SEARCH FOR CHINA.--SUBJUGATION OF HISPANIOLA.
[Æt. 58; 1494]
On the 24th of April Columbus set sail, determined this time to reach
the Empire of China. He anchored for a night at La Navidad, but saw
nothing of Guacanagari. Sailing thence, he reached Cuba and began to
coast along the south side of the island. The natives ran away as
usual, and were afterward coaxed back with beads. They told him, with
some variations, the familiar story of a gold-bearing island farther
south, and Columbus decided to give them one more chance to prove its
truth. He steered south in search of the mythical Babeque, and when he
came within sight of a fine large island, he began to hope that Babeque
was found at last; but it proved to be only Jamaica.
Instead of running away, the natives came out in canoes to welcome
the Spaniards with bloody lances to hospitable drowning-places.
Without stopping to fight the first batch of seventy canoes, the fleet
sailed on in search of a good harbor. When an apparently eligible
place for anchoring was found, a boat was sent to make soundings,
and was attacked by the natives, who swarmed on the beach. A force
was therefore landed to convince the natives that their conduct was
impolite; and after many of them had been shot and the rest driven
into the woods in terror, with a savage dog in hot pursuit, they were
convinced of their error. The local cacique sent envoys and negotiated
a treaty, after which the Spaniards were permitted to repair their
vessels and take in water in peace. Columbus explored the coast for
some little distance to the westward, but finding no signs of gold, or
of the rum for which it afterward became famous, returned to Cuba and
resumed his search for China.
Day after day he sailed slowly westward, keeping near the coast and
frequently landing to inquire if China was close at hand. Sometimes the
information he received gave him great encouragement. For example, one
able and imaginative cacique told him of a tribe of men with tails.
As it was notorious that men with tails inhabited a part of Asia,
Columbus naturally thought the cacique’s story referred to them, and
that he would soon reach the region described by the veracious Sir John
Mandeville. Another cacique told him of a king who habitually wore a
white garment and was called a saint. This king Columbus immediately
identified with Prester John, though he ought to have remembered that
no true Presbyterian would dream of wearing white robes except in the
seclusion of his bedchamber. Encouraged by these stories, the hopeful
explorer sailed on toward China, now narrowly escaping shipwreck in the
maze of small islands known to us as the “Keys,” and now learning with
astonishment what violent thunder-storms the West Indies can produce
when they are needed. At one time the sea became the color of milk,
which greatly alarmed the sailors. They said that putting milk into
the sea was a defiance of the laws of nature, which provide that water
should always be put into milk, and that they did not like to cruise in
latitudes where so unnatural a practice was followed. Still, Columbus
persevered. Cuba seemed really to have no end, or to be, in other
words, a continent.
Finally, at the end of fifty days, when not a particle of China
had been found, and the vessels were so strained as to be entirely
unseaworthy, the sailors informed Columbus that this thing had gone
quite far enough, and that it was time to turn back. The Admiral was
so sure that Pekin must be within a few days’ sail that he was very
anxious to pursue the voyage, but he finally agreed to compromise the
matter. He said he would turn back, provided every officer, sailor,
and boy would make an affidavit that Cuba was a part of the mainland
of Asia. This they consented to do with much alacrity, and when every
affidavit had been duly sworn in the presence of a notary, Columbus
announced that any person who should at any time express the view that
Cuba was an island would be judged guilty of perjury and punished by
a fine of ten thousand maravedies, or by a hundred lashes and the
amputation of the tongue.
Having thus conclusively ascertained that Cuba was Asia, he steered
south-east, and on the 13th of June anchored at the Isle of Pines. Had
he only kept on his voyage westward a day or two longer, he would have
reached the western extremity of Cuba, and would have learned that it
was an island.
The voyage back along the Cuban coast was laborious, the weather being
often boisterous and the winds adverse. The sailors became so worn out
that Columbus was compelled to anchor in a convenient harbor and live
on shore with his men for more than a week, in order that they might
rest. Here he met with a venerable cacique, who gave him excellent
advice as to his future conduct, and assured him that if he did not
treat the natives justly he would be punished in a future world.
Judging from the report of the cacique’s sermon, he was almost as good
a Christian as Father Boyle.
When his men were sufficiently repaired, Columbus sailed to Jamaica
and resumed the exploration of its coast-line. He circumnavigated
the island without meeting with any hostile demonstrations from the
natives, and, although he saw no gold, he was kind enough to speak
well of Jamaica in his official report. He was rather embarrassed
by a particularly gorgeous cacique, arrayed in a cotton helmet and
a necklace of green stones, who with his entire family boarded the
flag-ship and informed the Admiral that he intended to go to Spain with
him. Columbus had some difficulty in declining the cacique’s company,
but he finally convinced him that if he wished to take passage he must
apply at the office of the company and provide himself with tickets in
the usual way. The truth is, the female part of the cacique’s family
was numerous and beautiful, and the judicious Admiral feared that the
presence of the ladies would seriously interfere with the duties of his
officers.
