One bottle labelled as zinzib. R. pulv., full; ditto, spirit. rect.,
empty; ditto, mur. hydrarg. seven-eighths full; ditto, ol.
caryphyll., one-fifth full; ditto, ipec. P. co., full; ditto, ol.
menth. pip., empty; ditto, liq. ammon. fort., three-quarters full;
ditto, ol. olivac., full; ditto, tinct. opii. camph., three-quarters
full; ditto, vin. sem. colch., full; ditto, quarter full; ditto,
calomel, full (broken); ditto, hydrarg. hit. oxyd., full; ditto,
pulv. gregor, full (broken); ditto, magnes. carb., full; ditto,
camphor, full; two bottles tinc. tolut., each quarter full; one
bottle ipec. R. pulv., full; ditto, jalap R. pulv., full; ditto,
scammon. pulv., full; ditto, quinac bisulph., empty; ditto (not
labelled), tinct. opii., three-quarters full; one box (apparently)
purgative pills, full; ditto, ointment, shrunk; ditto, emp.
adhesiv., full; one probang, one pen wrapped up in lint, one lead
pencil, one pewter syringe, two small tubes (test) wrapped up in
lint, one farthing, bandages, oil silk, lint, thread.
No. IV.
GEOLOGICAL ACCOUNT OF THE ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO,
DRAWN UP PRINCIPALLY FROM THE SPECIMENS COLLECTED BY
CAPTAIN F. L. M'CLINTOCK, R.N.,
From 1849 to 1859.
BY THE REV. SAMUEL HAUGHTON, F.R.S.,
Fellow of Trinity College, Professor of Geology in the University of
Dublin, and President of the Geological Society of Dublin.
The map which accompanies this geological description is arranged from
the specimens brought home by Captain F. L. M'Clintock, R.N., from the
four Arctic Expeditions in which he served from 1848 to 1859. These
specimens are all deposited in the Museum of the Royal Dublin Society,
and form a more extensive and better collection of Arctic rocks and
fossils than is to be found in any other museum in Europe.
It will be most convenient to describe the geology of the Arctic Islands
by the formations which are to be found there, which are the
following:--
1. The Granitic and Granitoid Rocks.
2. The Upper Silurian Rocks.
3. The Carboniferous Rocks.
4. The Lias Rocks.
5. The Superficial Deposits.
I shall describe these successive formations briefly, and add a few
remarks of a theoretical character, to indicate the important inferences
which may be drawn from the facts respecting them made known to us by
M'Clintock's discoveries.
I.--_The Granitic and Granitoid Rocks._
These rocks form a considerable part of North Greenland, on the east
side of Baffin's Bay, and constitute the rock of the country at the east
side of the island of North Devon, which forms a portion of the
coast-line of the west of Baffin's Bay, and the north side of the
entrance into Lancaster Sound.
1. _Whale Fish Islands_, lat. 69° N., are composed of a very
fine-grained, flaggy, black mica schist, composed of black mica in very
small plates, occasionally putting on a hornblendic lustre, and minute
grains of quartz interstratified with the mica. The softer varieties are
cut by the natives into grissets and cooking utensils of various shapes,
some of which resemble the cambstones found in Ireland, which are made
from a kind of potstone, abundant in parts of the County Donegal.
2. _Upernivik_, lat. 72° N., Greenland.--This district is famous for the
occurrence of large quantities of plumbago, which is found in a
metamorphic rock of the following character. Fine-grained, amorphous,
granitoid rock, composed of minute particles of grey quartz; a
honey-colored felspar of waxy lustre, of unknown composition; minute
particles of red semitransparent garnet, of conchoidal fracture; and
small particles, with occasional large nests, of plumbago. The plumbago
occurs both amorphous, and in long acicular crystals. Sometimes the rock
becomes of coarser texture and more crystalline, and the yellow color of
the felspar gives place to a greenish tinge; and it sometimes also
becomes a felspar of perfect cleavage, semitransparent, and white. The
dodecahedral crystals of garnet reach the diameter of one inch.
The general character of the rocks near Upernivik is different from
that of the rock in which the plumbago is found; they consist of a
fine-grained black mica schist, with very little felspar or quartz, and
intersected by thin veins of elvan composed of quartz and white felspar.
The cooking utensils of the natives are made from this fine schist, in
preference to any other description of rock.
3. _Woman's Islands._--These islands, off the west coast of Greenland,
are composed of a garnetiferous mica slate, formed of black mica in
layers, with alternating plates, composed of white felspar and quartz,
and filled with fine garnets, rose-colored, vitreous in fracture, and
transparent.
4. _Cape York_, lat. 76° N., Greenland.--This cape is composed of a
fine-grained granite, consisting of quartz, white felspar, with minute
specks of a black mineral, of pitchy lustre, composition not yet
determined.
5. _Wolstenholme and Whale Sounds_, lat. 77° N., Greenland.--At
Wolstenholme Sound the granitoid rocks of Greenland become converted
into mica slate and actinolite slate of a remarkable character. The mica
slate is composed of large plates of an intimate mixture of black and
white mica, the chemical examination of which will doubtless prove of
interest. These plates of mica are separated by bands of pure white
felspar. The actinolite slate is dark green, and formed by an almost
insensible gradation from the mica slate. In the low ground between
Wolstenholme and Whale Sounds, the granitic rocks cease, and are covered
by deposits of fine red gritty sandstone, of a banded structure, and a
remarkable coarse white conglomerate. The boundary between these
formations is also marked by the development of masses of dolerite and
clayey basalt.
6. _Carey's Islands_, 76° 40' N., Greenland, lie to the westward of
Wolstenholme Sound, and are composed of a remarkable gneissose mica
schist, formed of successive thin layers of quartz granules, containing
scarcely any felspar, and layers of jet black mica, with occasional
facets of white mica. This mica schist passes into a white gneiss,
composed of quartz, white felspar, and black mica, penetrated by veins,
coarsely crystallised, of the same minerals. Yellow and white sandstones
are also found in small quantity on the islands, reposing upon the
granitoid rocks.
7. _Capes Osborn and Warrender_, lat. 74° 30' N., North Devon.--The
granitoid rocks between these two capes are composed of graphic granite,
consisting of quartz (grey) and white felspar; this graphic granite
passes into a laminated gneiss, consisting of layers of black mica and
white translucent felspar, sparingly mixed with quartz: with the gneiss
are interstratified beds of garnetiferous mica slate, consisting of
quartz, pale greenish white felspar, black and white mica in minute
spangles, and crystals of garnet, rose-colored, disseminated regularly
through the mass. Quartziferous bands of epidotic hornstone occur with
the foregoing beds; and the whole series is overlaid by red sandstones,
of banded structure, which bear a striking resemblance to those that
overlie the granitoid beds of Wolstenholme Sound.
8. _North Somerset._--The granitoid rocks are found again on the west
side of the island of North Somerset, where they form the eastern
boundary of Peel Sound. Boulders of granite are found at a considerable
distance (100 miles) to the north-eastward of the rock _in situ_, as at
Port Leopold, Cape Rennell, etc. The general character of the granitic
rocks in the north and west of North Somerset are thus described by
Captain M'Clintock:--
"Near Cape Rennell we passed a very remarkable rounded boulder of gneiss
or granite; it was 6 yards in circumference, and stood near the beach,
and some 15 or 20 yards above it; one or two masses of rounded gneiss,
although very much smaller, had arrested our attention at Port Leopold,
as then we knew of no such formation nearer than Cape Warrender, 130
miles to the north-east; subsequently we found it to commence _in situ_
at Cape Granite, nearly 100 miles to the south-west of Port Leopold.
"The granite of Cape Warrender differs considerably from that of North
Somerset; the former being a graphic granite, composed of grey quartz
and white felspar, the quartz predominating; while the latter, or North
Somerset granite, is composed of grey quartz, red felspar, and green
chloritic mica, the latter in large flakes; both the granite and gneiss
of North Somerset are remarkable for their soapy feel."[30]
[Illustration: Cape Bunny, Peel Sound.]
