Oak Creek and Sycamore

Cañons, near Flagstaff, Coconino County, (_P. Lowell_), Copper Cañon,

west of Camp Verde, Yavapai County, and on the Pinal and Santa Catalina

Mountains.

Passing into

Rhamnus crocea var. insularis Sarg.

[Illustration: Fig. 650]

A form with larger less prominently toothed leaves sometimes 3′ long and

1½′ wide, rather larger flowers, with shorter and broader calyx-lobes a

less deeply divided style, and larger fruits. A tree often growing to

the height of 25°—30°, flowering later than the var. _ilicifolia_, and

not uncommon on the islands of the Santa Barbara group and on the

mountains of the adjacent mainland. A form (f. _pilosa_ Trel.) with

narrow revolute leaves densely pilose throughout, occurs in the Santa

Maria valley of the mountains near San Diego.

2. Rhamnus caroliniana Walt. Indian Cherry.

[Illustration: Fig. 651]

Leaves deciduous, elliptic-oblong or broad-elliptic, acute or acuminate,

cuneate or somewhat rounded at base, remotely and obscurely serrate, or

crenulate, densely coated when they unfold with rusty brown tomentum,

and at maturity thin, dark yellow-green above, paler below, glabrous or

somewhat hairy on the lower surface, 2′—6′ long and 1′ to nearly 2′

wide, with a prominent yellow midrib and about 6 pairs of conspicuous

yellow primary veins; turning yellow in the autumn before falling;

petioles slender, pubescent, ½′ to nearly 1′ in length; stipules nearly

triangular. Flowers appearing from April to June when the leaves are

almost fully grown, on slender pedicels about ¼′ long, in few-flowered

pubescent umbels, on peduncles varying from ⅛′—½′ in length; calyx

5-lobed, with a narrow turbinate tube and triangular lobes; petals 5,

broad-ovate, deeply notched at apex and folded round the short stamens;

ovary contracted into a long columnar style terminating in a slightly

3-lobed stigma. Fruit ripening in September and sometimes remaining on

the branches until the beginning of winter, globose, ⅓′ in diameter,

black, with thin sweet rather dry flesh and 2—4 nutlets; seeds obtuse at

apex, rounded on the back, reddish brown, about ⅕′ long.

A tree, 30°—40° high, with a trunk 6′—8′ in diameter, small spreading

unarmed branches, and slender branchlets light red-brown and puberulent

or covered with a glaucous bloom when they first appear, becoming

slightly angled, gray, and glabrous, and marked during their second

season by the small horizontal oval leaf-scars; more often a tall shrub,

with numerous stems 15°—20° high. Winter-buds naked, hoary-tomentose.

Bark of the trunk about ⅛′ thick, slightly furrowed, ashy gray and often

marked by large black blotches. Wood rather hard, light, close-grained,

not strong, light brown, with lighter colored sapwood of 5 or 6 layers

of annual growth.

Distribution. Borders of streams on rich bottom-lands, and on limestone

ridges; Virginia to western Florida and westward through the valley of

the Ohio River to southern Iowa and southeastern Nebraska, eastern

Kansas, the valley of the Washita River, Oklahoma (Ardman County), and

to Kendall, Kerr and Uvalde Counties, western Texas; occasionally

tree-like in western Florida and Mississippi, and of its largest size

only in southern Arkansas and the adjacent portions of Texas; very

abundant on the limestone barrens of central Kentucky and Tennessee.

3. Rhamnus Purshiana DC. Bearberry. Coffee-tree.

[Illustration: Fig. 652]

Leaves deciduous, broad-elliptic, obtuse or bluntly pointed at apex,

rounded or slightly cordate at base, finely serrate, or often nearly

entire, with undulate margins, thin, villose with short hairs on the

lower surface and on the veins above, 1½′—7′ long, 1½′—2′ wide,

conspicuously netted-veined, with a broad and prominent midrib and

primary veins; turning pale yellow late in the autumn before falling;

petioles stout, often pubescent, ½′—1′ in length; stipules

membranaceous, acuminate. Flowers on slender pubescent pedicels ¼′—1′

long, in axillary cymes on slender pubescent peduncles ½′—1′ in length

on shoots of the year; calyx nearly campanulate, with 5 spreading

acuminate lobes; petals 5, minute, ovate, deeply notched at apex, and

folded round the short stamens; stigma 2 or 3-lobed. Fruit globose or

broad-obovoid, black, ⅓′—½′ in diameter, slightly or not at all lobed,

with thin rather juicy flesh, and 2 or 3 obovoid nutlets usually ⅓′

long, rounded on the back, flattened on the inner surface, with 2 bony

tooth-like enlargements at base, 1 on each side of the large scar of the

hilum, and a thin gray or pale yellow-green shell; seeds obtuse at apex,

rounded on the back, seed-coat thin and papery, yellow-brown on the

outer surface, bright orange color on the inner surface like the

cotyledons.

A tree, 35°—40° high, with a slender trunk often 18′—20′ in diameter,

separating 10°—15° from the ground into numerous stout upright or

sometimes nearly horizontal branches, and slender branchlets coated at

first with fine soft pubescence, pale yellow-green or reddish brown, and

pubescent, glabrous, or covered with scattered hairs in their second

season and then marked by the elevated oval horizontal leaf-scars; often

shrubby and occasionally prostrate. Winter-buds naked, hoary-tomentose.

Bark of the trunk rarely more than ¼′ thick, dark brown to light brown

or gray tinged with red, broken on the surface into short thin scales.

Wood light, soft, not strong, brown tinged with red, with thin lighter

colored sapwood. The bark possesses the drastic properties peculiar to

that of other species of the genus, and is a popular domestic remedy in

Oregon and California, and under the name of Cascara Sagrada has been

admitted into the American materia medica.

Distribution. Rich bottom-lands and the sides of cañons, usually in

coniferous forests; shores of Puget Sound eastward along the mountain

ranges of northern Washington to the Bitter Root Mountains of Idaho and

the shores of Flat Head Lake, Montana, and southward to central

California; Arizona, southern slope of the Grand Cañon of the Colorado

River, Coconino County (_A. Rehder_), Cave Creek Cañon, Chiricahua

Mountains, Cochise County (_J. W. Toumey_).

Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of western Europe and of the

eastern United States.

5. CEANOTHUS L.

Small trees or shrubs, with slender terete branches, without a terminal

bud, and small scaly axillary buds. Leaves petiolate, 3-ribbed from the

base, or pinnately veined, persistent in the arborescent species.

Flowers on colored pedicels, in umbellate fascicles collected in dense

or prolonged terminal or axillary thyrsoid cymes or panicles, blue or

white; calyx colored, with a turbinate or hemispheric tube and 5

triangular membranaceous petaloid lobes; disk fleshy, thickened above;

petals 5, inserted under the margin of the disk, unguiculate,

wide-spreading, deciduous, the long claw infolded round the stamens;

stamens 5, inserted with and opposite the petals, persistent, filaments

spreading; ovary partly immersed in and more or less adnate to the disk,

3-celled, sometimes 3-angled, the angles often surmounted by a fleshy

gland persistent on the fruit; styles short, united below; stigmas

3-lobed with spreading lobes; ovule erect from the base of the cell.

Fruit 3-lobed, subglobose, with a thin outer coat, soon becoming dry,

and separating into 3 crustaceous or cartilaginous longitudinally

2-valved nutlets. Seeds erect, obovoid, lenticellate, with a broad basal

excrescence surrounding the hilum; seed-coat thin, crustaceous; albumen

fleshy; embryo axile; cotyledons oval or obovate.

Ceanothus is confined to the temperate and warmer regions of North

America, with about thirty species, mostly belonging to California. The

leaves, bark, and roots are astringent and tonic. Of the species of the

United States three are small trees.

The generic name is from κεάνωθος, the classical name of some spiny

plant.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Branchlets not spinose, leaves 3-ribbed.

Leaves broad-ovate to elliptic, subcordate or rounded at base, pale

and tomentose below.

1. C. arboreus (G).

Leaves elliptic, acute at base, glabrous except on the veins below.

2. C. thyrsiflorus (G).

Branchlets spinose; leaves with a single midrib, mostly elliptic,

rounded or subcordate at base, glabrous.

3. C. spinosus (G).

1. Ceanothus arboreus Greene.

[Illustration: Fig. 653]

Leaves broad-ovate or elliptic, acute, conspicuously glandular-crenate,

dark green and softly puberulent on the upper surface, pale and densely

tomentose on the lower surface, 2½′—4′ long and 1′—2½′ wide, with

prominent veins; petioles stout, pubescent, ½′—1′ in length; stipules

subulate from a broad triangular base, ¼′ long. Flowers pale blue

opening in July and August, on slender hairy pedicels ½′—1′ long, from

the axils of large scarious caducous bracts, in ample compound densely

hoary-pubescent thyrsoid clusters 3′—4′ long and 1½′—2′ wide, on a leafy

or naked axillary peduncle at the end of young branches. Fruit black, ¼′

across.

A round-headed tree, 20°—25° high, with a straight trunk 6′—10′ in

diameter, dividing 4°—5° from the ground into many stout spreading

branches, and slender slightly angled pale brown branchlets covered with

short dense tomentum, becoming in their second season terete, nearly

glabrous, roughened with scattered lenticels and marked by large

elevated leaf-scars; often a shrub. Bark of the trunk dark brown, about

⅛′ thick, and broken into small square plates separating into thick

scales.

Distribution. Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa Islands of the

Santa Barbara group off the coast of southern California; most abundant

and of its largest size on the northern slopes of Santa Cruz; on the

other islands usually shrubby, with numerous slender stems.