On the 20th of August the fleet reached Hispaniola, but Columbus did
not recognize it, and fancied that he had discovered a new island.
A day or two later a cacique came off to meet him in a canoe, and,
addressing him in broken Spanish, informed him of his true locality.
Columbus therefore landed nine of his men, with orders to proceed to
Isabella and report to Don Diego, and then continued his voyage along
the south coast of the island. The winds, however, persistently opposed
him, and he was compelled to lie at anchor for many days. This slow
progress, added to the toils and cares which he had lately experienced,
told heavily on the Admiral’s health, already enfeebled by his illness
at Isabella. He kept on his feet till the last moment, but on the 24th
of September was struck down by an attack which rendered him totally
insensible, and in that condition he remained for several days, while
the fleet pursued its way and finally reached Isabella.
One of the first to welcome the Admiral when he landed was his brother
Bartholomew. Years before, when Columbus was seeking some monarch who
would take an interest in exploration, he sent Bartholomew to England
to see if King Henry VII. was that kind of king. Either the Post Office
of the period was badly managed, or Christopher Columbus was so much
occupied with thoughts of exploration that he forgot the existence of
Bartholomew. At any rate, neither brother appears to have heard a word
from the other until Bartholomew accidentally learned that the Admiral
had actually discovered the New World and was on the point of fitting
out a second expedition. Bartholomew had at last induced King Henry
to agree to give his brother the command of an exploring expedition,
but of course the news from Spain rendered this agreement useless.
Bartholomew hastened to Spain by the most rapid route, and when he
found on arriving that his brother had already sailed, he called on
Ferdinand and Isabella, who immediately gave him three ships and sent
him with supplies to the new colony.
There is no doubt that Bartholomew Columbus was an able man, to whom
full justice has never been done. He was sent to England on an errand,
and he stayed till it was accomplished, although it took him ten years
to do it. Where is the man of the present day who would execute the
wishes of a brother with this strict and patient fidelity, especially
if during the whole time he should never receive a letter or a telegram
from home? That Bartholomew was a bold and skilful sailor is proved by
the fact that he found his way across the Atlantic to Isabella without
any sailing directions, and in spite of the care that Christopher
had taken to conceal the knowledge of the direct route. Evidently
Bartholomew could both obey and command, and there is no reason to
suppose that he was in any way inferior to his more famous brother.
The Admiral appears to have recalled without much difficulty the
fact that he had once had a brother Bartholomew, and to have readily
recognized him. Probably he explained that, owing to a pressure of
business, Bartholomew had escaped his memory, and he certainly showed
that he was glad to see him by appointing him Adelentado, or Deputy
Governor, of Hispaniola. As he was still confined to his bed, the
arrival of his brother was a very fortunate thing, affairs in the
colony being in a precarious and dangerous state.
When Ojeda and his army had reached Fort St. Thomas, Margarite, as
ranking officer assumed the supreme command, and, leaving Ojeda with
fifty men to garrison the fort, he set out, ostensibly to explore the
island and intimidate Caonabo and other hostile chiefs. Instead of
carrying out this plan, he descended to the fertile plain at the foot
of the mountains, where he quartered his troops on the natives and
began to enjoy himself. Following his example, the soldiers conducted
themselves after the usual manner of idle and dissolute soldiers,
and in a short time earned the enthusiastic hatred of the natives.
Don Diego sent a remonstrance to Margarite, which that high-spirited
gentleman regarded as an unwarrantable liberty. He refused to
acknowledge Diego’s authority, and, supported by his officers, set him
at defiance. When it was evident that the patience of the natives would
soon be exhausted, Margarite and some of his friends, including Father
Boyle--who had become worn out by vainly waiting for an opportunity
to experiment with a combustible heretic--seized one of the ships and
sailed away to Spain.
The soldiers, being left without any commander, lost all organization,
and the army melted away. The natives found steady and pleasant
employment in killing them in small quantities at a time, and about a
hundred of them took refuge with our old friend Guacanagari. Caonabo
thought this would be a good opportunity for capturing Fort St. Thomas,
and accordingly he besieged it with a large force, but after thirty
days withdrew, completely baffled by the bravery of Ojeda and his
handful of men. He then undertook to unite the caciques in a league
against the Spaniards, and succeeded in inducing all of them to join
him, with the exception of Guacanagari. The latter went to Isabella
soon after Columbus arrived, and warned him that an overwhelming force
was about to attack the city. Troops were sent out to attack the
nearest of the hostile caciques, who was soon reduced to submission.