To the east of Cape Bunny, where the Silurian limestone ceases, and
south of which the granite commences, is a remarkable valley called
Transition Valley, from the junction of sandstone and limestone that
takes place there. The sandstone is red, and of the same general
character as that which rests upon the granitoid rocks at Cape Warrender
and at Wolstenholme Sound. Owing to the mode of travelling, by sledge on
the ice, round the coast, no information was obtained of the geology of
the interior of the country, but it appears highly probable that the
granite of North Somerset, as well as that of the other localities
mentioned, is overlaid by a group of sandstones and conglomerates, on
which the Upper Silurian limestones repose directly. A low, sandy beach
marks the termination of the valley northwards, and on this beach were
found numerous pebbles, washed from the hills of the interior, composed
of quartzose sandstone, carnelian, and Silurian limestone. The
accompanying sketch was made by Captain M'Clintock, on the spot, in
1849, and afterwards finished by Lieutenant Browne. It represents the
island called Cape Bunny, which forms the eastern headland of the
entrance of the now famous Peel Sound, down which the 'Erebus' and
'Terror' sailed, three years before it was visited by Sir James C. Ross
and Lieutenant M'Clintock, in their first sledge journey on the ice.
Cape Granite is the northern boundary of the granite, which retains the
same character as far as Howe Harbor. It is composed of quartz, red
felspar, and dark green chlorite; and is accompanied with gneiss of the
same composition. I have in my possession a specimen of this granite,
found as a pebble at Graham Moore Bay, Bathurst Island, S.W., a locality
135 knots distant from Cape Granite, to the N.W.
9. _Bellot Strait_, lat. 72° N., separate North Somerset from Boothia
Felix. The 'Fox' Expedition wintered here in 1858, and had abundant
means of ascertaining the geological structure of the neighborhood. The
junction of the granitoid and Silurian rocks occurs in these straits,
the low ground to the east being horizontal beds of Silurian limestone,
while on the west the granite hills of West Somerset rise to a height of
1600 feet above the narrow straits. The granite here is of three
varieties.
[alpha]. Blackish grey, fine grained, gneissose granite, composed of
quartz, white felspar, and large quantities of fine grains and flakes of
hornblende, passing into black mica. The gneissose beds of this granite
dip 13° S.E.
[beta]. A red granite, graphic texture, composed of quartz and red
felspar, coarse grained.
[gamma]. Syenite, composed of honey-yellow felspar and hornblende, in
very large crystals, the felspar passing into red and pink, and the
whole rock mass penetrated by veins of the same material, but fine
grained. This variety of igneous rock was met with principally at
Pemmican Rock, western inlet of Bellot Strait. Large quantities of
hornblende are also met with at Levesque Harbor, Bellot Strait, composed
of facetted crystals agglutinated together into large masses, forming a
crystalline hornblendic gneiss.
10. _Pond's Bay_, _Baffin's Bay_, lat. 72° 40' N.--In this locality a
quartziferous black mica schist underlies the Silurian limestone, and is
interstratified with gneiss and garnetiferous quartz rock, all in beds,
inclined 38° W.S.W. (true).
11. _Montreal Island_, mouth of the Fish River, lat. 67° 45' N.--The
granitoid rocks, which everywhere, in the Arctic Archipelago, underlie
the Silurian limestone, appear at Montreal Island as a gneiss, composed
of bands of felspar (pink) and quartz (1/4 inch thick), separated by
thin plates composed altogether of black mica; the whole rock exhibiting
the phenomena of foliation in a marked degree.
The east side of King William's Island, though composed of Silurian
limestone like the rest of the island, is strewed with boulders of black
and red micaceous gneiss, like that of Montreal Island, and black
metamorphic clay slate, in which the crystals of mica (qu. Ottrelite)
are just commencing to be developed. It is probable that the granitoid
rocks appear at the surface somewhat to the eastward of this locality.
12. _Prince of Wales' Island_, west of Peel Sound.--The granitoid rocks
extend across Peel Sound into Prince of Wales' Island, in the form of a
dark syenite composed of quartz, greenish white felspar passing into
yellow, and hornblende. This rock is massive and eruptive at Cape
M'Clure, lat. 72° 52' N., and occasionally gneissose, as at lat. 72° 13'
N. Between these two points, at lat. 72° 37' N., a limestone bluff
occurs containing the characteristic Silurian fossils, and is succeeded
at 72° 40' by a ferruginous limestone, bright red, and a few beds of
fine red sandstone, like those observed by M'Clintock at Transition
Valley, North Somerset. The entire western portion of Prince of Wales'
Land is composed of Silurian limestone, which in the extreme west, at
Cape Acworth, becomes chalky in character and non-fossiliferous,
resembling the peculiar Silurian limestone found on the west side of
Boothia Felix.
II.--_The Silurian Rocks._
The Silurian rocks of the Arctic Archipelago rest everywhere directly on
the granitoid rocks, with a remarkable red sandstone, passing into
coarse grit, for their base. This sandstone is succeeded by ferruginous
limestone, containing rounded particles of quartz, which rapidly pass
into a fine greyish green earthy limestone, abounding in fossils, and
occasionally into a chalky limestone, of a cream color, for the most
part devoid of fossils. The average dip of the Silurian limestone varies
from 0° to 5° N.N.W., and it forms occasionally high cliffs, and
occasionally low flat plains, terraced by the action of the ice as the
ground rose from beneath the sea. The general appearance of the rocks is
similar to the Dudley limestone, and would strike even an observer who
was not a geologist. This resemblance to the Upper Silurian beds extends
to the structure of the rocks on the large scale. Alternations of hard
limestone and soft shale, so characteristic of the Upper Silurian beds
of England and America, arranged in horizontal layers, give to the
cliffs around Port Leopold the peculiar appearance which has been
described by different Polar navigators as "buttress-like,"
"castellated;" this appearance is produced by the unequal weathering of
the cliff, which causes the hard limestone to stand out in bands.
Excellent sketches of this remarkable appearance, drawn by Lieutenant
Beechey, are figured at page 35 of Parry's First Voyage, 'Hecla' and
'Griper,' 1819-20. The Western side of King William's Island (now,
alas! invested with so sad an interest) is a good example of the low
terraced form which the limestone rocks assume at times.
The following lists contain the names of the principal fossils brought
home by Captain M'Clintock:--
No. I. GARNIER BAY (Lat. 74° N.; Long. 92° W.)
1. _Cyathophyllum helianthoides_, several specimens.
2. _Heliolites porosa_. Garnier Bay. Another specimen from near
Cape Bunny.
3. Specimens of carnelian, gneiss, chalcedony, etc., etc., from the
shingle near Cape Bunny.
4. _Cromus Arcticus_, several specimens.
5. _Atrypa phoca_ (Salter).
6. _Atrypa reticularis._
7. Brachiopoda on slab (various).
8. Cyathophyllum.
9. _Columnaria Sutherlandi_ (Salter). Several specimens.
No. II. PORT LEOPOLD (Lat. 73° 50' N.; Long. 90° 15' W.).
1. Limestone containing numerous fossils of the Upper Silurian type:
_Calamopora Gothlandica_, Goldf. _Rhynchonella cuneata_? Dalm.
_Cyathophyllum_, sp.
2. Dark earthy limestone, containing multitudes of the _Loxonema
M'Clintocki_, as casts--1100 feet above sea-level on North-east
Cape.
3. Fine specimens of selenite from shaly beds in cliff.
4. Fibrous gypsum from same.
No. III. GRIFFITH'S ISLAND (Lat. 74° 35' N.; Long. 95° 30' W.).
1. Beautiful specimens of the _Cromus Arcticus_. Pl. VI. Fig. 5,
Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I.
2. _Orthoceras Griffithi._ Pl. V. Fig. 1, Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I.
3. An Orthoceras with lateral siphuncle, and simple circular outline
of septa.
4. _Loxonema Rossi._ Pl. V. Figs. 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, Journ. R. D. S.,
Vol. I.