2. Ceanothus thyrsiflorus Eschs. Blue Myrtle. California Lilac.

[Illustration: Fig. 654]

Leaves oblong or oblong-ovate, minutely glandular-serrate, smooth and

lustrous on the upper surface and paler and slightly pubescent on the

lower surface, especially along the 3 prominent ribs, 1′—1½′ long and

½′—1′ wide; petioles stout, ⅓′—½′ in length; stipules membranaceous,

acute. Flowers blue or white, appearing in early spring in small

pedunculate corymbs from the axils of minute deciduous bracts, and

collected into slender rather loose thyrsoid clusters 2′—3′ long in the

axils of upper leaves or of small scarious bracts, and usually

surmounted by the terminal leafy shoot of the branch. Fruit ripening

from July to December, black; seeds 1/12′ long, smooth, dark brown or

nearly black.

A tree, occasionally 35° high, with a trunk 12′—14′ in diameter,

dividing 5°—6° from the ground into many small wide-spreading branches,

and conspicuously angled pale yellow-green branchlets slightly pubescent

when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous; more often a tall or low

shrub. Bark of the trunk thin, with a bright red-brown surface

separating into thin narrow appressed scales. Wood close-grained, rather

soft, light brown, with thin darker colored sapwood.

Distribution. Shady hillsides on the borders of the forest and often in

the neighborhood of streams; coast mountains of California from

Mendocino County to the valley of the San Luis Rey River, San Diego

County; of its largest size northward, and in the Redwood-forests of the

Santa Cruz Mountains; southward often a low shrub, frequently flowering

on the wind-swept shores of the ocean when only 1°—2° high.

3. Ceanothus spinosus Nutt. Lilac.

[Illustration: Fig. 655]

Leaves elliptic to oblong, full and rounded, apiculate or often slightly

emarginate or gradually narrowed and pointed or rarely 3-lobed at apex,

and rounded or cuneate at base, when they unfold villose-pubescent below

along the stout midrib and obscure primary veins, soon glabrous,

coriaceous, usually about 1′ long and ½′ wide; petioles stout, ⅙′—⅓′ in

length, at first villose, becoming nearly glabrous; leaves on vigorous

shoots sometimes ovate, conspicuously 3-nerved, irregularly serrate with

incurved apiculate teeth, or coarsely dentate, and often 1½′ long and ⅝′

wide; stipules minute, acute. Flowers light or dark blue, very fragrant,

opening from March until May, in lax corymbs from the axils of acute

pubescent red caducous bracts on upper leafy branchlets of the year, the

whole inflorescence forming an open thyrsus often 5′—6′ long and 3′—4′

thick, leafless toward the apex. Fruit depressed, obscurely lobed,

crestless, black, ¼′—⅓′ in diameter.

A tree, 18°—20° high, with a trunk 5′—6′ in diameter, upright branches

forming a narrow open head, and slender divaricate angled branchlets

pubescent or puberulous when they first appear, soon glabrous, bright

green, ultimately reddish brown, frequently terminating in sharp

leafless thorn-like points; more often shrubby. Bark of the trunk thin,

red-brown, roughened by small closely appressed scales.

Distribution. California, common in mountain cañons near the coast of

Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles Counties; often forming a dense

undergrowth in the forest, which it enlivens for many weeks in early

spring by its large clusters of bright blue flowers.

6. COLUBRINA Brong.

Trees or shrubs, with terete branches and scaly buds. Leaves alternate,

petiolate, pinnately veined or triple-veined from the base, often

ferrugineo-tomentose on the lower surface, persistent. Flowers axillary,

in contracted few-flowered cymes or fascicles, yellow or greenish

yellow; calyx-tube hemispheric, persistent, 5-lobed, the lobes

spreading, triangular-ovate, keeled on the inner surface, deciduous by a

circumscissile line; disk fleshy, annular, 5-angled or indistinctly 5 or

10-lobed; petals 5 yellow or white, inserted under the margin of the

disk, shorter than the lobes of the calyx, cucullate, unguiculate,

infolding the stamens; stamens 5, opposite to and inserted with the

petals; filaments incurved; anthers ovoid; ovary surrounded by and

confluent with the disk, 3-celled, subglobose, contracted into a slender

3-lobed style, the obtuse lobes stigmatic on the inner face; ovule

erect, from the base of the cell. Fruit subglobose, 3-lobed, the outer

coat thin and septicidally dehiscent into 3 1-seeded crustaceous nutlets

2-valved at apex. Seeds erect, broad-obovoid, compressed, 3-angled;

seed-coat coriaceous, smooth and shining; embryo axile in thick fleshy

albumen; cotyledons orbicular, flat or incurved, thin or fleshy.

Colubrina with about a dozen species is confined to the tropics, with

the largest number of species in the New World. Of the four species

found within the territory of the United States three are arborescent.

The generic name is from _coluber_, a serpent, probably on account of

the peculiar twisting of the deep furrows on the stems of some of the

species.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Leaves thin, elliptic, ovate or lanceolate, glabrous at maturity.

1. C. reclinata (D).

Leaves thick or coriaceous.

Leaves oblong to elliptic, rounded or acute at apex, densely

soft-pubescent.

2. C. cubensis (D).

Leaves elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, bluntly pointed at apex,

coriaceous, rusty-pubescent beneath.

3. C. arborescens (D).

1. Colubrina reclinata Brong. Naked Wood.

[Illustration: Fig. 656]

Leaves elliptic, ovate or lanceolate, usually contracted at apex into a

blunt point, cuneate or somewhat rounded and furnished with 2

conspicuous marginal glands at base, and entire when they unfold in

early summer thin, glabrous or finely puberulent below and along the

principal veins, and at maturity thin, yellow-green, 2½′—3′ long and 1½′

to nearly 2′ wide, with a stout midrib and arcuate primary veins;

persistent until their second year; petioles slender, ½′ in length.

Flowers in cymes rather shorter than the petioles, on shoots of the

year, pubescent, soon becoming glabrate. Fruit ¼′ in diameter and dark

orange-red, ripening late in the autumn, on pedicels ½′ in length; seeds

light red-brown, ⅛′ long.

A tree, 50°—60° high, with a trunk 3°—4° in diameter, divided by

numerous irregular deep furrows multiplying and spreading in all

directions, and branchlets slightly angled when they first appear,

puberulent and reddish brown, soon becoming glabrate, and in their

second season nearly terete, gray or light brown, and marked by numerous

small light-colored lenticels. Bark of the trunk thin, orange-brown,

exfoliating in large papery scales. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, dark

brown tinged with yellow, with thin light yellow sapwood of 8—10 layers

of annual growth.

Distribution. Florida, on Umbrella Key, the north end of Key Largo, and

on some of the small keys south of Elliott’s Key; of its largest size

and forming a forest of considerable extent on Umbrella Key; on the

Bahama Islands and on many of the Antilles.

2. Colubrina cubensis Brong.

[Illustration: Fig. 657]

Leaves oblong to elliptic, gradually narrowed and rounded or acute and

apiculate at apex, rounded or cuneate at the often unsymmetric base,

slightly crenulate-serrate with broad rounded teeth, thick, dull dark

green and soft-pubescent on the upper surface, pale and pubescent on the

lower surface, 3½′—5′ long and 1¼′—1½′ wide, with a prominent pubescent

yellow midrib and slender primary veins; petioles slender, yellow,

densely pubescent, ⅓′—½′ in length; stipules linear-lanceolate,

long-acuminate, pubescent, ⅓′ in length. Flowers minute on pedicels ⅙′

long, from the axils of ovate acuminate villose caducous bracts, in

villose cymes on peduncles longer than the petioles; calyx densely

pubescent, the lobes triangular, ovate, acute, about as long as the

yellow petals. Fruit globose, about ⅓′ in diameter.

A tree in Florida from 20°—30° high, with a trunk 6′—8′ in diameter

(_teste J. K. Small_) and slender light red-brown pubescent branchlets.

Distribution. Florida, hummocks of the Everglade Keys, Dade County; on

the Bahama Islands and in Cuba and Hispaniola.

3. Colubrina arborescens Sarg.

_Colubrina Colubrina_ Mills.

[Illustration: Fig. 658]

Leaves coriaceous, persistent, elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, gradually

narrowed and bluntly pointed at apex, narrowed and rounded or cuneate at

base, entire, dark green, glabrous and lustrous on the upper surface,

pale and coated on the lower surface with thick rusty pubescence and

sometimes marked by conspicuous glands mostly at the end of small veins,

2′—4½′ long and 1¼′—2½′ wide, with a thick midrib; petioles stout,

rusty-pubescent, ½′—¾′ in length; stipules oblong, acuminate,

rusty-pubescent, caducous. Flowers minute, in axillary cymes shorter

than the petioles, covered with persistent rusty pubescence and

generally produced on short axillary branches; petals white or nearly

white. Fruit on a stout rusty-pubescent pedicel, about ½′ long, on a

much thickened peduncle, obovoid to subglobose, dark purple or nearly

black, 5/12′ in diameter; nutlets light yellow; seed about ⅙′ long.

A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a straight trunk 8′—12′ in diameter,

large erect branches and stout branchlets densely rusty-pubescent when

they first appear, and light gray, puberulous and marked by small dark

lenticels in their second year; in Florida more often a shrub.

Distribution. Florida, on the Everglade and southern keys; on the Bahama

Islands and on several of the Antilles.

XXXIX. TILIACEÆ.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with alternate simple leaves, and free

stipules. Flowers regular, perfect; sepals valvate in the bud,

deciduous; corolla hypogynous; stamens numerous, with 2-celled anthers,

the cells opening longitudinally; pistil compound; styles united into 1;

stigma capitate. Fruit capsular or nut-like. Seeds with albumen; embryo

with broad foliaceous cotyledons.

The Linden family with forty-four genera is chiefly tropical, with more

representatives in the southern than in the northern hemisphere. Of the

three North American genera only Tilia is arborescent.

