[50] See these quotations on Solon and Lycurgus in _Property_, by Ch.
Letourneau, ch. XIV, sec. V, 6.
[51] That property was created by law it is proved by Montesquieu and
Bentham. In the _Spirit of Laws_, Montesquieu argues that civil law
is Paladium of property, and as the people acquired by political laws
liberty, so they acquired by the civil laws property. [_The Spirit of
Laws_, book XXVI, ch. 15].--In _The Principles of Civil Code_, by J.
Bentham, we find the same idea expressed in these words: “Property is
entirely the creature of law.... Property and law are born and must die
together. Before the laws, there was no property; take away the laws,
all property ceases”. [_The Principles of the Civil Code_, pt. I, ch.
VIII].
[52] _Cf._ Ch. Letourneau, _Property_, ch. XIV and XV. See also
Aristotle’s _Politics_, bk. I, ch. VIII.
[53] _Cf._ F. de Coulange, _Cité Antique_, English by W. Small, 1901,
book II, ch. VIII, p. 120.
[54] _What Shall We Do Then_, ch. XXI. p. 163.
[55] _Cf._ _Qu’est ce que la Propriété_, 1840, English translation by
B. Tucker, 1876, First Memoir, ch. I.
[56] _What Shall We Do Then_, ch. 39. Wiener’s ed. p. 318.
[57] Plato’s view on property is expressed in _The Republic_, bk.
III, IV, V and VIII. Then in _The Laws_, bk. III, where he speaks of
distribution of land and equalizing of property. In the same work, he
further on says that property does not belong to the individual but to
the whole family, and property and family alike belong to the State,
_The Laws_, b. XI.
[58] “I do not think”, says Aristotle, “that property ought to be
common”. [_The Politics_, bk. VII, ch. 10]. On the other place he
argues that there are two things which principally inspire mankind
with care and affection, namely, the sense of what is one’s own, and
exclusive possession. [_The Politics_, bk. II, ch. IV]
[59] In aeltester Zeit das Ackerland gemeinschaftlich, wahrscheinlich
nach den einzelnen Geschlechtsgenossenschaften bestellt und erst
der Ertrag unter die einzelnen dem Geschlecht angehoerigen Haeuser
vertheilt ward ... erst spaeter das Land unter die Buerger zu
Sondereigenthum aufgetheilt ward. [_Roemische Geschichte_, 2te Auflage,
1856, bd. I, st. 171-72.]
[60] Tum [zur Zeit des Romulus] erat res in pecore et locorum
possessionibus, ex quo pecuniosi et locupletos vocabantur.--[Numa]
primum agros, quos bello Romulus ceperat, divisit viritim civibus.
[Cited by Mommsen from _De Republica_, 2, 9, 14.]
[61] _Du Caractere Collectif des Premieres Propriétés Immobilieres_,
1872.
[62] _De la Propriété et de ses Formese Primitives_, 1874. [English tr.
1878].
[63] _L’Evolution de la Propriété_, 1888. [English translation, 1892].
[64] _Ancient Law_, ch. VIII. London, 1861.
[65] Especially P. Lafargue, _The Evolution of Property_, 1908.
[66] On this Pope, Professor P. Villari says: “One of his strongest
passions was an insatiable greed for gold ... he accumulated the
immense fortune that served to raise him to the papacy”.... See _Storia
di Girolamo Savonarola e de’ suvi tempi_, 1859. English by Ll. Villari,
1909, ch. IX, 152.
[67] _The Rights of Property_, by A. Thiers, London, 1848.
[68] _The Origin of Property in Land_, by F. de Coulanges. English
translation, London, 1891.
[69] On the private property during the French Revolution see _Le
Socialisme et la Revolution Francaise_, par Dr. A. Lichtenberg, Paris,
1899, ch. VII, 1. Another valuable book on this subject is _The French
Revolution and Modern French Socialism_, by Dr. J. B. Peixotto, New
York, 1901, ch. I, 4; ch. III, 3; and ch. VI, 2.
[70] See _Progress and Property_, by H. George, 1879, bk. VII-VIII.
Tolstoy mentioned George in several of his political articles, and
wrote _Two Letters on Henry George_, 1893. In Wiener’s translations of
the Complete Works of Count Tolstoy, these _Two Letters_ are published
in volume XXIII, pp. 396-401.
[71] A parallel drawn between George’s and Tolstoy’s theory of property
may be found in C. B. Fillebrown, _The A B C of Taxation_, App. B. pp.
168-170. [New York, 1909].