5. Numerous specimens of crinoidal limestone.
6. _Strophomena Donnetti_ (Salter). Sutherland's Voyage; Pl. V.
Figs. 11, 12.
7. _Atrypa phoca_ (Salter). Pl. V. Figs. 3, 4, 7, Journ. R. D. S.,
Vol. I.; and a ribbed Atrypa, not identified with European
species, and undescribed.
8. An undescribed bryozoan Zoophyte. Pl. VII. Fig. 6, Journ.
R. D. S.,Vol. I.
9. _Calophyllum Phragmoceras_ (Salter). Sutherland; Pl. VI. Fig. 4.
10. _Syringopora geniculata._
11. An undescribed species of _Macrocheilus_.
No. IV. BEECHEY ISLAND. (Lat. 74° 40' N.; Long. 92° W.).
1. Orthoceras (species).
2. Great multitudes of _Atrypa phoca_, forming, in fact, a
dark-colored earthly Atrypa limestone.
3. With these were associated many species of Loxonema, sometimes so
abundant as to form a pale pink and whitish Loxonema limestone.
4. A species of ribbed Atrypa.
5. Crinoidal limestone in abundance.
6. _Syringopora reticulata._
7. _Calophyllum phragmoceras_ (Salter). Sutherland; Pl. VI. Fig. 4.
8. _Cyathophyllum cæspitosum._
9. _Cyathophyllum articulatum_ (Edwardes and Haime).
10. _Calamopora Gothlandica._
11. _Calamopora alveolaris._
12. _Favistella Franklini_ (Salter). Sutherland; Pl. VI. Fig. 3.
13. _Clisiophyllum Salteri._ Sutherland; Pl. VI. Fig. 7.
14. _Cyathophyllum_ (species).
15. _Loxonema Salteri_, described by Mr. Slater in Sutherland's
'Voyage to Wellington Channel;' Pl. V. Fig. 19.
This is a fine slab of limestone, almost together composed of the
remains of _Loxonema Salteri_ and _Atrypa phoca_. It appears to have
been quietly deposited at the bottom of a deep submarine depression,
swarming with Pyramidellidæ and deep-water Brachiopoda. The physical
conditions indicated by the fossils are also rendered probable by
the rock itself, which consists of fine grey limestone,
subcrystalline, and intimately blended with the finest and most
delicate description of mud, such as could only be found where the
water was deep, and all currents far removed.
No. V. CORNWALLIS ISLAND, Assistance Bay (Lat 74° 40' N.; Long. 94° W.).
1. _Orthoceras Ommaneyi_ (Salter). Sutherland; Pl. V. Figs. 16, 17.
2. _Pentamerus conchidium_ (Dalman). Sutherland; Pl. V. Figs. 9, 10.
3. Pentamerus limestone.
4. _Cromus Arcticus._ Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I. Pl. VI.
5. _Cardiola Salteri._ Pl. VII. Fig. 5. Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I.
6. _Syringopora geniculata._
No. VI. CAPE YORK, Lancaster Sound (Lat. 73° 50' N.; Long. 87° W.).
A specimen of the same fossil coral which I have named, doubtfully,
from Beechey Island, as Favosites or _Calamopora Gothlandica_; it is
not impossible, however, that it is not a Calamopora at all, but a
species of Chætetes.
No. VII. POSSESSION BAY, South entrance into Lancaster Sound (Lat. 73°
30' N.; Long. 77° 20' W.).
Specimens of brown earthy limestone, with a fetid smell when struck
with a hammer; resembles closely the limestone of Cape York,
Lancaster Sound.
No. VIII. DEPÔT BAY, Bellot Strait (Lat. 72° N.; Long. 94° W.).
1. _Maclurea_ sp.
2. _Cyathophyllum helianthoides_ (Goldfuss).
The limestone at this locality is white and saccharoid, with large
rhombohedral crystals of calcspar.
[31]No. IX. CAPE FARRAND, East side of Boothia (Lat. 71° 38'; Long. 93°
35' W.).
1. _Atrypa phoca_ (Salter). Sutherland; Pl. V. Fig. 3.
2. _Loxonema Rossi._ Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I. Pl. V.
3. _Atrypa_ (ribbed sp.)
4. _Calamopora Gothlandica_ (Goldfuss).
5. _Cyrtoceras_ sp.
The rock at this locality is a grey mud limestone.
No. X. WEST SHORE OF BOOTHIA (Lat. 70° to 71° N.), containing the
Magnetic Pole.
1. _Atrypa phoca_ (Salter).
2. _Loxonema Rossi._ Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I. Pl. V.
3. _Favistella Franklini_ (Salter). Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I. Pl. XI.
4. _Loxonema Salteri._ Sutherland; Pl. V. Fig. 18.
The cream-colored chalky limestone found on the west side of Prince
of Wales' Island here occurs, and is generally destitute of fossils,
like that of Prince of Wales' Land.
[32]No. XI. FURY POINT (Lat. 72° 50' N.; Long. 92° W.).
1. _Cromus Arcticus._ Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I. Pl. VI.
2. _Maclurea_ sp.
3. _Mya rotundata_ (?).
4. _Stromatopora concentrica._
5. _Cyathophyllum helianthoides_ (Goldfuss).
6. _Petraia bina._
7. _Calamopora Gothlandica_ (Goldfuss).
8. _Favosites megastoma (?)._
9. _Cyathophyllum cæspitosum._
10. _Favistella Franklini_ (Salter). Sutherland; Pl. VI. Fig. 3.
11. _Strephodes Austini_ (Salter). Sutherland; Pl. VI. Fig. 6.
12. _Atrypa phoca_ (Salter).
The limestone here is of the same grey earthy aspect as at Beechey
Island and Port Leopold.
[33]No. XII. PRINCE OF WALES' LAND (Lat. 72° 38' N.; Long. 97° 15' W.).
1. _Cyathophyllum_ sp.
2. _Calamopora Gothlandica_ (Goldfuss).
3. _Stromatopora concentrica._
These fossils occur in grey earthy limestone, near its junction with
the red arenaceous limestone already described.
No. XIII. WEST COAST OF KING WILLIAM'S ISLAND.
1. _Loxonema Rossi._ Journ. R. D. S., Vol I. Pl. V.
2. _Catenipora escharoides._
3. _Orthoceras_ sp.
4. _Maclurea_ sp.
5. _Atrypa_ sp.
6. _Syringopora geniculata._
7. _Clisiophyllum_ sp.
8. _Orthis elegantula._
III.--_The Carboniferous Rocks._
The Upper Silurian limestones already described are succeeded by a most
remarkable series of close-grained white sandstones, containing numerous
beds of highly bituminous coal, and but few marine fossils. In fact, the
only fossil shell found in these beds, so far as I know, in any part of
the Arctic Archipelago, is a species of ribbed _Atrypa_, which I believe
to be identical with the _Atrypa fallax_ of the carboniferous slate of
Ireland. These sandstone beds are succeeded by a series of blue
limestone beds, containing an abundance of the marine shells commonly
found in all parts of the world where the carboniferous deposits are at
all developed. The line of junction of these deposits with the Silurians
on which they rest is N.E. to E.N.E. (true). Like the former they occur
in low flat beds, sometimes rising into cliffs, but never reaching the
elevation attained by the Silurian rocks in Lancaster Sound.
The following lists contain the principal fossils and specimens
presented to the Royal Dublin Society by Captain M'Clintock and by
Captain Sir Robert M'Clure.
Coal, sandstone, clay ironstone, and brown hematite, were found
along a line stretching E.N.E. from Baring Island, through the south
of Melville Island, Byam Martin's Island, and the whole of Bathurst
Island. Carboniferous limestone, with characteristic fossils, was
found along the north coast of Bathurst Island, and at Hillock
Point, Melville Island.
I have marked on the map the coal-beds of the Parry Islands, which
appear to be prolonged into Baring Island, as observed by Captain
M'Clure. The discovery of coal in these islands is due to Parry, but the
evidence of the extent and quantity in which it may be found was
obtained during the expeditions of Austin and Belcher. In addition to
the localities surveyed by himself, Captain M'Clintock has given me
specimens of the coal found at other places by other explorers; and it
is from a comparison of all these specimens that I have ventured to lay
down the outcrop of the coal-beds, which agrees remarkably well with the
boundary of the formations laid down from totally different data.