1. TILIA L. Bass Wood. Linden.

Trees, with terete moderately stout branchlets, without a terminal bud,

large compressed acute axillary buds, with numerous imbricated scales,

those of the inner rank accrescent, mucilaginous juice, and tough

fibrous inner bark. Leaves conduplicate in the bud, long-petiolate,

2-ranked, cordate or truncate at the oblique base, acute or acuminate,

serrate, deciduous, their petioles in falling leaving large elevated

horizontal leaf-scars displaying the ends of numerous fibro-vascular

bundles; stipules ligulate, membranaceous, caducous. Flowers

nectariferous, fragrant, on slender clavate pedicels, in axillary or

terminal cymes, with minute caducous bracts at the base of the branches,

their peduncle more or less connate with the axis of a large

membranaceous light green ligulate often obovate persistent

conspicuously reticulate-veined bract; sepals 5, distinct; petals 5,

imbricated in the bud, alternate with the sepals, sometimes thickened

and glandular at the narrow base, creamy white or yellow, deciduous;

stamens inserted on a short hypogynous receptacle; filaments filiform,

forked near the apex, collected into 5 clusters and united at base with

each other and (in the American species) with a spatulate petaloid scale

(_staminodium_) placed opposite each petal, the branches of the filament

bearing oblong extrorse half anthers; ovary sessile, tomentose,

5-celled, the cells opposite the sepals; style erect, dilated at apex

into 5 spreading stigmatic lobes; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending from

the middle of its inner angle, semianatropous, the micropyle

centripetal-inferior. Fruit nut-like, woody, subglobose to short-oblong

or ovoid, sometimes ribbed, tomentose, 1-celled by the obliteration of

the partitions, 1 or 2-seeded. Seeds obovoid, amphitropous, ascending;

seed-coat cartilaginous, light reddish brown; embryo large, often

curved, in fleshy albumen; cotyledons reniform or cordate, palmately

5-lobed, the margins irregularly involute or crumpled; radicle inferior.

Tilia with some thirty species is widely distributed in the temperate

regions of the northern hemisphere with the exception of western

America, central Asia, and the Himalayas. Tilia produces soft

straight-grained pale-colored light wood, largely used for the interior

finish of buildings, in cabinet-making, for the sounding-boards of

pianos, wood-carving and wooden ware, and in the manufacture of paper.

The tough inner bark is largely manufactured into mats, cords,

fish-nets, coarse cloths, and shoes. Lime-flower oil, obtained by

distilling the flowers of the European species, is used in perfumery.

The flowers yield large quantities of nectar, and honey made near

forests of Tilia is unsurpassed in flavor and delicacy. Many of the

species are planted as shade and ornamental trees, and some of the

European species are now common in the gardens and parks of the eastern

United States.

CONSPECTUS OF THE SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Surface of the leaves glabrous at maturity.

Leaves glabrous or almost glabrous when they unfold, coarsely

serrate.

Leaves furnished with conspicuous tufts of axillary hairs, their

lower surface light green and lustrous; pedicels glabrous or

nearly glabrous.

1. T. glabra (A).

Leaves usually without tufts of axillary hairs, their lower

surface not lustrous; pedicels densely hoary-tomentose.

2. T. nuda (C).

Leaves hoary-tomentose when they unfold.

Leaves soon glabrous.

Leaves coarsely serrate with stout teeth, their veinlets

conspicuous; branchlets stout, bright red.

3. T. venulosa (A).

Leaves finely serrate with straight or incurved teeth, their

veinlets less conspicuous; branchlets slender, pale

reddish brown.

4. T. littoralis (C).

Leaves crenately serrate, glaucescent on the lower surface.

5. T. crenoserrata (C).

Leaves covered below early in the season with articulate hairs,

becoming glabrous or nearly glabrous.

Leaves thin, coarsely serrate, green or glaucescent on the lower

surface, with or without tufts of axillary hairs; summer

shoots not pubescent.

6. T. floridana (C).

Leaves subcoriaceous, finely serrate, bluish green and lustrous

below early in the season; tufts of axillary hairs minute,

usually wanting; summer shoots pubescent.

7. T. Cocksii (C).

Surface of the leaves pubescent below during the season.

Lower surface of the leaves covered with short gray firmly attached

pubescence; tufts of axillary hairs not conspicuous.

8. T. neglecta (A, C).

Lower surface of the leaves covered with articulate easily detached

hairs.

Branchlets without straight hairs.

Leaves ovate, acuminate, usually obliquely truncate at base,

glabrous above, their pubescence brownish or white.

9. T. caroliniana (C).

Leaves oblong-ovate, cordate or obliquely cordate at base,

pubescent above early in the season.

10. T. texana (C).

Leaves semiorbicular to broad-ovate, abruptly short-pointed,

deeply and usually symmetrically cordate at base.

11. T. phanera (C).

Branchlets covered with straight hairs; leaves ovate, abruptly

short-pointed, oblique and truncate at base.

12. T. lasioclada (C).

Surface of the leaves tomentose below during the season with close

firmly attached tomentum.

Tomentum white, gray, or brown; leaves usually glabrous on the upper

surface; branchlets and winter-buds glabrous (_occasionally

pubescent in varieties of 13_).

Branchlets slender; petioles not more than 1½′ in length; leaves

oblong-ovate, acuminate or abruptly pointed, oblique and

truncate or cordate at base; tomentum on the leaves of upper

branches often brown; flowers ¼′—⅓′ long.

13. T. heterophylla (A, C).

Branchlets stout; petioles up to 3′ in length; leaves

oblong-ovate, acuminate, obliquely truncate at base;

tomentum always white; flowers 5/12′½′ long.

14. T. monticola (A).

Tomentum pale or brownish; leaves thickly covered above early in the

season with fascicled hairs; branchlets tomentose; winter-buds

pubescent.

15. T. georgiana (C).

1. Tilia glabra Vent. Linden. Bass Wood.

_Tilia americana_ L.

[Illustration: Fig. 659]

Leaves broad-ovate, contracted at apex into a slender acuminate entire

point, obliquely cordate or sometimes almost truncate at base, coarsely

serrate with incurved glandular teeth, often slightly pubescent when

they first appear soon glabrous with the exception of tufts of rusty

brown hairs in the axils of the principal veins below, thick and firm,

dark dull green on the upper surface, lighter, yellow-green and lustrous

on the lower surface, 5′—6′ long and 3′—4′ wide; turning pale yellow in

the autumn before falling; petioles slender, 1½′—2′ in length. Flowers

½′ long, opening early in July on slender slightly angled pubescent

pedicels, in few-flowered slender-branched glabrous cymes; peduncle

slender, glabrous, the free portion 3½′—4′ long, its bract rounded or

pointed at apex, 4′—5′ long, 1′—1½′ wide, decurrent nearly to the base

or to within ½′—1′ of the base of the peduncle; sepals ovate, acuminate,

densely hairy on the inner surface and slightly pubescent on the outer

surface, a third shorter than the lanceolate petals; staminodia

oblong-obovate, bluntly pointed at apex, a third shorter than the

petals; ovary villose; style covered with rufous tomentum. Fruit

short-oblong to oblong-obovoid, rounded or pointed at apex, ⅓′—½′ long,

and covered with short thick rufous tomentum.

A tree, usually 60°—70°, or sometimes 120°—130° high, with a tall trunk

3°—4° in diameter, small often pendulous branches forming a broad

round-topped head, slender smooth glabrous light gray or light brown

branchlets marked by numerous oblong dark lenticels, becoming darker in

their second and dark gray or brown and conspicuously rugose in their

third year. Winter-buds dark red, ovoid, about ¼′ long. Bark of the

trunk about 1′ thick, deeply furrowed, the light brown surface broken

into small thin scales. Wood light brown faintly tinged with red, with

thick hardly distinguishable sapwood of 55—65 layers of annual growth;

employed in the manufacture of paper pulp, and under the name of white

wood largely used in wooden ware, cheap furniture, the panels of

carriages, and for the inner soles of shoes.

Distribution. Rich often moist soil, formerly often in nearly pure

forests; northern New Brunswick to the eastern shores of Lake Superior,

the southern shores of Lake Winnipeg and the valley of the Assiniboine

River, and southward to Pennsylvania, Ohio, eastern Kentucky, southern

Michigan, Indiana and Illinois, eastern Nebraska and northern Missouri.

Often cultivated as a shade and ornamental tree in the northeastern

states, and occasionally in Europe.

2. Tilia nuda Sarg.

[Illustration: Fig. 660]

Leaves thin, ovate, abruptly pointed at apex, obliquely truncate or

unsymmetrically cordate at base, and coarsely serrate with long slender

straight or slightly curved conspicuously glandular teeth, as they

unfold, dark red and sparingly pubescent on the midrib and veins,

glabrous at the end of a few days, without or rarely with small axillary

tufts, dark green on the upper surface, pale yellow-green or glaucous

(var. _glaucescens_ Sarg.) on the lower surface, 4′—4½′ long and 2½′—3½′

wide; petioles slender, glabrous, 2′—2½′ in length. Flowers opening

early in June, about ⅓′ long, on hoary-tomentose pedicels, in broad

usually 10 or 12, sometimes 30 or 40-flowered long-branched glabrous

cymes; peduncle glabrous, the free portion ⅘′—1¼′ in length, its bract

oblong, often slightly falcate, cuneate or rounded at base, rounded at

apex, glabrous, 3′—4′ long, ½′—1¼′ wide, decurrent nearly to the base of

the peduncle; sepals acute, rusty-tomentose on the outer surface,

glabrous on the inner surface; petals oblong-ovate, narrowed at the

rounded apex; staminodia oblong-obovate rounded at the broad apex; style

glabrous. Fruit ripening in September, subglobose to depressed-globose,

covered with rusty tomentum, ¼′—⅓′ in diameter.

Usually a small tree with pale furrowed or sometimes checkered bark,

small spreading branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender

glabrous orange or red-brown branchlets. Winter-buds ovoid, obtusely

pointed, dull red, glabrous, ⅙′—⅕′ long.