In the mean time, Ojeda with a small escort went to Caonabo’s village
and invited the cacique to visit Columbus and make a treaty with him,
pledging him a safe-conduct. The cacique, weakly believing Ojeda’s
promise, accepted the invitation and started with a small army of
followers. On the march Ojeda showed the cacique a pair of handcuffs,
which he said were a decoration which the Spanish King conferred only
on the most eminent of his subjects. Such, however, was the high
opinion that the King had of Caonabo, that Ojeda was authorized to
confer this splendid distinction upon him. As a preliminary, it would
be necessary for Caonabo to mount on horseback, the bracelets being
conferred only on mounted knights. Caonabo, feeling himself highly
honored, climbed on Ojeda’s horse, behind that astute officer, and
submitted to be manacled. No sooner was this done than Ojeda, and his
escort galloped away and brought the captive cacique to Isabella, where
he was safely lodged in jail.
That Ojeda’s conduct in this affair was treacherous and dishonorable
there can be no question. Indeed, had he been the United States
Government, and had Caonabo been a Black Hill Sioux, he could hardly
have conducted himself more dishonorably than he did.
The native league was thus temporarily broken up, and the arrival of
four ships from Spain, bringing, besides colonists and stores, a doctor
and an entire apothecary’s shop, gave Columbus strength enough to get
out of bed before the doctor could begin operations on him. The King
and Queen sent Columbus a letter, announcing that they took their
several pens in hand to say that they were well and hoped Columbus was
enjoying the same blessing, and that they had the utmost confidence
in him. This letter completed the Admiral’s cure, and he immediately
organized an expedition against the natives, who were about to resume
hostilities under the leadership of a brother of Caonabo.
Before setting out, he sent Diego back to Spain, ostensibly to look
after his interests. Perhaps the true reason was that Diego was of
very little use and was extremely unpopular. He was a well-meaning
man, but his true sphere in life was that of a justice of the peace in
Connecticut; and as Connecticut was not yet ready for him, Columbus
thought he had better go home and wait until a good opening in East
Lyme or Falls Village should present itself. At the same time, five
hundred natives were sent to Spain to be sold as slaves, Columbus
remarking that he hoped in this way to prepare their precious souls for
the humanizing influence of the Gospel.
Having seen Diego safely started, Columbus, with Bartholomew, two
hundred and twenty Spaniards, and twenty other bloodhounds, started to
attack the savages. He met a hundred thousand of them--so the story
goes--and defeated them with great slaughter. It is very probable that
the number of the enemy was exaggerated, and that there were not more
than ninety-nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-six, with perhaps
two small-boys. There is no doubt, however, that they were shot down
by the soldiers, ridden down by the horses, and mangled by the dogs
to an immense extent, and that the battle was a glorious triumph of
civilization over barbarism.
The victory was followed up by Columbus with energy. He marched through
almost the entire length and breadth of the island, and compelled the
caciques to make peace and pay a heavy tribute to the Spaniards. Every
native was taxed either a certain amount of gold or its equivalent
in cotton, according to Columbus’s view of their relative value; and
to secure his conquest, the Admiral built and garrisoned forts in
different parts of the island, the most important of which was called
Fort Concepcion, and was situated in the beautiful plain lying back of
Isabella. Even Guacanagari and his people, who had remained faithful
to Columbus, were taxed as heavily as the hostile natives, and that
amiable cacique was so disgusted by this reward of his fidelity that
he resigned his chieftainship and died of what in the case of a white
monarch would be called a broken heart.
The yoke that the Spaniards had put on the native neck was too heavy to
be borne. The savages resolved to starve their oppressors, and with
this view destroyed their crops and retired to the mountains, to live
on roots until the Spaniards should die of starvation. The plan was
not successful. The Spaniards hunted the natives with dogs and dragged
them back to work as slaves. Within a few months the free and happy
people who had welcomed the Spaniards to the island, and were ready to
worship them as superior beings, were converted into a horde of cowed
and wretched slaves.
In later years, when Columbus had seen his own authority in Hispaniola
set aside, and the island under the control of his rivals and enemies,
he protested that the sight of the sufferings of the unhappy natives
filled him with grief and horror. It was, however, to his political
advantage at just that time to have his heart bleed for the poor
savages, and the unprejudiced reader must regret that it did not bleed
at an earlier period. It was under the immediate rule of Columbus
that the natives of Hispaniola were first reduced to slavery, and it
was Columbus who made his old friend and faithful ally, Guacanagari,
suffer the same fate as the chiefs who had rebelled against the
Spaniards. Then it cannot be forgotten that, in spite of the direct and
repeated commands of Queen Isabella, Columbus sent cargo after cargo
of slaves to Spain. He may have been very sorry to see the natives
oppressed by Spaniards whom he disliked, but he certainly oppressed
them quite as vigorously as did any of his successors. The contrast
between his pious and humane protestations and his acts as an oppressor
and a slave-trader is not easily explicable if we adopt the usual
theory that he was one of the most sincere and noble of men. We may
concede that he was naturally kind-hearted, and that he would have
preferred gold-mining to slave-hunting; but when his interest urged
him to cruelty, he usually listened to it with respectful attention,
and straightway showed by his conduct that, although he was not a
countryman of Ojeda and Pizarro, he was not altogether unfit to hold a
Spanish commission.