No. I. HILLOCK POINT, Melville Island (Lat 76° N.; Long. 111° 45' W.).
_Productus sulcatus._ Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I. Pl. VII. Figs. 1, 2,
3, 4, 7.
_Spirifer Arcticus._ Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I. Pl. IX.
No. II. BATHURST ISLAND, North Coast, Cape Lady Franklin (?) (Lat. 76°
40' N.; Long. 98° 45' W.).
_Spirifer Arcticus._ Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I. Pl. IX. Fig. 1.
_Lithostrotion basaltiforme._
[34]No. III. BALLAST BEACH, Baring Island (Lat. 74° 30' N.; Long. 121°
W.).
1. Wood fossilized by brown hematite; structure quite distinct.
2. Cone of the spruce fir, fossilized by brown hematite.
No. IV. PRINCESS ROYAL ISLANDS, Prince of Wales' Strait, Baring Island
(Lat. 72° 45' N.; Long. 117° 30' W.).
1. Nodules of clay ironstone, converted partially into brown hematite.
2. Native copper in large masses, procured from the Esquimaux in
Prince of Wales' Strait.
3. Brown hematite, pisolitic.
4. Greyish yellow sandstone, same as Cape Hamilton and Byam Martin's
Island.
5. _Terebratula aspera_ (Schlotheim). Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I. Pl.
IX. Fig. 4.
This interesting brachiopod was found in the limestone by Captain
M'Clure, at the Princess Royal Islands, in the Prince of Wales' Strait,
between Baring Island and Prince Albert Land. I have no hesitation in
pronouncing it to be identical with Schlotheim's fossil, which is found
in the greatest abundance at Gerolstein, in the Eifel. Banks Land, or
Baring Island, is composed of sandstone, similar to that at Byam
Martin's Island, and at the Bay of Mercy. This sandstone contains beds
of coal, apparently the continuation of the well-known coal-beds of
Melville Island. It is a remarkable fact, that these carboniferous
sandstones _underlie_ beds of undoubtedly the carboniferous limestone
type, and that at Byam Martin's Island, where fossils are found in this
sandstone, they are allied to _Atrypa fallax_ and other forms
characteristic of the lower sandstones of the carboniferous epoch. It
is, therefore, highly probable that the coal-beds of Melville Island are
very low down in the series, and do not correspond in geological
position with the coal-beds of Europe, which rest on the summit of the
carboniferous beds. It is interesting to find at Princess Royal Island,
where, from the general strike of the beds, we should expect to find the
Silurian limestone underlying the coal-bearing sandstones, that this
limestone does occur, and contains a fossil, _T. aspera_, eminently
characteristic of the Eifelian beds of Germany, which form, in that
country, the Upper Silurian Strata.
No. V. CAPE HAMILTON, Baring Island (Lat. 74° 15' N.; Long. 117° 30'
W.).
1. Greyish-yellow sandstone, like that found _in situ_ in Byam
Martin's Island.
2. _Coal._--The coal found in the Arctic regions, excepting that
brought from Disco Island, West Greenland, which is of tertiary
origin, presents everywhere the same characters, which are
somewhat remarkable. It is of a brownish color and ligneous
texture, in fine layers of brown coal and jet-black glossy coal
interstratified in delicate bands not thicker than paper. It
has a woody ring under the hammer, recalling the peculiar clink
of some of the valuable gas coals of Scotland. It burns with a
dense smoke and brilliant flame, and would make an excellent
gas coal; and, in fact, it resembles in many respects some
varieties of the coal which has acquired such celebrity in the
Scotch and Prussian law-courts, under the title of the Torbane
Hill mineral.
No. VI. CAPE DUNDAS, Melville Island (Lat. 74° 30' N.; Long. 113° 45'
W.).
Fine specimens of coal.
No. VII. CAPE SIR JAMES ROSS, Melville Island (Lat. 74° 45' N.; Long.
114° 30' W.).
Sandstone passing into blue quartzite.
No. VIII. CAPE PROVIDENCE, Melville Island (Lat. 74° 20' N.; Long. 112°
30' W.).
A specimen of crinoidal limestone, apparently similar to that
occurring in Griffith's Island, from which, however, it could
not have been brought by the present drift of the floating ice,
as the set of the currents is constant from the west. If
brought to its present position by ice, it must have been under
circumstances differing considerably from those now prevailing
in Barrow's Strait.
Yellowish-grey sandstone.
Clay ironstone passing into pisolitic hematite.
No. IX. WINTER HARBOR, Melville Island (Lat. 74° 35' N.; Long. 110° 45'
W.).
Fine yellow and grey sandstone.
No. X. BRIDPORT INLET, Melville Island (Lat. 75° N.;, Long. 109° W.).
Coal, with impressions of Sphenopteris.
Ferruginous spotted white sandstone.
Clay ironstone, passing into brown hematite.
No. XI. SKENE BAY, Melville Island (Lat. 75° N.; Long. 108° W.).
Bituminous coal, with finely divided laminæ, associated with brown
crystalline limestone, with cherty beds, and grey-yellowish
sandstone, passing into brownish-red sandstone.
No. XII. HOOPER ISLAND, Liddon's Gulf, Melville Island (Lat. 75° 5' N.;
Long. 112° W.).
Nodules of clay ironstone, very pure and heavy, associated with
ferruginous fine sandstone and coal of the usual description.
The hill-tops and sides along the south shore of Liddon's Gulf, and as
far as Cape Dundas, are generally bare, composed of frozen mud, arising
from the disintegration of shale, the annual dissolving snows washing
them down and giving them a rounded form. The southern slopes generally
support vegetation. Fragments of coal are very frequently met with, and
at the mouth of a ravine on the south shore of Liddon's Gulf there is
abundance, of very good quality; it contains a considerable quantity of
pyrites or bisulphuret of iron.
No. XIII. BYAM MARTIN'S ISLAND (Lat. 75° 10' N.; Long. 104° 15' W.).
Yellowish-grey sandstone, _in situ_, containing a ribbed _Atrypa_,
allied to the _A. primipilaris_ of V. Buch, and the _A. fallax_
of the carboniferous rocks of Ireland.
Reddish limestone, with broken fragments of shells, of the same
description of brachiopod as the last.
Coal of the usual description.
Fine-grained red sandstone, passing into red slate.
Scoriaceous hornblendic trap (boulders).
The sandstone of Byam Martin's Island is of two kinds--one red, finely
stratified, passing into purple slate, and very like the red sandstone
of Cape Bunny, North Somerset, and some varieties of the red sandstone
and slate found between Wolstenholme Sound and Whale Sound, West
Greenland, lat. 77° N. The other sandstone of Byam Martin's Island is
fine, pale-greenish, or rather greyish-yellow, and not distinguishable
in hand specimens from the sandstone of Cape Hamilton, Baring Island. It
contains numerous shells and casts of a terebratuliform brachiopod,
closely allied to the _Terebratula primipilaris_ of Von Buch, found
abundantly at Gerolstein in the Eifel. On the whole, I incline to the
opinion that the sandstones, limestone, and coal of Byam Martin's
Island, are the corresponding rocks of Melville Island, Baring Island,
and Bathurst Island, are low down in the Carboniferous System, and that
there is in these northern coal-fields no subdivision into red
sandstone, limestone, and coal-measures, such as prevails in the west of
Europe. If the different points where coal was found be laid down on a
map, we have in order, proceeding from the south-west--Cape Hamilton,
Baring Island; Cape Dundas, Melville Island, south; Bridport Inlet and
Skene Bay, Melville Island; Schomberg Point, Graham Moore Bay, Bathurst
Island; a line joining all these points is the outcrop of the coal-beds
of the south of Melville Island, and runs E.N.E. At all the localities
above mentioned, and, indeed, in every place where coal was found, it
was accompanied by the greyish-yellow and yellow sandstone already
described, and by nodules of clay ironstone, passing into brown
hematite, sometimes nodular and sometimes pisolitic in structure.