Distribution. Central and southwestern Mississippi (Hinds and Adams

Counties); Dallas County, Alabama; West Feliciana and Calcasieu

Parishes, Louisiana, to the valley of the Brazos River, eastern Texas,

and to Hempstead County (Fulton and McNab), southern Arkansas; the var.

_glaucescens_ with the type, and near Page, Le Flore County, Oklahoma;

in wet woods subject to overflow at San Augustine, San Augustine County,

Texas, a variety (var. _brevipedunculata_ Sarg.), differs from the type

in the less coarsely serrate smaller leaves glaucescent below, in the

shorter free portion of the peduncle of the inflorescence and its

broader bract. A tree 25°—30° high, with slender glabrous dark red-brown

branchlets.

3. Tilia venulosa Sarg.

[Illustration: Fig. 661]

Leaves broad-ovate, abruptly acuminate at apex, cordate or

unsymmetrically cordate or obliquely truncate or cordate at base,

coarsely serrate with gland-tipped teeth pointing forward, covered when

they unfold with pale tomentum, soon becoming pubescent, and glabrous

before the flowers open, dark yellow-green on the upper surface, paler

on the lower surface, 4′—4¾′ long and broad, with a prominent pale

yellow midrib slightly villose on the upper side near the base, and 9 or

10 pairs of remote primary veins without axillary tufts and connected by

conspicuous cross veinlets; petioles stout, glabrous, 1¾′—2′ in length.

Flowers opening early in July, ⅓′ long, on slightly pubescent pedicels,

in broad slender-branched nearly glabrous cymes; peduncle stout,

glabrous, red, the free portion 1′—1½′ in length, its bract oblong to

slightly obovate, gradually narrowed and rounded at base, rounded at

apex, glabrous on the upper surface, pubescent below on the midrib and

veins, 3½′—6′ long and 1¼′—1½′ wide, longer than the peduncle and

decurrent nearly to its base or to within 1′—1½′ of its base; sepals

ovate, acute, pale pubescent on the outer surface, villose and furnished

at base on the inner surface with a tuft of long white hairs, a third

shorter than the lanceolate acuminate petals; staminodia oblong-obovate,

rounded at apex, about as long as the sepals; stigma slightly villose at

base. Fruit ripening the end of September, subglobose, ¼′—⅓′ in

diameter, covered with loose light brown pubescence.

A tree, 60°—75° high, with stout red glabrous branchlets. Winter-buds

ovoid, cylindric, obtusely pointed, dark red, ¼′—⅓′ in length.

Distribution. North Carolina, rocky “coves” in rich soil, Hickory Nut

Gap, in the Blue Ridge, and near Saluda, Polk County, passing into var.

_multinervis_ Sarg., differing from the type in its obliquely truncate,

not cordate, leaves with 12 or 13 pairs of more crowded primary veins,

ellipsoid fruit, slender branchlets, and smaller winter-buds; a single

tree near Saluda, Polk County.

4. Tilia littoralis Sarg.

[Illustration: Fig. 662]

Leaves ovate, abruptly short-pointed and acute or acuminate at apex,

unsymmetric and rounded on one side and cuneate on the other, or

symmetric and cuneate or oblique and truncate at base, and finely

serrate with straight or incurved glandular teeth, covered above when

they unfold with scattered fascicled hairs and tomentose below, soon

glabrous, and when the flowers open, thin, yellow-green, paler, rarely

glaucous (var. _discolor_ Sarg.) on the lower than on the upper surface,

3′—4′ long and 1¾′—2′ wide, with a slender midrib and primary veins and

small conspicuous tufts of rusty brown axillary hairs; petioles slender,

glabrous, 1′—1½′ in length; leaves on young vigorous shoots broad-ovate,

truncate or slightly cordate at base, more coarsely serrate, pubescent

with fascicled hairs especially on the midrib and veins, 4′—5′ long and

3′—4′ wide; petioles densely pubescent. Flowers opening the middle of

June, ⅓′ long, on pale tomentose pedicels, in small, compact, mostly

9—15-flowered, pubescent cymes; peduncle covered with scattered

fascicled hairs, the free portion ⅗′—1′ long, its bract gradually

narrowed and cuneate at base, rounded at apex, ciliate on the margins,

pubescent on the midrib, otherwise glabrous, 2′—7′ long, ¼′—⅖′ wide,

longer or shorter than and decurrent to the base or nearly to the base

of the peduncle; sepals acuminate, pale pubescent on the outer surface,

villose on the inner surface along the margins and at the base with long

white hairs; petals acuminate; staminodia oblong-obovate, rounded at

apex. Fruit ellipsoid to depressed-globose, apiculate, covered with pale

brown tomentum, ¼′—⅓′ in diameter.

A tree with slender glabrous branchlets densely coated when they first

appear with pale pubescence, soon glabrous, light reddish brown during

their first summer, often bright red during their first winter, becoming

purple the following year and ultimately light gray-brown. Winter-buds

ovoid, glabrous or puberulous, bright red, about ⅕′ long and 1/12′—⅛′ in

diameter.

Distribution. Georgia, shore of Colonel’s Island near the mouths of the

North Newport and Medway Rivers, near Durham, Liberty County; the var.

_discolor_ with the type

5. Tilia crenoserrata Sarg.

_Tilia floridana_ Sarg., not Small.

Leaves ovate, abruptly narrowed and acuminate at apex, usually oblique

and unsymmetrically cordate or truncate or occasionally symmetrical and

cordate at base, crenately serrate, the teeth tipped with minute glands,

covered when they unfold with pale caducous tomentum, and at maturity

dark green and lustrous above, glaucescent below, glabrous with the

exception of minute axillary tufts of rusty hairs, mostly 3½′—5½′ long

and 2¾′—3′ wide; petioles slender, glabrous, about 1¼′ in length.

Flowers opening the middle of June, ⅓′ long, on hoary-tomentose

pedicels, in compact mostly 10—18-flowered tomentose cymes; peduncle

glabrous, the free portion 1′—1½′ in length, its bract oblong-obovate,

cuneate at base, rounded at apex, glabrous, 3′—5′ long, usually about ⅘′

wide, decurrent nearly to the base of the peduncle; sepals acute,

hoary-tomentose on the outer surface, coated with pale tomentum mixed

with long white hairs on the inner surface; petals narrow-acuminate;

staminodia oblong-obovate, notched at apex. Fruit ripening from the

middle to the end of August, ellipsoid, conspicuously apiculate at apex,

rusty-tomentose, ⅓′—⅖′ long and ¼′—⅓′ in diameter.

A tree, 25°—30°, rarely 60° high, with a trunk 10′—12′ rarely 18′—20′ in

diameter, and slender glabrous red-brown branchlets. Winter-buds ovoid,

acute, dark dull red, glabrous, ⅙′—⅕′ long.

Distribution. Near Albany, Dougherty County, Georgia, to central Florida

(Levy, Columbia, Alachua, Putnam, Seminole and Orange Counties).

6. Tilia floridana Ashe.

[Illustration: Fig. 663]

Leaves broad-ovate, acuminate or abruptly acuminate at apex, cordate or

obliquely truncate at base and coarsely serrate with apiculate teeth,

tinged with red and tomentose below when they unfold, fully grown and

glabrous or nearly glabrous when the flowers open late in May or in

early June, and at maturity thin, glabrous, dark yellow-green on the

upper surface, pale or rarely covered below with a silvery white bloom

(var. _hypoleuca_ Sarg.), 3½′—5′ long and 2½′—3½′ wide, with a slender

midrib and primary veins; in the east usually without axillary tufts,

often present and sometimes conspicuous westward; petioles slender,

glabrous, ¾′—1′ in length. Flowers opening in early summer ⅕′—¼′ long,

on hoary-tomentose rarely puberulous (var. _australis_ Sarg.) pedicels,

in few-flowered rather compact pubescent corymbs; peduncle pubescent,

the free portion 1½′—2½′ in length, its bract oblong-obovate to oblong,

rounded at apex, often falcate, glabrous, 3′—6′ long, ½′—¾′ wide,

decurrent nearly to the base of the peduncle; sepals narrow, ovate,

acuminate, hoary-tomentose on the outer surface, sparingly villose on

the inner surface, two-thirds as long as the lanceolate petals;

staminodia oblong-obovate, acute, nearly as long as the petals; style

glabrous. Fruit ripening in August and September, subglobose to

ellipsoid, rusty-tomentose, ½′ in diameter.

A tree, 40°—50° high, with a trunk 12′—15′ in diameter, and slender

glabrous red-brown or yellow branchlets. Winter-buds obtuse, dark

red-brown, glabrous, about ⅙′ long.

Distribution. North Carolina (Polk County) to western Florida and

westward through northern and central Alabama, central Mississippi,

northern and western Louisiana, eastern and over the Edwards Plateau to

Kerr, Bandera and Uvalde Counties, Texas, and through southern and

western Arkansas to eastern Oklahoma, Missouri and eastern Kentucky; in

northeastern Mexico; the var. australis in Blount County, Alabama. A

variety (var. _oblongifolia_ Sarg.) with narrower more elongated leaves

with more prominent tufts of axillary hairs occurs in Putnam, Leon and

Gadsden Counties, Florida, on the bluffs of the Alabama River near

Berlin, Dallas County, Alabama, in Hinds, Rankin and Adams Counties,

Mississippi, in West Feliciana, Iberia (Avery Island) and Natchitoches

Parishes, Louisiana, in Hempstead and Salina Counties, Arkansas, and in

Harris, Anderson and Livingston Counties, Texas.

