The most important differences of form in which this much misunderstood
and variously interpreted movement of philosophy has presented itself,
may be classed as follows:
_A._ In its most extended sense: as synonymous with _monism_ (or with
mechanicalism). All the phenomena of the world are founded upon material
processes, upon _motions_ (mechanicalism) or upon _feelings_ (psychism),
both of which, as fundamental qualities, are inseparable from matter.
Immaterial forces or immaterial “spirits” (minds) are unknown to us. As
Goethe once said, “Mind can never exist and act without matter, matter
never without mind.”
_B._ In its more restricted sense: originally matter alone exists and
creates _secondarily_ force (or “mind”). The fallacy of this view lies in
its regarding the two things “matter and force” as disjoint and separate.
According to our view the two are inseparably connected,—united in each
atom from the very first.