No. XIV. GRAHAM MOORE'S BAY, Bathurst Island (Lat. 75° 30' N.; Long.
102° W.).
Coal of the usual quality.
At Cape Lady Franklin, and at many other localities along the north
shore of Bathurst Island, carboniferous fossils in limestone, clay
ironstone balls passing into brown hematite, cherty limestone, and
earthy fossiliferous limestone, with the same species of _Atrypa_ as at
Byam Martin's Island, were found in abundance by Sherard Osborn, Esq.,
Commander of H.M.S. 'Pioneer,' in whose journal the following note
respecting them may be found:--
"The above collection was delivered over to Captain Sir Edward Belcher,
C.B., by Commander Richards, at 2 P.M., on 7th Nov. 1853."[35]
It is to be hoped that they may soon be made available for the
elucidation of the geology of this most interesting portion of the
Arctic discoveries.
No. XV. BATHURST ISLAND, Bedford Bay (Lat. 75° N.; Long. 95° 50' W.).
In this locality abundance of vesicular scoriaceous trap rocks were
found by Captain M'Clintock; they appear to me to be the
representatives of the volcanic rocks found everywhere at the
commencement of the carboniferous period.
No. XVI. CORNWALLIS ISLAND, M'Dougall Bay.
1. _Syringopora geniculata._ Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I. Pl. XI. Fig. 2.
2. _Cardiola Salteri._ Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I. Pl. VII. Fig. 5.
The Syringopore found at Cornwallis Island appears to be identical with
the variety of the Irish carboniferous _S. geniculata_, in which the
corallites are at a distance from each other somewhat exceeding their
diameters, and in which the connecting tubes are about two diameters
apart.
A question of very considerable geological interest is raised by the
occurrence together of corals, in the same locality, of silurian and
carboniferous forms.
I entertain no doubt of their being _in situ_, and occurring in the same
beds, for the following reasons:--
1st. The Syringopores of Griffith's Island were found at an elevation of
400 feet above the sea, and, therefore, could not be brought by drifting
ice.
2nd. The specimens were apparently of the same texture and composition
as the native rock, whenever the latter was visible from under the snow.
3rd. I do not believe in the lapse of a long interval of time between
the silurian and carboniferous deposits,--in fact, in a Devonian period.
4th. The same blending of corals has been found in Ireland, the Bas
Boulonnais, and in Devonshire, where silurian and carboniferous forms
are of common occurrence in the same localities.
5th. In the carboniferous beds proper of Melville Island and Bathurst
Island, there were not found, so far as I am aware, any corals of the
same character as those at Griffith's Island, Cornwallis Island, and
Beechey Island, which could give a supply to be drifted to the latter
localities in a Pleistocene sea. It is plain, from the height at which
the corals were found that, if they were brought to their present
localities by ice, it must have been during the period known as
Post-tertiary, as the present conditions of drift-ice in Barrow's
Straits do not permit us to suppose them to have been placed where we
now find them by existing causes.
The occurrence of coal-beds in such high latitudes has been speculated
on by many geologists--in my opinion, not very satisfactorily; as it is
very difficult to conceive how, even if the question of temperature was
settled, plants even of the fern and lycopodium type could exist during
the darkness of the long winter's night at Melville Island. This
difficulty is increased by the facts made known to us by the discovery
of ammonites and lias fossils in Prince Patrick's Island by Captain
M'Clintock.
IV.--_The Lias Rocks._
Many years ago it was asserted by Lieutenant Anjou, of the Russian navy,
that ammonites had been found by him in the cliffs on the south shore of
the island of New Siberia, off the north coast of Asia, in lat. 74° N.
This statement, which was published in Admiral Von Wrangel's journal,
attracted but little attention, until it was confirmed, as far as
probability of such fossils occurring at so high a latitude is
concerned, by the remarkable discovery of similar fossils by Captain
M'Clintock, in lat. 76° 20' N., at Point Wilkie, in Prince Patrick's
Island.
In a paper, published by the Royal Dublin Society, in the first volume
of their journal, p. 223, Captain M'Clintock thus describes the finding
of these fossils:--
"After returning to Cape de Bray, we took up the provisions that the
officer after whom it is called had left for us, and crossed the strait
to Point Wilkie; reached it on the 14th May. This traverse was the more
difficult from the great load upon our sledge, and the unfavorable state
of the ice and snow. The freshly fallen snow was soft and deep, and
beneath it the older snow lay in furrows across our route, hardened and
polished by the winter gales and drifts, so that it resembled marble.
"On landing I found the beach low, composed of mud, with the foot-prints
of animals frozen in it. A few hundred yards from the beach there are
steep hills, about 150 feet in height, and upon the sides of these, in
reddish-colored limestone, casts of fossil shells abound. Inland of
these, the ordinary pale carboniferous sandstone and cherty limestone
re-appeared. The fossils are all small, and of only a few varieties,
some being ammonites, but the greater part bivalves. They differed from
any I had met with before, and the rock was almost brick-red; I picked
up what appeared to be fossil bone (_Ichthyosaurus?_), only part of it
appearing out of the fragment of the rock.
"Point Wilkie appears to be an isolated patch of liassic age, resting
upon carboniferous sandstones and limestones, with bands of chert, of
the same age as the limestones and sandstones of Melville Island. The
eastern shores of Intrepid Inlet is composed of this formation; while
the western, rising into hills and terraces, is of the underlying
carboniferous epoch. At the western side of Intrepid Inlet I found upon
the ice a considerable quantity of white asbestos, but did not ascertain
from whence it had been brought."
The fossils thus found _in situ_, I have no doubt, belong to the liassic
period; and as their geological interest is indubitable, I offer no
apology for inserting here the following description, written by me on
Captain M'Clintock's return to Dublin from his third Arctic expedition.
No. I. WILKIE POINT, Prince Patrick's Land (Lat. 76° 20' N.; Long. 117°
20' W.).
LIAS FOSSILS.
(a) _Ammonites M'Clintocki_ Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I. Pl. IX. Figs.
2, 3, 4.
_Monotis septentrionalis_, Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I. Pl. IX. Figs. 6, 7.
_Pleurotomaria_, sp. Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I. Pl. IX. Fig. 8.
Cast of some Univalve. Journ. R. D. S., Vol. I. Pl. IX. Fig. 7.
_Nucula_, sp.
(a) Ammonites M'Clintocki (Haughton).--_Testâ compressâ, carinatâ,
anfractibus latis, lateribus, complanatis, transversim
undato-costatis; costis simplicibus, juxtâ marginem interiorem
levigatis; dorso carinato acuto; aperturâ sagittatâ, compressâ,
antice carinatâ; septis lateribus 4-lobatis._
This fine ammonite resembles several species common in the upper lias of
the Plateau de Larzac, Sevennes, in France. It approaches _A. concavus_
of the lower Oolite, but is distinguished by having only four lobes on
the lateral margins of the septa, and by its showing no tendency to a
tricarinated keel. The following measurements give an exact idea of its
form, as compared with that of the species mentioned:--
------------------+---------+-----------+---------+-----------+--------
|Diameter,| Width of |Thickness|Overlapping| Width
|Inches. |last Spire.| of last | of last | of
| | Diam.=100 | Spire | Spire |Umbilic.
------------------+---------+-----------+---------+-----------+--------
_A. M'Clintocki_, | 1·83 | 51/100 | 24/100 | 20/100 | 20/100
_A. concavus_, | 2·95 | 50/100 | 24/100 | 19/100 | 16/100
------------------+---------+-----------+---------+-----------+--------
The principal difference here observable is in the somewhat greater size
of _A. concavus_, and the larger umbilic of _A. M'Clintocki_. It
certainly resembles this well-known ammonite very closely; and it
appears to me difficult to imagine the possibility of such a fossil
living in a frozen, or even a temperate sea.