7. Tilia Cocksii Sarg.

[Illustration: Fig. 664]

Leaves ovate, abruptly acuminate at apex, very oblique at the truncate

or rounded base, dentate with small remote glandular apiculate teeth,

covered when they unfold with loose floccose pubescence, nearly glabrous

when fully grown early in April, when the flowers open the middle of May

dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale blue-green and

lustrous below, and at mid-summer when the fruit ripens, subcoriaceous,

dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower

surface, with slender primary veins without or occasionally with minute

axillary tufts, and connected by conspicuous straight or curved

veinlets, 3½′—4′ long and 2½′—3′ wide; petioles slender, glabrous, ¾′—1′

in length; leaves on leading summer branchlets sometimes obliquely

cordate, more coarsely serrate, covered on the upper surface with short

fascicled hairs, and floccose-pubescent on the lower surface, 4′—5′ long

and 4′—4¾′ wide, their petioles puberulous. Flowers opening the middle

of May, ¼′ long, on tomentose pedicels, in compact pubescent

many-flowered cymes; peduncle slender, glabrous, the free portion only

⅗′—⅘′ in length, its bract oblong, occasionally slightly obovate,

rounded at the ends, hoary-tomentose on the under surface and pubescent

on the upper surface when it first appears, and when the flowers open

puberulous below and glabrous above, 3½′—6′ long, ½′—⅗′ wide and shorter

than and decurrent to the base of the peduncle; sepals ovate, acuminate,

pale pubescent on the outer surface, villose at the base on the inner

surface, a third shorter than the lanceolate acuminate petals;

staminodia oblong-obovate, rounded at apex, about half the length of the

petals; style glabrous. Fruit ripening the middle of July, globose to

depressed-globose, covered with loose brown tomentum, ¼′ in diameter.

A small tree with slender dull red glabrous branchlets, the leading

branchlets in summer more or less pubescent. Winter-buds ovoid, acute,

dull red, glabrous or pubescent on leading shoots, ⅕′—¼′ long.

Distribution. Louisiana, river banks and low woods, Lake Charles and

West Lake Charles, Calcasieu Parish.

8. Tilia neglecta Spach.

_Tilia Michauxii_ Sarg., not Nutt.

[Illustration: Fig. 665]

Leaves thick and firm, acute or abruptly narrowed and long-pointed at

apex, obliquely concave or unsymmetrically cordate at base, coarsely

serrate with straight apiculate teeth pointing forward, dark green,

smooth, glabrous and lustrous above, covered below except on the midrib

and veins more or less thickly with short gray pubescence often slightly

tinged with brown, and furnished with conspicuous tufts of axillary

hairs, usually 4′—5½′ long and 2½′—4½′ wide; petioles stout, glabrous,

1¼′—2½′ in length. Flowers opening in June and July about ⅖′ long, on

pubescent or nearly glabrous pedicels, in long-branched slender glabrous

mostly 5—15-flowered cymes; peduncle slender, glabrous, the free portion

1¼′—1½′ in length, its bract gradually narrowed and cuneate or

unsymmetrically cuneate or rounded at base, rounded at apex, glabrous,

2¾′—4½′ long, ⅖′—⅘′ wide and longer than and decurrent nearly to the

base or to within ⅗′ of the base of the peduncle; sepals broad-ovate,

acute, ciliate on the margins, glabrous on the outer surface, covered on

the inner surface with long white hairs, about half as long as the

lanceolate petals rounded and notched at apex and rather longer than the

spatulate staminodia; stamens included; style villose toward the base.

Fruit ripening in September, ellipsoid, ovoid, obovoid, or

depressed-globose, rounded or acute or rarely gradually narrowed and

acuminate at apex, rarely 5-angled, covered with rusty or pale

pubescence, usually about ⅓′ in diameter.

A tree, 75°—90° high, with a trunk sometimes 3° in diameter, smooth

often pendulous branches forming a broad round head, and slender

glabrous branchlets. Winter-buds ovoid, rounded at the narrowed apex,

about ⅕′ long, with glabrous red-brown or light brown scales. Bark of

the trunk about 1′ thick, deeply furrowed, pale reddish brown and

covered with small thin scales.

Distribution. Rich moist soil, Province of Quebec, near Montreal, to the

coast of Massachusetts and New York, through the middle states to the

valley of the Potomac River and along the Appalachian Mountains to those

of North Carolina, and to Iuka, Tishomingo County, Mississippi, and from

central and western New York to northern Missouri.

9. Tilia caroliniana Mill.

[Illustration: Fig. 666]

Leaves ovate, oblique and truncate or cordate at base, abruptly

long-pointed at apex, coarsely dentate with broad apiculate glandular

teeth pointing forward, and coated below with a rusty or pale easily

detached pubescence of fascicled hairs, coated when they unfold with

hoary tomentum, soon glabrous on the upper surface, and at maturity dark

yellow-green and lustrous above, 2¾′—4½′ long and 2½′—5′ wide; petioles

stout, glabrous, 1′—1½′ in length. Flowers opening the middle of June,

¼′ long, on slender pubescent pedicels, in small stout-branched

pubescent mostly 8—15-flowered cymes; peduncle slender, pubescent, the

free portion ¾′—1¼′ long, its bract oblong-obovate, cuneate at base,

rounded or acute at apex, nearly glabrous on the upper surface when it

first appears, pubescent becoming glabrous or almost glabrous below,

4′—5′ long and ⅘′ wide, longer or shorter than and decurrent to the base

or nearly to the base of the peduncle; sepals ovate, acuminate, ciliate

on the margins, brown and covered with pale pubescence on the outer

surface, coated on the inner surface with long white hairs; petals

lanceolate, acuminate, a third longer than the sepals; staminodia

oblong-obovate, rounded at apex, rather shorter than the petals; style

tomentose at base or glabrous. Fruit subglobose, ellipsoid or obovoid,

⅛′ in diameter.

A large tree with slender red-brown glabrous or slightly pubescent

branchlets. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, glabrous or rarely pubescent,

about ¼′ long.

Distribution. Coast of North Carolina (Wrightsville Beach and the

neighborhood of Wilmington, New Hanover County), southward in the

immediate neighborhood of the coast to Liberty County, Georgia; western

Louisiana to southern Arkansas (Hempstead and Clark Counties) common,

and through eastern Texas to the Edwards Plateau (near Boerne, Kendall

County); in Orizaba. Passing into

Tilia caroliniana var. rhoophila Sarg.

[Illustration: Fig. 667]

Differing from the type in its pubescent branchlets and winter-buds, its

usually larger leaves, and in its tomentose corymbs of more numerous

flowers. Leaves broad-ovate, abruptly short-pointed and acuminate at

apex, oblique and truncate or cordate at base, coarsely serrate with

broad apiculate teeth pointing forward, dark green and lustrous on the

upper surface, pale and thickly covered on the lower surface with

persistent white or brownish pubescence, 4′—5′ long and 2½′—5′ wide,

with a slender midrib and primary veins pubescent on the lower side, and

small conspicuous axillary tufts of pale hairs; petioles stout, thickly

coated with pubescence, 1′—1¾′ in length; leaves on vigorous shoots

often 6′ long, and 5½′ wide, and occasionally 10′ long and 9′ wide.

Flowers ¼′ long, on short hoary-tomentose pedicels, in wide

thin-branched pubescent many-flowered (sometimes 50) cymes; peduncle

thickly covered with fascicled hairs, the free portion ¼′ long, its

bract oblong, unequally rounded at base, rounded at apex, glabrous on

the upper surface, pubescent on the lower surface, 4′—6′ long, 1′—2′

wide, usually shorter than and decurrent nearly to the base of the

peduncle; sepals acuminate, coated on the outer surface with pale or

slightly rusty pubescence, villose and furnished at base on the inner

surface with tufts of long hairs; petals lanceolate, acuminate and

ciliate at apex, about a third longer than the sepals; staminodia

spatulate, acute, about half the length of the petals; style coated at

base with long white hairs. Fruit subglobose, covered with rusty

tomentum, about ⅓′ in diameter.

A tree with slender branchlets thickly coated during their first year

with pale pubescence, dark red-brown or gray and puberulous during their

second season. Winter-buds covered with pale pubescence.

Distribution. Western Louisiana (Calcasieu and Jefferson Davis Parishes)

to Hempstead County, Arkansas, and through eastern Texas to the valley

of the upper Guadalupe River, Kerr County.

10. Tilia texana Sarg.

[Illustration: Fig. 668]

Leaves thin, oblong-ovate, abruptly contracted into a long slender

acuminate point, cordate or obliquely cordate at base, finely dentate

with broad apiculate teeth, early in the season pubescent above with

scattered fascicled hairs and covered below with brownish slightly

attached pubescence, and in the autumn light yellow-green, lustrous and

nearly glabrous on the upper surface, slightly pubescent on the lower

surface, 4′—5½′ long and 3¼′—5′ wide, with a slender midrib and primary

veins sparingly villose on the upper side and nearly glabrous on the

lower side, and small axillary tufts of brownish hairs; petioles

slender, pubescent with fascicled hairs, 1′—1½′ in length; leaves on

vigorous shoots often furnished with one or two large lateral acuminate

serrate lobes, more coarsely dentate and more thickly covered on the

lower surface with pubescence, often 5½′—6′ long and 3½′—6′ wide.

Flowers opening the middle of June, ¼′ long, on slender tomentose

pedicels, in small villose-pubescent mostly 7—10-flowered cymes;

peduncle slender, slightly villose-pubescent, the free portion 1¼′—1½′

in length, its bract oblong-ovate to slightly obovate, unsymmetrically

cuneate at base, rounded and occasionally lobed at apex, glabrous on the

upper surface, densely pubescent early in the season, later becoming

nearly glabrous on the lower surface, 3′—6′ long and ¾′—1¼′ wide, longer

or shorter than the peduncle and decurrent to its base or to within 1½′

of its base; sepals ovate, acute, pale pubescent on the outer surface,

covered on the inner surface with white hairs longer and more abundant

near the base; petals lanceolate, acuminate, a third longer than the

sepals; staminodia linear-lanceolate, acuminate; style hoary-tomentose

at base. Fruit ellipsoid, covered with rusty brown tomentum, ⅓′ long and

¼′ broad.

A small tree with slender branchlets thickly covered during their first

season with close pale pubescence, and pale and puberulous or glabrous

in their second year; on vigorous terminal branchlets often with

thicker, light rusty brown pubescence. Winter-buds ovoid, obtusely

pointed, thickly covered with pale pubescence, ¼′ long.

Distribution. Texas, Brazos and Cherokee Counties, on Spring Creek near

Boerne, Kendall County, and on the rocky banks of the Guadalupe River at

Kerrville, Kerr County.

11. Tilia phanera Sarg.

[Illustration: Fig. 669]

Leaves semiorbicular to broad-ovate, deeply and usually symmetrically

cordate at base, abruptly short-pointed at apex, finely dentate with

straight or incurved apiculate teeth, glabrous above when they unfold

with the exception of a few hairs on the midrib and veins, and thickly

coated below with hoary tomentum, and at maturity thin, blue-green,

smooth and lustrous on the upper surface, paler and often brownish and

coated with a floccose easily detached pubescence of fascicled hairs or

scabrate (var. _scabrida_ Sarg.) on the lower surface, 2′—4′ wide and

usually rather broader than long, with a slender midrib and primary

veins pubescent on the lower side, and small axillary clusters of rusty

brown hairs; petioles slender, coated when they first appear with hoary

tomentum, glabrous or slightly pubescent in the autumn, 1′—1½′ in

length. Flowers opening the middle of June, ⅕′ long, on tomentose

pedicels, in compact villose mostly 16—20-flowered cymes; peduncle

villose, the free portion 1¼′ in length, its bract obovate, cuneate at

base, broad and rounded at apex, floccose-pubescent on the lower

surface, nearly glabrous on the upper surface, 3′—3½′ long and ½′—1′

wide, longer than the peduncle and decurrent to its base or to within ¼′

of its base; sepals acuminate, pale pubescent on the outer surface,

villose on the margins and furnished at base on the inner surface with a

tuft of long white hairs, broader and shorter than the lanceolate

acuminate petals; staminodia oblong-obovate, rounded at apex, style

glabrous except at the base. Fruit ripening the end of September,

ellipsoid, covered with rusty tomentum, ⅓′—⅖′ long and ¼′ wide, on a

stout, densely floccose-pubescent pedicel.

A tree with slender light gray-brown often zigzag branchlets covered

when they first appear with fascicled hairs and deciduous during their

first summer. Winter-buds ovoid, obtusely pointed, terete, reddish

brown, glabrous, ⅙′—⅕′ long.

Distribution. Texas, banks of Spring Creek, near Boerne, Kendall County;

the var. _scabrida_ on a low limestone bluff of the Blanco River, near

Blanco, Blanco County, near College Station, Brazos County, and at

Velasco, Brazoria County.

12. Tilia lasioclada Sarg.

[Illustration: Fig. 670]

Leaves ovate, abruptly contracted at apex into a short acuminate point,

oblique and truncate or on weak branchlets, often nearly symmetric and

deeply cordate at base, and finely serrate with straight apiculate

teeth, covered above when they unfold with soft caducous hairs and

pubescent below, and at maturity thick, bright green, smooth and

lustrous on the upper surface, pale and covered on the lower surface

with a thick floccose easily detached pubescence of fascicled hairs,

pale on those of lower leaves and often rufous on those of upper

branches, 4′—6′ long and 3¼′—5′ wide, with a slender midrib and veins

covered below with straight hairs mixed with fascicled hairs, and small

conspicuous axillary tufts; petioles covered when they first appear with

straight hairs mixed with fascicled hairs, soon glabrous, usually

1¼′—1½′ in length, those of the leaves of weak branchlets very slender

and often 2′—2½′ long. Flowers in May, ⅙′—⅕′ long, on stout villose

pedicels, in long-branched mostly 10—15-flowered cymes more or less

thickly covered with straight white hairs; peduncle covered with long

white hairs, the free portion 1′—1¼′ in length, its bract rounded and

unsymmetric or acute at base, rounded or acute at apex, the midrib more

or less thickly covered on the lower side with straight hairs, otherwise

glabrous, 3½′—5′ long and 1′ wide, decurrent nearly to the base or to

within 1′ of the base of the peduncle; sepals narrow, acute, pubescent

on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface, about one-third as

long as the lanceolate acuminate petals; staminodia spatulate, rounded

and often lobed at apex, about as long as the sepals; style slightly

villose at base. Fruit ripening in September, globose or

depressed-globose, covered with rusty tomentum, about ⅖′ in diameter.

A tree, sometimes 60° high, with a trunk 12′—24′ in diameter, heavy

branches forming a broad round-topped head, and stout red-brown

branchlets sometimes glabrous in early summer and sometimes covered more

or less thickly during their first and second seasons with long straight

hairs.

Distribution. Valley of the Savannah River, near Abbeville, South

Carolina, to Shell Bluff, Burke County, Georgia; River Junction, Gadsden

County, Florida.

13. Tilia heterophylla Vent.

[Illustration: Fig. 671]

Leaves ovate, obliquely truncate or rarely slightly cordate at base,

gradually narrowed and acuminate at apex, finely dentate with apiculate

gland-tipped teeth, pubescent above when they unfold with caducous

fascicled hairs, and at maturity dark green and glabrous on the upper

surface, covered on the lower surface with thick, firmly attached, white

or on upper branches often brownish tomentum, and usually furnished with

small axillary tufts of rusty brown hairs, 3¼′—5¼′ long and 2½′—2¾′

wide; petioles slender, glabrous, 1½′—1¾′ in length. Flowers ¼′ long,

opening in early summer, on pedicels pubescent with fascicled hairs, in

wide mostly 10—20-flowered pubescent corymbs; peduncle glabrous, the

free portion 1/12′—⅙′ in length, its bract narrowed and rounded at apex,

unsymmetrically cuneate at base, pubescent on the upper surface,

tomentose on the lower surface when it first appears, becoming glabrous,

4′—6′ long and 1′—1½′ wide, nearly sessile or decurrent to within 1½′ of

the base of the peduncle; sepals acuminate, pale-pubescent on the outer

surface, villose on the inner surface and furnished at base with a tuft

of long white hairs; petals lanceolate, acuminate, a third longer than

the sepals; staminodia oblong-ovate, acute, sometimes notched at apex;

style villose at base with long white hairs. Fruit ellipsoid, apiculate

at apex, covered with rusty brown tomentum, about ⅓′ long.

A large tree with slender, glabrous, reddish or yellowish brown

branchlets and oblong-ovate slightly flattened glabrous winter-buds

⅕′—⅓′ in length, the outer scales slightly ciliate at apex.

Distribution. White Sulphur Springs, Greenbrier County, West Virginia;

Piedmont region of North and South Carolina and Georgia; near

Tallahassee, Leon County, River Junction, Gadsden County, and Rock Cave,

Jackson County, Florida; near Selma and Berlin, Dallas County, Alabama;

Vevay, Switzerland County, and near the Ohio River, Jefferson County,

Indiana; not common. Passing into the var. _amphiloba_ Sarg., differing

from the type in the fascicled hairs on the upper surface of the young

leaves and in the often pubescent branchlets; woods in sandy soil near

River Junction, Gadsden County, Florida, and Valley Head, DeKalb County,

Alabama; and into var. _nivea_ Sarg., differing from the type in the

white tomentum on the lower surface of the leaves, the glabrous styles,

in the tomentum on the lower side of the floral bract when the flowers

open, the pubescent gray or pale reddish brown branchlets and in the

puberulous winter-buds; deep woods, River Junction, Gadsden County,

Florida. More important is

Tilia heterophylla var. Michauxii Sarg.

_Tilia Michauxii_ Nutt.

[Illustration: Fig. 672]

Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, acute or abruptly short-pointed at the

broad apex, cordate, obliquely cordate, or rarely obliquely truncate at

base, and coarsely serrate with apiculate teeth, pubescent above when

they unfold with caducous fascicled hairs, and hoary-tomentose beneath,

and at maturity thin, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface and

coated below with short white or grayish white tomentum, 3½′—6′ long and

3½′—5′ wide, with a slender yellow midrib and primary veins usually

without axillary tufts; petioles slender, sparingly villose when they

first appear, soon glabrous, 1½′—2½′ in length. Flowers ⅓′ long, opening

about the 1st of July, on slender puberulous pedicels ¼′ in length, in

wide long-stemmed puberulous cymes; peduncle pubescent, becoming

glabrous, the free portion 1¾′—2′ in length, its bract obovoid, rounded

or acute at apex, 3½′—5′ long and ½′—1′ wide, decurrent to within ⅓′—¾′

of the base of the peduncle; sepals ovate, acuminate, ciliate on the

margins, puberulous on the outer surface, tomentose on the inner

surface, ¼′ long, shorter than the lanceolate acuminate petals;

staminodia oblong-obovoid, rounded or emarginate at apex; style

glabrous. Fruit ripening in September, subglobose, rusty-tomentose,

¼′—⅓′ in diameter.

A large tree with slender glabrous light red-brown branchlets.

Winter-buds ovoid, acute, slightly flattened, red, about ¼′ in length.

Bark of the trunk 1′ thick, deeply furrowed, reddish or grayish brown

and covered with small thin scales.

Distribution. Pennsylvania, valley of the Susquehanna River (Lancaster

County) to southern and western New York and through southern Ohio,

Indiana, and Illinois to northeastern Missouri (near Ilasco, Ralls

County), and southward through eastern Kentucky and Tennessee to

northeastern Mississippi, and along the Appalachian Mountains to

northern Georgia; southern Georgia (Dougherty and Decatur Counties),

Dallas County, Alabama; southwestern Missouri (Eagle Rock, Barry

County), and northwestern Arkansas (Eureka Springs, Carroll County, and

Cotter, Marion County).