The discovery of such fossils _in situ_, in 76° north latitude, is
calculated to throw considerable doubt upon the theories of climate
which would account for all past changes of temperature by changes in
the relative position of land and water on the earth's surface. No
attempt, that I am aware of, has ever been made to calculate the number
of degrees of change possible in consequence of changes of position of
land and water; and from some incomplete calculations I have myself made
on the subject, I think it highly improbable that such causes could have
ever produced a temperature in the sea at 76° north latitude which would
allow of the existence of ammonites, especially ammonites so like those
that lived at the same time in the tropical warm seas of the south of
England and France, at the close of the Liassic, and commencement of the
lower Oolitic period.
During the course of the same Arctic expedition in which these organic
remains were found, Captain Sir Edward Belcher discovered in some loose
rubble, of which a cairn was built on Exmouth Island (lat. 77° 12' N.,
long. 96° W.), vertebral bones of, apparently, same liassic
enaliosaurian. All doubt as to the reality of this discovery, and all
idea of accounting for the occurrence of such remains by drift, must be
abandoned, as the fossils found by M'Clintock were unquestionably _in
situ_, and it is impossible to evade the consequences that follow to
geological theory from their discovery.
Captain Sherard Osborn, also, found broken vertebræ of an ichthyosaurus,
150 feet up Rendezvous Hill, the north-west extreme of Bathurst Island:
of these specimens, one lay among a mass of stone that had slipped from
the N.W. face of the hill; the other was by the side of a ravine or deep
watercourse on the southern face of the same elevation. I have no doubt
but that they were _in situ_.
I am well aware that the question of light in the Arctic seas will be
disposed of by some geologists, who will remind us that the saurians,
and probably the ammonites, were endowed with a complicated optical
apparatus, rendering them capable of using their eyes, not only for the
distinct vision of objects differing greatly in distance, but also of
using them, under widely differing conditions of light and darkness; and
I readily admit the force of such observations.
But what are we to say as to the question of temperature? It was
certainly necessary for an ammonite to have a sea free from ice, on
which to float and bask in the pale rays of the Arctic sun; and
therefore I claim a temperature for those seas, at least similar to that
which now prevails in the British Islands: and I may add that the
ammonite, from its habits, was essentially dependent on the temperature
of the air, as well as on that of the water.
There is at present a difference of 49·5° F. between the mean annual
temperature of Point Wilkie and Dublin; and if this change of
temperature be supposed to be caused by a change of the relative
positions of land and water, the temperature of Dublin, or of some place
on the same parallel of latitude, must be supposed to be raised to 99·5°
F.; while the temperature of the thermal equator will exceed 124°--a
temperature only a few degrees below that requisite to boil an egg! I
reject, without scruple, a theory that requires such a result, which
must be considered as a minimum; as it is probable that the ammonite
required a finer climate than that of Britain for the full enjoyment of
his existence.
The theory of central heat, also, appears to me to be open to the same
objection, as a mode of explaining this remarkable geological fact; for
it will simply add a constant to our present climates, leaving the
differences to remain, as at present, to be accounted for by latitude
and distribution of land and water. The astronomical theory of Herschel,
also, which would account for former changes of climate by changes in
the radiating power of the sun, would only increase the temperature at
each latitude, leaving the differences as at present.
The only speculation with which I am acquainted, which is capable of
solving this _opprobrium geologicorum_, is the hypothesis of a change in
the axis of rotation of the earth, the admission of which, as a
geological possibility, is mathematically demonstrable, and which has
recently had some singular evidence in its favor advanced by geologists.
In 1851, I brought forward, at the Geological Society of Dublin, a case
of angular fragments of granite occurring in the carboniferous limestone
of the County Dublin; and explained the phenomena by the supposition of
the transporting power of ice. In 1855, Professor Ramsay laid before the
Geological Society of London a full and detailed theory of glaciers and
ice as agents concerned in the formation of a remarkable breccia, of
Permian age, occurring in the central counties of England; and still
more recently the same agent has been employed by the geological
surveyors of India to account for the transport of materials at
geological periods long antecedent to those in which ice transport is
commonly supposed to have commenced. The motion of the earth's axis
would reconcile all the facts known, and it must be regarded as a
geological desideratum to determine its amount and direction, and to
assign the cause of such a movement. The solution of this problem I
regard as quite possible.
It is well worthy of remark, that the arguments from the occurrence of
coal-plants and ammonites strengthen each other; the coal-plants
rendering the question of _light_, and the ammonites that of _heat_,
insuperable objections to the admission of any received geological
hypothesis to account for the finding of such remains, _in situ_, in
latitudes so high as those of Melville Island, Prince Patrick's Island,
and Exmouth Island.
V.--_The Superficial Deposits._
The surface of the ground, where exposed, throughout the Arctic
Archipelago, does not appear to be covered with thick deposits of clay
or gravel, such as are found generally in the north of Europe, and
referred by geologists to what they call "the Glacial Epoch." There are
not, however, wanting abundant evidences of the transport of drift
materials, and there is some good evidence, collected by Captain
M'Clintock, of the direction in which the drift was moved.
Specimens of granite, which I have no hesitation in referring to the
characteristic granite of the west side of North Somerset, were found at
Leopold Harbor (North Somerset) and at Graham Moore Bay (Bathurst
Island); one of these localities is N.E. and the other N.W. of the
granite of North Somerset, from which I infer that there was no constant
prevailing direction for the drift ice that carried these boulders, but
that they were transported to the northward in various directions,
according to the varying motion of the currents that moved the ice. The
boulder of granite at Port Leopold is 100 miles N.E. of the granite
which gave origin to it; and the specimens from Graham Moore Bay are 190
miles to the N.W. of their source.
At Cape Rennell (North Somerset), in a direction intermediate between
the two former directions, a remarkable boulder of the same granite was
found, confirming the general direction of the transporting force from
south to north. Its position and size are thus recorded by Captain
M'Clintock:--"Near Cape Rennell we passed a very remarkable rounded
boulder of gneiss or granite; it was 6 yards in circumference, and stood
near the beach, and some 15 or 20 yards above it; one or two masses of
rounded gneiss, although very much smaller, had arrested our attention
at Port Leopold."
It is well known that Captain Sir Robert M'Clure brought home specimens
of pine-trees found in the greatest abundance in the ravines on the west
coast of Baring Island; one of his specimens preserved in the museum of
the Royal Dublin Society measures 15 inches by 12 inches, and contains
three knots that prove it formed a portion of the stem high above its
root. The bark is not found on this specimen, which does not represent
the full thickness of the tree; I have estimated that this fragment
contains 70 rings of annual growth.
Similar remains were found by Captain M'Clintock and Lieutenant Mecham
in Prince Patrick's Island, and in Wellington Channel by Sir Edward
Belcher. On the coast of New Siberia, Lieutenant Anjou found a clay
cliff containing stems of trees still capable of being used as fuel. The
original observers all agree in thinking that these trees grew where
they are now found; and Captain Osborne, in mentioning Sir Roderick I.
Murchison's opinion that they are drift timber, justly adds the remark,
that a sea sufficiently free from ice to allow of their being drifted
from the south would indicate also a climate sufficiently mild to allow
of their having grown upon the land where they now occur. Mr. Hopkins,
in his anniversary address as President of the Geological Society of
London, has published a remarkable geological speculation, which would
account for the facts above mentioned.[36] So far as the evidence of
drift boulders is concerned, I have shown that the direction of the
currents was from the south; a fact which falls in with the drift
theory, so far as it goes.
We cannot, however, dissociate these trees from the facts connected with
the distribution of the remains of the Siberian Mammoth in Asia and
America. It is now known that this elephant was provided with a warm
fur, and that his food was of a kind which grows even now in Northern
Siberia; so that the drift theory, which was formerly supposed necessary
to account for the occurrence of these remains, has now been quietly
dropped, _sub silentio_, by the geologists. Many other drift theories
have, in like manner, lived their short day, and gone the way of all
false hypotheses; among others, the drift theory of the origin of coal.