14. Tilia monticola Sarg.

_Tilia heterophylla_ Sarg., in part, not Vent.

[Illustration: Fig. 673]

Leaves thin, gradually narrowed and acuminate at apex, ovate to

oblong-ovate, very oblique and truncate or obliquely cordate at base,

finely serrate with straight or incurved apiculate teeth, smooth, dark

green and lustrous on the upper surface, thickly coated on the lower

surface with hoary tomentum, 4′—7′ long and 3′—5′ wide; petioles

slender, glabrous, 1½′—3′ in length. Flowers from the middle to the end

of July, ⅖′—½′ long, on stout sparingly pubescent pedicels, in mostly

7—10-flowered thin-branched glabrous cymes; peduncle slender, glabrous,

the free portion 1⅓′—1½′ in length, its bract gradually narrowed and

cuneate or rounded at base, narrowed and rounded at apex, glabrous,

4′—5½′ long and ⅘′—1′ wide, decurrent to within 1/24′—⅛′ of the base of

the peduncle; sepals ovate, acute, ciliate on the margins, covered on

the outer surface with short pale pubescence and with silky white hairs

on the inner surface; petals lanceolate, acuminate, twice longer than

the sepals; staminodia oblong-lanceolate, rounded at the narrowed apex,

as long or nearly as long as the petals; style clothed at the base with

long white hairs. Fruit ripening in September, ovoid to ellipsoid,

covered with pale rusty tomentum, ¼′—⅓′ long and about ¼′ in diameter.

A tree rarely exceeding 60° in height with a trunk 3°—4½° in diameter,

slender branches forming a narrow rather pyramidal head, and stout

glabrous branchlets usually bright red during their first year, becoming

brown in their second season. Winter-buds compressed, ovoid, acute or

rounded at apex, light red, covered with a glaucous bloom, ⅓′—½′ long.

Bark of the trunk ⅗′ in thickness, deeply furrowed, the surface broken

into small thin light brown scales.

Distribution. Appalachian Mountains at altitudes usually from

2500°—3000°, Farmer Mountain, on New River, Connell County, Virginia, to

Johnson City, Washington County. Tennessee, and to Highlands, Macon

County, North Carolina.

15. Tilia georgiana Sarg.

[Illustration: Fig. 674]

Leaves ovate, abruptly short-pointed at apex, slightly unsymmetric and

usually cordate on lateral branches and often oblique or truncate on

leading branches at base, and finely dentate with glandular teeth

pointing forward, when they unfold deeply tinged with red, covered above

by fascicled hairs and tomentose below, when the flowers open the middle

of June dark yellow-green, dull and scabrate above and covered below

with a thick coat of tomentum, pale on those of lower branches and

tinged with brown on those from the top of the tree, and conspicuously

reticulate-venulose, and at maturity thick, dull yellow-green, pubescent

or glabrous above, rusty or pale tomentose below, sometimes becoming

nearly glabrous in the autumn, 2½′—4′ long and 2′—3′ wide; petioles

slender, tomentose, 1′—1½′ in length. Flowers ¼′—⅓′ long, on slender

pubescent pedicels, in compact slender-branched pubescent mostly

10—15-flowered corymbs; peduncle slender, densely pubescent, the free

portion 1′—1½′ in length, its bract oblong to obovate, rounded at apex,

rounded or cuneate at base, pubescent, becoming nearly glabrous, 2½′—4′

long and ¾′—1½′ wide, decurrent to the base or to within 1′ of the base

of the peduncle; sepals ovate, acuminate, coated on the outer surface

with pale pubescence and on the inner surface with pale hairs longest

and most abundant at the base, not more than one-half the length of the

lanceolate acuminate narrow petals; staminodia oblong-obovate to

spatulate, acute, about two-thirds as long as the petals; style glabrous

or furnished with a few hairs at the very base. Fruit ripens early in

September on pubescent pedicels, depressed-globose, occasionally

slightly grooved and ridged, covered with thick rusty tomentum, ⅕′—¼′ in

diameter.

A small tree, with slender branchlets thickly coated during their first

season with pale tomentum, and dark red-brown or brown and puberulous in

their second year. Winter-buds covered with rusty brown pubescence,

¼′—⅓′ long.

Distribution. Coast of South Carolina, near Charleston; Colonel’s Island

near the mouths of the North Newport and Medway Rivers, near Dunham,

Liberty County, and at Brunswick, Glynn County, Georgia, to central and

western Florida.

Tilia georgiana var. crinita Sarg.

_Tilia pubescens_ Sarg., in part, not Vent.

[Illustration: Fig. 675]

Differing in the longer and more matted usually rusty brown hairs of the

pubescence, usually less closely attached to the under surface of the

leaves and often conspicuous on the young branches.

A tree, 30°—40° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 15′ in diameter, and

slender branchlets densely rusty pubescent during their first season,

and during their third year becoming glabrous, red-brown, rugose and

marked by occasional small lenticels. Winter-buds acuminate, dark

reddish brown and covered with short reddish pubescence. Bark of the

trunk ½′—¾′ thick, furrowed and divided into parallel ridges, the

red-brown surface broken into short thick scales.

Distribution. Sandy woods near Bluffton, Beaufort County, and in the

neighborhood of Charleston, South Carolina, and on Colonel’s Island near

the mouth of the North Newport and Medway Rivers, near Dunham, Liberty

County, Georgia.

XL. STERCULIACEÆ.

Trees or shrubs, with bitter astringent juice, mucilaginous bark, and

alternate simple leaves, with stipules. Flowers perfect, regular; calyx

of 5 sepals, imbricated in the bud; corolla 0 (in _Fremontia_); anthers

extrorse; pistil of 5 united carpels; ovary 5-celled; styles united;

ovules anatropous.

A family of about fifty genera mostly confined to the tropics. Its most

important species, _Theobroma Cacao_ L., of the West Indies, produces

chocolate from the cotyledons. _Firmiana simplex_ F. N. Meyer, of this

family and a native of southern China, is often planted as an ornamental

tree in the southern states, where it has sometimes become naturalized,

and in California.

1. FREMONTIA Torr.

A tree or shrub, with stellate pubescence and naked buds. Leaves

broad-ovate, lobed, thick, prominently veined, usually rufous on the

lower surface, persistent; stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers solitary,

terminal or opposite the leaves, pedicellate, subtended by 3 or rarely 5

minute caducous bracts; calyx subcampanulate, hypogynous, deeply

5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, petaloid, yellow, spreading,

obovate, often mucronate, 1′ long, the 3 outer a little smaller than the

others, pubescent on the outer surface, with a hairy cavity at the base

of the inner surface; corolla 0; stamens 5; filaments alternate with the

sepals, united to the middle into a column; anthers oblong-linear,

incurved at the ends, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; ovary

5-celled, the cells opposite the sepals; style filiform, elongated,

terminated by an acute undivided stigmatic point; ovules numerous in

each cell, horizontal. Fruit an ovoid acuminate 4 or 5-valved

loculicidally dehiscent capsule densely coated with long matted hairs,

the inner surface of the cells villose-pubescent. Seeds oval; seed-coat

crustaceous, puberulous, with a small fleshy marginal deciduous ariloid

appendage on the chalaza; embryo straight, in thick fleshy albumen;

cotyledons oblong, foliaceous, three or four times longer than the short

radicle.

_Fremontia_, named in honor of John C. Frémont, the distinguished

explorer of western North America, is represented by a single species.

1. Fremontia californica Torr. Slippery Elm.

_Fremontodendron californicum_ Cov.

[Illustration: Fig. 676]

Leaves usually 3-lobed, rarely entire or sometimes 5—7-lobed, 1½′ in

diameter; petioles stout, ½′—⅔′ in length. Flowers appearing in July in

great profusion on short spur-like lateral branchlets. Fruit 1′ long;

seeds very dark red-brown, about 3/16′ long.

A tree, 20°—30° high, with a short trunk 12′—14′ in diameter, stout

rigid branches spreading almost at right angles, and stout terete

branchlets thickly coated when they first appear with rufous pubescence,

becoming glabrous and light red-brown; more often a low intricately

branched shrub. Bark of the trunk rarely more than ¼′ thick, deeply

furrowed, the dark red-brown surface broken into numerous short thick

scales. Wood hard, heavy, close-grained, dark brown tinged with red,

with thick lighter colored sapwood. The mucilaginous inner bark is

sometimes used domestically in poultices.

Distribution. Lower slopes of the California mountains; western base of

Mt. Shasta to the San Pedro Mártir Mountains, Lower California; nowhere

common west of the Sierra Nevada, but of its largest size on their

western foothills; most abundant east of the Sierra Nevada in the region

of the Mohave Desert, growing as a low shrub and sometimes forming

thickets several acres in extent.

Occasionally cultivated in western and southern Europe as an ornamental

plant.

XLI. THEACEÆ.

Trees or shrubs, with simple alternate leaves, without stipules. Flowers

perfect, regular, hypogynous; sepals and petals 5, imbricated in the

bud; stamens numerous; anthers 2-celled, the cells opening

longitudinally; pistil of 3—5 united carpels; ovary 3—5-celled; styles

as many as the cells of the ovary, partly united. Fruit capsular; embryo

with large cotyledons.

The Camellia family with eighteen genera is principally confined to the

tropics of the New World and to southern and eastern Asia. Two genera

are represented in the flora of the southern United States, and of these

Gordonia is arborescent. Its most important genus, Camellia of eastern

Asia, contains the Tea plant, _Camellia Thea_ Link, and several species

cultivated for the beauty of their flowers.

1. GORDONIA Ell.

Trees or shrubs, with terete branchlets, with an acuminate terminal bud,

slender acuminate naked axillary buds, and watery juice. Leaves

pinnately veined, entire or crenate, subcoriaceous and persistent, or

thin and deciduous. Flowers axillary, solitary, long-stalked or

subsessile; calyx subtended by 2—5 caducous bracts; sepals unequal,

rounded, concave, coriaceous, persistent; petals free or slightly

united, obovate, concave, white, deciduous; stamens numerous, filaments

short, united at base into a fleshy cup adnate to the base of the petals

and inserted with them, or long and inserted directly on the petals;

anthers introrse, yellow; ovary sessile; style elongated, erect, 5-lobed

at the stigmatic apex; ovules 4—8 in each cell, pendulous in 2 series

from its inner angle, collateral, anatropous. Fruit a woody oblong or

subglobose 5-celled capsule loculicidally 5-valved, with a persistent

axis angled by the projecting placentas. Seeds 2—8 in each cell

pendulous, flat, without albumen; seed-coat woody, usually produced

upward into an oblong wing; embryo mostly straight or oblique, with

oblong flat or oblique cotyledons; radicle short, superior.

Gordonia with sixteen species is confined to the south Atlantic states

of North America and to tropical Asia and the Malay Archipelago.

The generic name is in honor of James Gordon (1728—1791), a well-known

London nurseryman.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Flowers long-pedicellate; filaments united into a cup; capsule ovoid,

the valves not splitting from the base; seeds winged; leaves

persistent.

1. G. Lasianthus (C).

Flowers subsessile; filaments distinct; capsule globose, the valves

septicidally splitting from the base; seeds without wings;

leaves deciduous.

2. G. alatamaha (C).

1. Gordonia Lasianthus Ell. Bay. Loblolly Bay.

[Illustration: Fig. 677]

Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate to oblong, acute at apex, gradually

narrowed to the cuneate base, finely or remotely crenately serrate,

usually above the middle only, dark green, smooth and lustrous, 4′—5′

long and 1½′—2′ wide, persistent; finally turning scarlet and dropping

irregularly through the year; petioles stout, wing-margined toward the

apex, channeled, about ½′ in length. Flowers pungently fragrant, about

2½′ in diameter, expanding in July and continuing to open successively

during two or three months, on stout red pedicels thickening from below

upward, 2½′—3′ long, and usually furnished with 3 or 4 ovate minute

subfloral bractlets; sepals ovate to oval, ½′ long, ciliate on the

margins with long white hairs, and covered on the outer surface with

dense velvety pale lustrous pubescence; petals rounded at apex,

gradually contracted at base, silky-puberulent on the back, white,

incurved, 1¼′—1½′ long and 1′ broad, stamens united into a shallow

fleshy deeply 5-lobed cup pubescent on the inner surface and adnate to

the base of the petals; ovary ovoid, pubescent, gradually contracted

into the stout style persistent on the fruit. Fruit ovoid, acute,

pubescent, ¾′ long, and ½′ in diameter, splitting to below the middle;

seeds winged, nearly square, slightly concave on the inner surface and

rounded on the outer surface, rugose, dotted with small pale brown

excrescences, nearly 1/16′ long and half the length of the thin

membranaceous oblique pale brown wing pointed or rounded at apex; embryo

filling the cavity of the seed, nearly straight; cotyledons subcordate,

foliaceous.

A short-lived tree, 60°—75° high, with a tall straight trunk 18′—20′ in

diameter, small branches growing upward at first and ultimately

spreading into a narrow compact head, and dark brown rugose branchlets

marked during several years by the horizontal slightly obcordate

leaf-scars; or rarely a low shrub. Winter-buds ¼′—⅓′ long, and covered

with pale silky lustrous pubescence. Bark of the trunk nearly 1′ thick,

deeply divided into regular parallel rounded ridges, their dark

red-brown scaly surface broken into many irregular shallow furrows. Wood

light, soft, close-grained, not durable, light red, with lighter colored

sapwood of 40—50 layers of annual growth; occasionally used in

cabinet-making.

Distribution. Shallow swamps and moist depressions in Pine-barrens;

southeastern Virginia southward near the coast to the shores of Indian

River on the east coast and to Cape Romano on the west coast of Florida,

ranging to the interior of the peninsula from Lake to De Soto Counties,

and westward along the Gulf coast to southern Mississippi; most abundant

in Georgia and east Florida; gradually becoming less abundant westward.

2. Gordonia alatamaha Sarg. Franklinia.

[Illustration: Fig. 678]

Leaves obovate-oblong, rounded or pointed at apex, gradually narrowed to

the long cuneate base, remotely serrate, usually above the middle only,

with small glandular teeth, bright green and lustrous on the upper

surface, pale on the lower surface, 5′—6′ long and 1½′—2′ wide; turning

scarlet in the autumn before falling; petioles stout, wing-margined

above, ¼′—½′ in length. Flowers 3′—3½′ in diameter, appearing about the

middle of September, on short stout pedicels at first pubescent, finally

glabrous, from the axils of crowded upper leaves, and marked by the

broad conspicuous scars of 2 minute lateral subfloral pubescent

bractlets; sepals nearly circular, ½′ in diameter, ciliate on the

margins, and covered on the outer surface with short lustrous silky pale

hairs; petals obovate, crenulate, white, membranaceous, 1′—1½′ long and

1′ broad, and densely coated on the outer surface with fine pubescence;

filaments distinct, inserted on the petals; ovary conspicuously ridged,

pubescent, truncate, and crowned with a slender deciduous style nearly

as long as the stamens. Fruit globose, slightly pubescent, ¾′ in

diameter, the valves splitting nearly to the middle and septicidally

from the base to the middle; seeds 6—8, or by abortion fewer in each

cell, closely packed together on the whole length of the thick axile

placenta, nearly ½′ long, angled by mutual pressure, without wings.

A tree, 15°—20° high, with stout slightly angled dark red-brown

branchlets covered with small pale oblong horizontal lenticels, and

conspicuously marked by large prominent obcordate leaf-scars, with a

marginal row of large fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Winter-buds

compressed, reddish brown, puberulous, ¼′—⅓′ long. Bark of cultivated

plants smooth, thin, dark brown.

Distribution. Near Fort Barrington on the Altamaha River, Georgia; not

seen in a wild state since 1790, and now only known by cultivated

plants.

Often cultivated in the eastern states and hardy as far north as eastern

New York and occasionally in eastern Massachusetts, and rarely in

western and central Europe.

XLII. CANELLACEÆ.

Trees, with pungent aromatic bark, and alternate pellucid-punctate

entire penniveined persistent leaves, without stipules. Flowers perfect,

regular, cymose; sepals and petals imbricated in the bud; stamens

numerous, hypogynous, with filaments united into a tube inclosing the

pistil, and narrow extrorse anthers adnate to the tube and

longitudinally 2-celled; pistil of 2—3 united carpels; ovary free,

1-celled, with 2—5 parietal placentas; styles thick; stigmas 2—5-lobed;

ovules 2 or many. Fruit a berry; seeds 2 or several; seed-coat thick,

crustaceous; embryo small in fleshy oily albumen.

The Wild Cinnamon family with five genera and a few species is confined

to tropical America, south Africa and Madagascar, one species reaching

the shores of southern Florida.

1. CANELLA P. Br.

A tree, with scaly bark, stout ashy gray branchlets conspicuously marked

by large orbicular leaf-scars, and minute buds. Leaves obovate, rounded

or slightly emarginate at apex, gradually narrowed to the cuneate base,

petiolate, coriaceous. Flowers small, in many-flowered subcorymbose

terminal or subterminal panicles of several dichotomously branched cymes

from the axils of upper leaves or from minute caducous bracts; sepals 3,

suborbicular, concave, coriaceous, erect, their margins ciliate,

persistent; petals 5, hypogynous, in a single row on the slightly convex

receptacle, oblong, concave, rounded at apex, fleshy, twice as long as

the sepals, white or rose color; stamens about 20, staminal tube

crenulate at the summit and slightly extended above the anthers; ovary

cylindric or oblong-conic, 1-celled, with 2 parietal placentas; style

short, fleshy, terminating in a 2 or 3-lobed stigma; ovules numerous,

arcuate, horizontal or descending, attached by a short funicle,

imperfectly anatropous; micropyle superior. Fruit globose or slightly

ovoid, fleshy, minutely pointed with the base of the persistent style,

2—4-seeded. Seeds reniform, suspended; seed-coat black and shining;

embryo curved in the copious albumen; cotyledons oblong; radicle next

the hilum.

The genus consists of a single West Indian species, extending into

southern Florida and to Venezuela.

The generic name is from _canella_, the diminutive of the Latin _cana_

or _canna_, a cane or reed, first applied to the bark of some Old World

tree from the form of a roll or quill which it assumed in drying.

1. Canella Winterana Gærtn. Cinnamon Bark. White Wood. Wild Cinnamon.

[Illustration: Fig. 679]

Leaves contracted into a short stout grooved petiole, 3½′—5′ long and

1½′—2′ wide, bright green and lustrous. Flowers about ⅛′ in diameter,

opening in the autumn. Fruit ripening in March and April, bright

crimson, soft and fleshy, ½′ in diameter; seeds about 3/16′ long.

A tree, in Florida 25°—30° high, with a straight trunk 8′—10′ in

diameter, and slender horizontal spreading branches forming a compact

round-headed top. Bark of the trunk ⅛′ thick, light gray, broken on the

surface into numerous short thick scales rarely more than 2′—3′ long and

about twice as thick as the pale yellow aromatic inner bark. Wood very

heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, dark red-brown, with

thick light brown or yellow sapwood of 25—30 layers of annual growth.

The bitter acrid inner bark is the wild cinnamon bark of commerce. It

has a pleasant cinnamon-like odor and is an aromatic stimulant and

tonic.

Distribution. Florida, region of Cape Sable, Munroe County (Flamingo

[_A. A. Eaton_], East Cape, Madeira Hammock), and widely distributed on

the southern keys, usually growing in the shade of other trees; on the

Bahama Islands and many of the Antilles.

XLIII. KŒBERLINIACEÆ.