Further investigation may show that the glacial epoch of Europe was one
of a very different character in Asia and America, and that, while
glaciers clothed the sides of Snowdon and Lugnaquillia, pine forests
flourished in the Parry Islands, and the Siberian elephants wandered on
the shores of a sea washed by the waves of an ocean that carried no
drifting ice.
There is abundant evidence, however, that the Arctic Archipelago was
submerged in very recent geological periods; for we know that subfossil
shells, of species that now inhabit the waters of the neighboring seas,
are found at considerable heights throughout the whole group of islands.
M'Clure found shells of the _Cyprina Islandica_, at the summit of the
Coxcomb range, in Baring Island, at an elevation of 500 feet above the
sea-level; Captain Parry, also, has recorded the occurrence of _Venus_
(probably _Cyprina Islandica_) on Byam Martin's Island; and in the
recent voyage of the 'Fox,' Dr. Walker, the Surgeon of the expedition,
found the following subfossil shells at Port Kennedy, at elevations of
from 100 to 500 feet:--
1. _Saxicava rugosa._
2. _Tellina proxima._
3. _Astarte Arctica_ (Borealis.)
4. _Mya Uddevallensis._
5. _Mya truncata._
6. _Cardium_ sp.
7. _Buccinum undatum._
8. _Acmea testudinalis._
9. _Balanus Uddevallensis._
At the same place a portion of the palate-bone of a whale (Right Whale)
was found at an elevation of 150 feet.
All these facts indicate the former submergence of the Arctic
Archipelago, but this submergence must have been anterior to the period
when pine forests clothed the low sandy shores of the slowly emerging
islands, the remains of which forests now occupy a position at least 100
feet above high-water mark.
The geological map which I am enabled to publish from the data collected
by Captains M'Clintock, M'Clure, Osborn, &c., is an enlargement of that
which was published in 1857 by the Royal Society of Dublin, to
illustrate the fine collection of Arctic fossils and minerals deposited
in the museum of that body by Captains M'Clintock and M'Clure. In
perfecting it for its present purpose I have availed myself of all the
other sources of information within my reach, among which I am bound to
mention in particular the excellent Appendix to Dr. Sutherland's 'Voyage
of the Lady Franklin and Sophia,' written by Mr. Salter, Palæontologist
of the Geological Survey of Great Britain.
Many of the mineral specimens from Greenland, and the fossils from Cape
Riley, Cape Farrand, Point Fury and Brentford Bay, were collected by Dr.
David Walker, surgeon and naturalist to the 'Fox' Expedition.
FOOTNOTES:
[30] Journal of the Royal Dublin Society, 1857.
[31] Collected by Dr. Walker, surgeon to the 'Fox' Expedition.
[32] Collected by Dr. Walker, surgeon to the 'Fox' Expedition.
[33] Collected by Captain Allen Young.
[34] These specimens are "_Drift_" but are mentioned here as they were
found on the carboniferous sandstone area.
[35] _Vide_ Arctic Expeditions, 1854-55, p. 254.
[36] Journ. Geol. Soc. Lond., vol. VIII. p. lxiv.
No. V.
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE 'FOX' EXPEDITION.
£ s. d.
ACLAND, Sir T. D. Bart. 100 0 0
Adams, Dr. Walter, Edinburgh. 3 3 0
Aldrich, Captain, R.N. 1 1 0
Allan, Rob. M., Esq. 1 1 0
Allen, Captain Robert 5 5 0
Allen, Captain, R.N. 2 2 0
Ames, Mrs. 5 0 0
Ames, Miss 1 0 0
Anon. 5 0 0
Armstrong, Mrs. 1 1 0
Armstrong, children of Mrs. 0 8 9
Arnold, Mrs. 1 1 0
Arrowsmith, John, Esq. 5 0 0
Austin, Rear-Adm. Horatio T. R.N., C.B. 5 0 0
BABBAGE, Charles, Esq. 10 0 0
Baikie, Dr. 1 1 0
Baker, Mrs. 5 0 0
Barkworth, Geo., Esq. 5 0 0
Barras, Miss 1 1 0
Barrett, H. J., Esq. 1 0 0
Barrow, John, Esq. 25 0 0
Barstow, Lieutenant, R.N. 1 0 0
Barth, Dr. Henry 5 5 0
Bath, W. J. C., Esq. 0 2 6
Batty, Mrs. J. M. 1 1 0
Beaufort, Rear-Adm. Sir Francis, K.C.B. 50 0 0
Bell, Thos., Esq., Pres. Lin. Soc. 10 10 0
Bennett, John S., Esq. 5 0 0
Birch, J. W. N., Esq. 10 0 0
Bird, Captain, R.N. 5 0 0
Birmingham, small sums collected at
Evans' Library 3 1 0
Booth, Mrs. 5 0 0
Borton, Mrs., collected by 1 10 0
Boston, collected at, by Mr. Morton 4 4 0
Bovill, Walter, Esq. 5 0 0
Boyer, Lieut. R.N. 0 10 0
Boyle, the Hon. Carolina C. 1 0 0
Brigg, collected at 1 1 0
Brine, Captain, R.E. 1 1 0
Brooking, J. Holdsworth, Esq. 10 0 0
Brown, Robert, Esq., V.P.L.S. 20 0 0
Brown, John, Esq. 5 5 0
Brown, J. E., Esq., R.N. 0 5 0
Bruce, the Rev. C. 1 1 0
Burgoyne, Captain, R.N. 1 0 0
Burton, Alfred, Esq. 1 1 0
Byron, the Hon. Fred. 5 0 0
CHESNEY, Major-General 2 2 0
Collinson, Captain, R.N., C.B. 20 0 0
Coningham, W., Esq., M.P. 100 0 0
Coote, C. W., Esq. 1 0 0
Coote, Charles, Esq. 10 0 0
Courtauld, Samuel, Esq. 25 0 0
Courtauld, George, Esq. 15 0 0
Coutts, Messrs. & Co. 50 0 0
Crasp, J., Esq., Surgeon, 63rd Regt. 1 0 0
Crauford, John, Esq. 5 0 0
Cresswell, S. Gurney, Commander, R.N. 5 0 0
DALGETY, F. T., Esq. 10 10 0
De la Roquette, M., V.P. of Geog.
Soc. of Paris, 1000 fr. 40 0 0
Dilke, C. W., Esq. 5 0 0
Dixon, James, Esq. 10 0 0
Doxat, Alexis J., Esq. 10 10 0
Doxat, Miss H., collected by 4 0 0
"Dubious" 0 2 6
Dufferin, Lord 25 0 0
EDGAR, Mrs., collected by 5 0 0
Ellesmere, the Earl of 15 0 0
Elphinstone, the Hon. Mount-Stewart 10 0 0
Elton, Sir Arthur H., Bart. 5 5 0
Emanuel, Ezekiel, Esq. 1 0 0
FAIRHOLME, the Hon. Mrs. 150 0 0
Filliter, George, Esq. 10 0 0
Fitton, Dr. 21 0 0
Fortescue, Rev. T. F. G. 2 2 0
GARLING, H., Esq. 1 1 0
Gassiot, J. P., Esq. 25 0 0
Gimingham, W., Esq., & Mrs. 2 2 0
Gipps, Lady 5 0 9
Gowen, J. R., Esq. 5 0 0
Graves, Messrs. Pall Mall 1 1 0
Griffiths, G. H., Esq. 5 5 0
Gruneisen, Ch. Lewis, Esq. 1 1 0
Gruneisen, Mrs. 1 1 0
Guillemard, the Rev. W. H. 5 0 0
Guillemard, Miss 1 0 0
HALL, Jas., Esq. 5 0 0
Hanbury, Mrs. 1 1 0
Hardinge, Commander, R.N. 0 10 0
Hardwicke, Philip, Esq. 5 0 0
Harney, Julian, Esq., collected by,
at Jersey 50 0 0
Heales, Alfred, Esq. 5 5 0
Herring, Miss 2 2 0
Hicks, John, Esq. 2 0 0
Hill, Col. 63rd Regt. 1 0 0
Hodgson, Mrs. 10 0 0
Holland, Commander, R.N. 5 0 0
Hollingsworth, H., Esq. 2 2 0
Holland, Rob., Esq. 10 10 0
Hooker, Dr. J. D. 5 5 0
Hornby, Miss Georgina 100 0 0
Hornby, the Rev. Edward 25 0 0
Hornby, Mrs. Edmund 5 0 0
Hornby, Miss Georgina, collected by 13 4 0
Hovell, W. H., Esq. 5 5 0
Hughes, Lieutenant, R.N. 2 0 0
INGLIS, Lady 10 0 0
Irby, T. W., Esq. 1 1 0
JACKSON, N. Ward, Esq. 21 0 0
Janson, J. C., Esq. 5 5 0
Jeanes, H. W., Esq., R.N. 0 10 0
Jersey "Times" 2 10 0
KELLETT, Commodore, C.B. 10 0 0
Kendall, Mrs. 1 0 0
Kendall, the Rev. Professor 1 0 0
Key, Lieut., R.N. 0 5 0
King, William, Esq. 5 0 0
LAIRD, Macgregor, Esq. 50 0 0
Laird, John, Esq. 25 0 0
L. and N. W. 1 4 0
Lanford, J., Esq., Quartermaster 63rd
Regiment 0 10 0
Langhorne, A., Esq. 1 1 0
Larcom, Mrs. 1 0 0
Leach, William, Esq. 5 5 0
Le Feuvre, W. J., Esq. 50 0 0
Lefroy, C. E., Esq. 2 0 0
Leicester, the Rev. F. 1 1 0
Lethbridge, Lieut., R.N. 0 5 0
"Lochmaben Castle," Owners of the 5 5 0
Lyall, D., Esq., R.N., M.D. 5 0 0
MACKINTOSH, Eneas, Esq. 10 0 0
Maguire, Captain, R.N. 3 3 0
Maitland, Capt. Sir Thos., R.N. 1 0 0
Majendie, Ashhurst, Esq., and Mrs. 100 0 0
Servants of the above 0 14 0
Malby, Messrs. 5 0 0
Malby, Messrs., Workmen in their
Establishment by a 6_d._ Subscription 4 11 6
Mansfield, W. H. S., Esq. 0 10 0
Mantell, Dr. A. A. 1 0 0
Markham, Clements, Esq. 1 1 0
Markman, Mrs. 1 0 0
M'Crea, Captain, R.N. 0 10 0
M'Kinlay, Miss 1 0 0
M'Kinlay, Miss Elizabeth 1 0 0
M'William, Dr., R.N. 1 1 0
Merry, W. L., Esq. 1 1 0
Morris, Rev. F. B. 1 0 0
Morris, Sir Armine, Bart. 5 0 0
Murchison, Sir Roderick Impey, G.C.St.S.,
President of the Royal Geographical
Society 100 0 0
Murray, John, Esq. 20 0 0
NARES, Fras., Esq. 2 2 0
Newall, W. L., Esq. 100 0 0
Nicholson, Sir Charles 5 0 0
N. J. 2 2 0
Norwood, collected at, by a Lady 7 15 0
OMMANNEY, Capt. Erasmus, R.N. 2 0 0
Osborn, Sir George, Bart. 1 0 0
PAGET, A. F., Esq. 0 10 6
Paget, C. H. M., Esq. 1 1 0
Palsey, Gen. Sir Charles W., K.C.B. 10 0 0
Second Subscription 10 0 0
Third Subscription 5 0 0
Pattinson, H. L., Esq. 50 9 0
Pearce, Stephen, Esq. 2 2 0
Phillimore, Captain, R.N. 2 2 0
Pigou, Fred., Esq. 10 0 0
Prescott, Vice-Admiral Sir Henry, K.C.B. 5 0 0
RAWNSLEY, the Rev. Drummond 5 0 0
Rawnsley, Mrs., collected by 1 0 0
Rawnsley, William Franklin, collected
by, at Uppingham School 0 10 0
Raynsford, Mrs. 1 1 0
Reynardson, H. B., Esq. 5 0 0
Rogers, Lieut., R.N. 1 0 0
Roget, Dr. P. M. 5 0 0
Roper, Geo., Esq. 5 5 0
Ross, Rear-Admiral Sir Jas. C. 21 0 0
Rupert's Land, Bishop of 5 0 0
SABINE, Major-General 25 0 0
Sadler, W. F., Esq. 10 10 0
Sefton, the Countess of 10 0 0
Shearley, W., Esq. 2 0 0
Sheil, Sir Justin 5 0 0
Shewell, John Tulmin, Esq. 5 5 0
Simpson, J., Esq., R.N. 1 10 0
Skey, Dr. 2 2 0
Smith, Eric E., Esq. 2 0 0
Smith, John Henry, Esq. 10 10 0
Smith, Osborn, Esq. 2 2 0
Smith, Archibald, Esq. 5 5 0
Sparrow, Jas., Esq. 5 0 0
St. Asaph, the Bishop of 10 0 0
St. David's, the Bishop of 10 0 0
St. Selger, A. B. 5 0 0
Stainton, J. J., Esq. 3 3 0
Statham, J. L., Esq. 1 1 0
Stephenson, Robert, Esq. 20 0 0
Stirling, Commander, R.N. 0 10 0
Strzelecki, Count P. de 25 0 0
Swinburne, Rear-Admiral 30 0 0
Sykes, Col., M.P. 5 0 0
TAYLOR, William, Esq. 5 0 0
Tennant, James, Esq. 2 0 0
T. H., collected in shillings by 2 0 0
Thackeray, W. M., Esq. 5 0 0
Thompson, J., Esq. 1 1 0
Tindal, Commander, R.N. 2 2 0
Tinney, W. H., Esq., Q.C. 20 0 0
Tite, W., Esq., M.P. 50 0 0
Trevelyan, Sir W. C., Bart. 40 0 0
Trevelyan, Lady 10 0 0
Trevilian, M. C., Esq. 2 2 0
Trollope, Commander, R.N. 2 2 0
Tuckett, Fred., Esq. 5 0 9
Tudor, J., Esq. 0 10 0
Turner, Alfred, Esq. 15 0 0
Tweedie, W. M., Esq. 5 0 0
VINCENT, John, Esq. 1 0 0
WALKER, James, Esq. 21 0 0
Washington, Captain, R.N., Hydrographer
of the Navy 21 0 0
Waterfield, Edward, Esq. 5 0 0
Wayse, the Rev. J. W. 5 0 0
Weld, Charles R., Esq. 5 0 0
Wheatstone, Professor 5 0 0
Willes, Hon. Mr. Justice 21 0 0
Wilson, Robert, Esq. 1 1 6
Wittenoom, Mess. 1 1 0
Wodehouse, Commander 0 10 0
Woodcock, J. Parry, Esq. 5 0 0
Worsley, Marcus, Esq. 10 0 0
Wright, the Rev. R. F. 2 2 0
Wrottesley, Lord 50 0 0
YOUNG, Chas. F., Esq. 5 0 0
Young, Miss 5 0 0
Young, A. Verity, Esq. 2 2 0
Yule, Mrs. H. 5 0 0
The brother and sisters of the late
John and Thomas Hartnell, of H.M.S.
'Erebus,' buried at Beechey Island 5 0 0
A Commander, R.N. 0 5 0
A Commander in the Merchant Service 500 0 0
A Friend. C. H. 0 5 0
A Friend 1 0 0
The daughters of a retired Commander 2 0 0
A Sympathiser 1 0 0
-----------
£2981 8 9
A life-boat, presented by Messrs. White of Cowes.
A large quantity of preserved potatoes, by Messrs. King, late Edwards.
Apparatus for lowering a boat at sea, presented by Mr. Clifford, the
inventor.
Three travelling-tents, by Messrs. Winsor and Newton.
A stove, by Mr. Rettie.
20 dozen "Isle of Wight sauce," by Mr. Tucker of Newport.
Apparatus for reefing topsails, from Mr. Cunningham, the inventor.
End of Project Gutenberg's In the Arctic Seas, by Francis Leopold McClintock